The Asian elephant: ecology and management
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Cambridge u.a.
Cambridge Univ. Pr.
1989
|
| Ausgabe: | 1. publ. |
| Schriftenreihe: | Cambridge studies in applied ecology and resource management
|
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | XVII, 251 S. Ill., Kt. |
| ISBN: | 0521360803 |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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|---|---|
| adam_text | THE ASIAN
ELEPHANT:
ECOLOGY AND
MANAGEMENT
R Sukumar
Centre for Ecological Sciences,
Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
The right of the
University of Cambridge
to print ami sell
all manner of books
was granted by
Henry VIII in 1534
The University has printed
and published continuously
since 1584
CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS
Cambridge
New York Port Chester
Melbourne Sydney
CONTENTS
Foreword by Dr M S Swaminathan page xiii
Acknowledgements xv
1 The historical background 1
1 1 The period before Christ 2
1 2 The period after Christ 4
1 3 Elephants captured during the nineteenth and twentieth
centuries 8
2 Status and distribution of the Asian elephant 10
2 1 Indian sub-continent 11
211 Southern India 11
212 Central India 15
213 Northwestern India and Nepal 16
214 Northeastern India and Bhutan 17
215 Bangladesh 18
2 2 Continental Southeast Asia 18
221 China 18
222 Burma 18
223 Thailand 20
224 Laos, Kampuchea and Vietnam 22
225 Malaysia 22
2 3 Island Asia 24
231 Sri Lanka 24
232 Andaman islands {India) 26
233 Sumatra {Indonesia) 26
234 Borneo {Malaysia and Indonesia) 28
viii Contents
2 4 Summary of population estimates 29
2 5 Conservation issues 32
251 Exploitation of habitat 32
252 Shifting cultivation 32
253 Spread of agriculture 33
254 Hydro-electric and irrigation dams 34
255 Capture of elephants 35
256 Hunting of elephants 35
257 Crop raiding and manslaughter by elephants 36
258 Political unrest and war 37
259 Legal and administrative inadequacies 37
3 The main study area and study methods 39
3 1 The study area 40
311 Hydrology 40
312 Climate 42
313 Land-use pattern 43
314 Vegetation types 44
315 Mammals 50
316 The people 53
3 2 Study methods 54
321 Registration of elephants 54
322 Density estimates in different zones 54
323 Ageing techniques 54
324 Observations on feeding 55
325 Primary production of grass 56
326 Herbivore biomass and grass consumption 56
327 Damage to trees 57
328 Damage tocrops 57
329 Chemical analysis 58
3 2 10 Collection of records 58
4 Movement and habitat utilization 60
4 1 Elephant densities and seasonal distribution patterns 60
4 2 Movement pattern of different clans 62
4 3 Home range sizes and factors influencing them 63
4 4 Inter-annual differences in movement pattern 65
45A long-term perspective on elephant movement patterns 65
4 6 Seasonal use of habitat types 66
4 7 Movement in relation to foraging and availability of water 67
Contents ix
5 Feeding and nutrition 69
5 1 The plants and parts eaten 69
5 2 Proportions of browse and grass in the diet 71
5 3 Proportions of different browse plants in the diet 74
5 4 Quantity of forage consumed 78
5 5 Drinking 79
5 6 Nutrition and foraging 80
561 Anatomy and physiology 81
562 Palatability and nutritive value of foods 82
563 Plant secondary compounds 84
564 Browse and grass in the optimal diet 85
6 Impact on the vegetation and carrying capacity 86
6 1 Primary production of grasses 87
6 2 Biomass of mammalian herbivores and grass consumption 89
6 3 Impact on woody vegetation 91
6 4 Inter-specific competition, resource limitation and carrying
capacity 97
6 5 Elephant-vegetation interaction and ecosystem dynamics 99
7 Crop raiding by elephants 108
7 1 The crops cultivated 108
7 2 The crops consumed and patterns of feeding 111
7 3 Frequency and seasonality of raiding 114
7 4 Group sizes of raiding elephants 116
741 Mean monthly raiding sizes of bulls and herds in villages 116
742 Frequency of unit group sizes 119
7 5 Quantity consumed from crop fields 120
751 Rateofforagingjn crop fields 120
752 Quantity and proportion of crops in the diet 120
7 6 Quantity of crops damaged and the economic loss 123
7 7 Methods to deter elephants, and their behavioural responses 125
7 8 Crop raiding in rain forest habitats 126
7 9 Causes of crop raiding 130
791 Raiding in relation to movement patterns 131
792 Competition for water 131
793 Reduction and fragmentation of natural habitat 132
794 Degradation of habitat 133
795 Palatability and nutritive value of crops 133
X Contents
8 Manslaughter by elephants 135
8 1 The people killed 135
8 2 The elephants responsible 136
8 3 Circumstances of encounter 137
8 4 Causes of aggression 140
9 Habitat manipulation by people 143
9 1 Reduction in habitat area and fragmentation 143
9 2 Shifting cultivation 144
9 3 Extraction of plant products 145
931 Timber felling 145
932 Bamboo extraction 147
933 Grass extraction 149
934 Minor forest produce collection 149
9 4 Grazing by domestic livestock 150
9 5 Fire 151
9 6 Forest plantations 154
9 7 Food availability in primary versus secondary rain forest 157
9 8 Carrying capacity of primary versus secondary vegetation 157
9 9 Creation of water reservoirs 159
991 The Parambikulam-Aliyar Project in southern India 160
992 The MahaweliGanga Development Project in Sri Lanka 160
10 Elephant slaughter by people 165
10 1 Elephant populations susceptible to poaching 165
10 2 Causes of death in elephants 166
10 3 Number, age frequency and mean tusk weight of poached
elephants 168
10 4 The people responsible 169
10 5 Poaching aHd the ivory trade in India 171
11 Population dynamics 174
11 1 Age and sex structure 175
11 2 Fertility 177
11 2 1 Age at first and last calving 177
11 2 2 Birth rate and the mean calving interval 179
11 3 Mortality 182
11 3 1 Numbers found dead in the field 183
11 3 2 Life-table from ages at death 185
Contents xi
11 3 3 Instantaneous mortality rate from the standing age
distribution 186
11 4 Population modelling 188
11 4 1 Trends in population growth 189
11 4 2 Trends in age distribution 191
11 4 3 Trends in the adult sex ratio 193
11 4 4 Possible effect ofa disparate adult sex ratio onfertility 195
11 45A test of the validity of the model: predicted and observed
trends in the proportion of adult males 197
11 5 Demographic condition of the population 197
12 Conservation and management 202
12 1 Conservation of the elephant 202
12 1 1 Minimum viable population size 202
12 1 2 Minimum viable area and habitat integrity 205
12 1 3 Maintenance of habitat quality 208
12 1 4 Reduction of poaching 210
12 1 5 Captive breeding programmes 210
12 2 Protection of human interests 211
12 2 1 Elephant-proof barriers 211
12 2 2 Discouraging and chasing elephants 214
12 2 3 Culling, capture and translocation of elephants 215
12 2 4 Agricultural planning 218
12 2 5 Social security schemes 218
Appendices
I Estimation of seasonal elephant densities by ground
transects 219
II Growth relationships and field methods of ageing elephants 224
III Nutritive value of food plants 227
References
Index
|
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| dewey-full | 599.6/1/095 |
| dewey-hundreds | 500 - Natural sciences and mathematics |
| dewey-ones | 599 - Mammalia |
| dewey-raw | 599.6/1/095 |
| dewey-search | 599.6/1/095 |
| dewey-sort | 3599.6 11 295 |
| dewey-tens | 590 - Animals |
| discipline | Biologie |
| edition | 1. publ. |
| format | Book |
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| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 0521360803 |
| language | English |
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| spelling | Sukumar, Raman Verfasser aut The Asian elephant ecology and management 1. publ. Cambridge u.a. Cambridge Univ. Pr. 1989 XVII, 251 S. Ill., Kt. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Cambridge studies in applied ecology and resource management Animaux - Populations - Gestion - Asie ram Éléphant d'Asie - Écologie ram Ökologie Asiatic elephant Ecology Wildlife management Asia Ökologie (DE-588)4043207-5 gnd rswk-swf Artenschutz (DE-588)4112598-8 gnd rswk-swf Asiatischer Elefant (DE-588)4129766-0 gnd rswk-swf Asien Asiatischer Elefant (DE-588)4129766-0 s Ökologie (DE-588)4043207-5 s DE-604 Artenschutz (DE-588)4112598-8 s HEBIS Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=002601526&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Sukumar, Raman The Asian elephant ecology and management Animaux - Populations - Gestion - Asie ram Éléphant d'Asie - Écologie ram Ökologie Asiatic elephant Ecology Wildlife management Asia Ökologie (DE-588)4043207-5 gnd Artenschutz (DE-588)4112598-8 gnd Asiatischer Elefant (DE-588)4129766-0 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4043207-5 (DE-588)4112598-8 (DE-588)4129766-0 |
| title | The Asian elephant ecology and management |
| title_auth | The Asian elephant ecology and management |
| title_exact_search | The Asian elephant ecology and management |
| title_full | The Asian elephant ecology and management |
| title_fullStr | The Asian elephant ecology and management |
| title_full_unstemmed | The Asian elephant ecology and management |
| title_short | The Asian elephant |
| title_sort | the asian elephant ecology and management |
| title_sub | ecology and management |
| topic | Animaux - Populations - Gestion - Asie ram Éléphant d'Asie - Écologie ram Ökologie Asiatic elephant Ecology Wildlife management Asia Ökologie (DE-588)4043207-5 gnd Artenschutz (DE-588)4112598-8 gnd Asiatischer Elefant (DE-588)4129766-0 gnd |
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