The British Empire before the American revolution: 13. The triumphant Empire.P.1: The Empire beyond the storm, 1770-1776.P.2: A summary of the series.P.3: Historiography. 2.print.1974.XLII, 454, XXVI S.
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1974
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| 100 | 1 | |a Gipson, Lawrence Henry |d 1880-1971 |e Verfasser |0 (DE-588)101654227 |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a The British Empire before the American revolution |n 13. The triumphant Empire.P.1: The Empire beyond the storm, 1770-1776.P.2: A summary of the series.P.3: Historiography. 2.print.1974.XLII, 454, XXVI S. |c by Lawrence Henry Gipson |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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| adam_text | PART
I
Chapter I
IRELAND AND THE AMERICAN REBELLION
Ireland s relationship with revolutionary North America
3
The large-scale emigration from Ireland to the middle colonies
in the eighteenth century
3
Establishes a chain of connection between the two countries
3
The internal situation of Ireland
4
As surveyed by Edmund
Pery
in
1757 4
His criticism of the English monarch s relationship to Ireland
4
His description of the administrative processes of government
4
His objections to the powers over legislation exercised by the
Irish Privy Council
S
Poynings Law and the monopoly of the political power by the
Protestant minority
6
The inequities of the disabilities suffered by Roman Catholics
and Scottish Presbyterians
7
The economic exploitation of Ireland
7
By the great landowners
7
The extreme poverty of cottiers
7
The brighter situation in northern Ireland
8
The deplorable conditions of the native Irish agricultural popula¬
tion
8
As interpreted by Charles O Conor s pamphlet in
1755 8
Grievances of the peasantry
8
Against high and insecure rentals of land
8
Against forced payment of tithes to support the established
church
9
Against the enclosure of common lands
9
Results of the enclosure movement
9
The riots and Leveller activities of the Whiteboys in the
1760 s and 1770 s
10
XU CONTENTS
Dissatisfaction over the rise of land rentals
10
Resistance to attempts to advance the tithes in
1763 11
The uprisings in Tyrone, Londonderry, and Fermanagh Coun¬
ties
11
The resentment of both the clergy and the tenants
11
Opposition to the oppressive requirements for road maintainance
11
The revolt of the Oakboys
12
Agitation for lower rentals in parts of northern Ireland in the
1770 s
12
The riots of the Steelboys
12
Suppression of the rebels by troops and two special acts of the
Irish Parliament
13
As a factor leading to the emigration of Protestant tenants to the
American colonies
14
The need for reform in the Irish House of Commons
14
To make it a more representative body
15
To shorten the duration of sessions of Parliament
15
Reforms advocated by Dr. Charles Lucas, Henry Flood, and
the Earl of Charlemont
15
Precedents for reform passed by the English Parliament
16
The Triennial and the Septennial Act
16
Passage of the Irish Octennial Act in
1768 17
As the result of popular agitation and public opinion
17
Efforts to do away with the Undertaker system,
1767-1770 17
On the part of Lord Lieutenant Townshend in
1767 17
His steps to bind Ireland more closely to Great Britain
18
The rupture in relations between him and the leading Under¬
takers
18
The support given him by Chief Secretary Sir George Macart¬
ney
19
The continued power of the Undertakers in
1769 19
Their influence on the rejection of a money bill in the Irish
Parliament
19
Townshend invokes the binding power of Poynings Law
20
The Lord Lieutenant s prorogation of Parliament, March
20, 1770 20
As a means of breaking the power of the Undertakers
20
Townshend s efforts to improve the institutions of Ireland
21
On behalf of the Irish judiciary
21
The issue over the bill to extend the tenure of Irish judges
21
The waning popularity of Townshend,
1770-1772 22
As the result of his efforts to reduce the power of the Under¬
takers
22
CONTENTS
ХІІІ
In
reaction to his attempts to improve living conditions for Ro¬
man Catholics
22
The resignation of Speaker of the Irish House of Commons Pon-
sonby
23
The new Speaker supported by the Lord Lieutenant
23
Continued attacks on the administration
23
Townshend s handling of public funds
23
His departure from Ireland, December
1772 24
The administration of Simon, Earl of Harcourt,
1772-1777 24
Harcourt as a victim of the patronage he distributed
24
His success in winning the Irish leaders to his side
25
His competent Chief Secretary, John Blaquiere
25
Flood accepts a position in the Privy Council
25
The prevailing system of Irish political machinery
26
Manipulation of places, pensions, and profits
26
Patronage, an accepted privilege of the nobility
26
Budgetary problems
26
The inadequacy of
Harcourťs
planned economies to meet the
needs
26
The defeat of Blaquiere s proposal to tax absentee landlords,
1773 27
Passage of bills for tontine annuities and stamp duties,
1774 28
Effects of the American crisis on Ireland,
1775 29
The colonial embargo and the Irish linen trade
29
Divided sentiment in Ireland about the American rebellion
30
As between Catholics, dissenters, and members of the Estab¬
lished Church
30
Support of the King by the Irish Parliament
30
Its approval of the withdrawal of troops from Ireland
31
Its refusal to accept foreign replacements
31
Edmund Burke s reaction
31
Ireland after the American Revolution,
1775-1801 31
Changes in the attitude of British statesmen toward Irish national
aspirations
31
Chapter II
MEDITERRANEAN OUTPOSTS
Gibraltar
Gibraltar as a British possession
33
As a bone of contention between Great Britain and Spain
33
XIV CONTENTS
The terms of the cession of the Rock
33
The boundary problem
34
The early history of the Rock
34
Before the Great War for the Empire
35
Developments in the second half of the eighteenth century
36
Attempts at blockade and siege
36
Description of the town and the government
36
Cost of maintaining the garrison
37
The strategic importance of the Rock characterized
37
Minorca
History of the island
37
Until
1802 38
Description of the island
38
Racial and religious characteristics
38
Economic life of the natives
38
Minorca under British rule
38
Heavy burden of taxation suffered by the populace
38
As an economic and military liability to Great Britain
38
The strategic importance of Port Mahon
39
Chapter III
INDIA AND THE UNITED EAST INDIA
COMPANY,
1772-1775
The British government and the United East India Company be¬
fore the 1770 s
40
The fiscal relationship of the company with the government at
home
40
Parliamentary legislation governing territorial acquisitions
41
Later legislation by Parliament
41
The two acts of
1767
to provide revenue to the government
41
The three acts of
1773 41
The Company finances,
1767-1769 41
The stockholders visions of quick wealth from territorial reve¬
nues
42
CONTENTS
XV
Leading to stock manipulation
42
Producing a speculators panic in
1769 42
Events in India,
1767-1773 42
The first war with Mysore
42
Effect of rumours of the fall of Madras in
1769 42
The humiliating peace terms
42
The situation in northern India under Robert
Clive
43
The defeat and resurgence of the Vizier of Oudh,
1765-1768 43
Results of the disordered conditions in India
43
Requirement of increased number of armed troops
43
Reduction of any surplus in revenues
44
The attempt to send out Supervisors with wide powers,
1769 44
The Supervisors lost at sea
44
The act of Parliament of
1772 45
Forbidding the Company from sending out any commissioners
to regulate Indian affairs
45
Warren Hastings and India,
1769-1785 45
His administration as Governor of Bengal and President of the
Council,
1771-1774 46
Problems of drought and pestilence facing his administration
46
His efforts to reorganize the Bengal revenue system
47
His reversal of Clive s settlement with the Vizier of Oudh and
Emperor Shah
Alam
47
His participation in the conquest of the Rohilla country by
the Vizier of Oudh
48
Parliament intervenes in the affairs of the East India Company,
1772-1773 48
The Company under attack in England
48
William Bolts s printed charges
48
Governor Harry
Verelsťs
defense of the company
49
Parliamentary investigation of Company activities,
1772-1773 49
Reports of special committees of the House of Commons
49
Produces three acts to strengthen the Company s finances and
administration
49
Provisions of the Regulating Act of
1773 50
For changes in the constitution of the Company
50
For administration and trade in India
51
Defects of the legislation
51
Later developments in India
51
The subsequent history of Warren Hastings as Governor General
from
1774-1785 51
XVI CONTENTS
The transition from Company control in India to control by Par¬
liament and the Crown,
1781-1858 53
Chapter IV
THE WEST AFRICAN TRADING POSTS
AND SLAVERY
British trading posts and forts in the Gulf of Guinea
54
Under the control of the government regulated Company of Mer¬
chants Trading to Africa
54
Administration of the company
54
Government support of the forts
55
Dissatisfaction with the management of the African trade in the
1770 s
55
Complaints of the merchants
55
Debates in the House of Commons,
1772 55
Establishment of the Province of
Senegambia
56
History of the African Company s activities along the Senegal
and Gambia rivers
56
The Senegal forts and factories placed under Crown control
56
The order in council claiming the territory,
1765 56
The importance of the African trade
57
To British shipping
57
The so-called triangular trade
57
Complex forms of the trade
57
The shipping patterns
57
The slave trade to America
57
Location of the trading posts
58
Volume of the traffic in slaves
58
Trade in other products
58
Attempts to abolish slavery in eighteenth-century England
59
Adam Smith on the Negro
59
Arthur Lee s denunciation of slavery and the slave trade
59
Anthony Benezet in America on the evils of slavery
59
Granville Sharp s crusade in England
60
Lord Mansfield s famous decision
60
As the first step toward the abolition of slavery in Great Britain
61
CONTENTS XVII
Chapter V
THE EMPIRE ON THE FRINGE OF THE STORM:
THE BRITISH WEST INDIES
The West Indies and African slavery
62
The large importation of slaves to the British sugar islands
62
Due to the rate of attrition among the slaves
62
Due to the needs of the sugar economy
62
Slave importation and population fluctuation figures
63
Slave rebellions in Jamaica in the 1760 s
64
The series of uprisings of the Koromantyns
64
Nature of the insurrections and suppression of the rebellions
64
The intolerable conditions of slavery
66
The overseer system
66
The harsh Jamaica black code
66
Provisions of the temporary act of
1764
for suppressing rebellion
67
The Lieutenant Governor s steps to reduce the frequent insurrec¬
tions
67
His attempts to provide stricter law enforcement
67
Opposition to slavery and humanitarian efforts to ameliorate con¬
ditions in the West Indies
67
Individual missionary activities
67
Of Charles Leslie in Jamaica and the Rev. James Ramsey at
St. Christopher
67
Of Nathaniel Gilbert at Antigua
68
Of the Methodist and Moravian missionaries in general
68
Of Christopher Codrington, Governor of the Leeward Islands
69
Of the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign
Parts
69
Of the first Moravian mission in
1754 70
The movement against the slave trade in Jamaica
71
Defeat of proposed legislation in
1774 71
As the result of opposition by British slavers
71
Constitutional issues in Jamaica in the 1760 s
72
Conflicts between the Governor and the Assembly
72
During the administration of William Henry Lyttelton
72
The involvement of the West Indies in the American revolutionary
movement,
1774 74
Effects of the Continental Association for non-importation and
non-exportation
74
XVIII CONTENTS
West India planters petition the House of Commons, February
1775 74
The commercial interdependence of the Sugar islands with
other parts of the Empire underscored
74
The petition of the Jamaica Assembly to the King of December
1774 75
As a profession of loyalty to the Crown
75
As an assertion of the rights of British subjects
75
As an expression of sympathy for the American position
76
Results of the prorogation and dissolving of the Assembly
76
The Assembly s change of attitude
77
Jamaica prepares to uphold the King
77
Chaptek VI
THE EMPIRE ON THE FRINGE OF THE STORM:
THE BERMUDAS
Slavery in the Bermudas
78
Conditions promoting an attempted slave insurrection,
1761 78
Compared with those in Jamaica
78
Steps to suppress the slave conspiracy
79
The relationship between blacks and whites
80
Close domestic problems of the 1760 s and 1770 s
80
The general lack of wealth of the inhabitants
81
Administrative issues facing Governors Popple and Bruere
81
Persistent evasion of trade regulations
82
Smugglers, wreckers, and looters
83
Insufficient troops to put down lawlessness
84
Food shortages
84
The Bermudas and the American revolutionary movement,
1774-
1775 84
Effects of the Continental Congress Association against commer¬
cial intercourse with British islands in the Atlantic
84
A threat to the limited food supplies of the Bermudas
84
Bermudians appeal to the American Congress,
1775 85
Without the sanction of the Governor
85
Seeking a status quo in commercial relations
85
Initiating an exchange of gunpowder for food
85
The plan to seize the King s powder
85
Under the leadership of the Tucker clan
85
CONTENTS XIX
Effected by the raid on the magazine of August
14, 1775 86
The aftermath
86
The Continental Congress meets the needs of Bermudians
87
Its votes to supply provisions
87
The isolation of the Governor
87
Chapter
VII
THE EMPIRE ON THE FRINGE OF THE STORM:
EAST FLORIDA
East Florida in the 1770 s
88
Its connection with the Bermudas
88
Through the shifting of troops from the island to the province
88
Through attempts to shift excess Bermuda population to help
colonize the province
88
Dr.
Turnbulľs
colonization enterprise
88
His plan to settle a portion of the province
89
His land grant by order in Council
89
His attempts with two associates to import Christians from the
Mediterranean area
89
The early progress of his New Symrna settlement
91
The mutiny at New Smyrna
91
Bernard Romans s account of conditions on the New Smyrna
plantations
92
Governor Grant s efforts to maintain the settlement
93
Later trials and the final failure of
Turnbulľs
project
94
The administration of the Province
95
Lack of a representative Assembly by
1775 95
Authority concentrated in the Governor, Lieutenant Governor,
and the Council
95
Chief Justice Drayton s hostility to the form of government
95
His constitutional stand on the lack of a law-making body
96
The general political situation in the 1770 s
97
Reasons why no Assembly was provided until
1780 97
The early weakness of the province
97
The political immaturity of its inhabitants
97
Reasons for the lack of political dissatisfaction among the inhab¬
itants
97
The absence of a bridge between the Loyalist landowners and
the inarticulate poor
98
XX
CONTENTS
Chapter
VIII
THE EMPIRE ON THE FRINGE OF THE STORM:
WEST FLORIDA
Activities of the first Assembly in the Province,
1766 99
The representation to the Board of Trade of November
22, 1766 99
Outlining the pressing needs of the colony
99
The lack of action on it in London
100
In the face of a colony in a formative stage of development
101
A dearth of agricultural or industrial progress
101
The poverty produces light taxation and small revenues
101
The issue of the salaries of Assemblymen
101
As the result of the governor s attempt to protect the colonial
revenue
101
A defence of the Assemblymen (published in
1767) 102
Action on the fifteen measures passed in the first Assembly
102
Three acts disallowed by the Privy Council
102
The balance as a nucleus of a code of laws
103
Development of the lands just east of the Mississippi
103
Under the influence of Lieutenant Governor Browne
103
The Assembly s actions to encourage settlement west of Mobile
104
Problems hindering western settlement
104
Inaccessibility and poor communications
104
Failure of plans to secure a water approach by way of the
Iberville River
104
Growth of the districts of Manchac and Natchez
105
By the movement of settlers from the North
105
Provisions made for representation in the Assembly
105
Later activities of the Assembly
106
Limited by a lack of funds
106
Fluctuations in the composition of the legislature
106
The number of representatives in
1766
and later
106
West Florida during the War for American Independence
108
Factors leading to its loyalty to the Crown
108
The relative peacefulness of the Indians
108
The financial and military support of the colony by the Crown
108
As a haven for Loyalist refugees
109
The invasion by patriot troops in
1778 109
The Spanish invasion of
1779 109
CONTENTS XXI
Chapter IX
THE EMPIRE ON THE FRINGE OF THE STORM:
NEWFOUNDLAND AND LABRADOR
The economic and strategic importance of the Newfoundland cod
fisheries
110
Their importance to Britain, France, and New England
110
British and French competition before the Great War for the
Empire 111
The increase in the British cod fisheries during their period of
exclusive control,
1756-1763 112
Restoration of French fishing rights by the Treaty of Paris of
1763 113
Postwar rivalry between the British and the French
114
Effects of British policy discouraging colonization of the islands
116
The extent of settlement by
1761 116
The new policy administered by Governor Palliser in
1765 117
Detrimental results of the policy on French fishing interests
117
Labrador in the 1760 s
119
Its abundant cod fisheries
119
Forbidden to the French by the Treaty of
1763 119
Its annexation to Newfoundland in
1762 119
By commission to Newfoundland Governor Thomas Graves
119
The encroachment of New England fishing vessels on the Labra¬
dor cod fisheries
119
Governor Palliser s proclamation in
1766
against this encroach¬
ment
119
Republished by the Governor of Massachusetts Bay
120
Action of the Massachusetts Bay House of Representatives
120
Pretensions of Quebec traders claiming Labrador shorelands
121
As an obstacle to the Governor s efforts to favour the English
fishing fleet
121
British government policy in opposition to fishery monopolies
121
Transfer of the Labrador territory to the jurisdiction of Quebec,
1774 122
By the terms of the Quebec Act
122
Exclusive of superintendence of the fisheries
122
Newfoundland s evolution as a colony
122
Problems of the applicability of the Trade and Navigation Acts
122
Due to the island s uncertain position in the commercial system
122
XXII CONTENTS
Early development of government agencies
122
The Commissioners of Customs and trade regulations
123
The rudimentary governmental system during the eighteenth
century
124
A part-time governor, without Council or Assembly
124
Other local officials
124
The priority concern with the prevailing fishery interests
125
The loyalty of the islanders during the War for American Inde¬
pendence
125
Chapter X
THE EMPIRE ON THE FRINGE OF THE STORM:
NOVA SCOTIA
Nova Scotia and the War for American Independence
127
Factors inducing loyalty in the Province
127
Presence of the Royal Navy
127
The local government s dependence on parliamentary appro¬
priations
127
The nature of the settlements in the 1760 s and 1770 s
130
Population elements
130
The predominance of settlers from New England
130
The isolation of the New England communities in the colony
131
Due to communication and transportation difficulties
131
The areas included in the Province in
1763 131
Dependence for prosperity upon the presence of the King s ships
and troops
131
Nova Scotia s response to British revenue legislation in the 1760 s
and 1770 s
132
In contrast to the American revolutionary movement opposing
these measures
132
Its reaction to the Stamp Act of
1765 132
Its compliance with subsequent acts
133
Nova Scotia s response to the American revolutionary movement
133
Its lack of support for American opposition to parliamentary su¬
premacy
133
Its efforts to exploit the American non-importation movement
134
Legislation passed to stimulate trade with the West Indies
134
Its refusal to participate in the Continental Congress
135
The similarities between Nova Scotia and West Florida in
1775 135
CONTENTS
ХХШ
The neutrality of Nova Scotia during the War for American Inde¬
pendence
136
Factors producing the neutral attitude
136
The predominant Yankee element of the population
136
The predominant loyalty to the Crown
136
The desire to be an intermediary for reconciliation
136
Attempts of the Assembly to restore peace
137
Its appeals to King and Parliament of June
1775 137
Causes of the Nova
Scoţian
position, recapitulated
138
Chapter XI
THE EMPIRE ON THE FRINGE OF THE STORM:
THE PROVINCE OF QUEBEC
The commercial empire of the St. Lawrence
139
Under the French and the British regimes
139
Sources of income,
1764-1765 140
The coastal fisheries after the Quebec Act of
1774 140
Fur as a staple export
140
The Indian fur trade
140
The old French system
140
Restrictions placed on the trade in
1764 140
Requiring the Indians to bring their pelts to designated trading
posts
140
Problems of maintaining a free but regulated trade
141
The principle laid down in the Proclamation of
1763 141
Competition of French traders
141
Disregard of regulations
141
Exploitation of the traders by the commissaries
141
Michilimackinac under the command of Major Rogers
141
The commandant s response to complaints of the traders
141
Charges of malfeasance and disloyalty levelled against Rogers
142
His trial and acquittal
142
His part in freeing the Indian trade
142
Results of reversion of the trade in the 1770 s to the old French
system
143
The cooperation between French traders and British financiers
143
Effects of the trade-expansion movement into the Canadian north
and northwest in the 1770 s
143
Upon the Hudson s Bay Company
143
Competition from the Canadian pedlars
143
Results in the establishment of inland trading posts
143
XXIV CONTENTS
Samuel Hearne s
explorations for the Company lead the way to
the Arctic Ocean
144
The political and constitutional history of the Province of Quebec,
1765-1775 144
Under Governor
Guy Carleton 144
Carleton
characterized
144
Population distribution during his administration
145
Problems facing Governor
Carleton
145
Disabilities of the Roman Catholic majority
145
Difficulties with the Council
145
His opposition to monopolies and the fees system
146
His concern over the lack of public funds
147
Needs of the government for power to act
148
The inadequacy of the judicial system
148
Steps toward the reorganization of the government of the Province
in the 1760 s
148
Taken by individuals
148
Provincial Attorney General
Masères s
reports and recommen¬
dations,
1766 148
Secretary of State Shelburne s position, May
1767 150
Attorney General Charles Yorke s plan,
1766 151
Taken by the Chatham-Grafton Ministry,
1767-1768 152
Its plans for the administration of justice and the revenue, and
for ecclesiastical affairs
152
Steps to reorganize the government of Quebec in the 1770 s
152
Taken by the Privy Council
152
Efforts to obtain first hand reports
152
Consultation with the chief law officers of the Crown,
1771 153
The law officers reports and proposals,
1772-1774 154
Lord Dartmouth s concern with the situation
155
On behalf of the French-speaking population
155
In the interests of expanding the bounds of the Province
155
The position of the English-speaking minority
156
Their petition for an Assembly, November
1773 157
The influence of the American revolutionary movement
158
Passage of the Quebec Act,
1774 158
Presentation of the bill in the House of Lords, May
1774 159
Its introduction by Lord Dartmouth
159
Its speedy approval
159
The debate in the House of Commons
159
The initial attacks and rebuttals
159
CONTENTS XXV
The petition presented by the Pennsylvania Proprietors
160
The petition from the London merchants trading to Canada
160
Further debates, and presentation of petitions, and calling of
witnesses
160
Debates on specific provisions of the bill and subsequent
amendment
161
Passage of the amended bill in the House of Lords
162
Lord Chatham s opposition rebutted by Lord Lyttelton
162
The King s signature, June
22,1774 163
Provisions of the Quebec Act
163
Tentative extension of the Province s boundaries
163
No provincial assembly
164
Free exercise of the Roman Catholic religion
164
A special oath of loyalty to be taken by Roman Catholics
164
The continuation in force of British law
164
A Legislative Council
164
The Quebec Revenue Act,
1774 165
As a supplement to the Quebec Act
165
Reaction to the Quebec Act
165
In Quebec in
1775 165
The British Canadian s disappointment but enduring loyalty to
the Crown
165
The French Canadian s mixed feelings and neutrality during
the American war
166
In later years
167
As a disclosure of some false basic assumptions underlying the
act
167
In the Thirteen older American Colonies
168
The act as an impetus to the American revolutionary move¬
ment
168
PART II
SUMMARY OF THE SERIES
The sweep of the Empire by
1775 171
The British Isles characterized
171
The diversity of racial groups, cultures, and institutions
171
Geographical scope of the dependencies and areas of influence
171
In the Eastern hemisphere
171
In the Western hemisphere
171
The mixture of ethnic groups and cultures
172
The variety of the levels of civilization
173
XXVI
CONTENTS
Characteristics
of the government of the Empire
173
Its tolerance of differences; its rule of law
173
Its minimal use of standing armies to maintain authority by force
173
Military strength of the Empire
174
The widespread distribution of the relatively small regular army
in the 1760 s and 1770 s
174
The Royal Navy s domination of the high seas by
1763 175
Economic strength of the Empire
175
Characterized
175
By comparison with rival empires
175
By the diversity of its economic pursuits
175
By its spirit of enterprise
175
Agricultural staples and industrial products
175
In the British Isles
175
In the balance of the Empire
175
The merchant marine
175
Positive effects of the strong economy
175
The administration of the Empire
176
Policies of the imperial system characterized
176
In comparison to other imperial systems
176
The complex system of the local governments
176
Designed to meet specific colonial needs
176
Examples of Minorca and the East India Company territory
176
The administrative system
176
An undefined empire without an emperor
176
The authority of the colonial governors
177
In the respective types of colonies
—
royal, proprietary, corpo¬
rate
177
Their limited executive authority
177
The legislative powers of the colonial assemblies
177
Subject to restrictions
177
The growth in power and prestige of the Assemblies in British
North America
178
Their increased control
178
Over appropriations and expenditures of funds
178
Over the right to appoint local officials
178
Guided by an
élite
leadership
179
The constitutional integration of the Empire
179
The importance of the colonial connection with the home govern¬
ment before the 1760 s
179
Parliamentary supremacy unchallenged before
1760 180
CONTENTS XXVII
Colonial acceptance of the restrictions of the trade acts
180
Other parliamentary restrictions of colonial freedom
180
Bases of the rationale for the restrictive legislation passed by par¬
liamentary authority
180
The expense to the people of Great Britain caused by colonial
dependence
180
The commercial needs of the Empire
180
The benefits of protection enjoyed by colonials
181
Effects of certain legislation governing the colonies
181
In promoting colonial commerce and general prosperity
181
Earlier background of British imperialism
181
The dominance of the mercantilist system up to
1748 181
The importance of the Treaty of
Aix-la-Chapelle
182
As marking the start of the transition from mercantilist to im¬
perial principles
182
The build-up for an imperial war
182
Zones of international friction in North America,
1748-1754 183
French claims threaten British imperial designs
184
British grants threaten French expansion
184
The Great War for the Empire
—
a world war,
1754-1763 184
The nine years war in North America between France and Great
Britain
184
French advantages of military leadership and powerful Indian
allies
184
French disadvantages of over-extended lines of communication
and the weakness of their navy and their Spanish allies
185
The decisive British advantage of superior naval power
185
German Seven Years War,
1756-1763 186
Continental European aspects of the war
186
The contest over the Electorate of Hanover
186
Frederick of Prussia s invasion of Saxony
186
The relative success of Prince Ferdinand of Brunswick
187
The end of both wars in
1763 187
The British Empire triumphant
187
Peace of Paris of
1763 187
British territorial expansion resulting from the war
187
The benefits to the colonies of parliamentary reimbursement of
colonial war expenses
188
Reduction of taxation
188
The aftermath of the war within Great Britain
189
The heavy domestic burden of taxation
189
XXVlil
CONTENTS
Governmental efforts to reduce the tax load
189
By attempts to control smuggling both at home and in the colo¬
nies
189
By taxing American colonials to help support their own de¬
fence
189
Challenges to the constitutional connection between Great Britain
and the Thirteen Colonies in the 1760 s
189
The issue over writs of assistance in Massachusetts Bay
189
Revolutionary aspects of the stand of James Otis
189
The issue over the Virginia Twopenny Act in
1763 191
Patrick Henry s challenge to the authority of the King in Coun¬
cil
191
The causes of colonial resistance
192
As an aftermath of the Treaty of Peace with France and Spain
192
As an expression of the sense of maturity within the colonies
193
As an expression of the fundamental rights of Englishmen
194
As a result of dynamic leadership
195
Domestic concerns of North American colonials in the 1760 s and
1770 s
195
Intercolonial rivalries over lands and boundaries
195
Intracolonial sectional conflicts
195
The westward movement
195
The lure of western lands
195
Settlement and speculation
195
Defence from or trade with the Indians
195
The frontier not the seat of the revolutionary movement
195
The complex nature of the constitution of the Empire
195
The authority of the King in Parliament
196
The Statute of
1696
binding on all colonies
196
Laying down the principles of the supremacy of Parliament
196
The authority of the King in Council
196
To create a colony by letters patent and validate its laws
196
To issue commissions and instructions to royal governors
196
To sit in a judicial capacity to interpret the constitution
196
The binding power of an order in Council
196
The function of the Board of Trade
197
As an adjunct to the Privy Council
197
Constitutional rights and limitations of colonials
—
a dichotomy
197
Their right to protest
197
Their obligation to obey laws in force and orders in Council
197
The revolutionary nature of resistance to parliamentary su¬
premacy
. 197
CONTENTS XXIX
The establishment of parliamentary supremacy
198
By the comprehensive Statute of
1696 198
The act viewed as a revenue measure by the government
198
Its interpretation as a taxation measure by certain colonial
leaders
199
Colonial objections to direct taxation
200
The restatement of parliamentary supremacy
200
In the Declaratory Act of
1766 200
The general colonial dissatisfaction at the time of repeal of
most of the Townshend Act in
1766 200
The influence of Benjamin Franklin
200
His views in
1771 200
On consent of the governed
200
On the equality of representation
201
His changes in point of view in the 1750 s and 1760 s
202
His role as a leading colonial figure
202
Causes of the American Revolution
203
Standard accepted interpretations
203
Seen as an aftermath of the Great War for the Empire
203
The opposing viewpoints of the colonials and the British govern¬
ment
203
Overstatement of the colonial charges of tyranny
204
Arguments supporting the reasonableness of government de¬
mands
205
The issue according to each side
205
The impasse
205
The British colonies face the choice
206
Factors determining loyalty or revolt in all the colonies
206
Why parts of the Empire did not revolt
206
Military, economic, and financial factors
206
Other reasons for loyalty
206
Why the Thirteen Colonies did revolt
207
The disadvantages of the trade and navigation system
207
The seaports and Virginia planter areas, as chief seats of disaf¬
fection
207
Why the Province of Quebec did not join the revolt
207
Why the Kingdom of Ireland did not revolt
208
The British government and the American Revolution
208
Pressing domestic concerns of the people of Great Britain in the
1760 s and 1770 s
208
The failure of British statesmanship after
1763 209
XXX CONTENTS
Government s errors of judgement
209
Its over-confidence in British military and naval power
209
Its lack of appreciation of the need for change in the colonial
system
209
The role of King George III in the American crisis
209
Unanswered questions in the mind of the author of this series
211
Were the American Revolution and the War for American Inde¬
pendence inevitable?
211
How great was the influence of environmental factors on people
in the 1760 s and 1770 s?
212
Could better communications have changed the course of events?
212
Was the British government justified in resorting to war?
212
Recapitulation:
213
Reasons for the American colonial revolt
213
The colonial search for autonomy of action
213
The inadequacy of the constitutional concessions offered by the
government to meet American needs
213
Reasons for the effectiveness of the revolt
214
Meaning of the term revolution as used in this series
215
Note: Recent Literature on the Causes of the American Revolution
216
Writings stressing the constitutional interpretation
216
Writings on the social aspects
216
Writings stressing the economic view
217
Writings emphasizing cultural interpretations
218
Writings stressing political aspects
218
Writings emphasizing imperial regulations
220
Writings on revolutionary thought
221
Recent bibliographical article
222
PART III: HISTORIOGRAPHICAL
SKETCHES RELATING TO THE HISTORY
OF THE BRITISH EMPIRE,
1748-1776
Introduction
227
BRITISH HISTORIANS
Dodington, George Bubb, Baron Melcombe
230
Smollett, Tobias George
231
CONTENTS XXXI
Belsham,
William 233
Adolphus,
John
235
Bisset, Robert 237
Waldegrave, James, 2nd
Earl of
239
Walpole,
Horace
240
Сохе,
William 244
Stanhope,
Philip Henry,
Viscount Mahon
246
Grahame, James
249
Brougham,
Henry Peter, Baron
Brougham and
Vaux
253
May, Thomas Erskine, Baron Farnborough
255
Froude, James
Anthony
257
Lecky,
William
Edward
Hartpole 259
Hunt, William 263
ľrevelyan,
Sir George
Otto
265
Winstanley, Denys A.
270
Williams, Basil
272
SJamier, Sir Lewis
275
Butterfield, Herbert
284
Pares, Richard
287
iVatson, J. Steven
291
CANADIAN HISTORIANS
!nnis, Harold Adams
293
ìrebner, John
Bartlet
295
AMERICAN HISTORIANS
lutchinson, Thomas
298
Dliver, Peter
302
îewat,
Alexander
305
ones, Thomas
308
¡mith, William
312
Jelknap, Jeremy
315
lamsay, David
318
ïordon,
William
321
toucher, Jonathan
326
Varren,
Mercy Otis
330
XXXII
CONTENTS
Holmes, Abiel 333
Trumbull, Benjamin 335
Drayton, William Henry 338
Drayton, John 338
Bancroft,
George 341
Hildreth, Richard 349
Parkman, Francis 354
Palfrey, John Gorham 359
Fisher,
Sydney George 363
Channing, Edward 367
Osgood, Herbert
Levi
371
Andrews, Charles
McLean
376
Beer, George Louis 382
Van Tyne, Claude Halstead 387
Becker, Carl Lotus 391
Alvord,
Clarence Walworth
395
Wertenbaker, Thomas
Jefferson
398
Dickerson, Oliver
Morton
403
Schlesinger, Arthur Meier 407
Labaree, Leonard Woods 411
Savelle, Max 415
Boyd, Julian Parks 419
Bridenbaugh, Carl 423
Miller, John C. 428
Knollenberg, Bernhard 432
Alden, John Richard 436
Morgan, Edmund Sears 441
Brown,
Robert
Eldon
448
General Index
і
Historiographical Index xxi
|
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| spelling | Gipson, Lawrence Henry 1880-1971 Verfasser (DE-588)101654227 aut The British Empire before the American revolution 13. The triumphant Empire.P.1: The Empire beyond the storm, 1770-1776.P.2: A summary of the series.P.3: Historiography. 2.print.1974.XLII, 454, XXVI S. by Lawrence Henry Gipson New York Knopf 1974 txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier (DE-604)BV003735425 13 Digitalisierung UB Bamberg application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=002374196&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Gipson, Lawrence Henry 1880-1971 The British Empire before the American revolution |
| title | The British Empire before the American revolution |
| title_auth | The British Empire before the American revolution |
| title_exact_search | The British Empire before the American revolution |
| title_full | The British Empire before the American revolution 13. The triumphant Empire.P.1: The Empire beyond the storm, 1770-1776.P.2: A summary of the series.P.3: Historiography. 2.print.1974.XLII, 454, XXVI S. by Lawrence Henry Gipson |
| title_fullStr | The British Empire before the American revolution 13. The triumphant Empire.P.1: The Empire beyond the storm, 1770-1776.P.2: A summary of the series.P.3: Historiography. 2.print.1974.XLII, 454, XXVI S. by Lawrence Henry Gipson |
| title_full_unstemmed | The British Empire before the American revolution 13. The triumphant Empire.P.1: The Empire beyond the storm, 1770-1776.P.2: A summary of the series.P.3: Historiography. 2.print.1974.XLII, 454, XXVI S. by Lawrence Henry Gipson |
| title_short | The British Empire before the American revolution |
| title_sort | the british empire before the american revolution |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=002374196&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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