Verfügbarkeit: The British Empire before the American revolution

The British Empire before the American revolution: 7. The Great War for the Empire.The victorious years, 1758-1760.3.print.1967.XLVIII, 467, XXXVI S.

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Bibliographische Detailangaben
1. Verfasser:	Gipson, Lawrence Henry 1880-1971 (VerfasserIn)
Format:	Buch
Sprache:	English
Veröffentlicht:	New York Knopf 1967
Online-Zugang:	Inhaltsverzeichnis

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245	1	0	\|a The British Empire before the American revolution \|n 7. The Great War for the Empire.The victorious years, 1758-1760.3.print.1967.XLVIII, 467, XXXVI S. \|c by Lawrence Henry Gipson
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Datensatz im Suchindex

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adam_text	Chapter I PITT, THE GREAT COMMONER, COMES TO POWER Paradoxes in the life of Pitt 3 The security of his fame 4 His early years 5 Political activities to 1755 5 Early parliamentary career 5 As a supporter of the Pelhams 6 As a Vice-Treasurer and Receiver General of Ireland, 1746 6 As Paymaster General of His Majesty s land forces, 1746-55 6 In opposition to the Pelhams, 1755 7 Dismissal from office, 1755 9 First ministry with Devonshire, December 1756 13 As Secretary of State for the Southern Department 13 The weakness of the ministry 14 Plans for the capture of Cape Breton Island 16 Passing of the militia bill 17 The German war 18 Frederick s activities in Saxony 18 Frederick under the ban of the Empire 18 France and Russia come to the aid of Austria, 1756 19 Indignation in England over Frederick s conduct 19 King George seeks the neutrality of Hanover 19 Pitt s opposition to the continental policy of Newcastle 20 Frederick s threat to leave Hanover exposed 20 Pitt begins to alter his policy, February 1757 21 Subsidy voted by Parliament to support Hanover 22 Cumberland demands the dismissal of Pitt 23 Dismissal of Pitt, April 1757 23 Cumberland takes command of the Army of Observation 23 The public support of Pitt 24 The interim period, April to June 1757 24 Parliamentary inquiry into the loss of Minorca 24 XIV CONTENTS Efforts to form a Newcastle-Fox ministry 24 Efforts to form a Fox ministry 25 Pitt-Hardwicke negotiations 25 Chesterfield s mediation, June 1757 25 The Pitt-Newcastle ministry, June 1757-1761 25 Concessions involved in this 25 Pitt again Secretary of State for the Southern Department 26 Secures a permanent seat in Parliament from Bath 26 Chapter II THE COLONIAL LINE OF DEFENCE Gloom in the continental colonies at the end of 1757 27 Indian unrest in the southwest 27 Georgia 27 Defenceless condition of 27 The colony without forts or arms 27 The sending of arms to the inhabitants from the royal arsenal 28 South Carolina 28 The fear of a slave insurrection 28 A purely defensive policy 28 The reconstruction of Fort Prince George, 1757 29 The building of Fort Loudoun on the Tennessee, 1757 30 Growing hostility of the Over Hills Cherokee 30 Little Carpenter agrees to strike the French 31 Defence of the province by regular troops 31 Coming of the Royal American battalion, June 1757 31 Later arrival of Montgomery s Highlanders 31 Unwillingness of South Carolinians to aid in their own protection 31 Unwillingness of the Assembly to aid the regulars 33 North Carolina 33 Raises two companies to aid in the defence of South Carolina 33 Policy a purely defensive one 34 Forts on the coast and Fort Dobbs on the Yadkin 34 Virginia 34 Helps to protect North Carolina 34 CONTENTS XV Washington s military leadership in the province, 1755-8 34 Defence of the frontier by the Virginia regiment 35 The government of the province favours a purely defensive policy 35 Desire of Washington to resign his colonelcy, 1756 35 The French and Indian raids and massacres 36 A chain of western posts constructed 36 Bad conduct of the Virginia militia, 1756 37 Defeatism among the western settlers, 1756 37 Washington favours aggressive action, 1756 39 Opposed by the provincial government 39 Neglect of the regiment by the provincial government 40 Remonstrance of the officers to Dinwiddie 40 Southern Indians come to help defend the province, April 1757 41 Unreliability of the Indians 41 Raids and counter-raids along the frontier 42 Colonel John Stanwix becomes Washington s superior 43 Happy relations between the two 43 Washington s difficulties with the Virginia militia, 1757 44 The problem of desertion 44 Maryland 45 Unwillingness of the inhabitants to support the war 45 Ravishing of the western settlements of the province, 1756 45 The problem of the garrisoning of Fort Cumberland 46 Attitude of the Assembly 46 Captain Dagworthy defends the fort 46 Ignominious conduct of the inhabitants of the province 46 Pennsylvania 46 Effect of Braddock s defeat upon the province 46 The Proprietors offer to support generously a movement against Fort Duquesne 47 The Assembly and a taxation bill 47 Aimed at the Proprietors 47 Massacres by the Indians, November 1755 47 The Assembly forced into action 48 The Proprietors contribute to the defence of the province 48 The building of a chain of forts and blockhouses 48 Weakness of the Pennsylvania military forces 48 No element of coercion 48 Unwillingness of the Assembly to consider aggressive action on the western frontier 49 Demand for intervention on the part of Parliament 49 The Board of Trade representation, April 1756 50 XVI CONTENTS The threat of an oath requirement for holding office 51 The pacifists agree to leave the Assembly, 1756 51 The Assembly strengthens the acts relating to those in military service, April 1756 51 Rewards offered for Indian scalps and captives 52 Raids and counter-raids 52 The French destroy Fort Granville, 1756 53 Armstrong destroys Kittanning, 1756 53 The effect on the province of the destruction of Oswego 53 William Denny becomes Deputy Governor 54 The arrival of regulars to defend the province 55 The Easton Indian conference of 1756 55 The Delawares and Pennsylvania lands 55 The renewal of the Indian terror, 1757 57 The Easton Indian conference of 1757 57 Interference of the Friendly Association 57 Role of the Six Nations 58 Continued raiding of the frontiers 59 The long line of defence, 1757 59 Who will reclaim the western British settlements? 60 Pitt supplies the answer 60 Chapter III THE LOSS OF FORT WILLIAM HENRY Significance of events in North America, 1757 62 Series of British checks 62 French power reaches its greatest heights 62 Basis for French optimism 63 Non-military outlook of British colonials 63 French concentration of authority 63 Indian support 63 Repudiation of the British by Indian allies 63 The Cherokee and the Six Nations waver 64 The conference at Montreal with the Six Nations, 1756 65 The great increase in the number of French regulars 66 Rigaud s attack on Fort William Henry, March 1757 67 Eyre s defence of the fort 67 Basis of American colonial weakness 69 Unwillingness of people to take up arms 69 CONTENTS XVII The lure of private interest against public interest 69 The lure of privateering as against land service 70 Appeal for regulars to garrison frontier posts 71 Action of the Massachusetts Bay Assembly, 1755 71 The defence of the New York frontiers 71 General Webb in command 72 His lack of qualifications 72 Failure of British strategy 72 Failure of Indian support 72 Vaudreuil plans aggressive action 74 Gaiety of life in Canada, 1757 75 The great concentration of troops and Indians at Ticonderoga 76 Cannibalistic feast of the Indians 77 Montcalm s siege of Fort William Henry, August 1757 78 Webb s faulty disposition of British forces 79 Colonel Monro s defence 80 Failure of the artillery 83 Failure of the provincial contingents 83 The capitulation 84 Terms of surrender 84 Indian violations of the capitulation 85 The massacre of colonial troops 85 Montcalm unable to move against Fort Edward 87 Webb rallies the northern colonies 88 Chapteh IV THE CHECKMATING OF LOUDOUN Loudoun as commander-in-chief 90 Characteristics as a military leader 90 Determines on aggressive action, 1756 91 Plans an amphibious operation 91 Quebec as the objective 91 Pitt s plans to reduce Louisbourg 91 Instructions to Loudoun, December 1756 92 Modification of the instructions, March 1757 92 The question of the proper objective 93 XVIII CONTENTS Meeting of the New England commissioners, January 1757 96 The question of the quotas 97 Philadelphia conference of Governors, March 1757 98 Agreement on quotas and defence 99 A broad defensive policy laid down by Loudoun 99 Delay in the arrival of the British regiments 101 Concentration of forces at Halifax, July 1757 102 The French defensive measures 103 Concentration of naval power in Louisbourg harbour 103 Beaufremont from the West Indies 104 Du Revest from Toulon 104 De la Motte from Brest 105 The provisioning of Cape Breton Island from France 105 The British dilemma 106 Ignorance of the French strength 106 Unfavourable weather conditions 107 Failure of reconnaissance activities 107 The council of war 108 The examination of officers with knowledge of Cape Breton 109 The decision against Quebec 111 Holburne s efforts to lure the French fleet to battle, August 1757 113 Loudoun s decision to forgo an attack 114 The soundness of this decision considered 114 The placing of the troops in winter quarters 114 Holburne again challenges the French fleet, September 1757 115 The shattering of the British fleet 115 The triumph of French New World strategy, 1757 116 Chapter V THE EUROPEAN SCENE. PITTS REVERSAL OF POLICY Factors favouring the triumph of the French and their allies 118 The movement of the French over the Rhine 118 CONTENTS ХІХ The Army of Observation 119 Interference of the electoral council of Hanover 119 Cumberland obliged to retreat 120 The engagement at Hastenbeck, July 1757 120 Retreat of the army to Stade 120 The capitulation of Kloster-Seven, September 1757 121 Effect upon Cumberland s military career 121 French occupation of Hanover and movement into Brandenburg 121 Frederick invades Bohemia, April 1757 121 Defeat of Charles of Lorraine 121 The siege of Prague 121 Daun defeats Frederick at Kolin, June 1757 121 Retreat of the Prussian army 122 The enemies close in upon Frederick 122 Russians invade East Prussia 122 Austrians invade Silesia 122 French invade western Brandenburg 122 The British expedition against Rochefort, September 1757 122 To relieve Frederick 122 To cut off aid to New France 122 The capture of the island of Aix 123 The return of the expedition 123 Effects upon the French 124 The holding of French forces in the west 124 The balance sheet in October 1757 125 Frederick again takes the field 125 Defeat of the Imperial army at Rossbach, November 5, 1757 125 Defeat of the Austrians at Leuthen, December 5,1757 126 General withdrawal of the enemy forces from eastern and central Germany 126 Repudiation of the capitulation of Kloster-Seven 127 Attitude of Frederick 127 The vacillation of King George 127 Appeal to the German Diet 127 Denunciation of the capitulation 127 Pitt and the war in Europe 128 Change of attitude respecting subsidies 129 Change of attitude respecting the sending of troops 129 A British garrison sent to Emden, April 1758 129 XX CONTENTS British subsidization of the war in Germany, 1758 130 The Anglo-Prussian subsidy treaty, April 1758 130 Subsidies granted to Hanover and Hesse-Cassel 130 The voting of additional taxes by Parliament 130 Activities of Britain s allies in Germany 131 Ferdinand s movement across the Rhine 131 The Battle of Crefeld June 23, 1758 131 The Army of Observation retreats into Germany 131 The British expeditionary forces join Ferdinand 131 The second British descent upon the French coast, June 1758 131 The strategy behind this 132 The attempt to seize Saint-Malo 132 The destruction of French shipping 133 The return of the expedition 134 The third British descent upon the French coast 134 The capture of Cherbourg, August 1758 135 The fourth British descent upon the French coast, September 1758 135 The landing of troops near Saint-Malo 136 The retreat to Saint-Cas 136 The French attack on the embarking troops 136 The effect in England of the disaster at Saint-Cas 137 Frederick s activities 138 The clearing of Silesia of the Austrians, April 1758 138 Invasion of Moravia 138 Retreat through Bohemia, July 1758 138 The Battle of Zorndorf, August 27, 1758 138 The defeat at Hochkirch, October 13, 1758 139 The Austrians again forced out of Silesia 139 Movement to protect Dresden and Leipzig 139 Retreat of the Austrians and Imperials 139 Frederick left in possession of his conquests 139 Chapter VI A WINTER S INTERLUDE IN NORTH AMERICA The significance of growing British sea power 140 The colonies and the war 140 Inability to mobilize colonial strength 140 Lack of confidence in provincial troops 140 CONTENTS XXI Georgia and South Carolina 141 The frontiers guarded by regular troops 141 Inability of South Carolina to recruit its regiment 141 Neglect by the South Carolina Assembly of the soldiers sent to protect the province 141 North Carolina 142 Efforts of the province limited to garrisoning its posts 142 Virginia 142 The problem facing the Virginia regiment 142 Indifference of the Assembly to Washington s needs 142 The garrisoning of the long line of posts 142 Colonel Stanwix prepared to send regulars to support Washington 143 Maryland 143 Continued unwillingness of the Assembly to defend Fort Cumberland 143 Denial by the Assembly of Loudoun s right to dispose of the Maryland forces 143 Regulars sent to Maryland by Loudoun 143 Captain Dagworthy continues at Fort Cumberland 143 Support of the troops by the Crown 144 Pennsylvania 144 Creditable showing of the province in defensive measures 144 The chain of posts, 1757 144 The building of Fort Augusta 145 The activities of Stanwix and Armstrong 145 A defensive policy guides the Assembly 145 Evidence of Loudoun s plan for destroying Fort Duquesne 145 The concentration of regular troops within the province 145 New Jersey 146 Unwillingness of the province to meet Loudoun s requisition for troops 146 Recruiting in Pennsylvania 146 A system of blockhouses along the frontier 147 Request for regulars to maintain New Jersey posts 147 New York 147 A critical area throughout the war 147 Defended largely by regulars 147 Opposition to the embargo and to quartering troops 147 Bad conduct of the provincial troops after the fall of Fort William Henry 148 XXII CONTENTS Loudoun returns to New York from Cape Breton 149 The question of a British offensive against Fort Ticonderoga 149 St. Clair s report 149 Loudoun s plan for a winter offensive 150 Activities in the Mohawk Valley 151 The French raid against German Flats, November 1757 151 The destruction of the Palatine settlement 151 Lord Howe comes to the support of Fort Herkimer 152 Regulars sent to protect the Schoharie settlements 153 The American rangers 153 Their early activities in the war 153 Importance of their work 154 Their lack of discipline 154 Gage s light-armed troops organized to supplement them 156 Connecticut 156 Its highly favourable showing in the war 156 In 1756 supplies twice the number of troops apportioned to it 157 New York recruits troops in the colony 157 Meets its quota in 1757 157 Assumes the task of defending No. 4 157 Responds to Webb s call for support 157 Rhode Island 157 Fails to meet its quota in 1756 157 Slow response to the requisition of 1757 157 Ship captains of, accused of trading with the enemy 158 Its financial difficulties 158 Great depreciation of the colony s currency 158 Massachusetts Bay 159 Actively supports the war 159 Deep desire of its people to destroy French power in Canada 159 Indian raids on frontier settlements 159 The Canso fisheries 160 The issue of the quartering of British regulars, 1757 160 Other colonies make provision for troops 160 Arrangement for quartering at Castle William 161 The law regulating quartering, November 1757 161 Loudoun s position on quartering 161 The resolution of House of Representatives relating to the power of Parliament 162 The issue resolved 163 CONTENTS XxiÜ New Hampshire 163 A backwoods population 163 No. 4 on the Connecticut 164 Attack upon, in 1755 164 Unwillingness of the province to offer No. 4 protection 164 Dangerous situation of the settlers of, in 1757 164 Attack upon, in 1757 164 Connecticut troops defend the settlement 164 Contribution of the province to the American rangers 164 Small quota provided for the provincial forces in 1757 165 Bad conduct of the New Hampshire troops ordered to No. 4 165 Total desertion of the troops 165 The varied response of the colonies in the war effort 165 Chapter VII THE FRENCH TIDE IN NORTH AMERICA BEGINS TO EBB French power in North America at high tide in 1757 167 Masters of all but the eastern rim of the continent 167 Growing shortage of food in Canada 168 Seizure of grain by the government 168 Harvest failures of 1756 and 1757 168 The growing effectiveness of British sea power 168 The sacrifice of crops to military service 168 Inability to supply the savages with provisions 168 Strict rationing system established 168 Efforts in France to supply the needs of New France 169 The supply ships 169 Optimism of Montcalm and de Lévis 170 Plans for bringing the British to terms in North America 171 Vaudreuil s outline of strategy for 1758 172 Movement of Montcalm to the south of Lake George 172 Movement of de Lévis against the Mohawk settlements 172 Developing friction between Montcalm and Vaudreuil 173 Efforts of the Ministry of the Marine to heal the breach 173 Pownall s pessimism regarding the outcome of the struggle 173 Pitt s chagrin with the situation in North America 174 Attacks the land and sea kommandets in Parliament 174 XXIV CONTENTS The recall of Loudoun 175 Preparations for the campaign of 1758 175 Abercromby becomes commander-in-chief 175 Appeal for provincial troops 175 Parliament aids promised the colonies 175 Parliament called upon to make vast grants 176 Pitt s strategy for 1758 176 Louisbourg to be attacked 176 Abercromby to act offensively in the Lake Champlain region 176 Naval control of Lake George to be secured 176 Forbes to direct southern military operations 177 Chief emphasis on the Louisbourg expedition 177 Provincial officers acquire a new status 177 Question of the wisdom of this step 178 Preparations for the Louisbourg campaign 179 A fleet in North American waters 180 Conflicting view of this arrangement 180 Boscawen given command of naval operations 181 The military staff 181 Wolfe, Whitmore, and Lawrence commissioned 181 Amherst chosen to command 182 Amherst s qualifications for his task 182 Early military career 182 Service in Germany 182 Hardy sent to Halifax, January 1758 183 Boscawen sails in February 184 Concentration of land and sea forces at Halifax 184 Preliminary plans for landing on Cape Breton Island 185 Arrival of Amherst 186 The fate of Louisbourg sealed off the coasts of France 186 The plague at Brest, 1757 186 The blocking of the Toulon fleet 187 The naval battle off Cartagena, February 28, 1758 188 De la Clue held at Cartagena 190 Hawke s activities in the Bay of Biscay 190 The action at Basque Roads, April 3,1758 190 Des Gouttes and de Chaffault reach Isle Royale 190 Weakness of the French fleet at Louisbourg 191 CONTENTS XXV The British fleet destroys the Anglo-French balance in the New World 191 Amherst changes the plan of attack 192 The selection of Gabarus Bay for the landing 192 The strategy of the attack 193 Cape Breton defences 193 The landing, June 8,1758 194 Wolfe s difficulties 194 Signal for withdrawal unheeded 195 The flight of the French troops 196 The siege of Louisbourg 196 Wolfe seizes Lighthouse Point 197 The island battery silenced 198 Description of Louisbourg 198 The city 198 The fortifications 199 The French defence of the city 200 Forces involved 200 Friction between the army and navy 201 Should the French fleet leave the harbour? 201 Amherst and Boscawen 202 Cordial relations during the siege 202 Final aspects of the siege 202 Advancement of the British entrenchments 203 The bombardment of the city 203 Destructive nature of the bombardment 203 The destruction of the French fleet 204 The French capitulation, July 26, 1758 206 The garrison no longer able to resist 206 French terms for surrender 206 Rejection of these by Amherst and Boscawen 206 British terms accepted 206 The destruction of Louisbourg 207 XXVI CONTENTS Chapter VIII ABERCROMBY MEETS HIS MASTER. FRONTENAC Loudoun as commander-in-chief 208 Confidence of officers in him 208 His plans for aggressive action 209 Soundness of these plans 209 Repudiation of Loudoun by Pitt 210 Pitt s plans for action on land 210 Merits of these considered 210 Abercromby as commander-in-chief 211 Early military career 211 Services under Loudoun 211 His weakness in action 211 The raising of provincial troops 212 Hearty response of the northern colonies 212 Indian support of the land campaign 214 Johnson s difficulties 214 His loss of influence among the Six Nations 214 A weak Indian force comes to support Abercromby 215 The provincial levies 215 Massachusetts Bay wants service in Nova Scotia 216 Great delays in the raising and movement of troops 216 The campaign launched July 4, 1758 218 Effects of the lateness of the movement of the army considered 218 The French and the campaign 219 No movement of troops possible before the arrival of the relief 219 The coming of the supply ships 219 Vaudreuil s plan for the defence of Lake Champlain 220 French concentration at Ticonderoga 220 Montcalm s embarrassments 221 Montcalm s disposition of his forces 221 Description of Fort Ticonderoga 221 Weakness of the place 222 CONTENTS XXVII The British landing, July 6, 1758 223 The death of Lord Howe 224 Effect of this upon the campaign 225 The British plan of battle 225 Abercromby s misconceptions 225 Failure to utilize Mount Defiance 225 Mount Defiance in the Revolutionary War 226 Montcalm prepares to receive the enemy 228 An abatis laid down 228 Disposition of the troops 228 The battle of July 8, 1758 228 Failure of Abercromby to utilize his artillery 229 Disposition of the British troops 229 Attack on the French position 229 Use of the regular troops 229 Failure of the attack 230 The retreat 231 The flight of the provincials 232 Errors of the campaign analysed 232 A plan for a new attempt on the French fort 235 Abercromby awaits the arrival of Amherst s regiments 235 The plan laid aside 235 Abercromby recalled to England 236 Colonel John Bradstreet 236 His military activities to 1758 236 His plan to destroy Fort Frontenac 236 Loudoun approves the plan 237 Pitt s instructions and the plan 238 The Bradstreet expedition 238 Abercromby s instructions 239 Movement up the Mohawk 239 Desertion of provincials 239 The dispute over the command 240 The Indians and the expedition 241 Their opposition to an attack on Frontenac 241 A divided Confederation 242 The attack on Fort Frontenac 242 Description of Cataraqui and Fort Frontenac 242 Their importance to the western posts 242 XXVIII CONTENTS Noyan caught unprepared 243 French misconceptions of British plans 243 Failure of a relief to arrive 244 The investment of the fort 244 The surrender, August 27, 1758 245 Liberal terms granted 245 The destruction of Frontenac 245 Chapter IX FORBES BUILDS A ROAD TO VICTORY The Braddock and Forbes expeditions compared and contrasted 247 General John Forbes 247 His early military career 247 Services under Lord Loudoun 248 Appointed by Pitt to march against Fort Duquesne 248 The expeditionary force 248 Pitt s allocation of troops 248 The path of approach 249 The Braddock road first favoured 249 Plan of concentrating about the Conococheague 249 The Raystown road to the Allegheny 250 Forbes s decision to build a supply depot at Raystown 250 Influence of Deputy Quartermaster General St. Clair 250 Was the Forbes decision a sound one? 251 Colonial support of the expedition 252 Attitude of the colonial governments 252 The Maryland Assembly 252 The Pennsylvania Assembly 253 The Virginia Assembly 253 Indian support of the expedition 255 Expectations of powerful support 255 Arrival of Indians at Winchester 255 William Byrd III and the Cherokee 255 The problem of meeting the Indian demands 256 The problem of protecting the friendly Delawares 256 The Indians turn back home 257 The conduct of Little Carpenter 257 Few Indians remain to support Forbes 258 CONTENTS ХХІХ Colonel Henry Bouquet 258 His early military career 258 His services in America before 1758 259 As second in command 259 Full co-operation with Forbes 259 Bouquet puts the expedition into motion 259 Concentration at Carlisle 259 Condition of the Pennsylvania regiments 260 Difficulties in securing wagons 260 Colonel George Washington and the expedition 261 His opposition to the early concentration plan of Forbes 261 Difficulties faced by, in advancing to Fort Cumberland 261 Relations with Colonel Bouquet 262 His opposition to Bouquet s orders 263 Forbes s attitude to Washington s opposition 264 Washington and the Raystown approach 265 Respective merits of the Braddock and the Forbes approaches considered 265 The surmounting of the AUeghenies and the Laurel Range 265 Concentration at Loyalhanna 266 The problem of food supplies 266 Forbes s appeal by open letter for aid, September 9, 1758 267 The forward movement of provisions 267 The engagement of September 14, 1758 268 Colonel Grant marches toward Fort Duquesne 268 Major Andrew Lewis s failure to obey orders 268 The overwhelming of the British forces 269 The question of responsibility for the defeat 269 The French at Fort Duquesne 270 Advantages enjoyed by 270 Reinforcements sent to, by Vaudreuil 271 De Lignery s optimism 272 Montcalm favours their withdrawal 272 The strength of the forces at 272 French attack on Loyalhanna, October 12, 1758 273 Burd s defence of the encampment 273 The French Indians discouraged 274 The Indian conference at Philadelphia, July 1758 275 Agreement to send Post to the Delawares on the Ohio 275 XXX CONTENTS Christian Frederick Post on the Ohio His early missionary activities Meets the Delawares on the Great Beaver Goes to the forks of the Ohio His dangerous situation Protected by friendly Delawares and Shawnee Assures the Indians regarding British intentions Return to the Pennsylvania settlements The question of the Indian lands Did Post deceive the Indians? Influence of the mission upon the hostile Indians The Easton Indian conference, October 1758 Causes for Indian hostilities discussed The release of lands west of the Appalachians Limitation placed on western settlement Importance of the Easton treaty Bouquet s views Becomes basis for British trans-Appalachian policy Importance of spreading news of the treaty among the Ohio Indians Post again goes to the Ohio The second Post mission, November 1758 At Kuskuskas Post wins support of Indian leaders Treatment of the French emissary by the Indians The delivery of the treaty message Forbes at Loyalhanna The council of war The French raid French weakness at the forks revealed The advance on Fort Duquesne Activities of Washington and Armstrong The army approaches the fort A scene of destruction Disappearance of the French The French and Fort Duquesne Factors involved in the desertion of the fort Reliance of Forbes upon French military science Significance of the conquest of the forks of the Ohio The doom of the Indian interests in the valley of the upper Ohio CONTENTS XXXI Chapter X THE CONTINENTAL COLONIES AND THE WAR, 1759 The balance sheet in Europe at the close of 1758 287 Favourable factors for the British and their allies 287 In Germany 287 On the high seas 287 In Africa and India 288 In America 288 Strangulation of French economic life 288 Effects of this on the French Empire 288 Pitt at the height of his influence 289 Parliament continues its great grants 289 The steady increase of naval power 289 The plan to conquer Canada 289 Colonies again asked to aid the war effort 290 The colonies and the war, 1759 290 Georgia 290 Helpless condition continues 290 South Carolina 291 Proposal of Governor Lyttelton to invade Louisiana 291 Powerful provincial aid promised 291 Contributes only to local defence 292 North Carolina 292 Aid limited to local garrison duty 292 Virginia 293 Fauquier asks the Assembly to duplicate its effort of 1758 293 One regiment alone provided 293 Washington gives up his command 293 Sufferings of Washington s regiment 295 Neglect of the Virginia troops by the Assembly 295 Contribution of the province to the war, 1759 296 Maryland 296 Votes compensation to Dagworthy s company 296 Governor Sharpe s appeal 297 Indefensible attitude of the Assembly 297 Pennsylvania 299 XXXII CONTENTS Complex political situation within 299 The Society of Friends and the Proprietors 299 Grievances of the province 299 Against the soldiers 300 Against the Proprietors 300 Franklin sent to London, 1757 301 Heads of Complaints presented to the Proprietors 301 The answer of the Proprietors, 1758 302 The Assembly and the supply bill, 1759 302 Taxation of the Proprietarial estates 303 The supply bill before the Council 304 Denny signs the bill 305 The Assembly and the Land Office 305 Attempt to secure control of the office 305 The loan to the army and the re-emission bill 305 Attempt to alter the terms of quit-rent payments 306 The supply bill and re-emission bill in England 306 Attitude of the Attorney General 306 Attitude of the Privy Council 306 Franklin s pledge 307 New Jersey 308 Hearty response of the Assembly for troops 308 The granting of liberal bounties 308 New York 309 Strong support of the war by the province 309 The granting of high bounties 309 The Assembly votes for drafting of soldiers 309 A loan granted to Amherst 310 Connecticut 310 The Assembly votes for a reduced number of troops 310 The drafting of the soldiers 311 Amhersťs attitude toward the Connecticut effort 311 The influence of the reimbursement policy of Pitt 311 The arrival of funds in the colony 312 Connecticut grants a thousand additional men 312 Rhode Island 313 Relations of the colony with the outside world 313 The colony inclined to a policy of secretiveness 313 Influence of the reimbursement policy 314 The expenses of 1755 reimbursed 314 The colony not included in the grant for 1756 314 CONTENTS ХХХШ. The Rhode Island troops of 1758 retained in service 315 Difficulty of the colony in completing its levy 316 Massachusetts Bay 316 Co-operative attitude of the Assembly 316 An act to aid the recruiting of regular troops 317 Influence of Parliamentary reimbursement 317 Liberal reimbursement for the expenses of 1756 and 1757 317 Aids recruiting for the royal navy, 1759 317 The building of Fort Pownall on the Penobscot 318 The province agrees to garrison the fort 318 The province and the voting of troops 319 Amhersťs protest 319 The Assembly agrees to increase number of troops 320 High bounties paid for enlistments 320 Amherst decides to garrison Nova Scotia with the colony s troops 322 Governor Lawrence offers Acadian lands 322 Lure of the Nova Scotia service 322 Slow movement of the provincial troops intended for Lake Champlain 323 Desertion of provincial troops from Amhersťs army 324 New Hampshire 325 The problem of No. 4 on the Connecticut 325 Guarded by Connecticut and New York troops, 1758 325 The arrival at No. 4 of Massachusetts Bay troops, 1759 325 A New Hampshire company thereupon sent 325 A road opened between No. 4 and Lake Champlain 326 Raising of provincial troops, 1759 326 The voting of bounties and the drafting of troops 327 Efforts of the continental colonies contrasted and compared 328 Chapter XI CONSOLIDATION OF BRITISH POWER SOUTH OF THE ST. LAWRENCE, 1759 The garrisoning of the western Pennsylvania posts, 1758 329 Mercer s winter activities at Pittsburgh 330 Relations with the Indians 330 Bouquet s instructions 332 The death of Forbes 332 Importance of Forbes s service 332 XXXIV CONTENTS Stanwix takes Forbes s place on the western frontier 333 Disappointing response of the more southern colonies 333 Difficulties faced in launching the western campaign 334 Financial problems 334 Transport problems 334 French activities in the Ohio Valley 335 Attack on Bullitt s convoy 335 Attack on Fort Ligonier, July 1759 335 Captain Stephen s defence 335 Concentration of troops and Indians at Venango 336 Plans to capture Fort Ligonier and Pittsburgh 336 Interference of the Iroquois deputy 338 The Venango forces sent to the relief of Fort Niagara 339 The problem of a suitable site for Fort Pitt 339 Disadvantages of Pittsburgh 339 Mercer recommends a Chartiers Creek site 339 Disadvantages of this 340 The ultimate choice of Pittsburgh 340 The significance of Fort Pitt 340 A sign of British dominion 341 Fort Niagara 341 Pitt s instructions to Amherst 341 The Six Nations and the fort 342 Change of attitude toward the protection of the fort 342 Factors in the reversal of policy 343 The Indian conference of Canajoharie, April 1759 343 Plans for the Lake Ontario campaign 344 John Prideaux made commander 344 Allocation of troops and supplies 344 Expedition against Niagara 345 Haldimand and the building of entrenchments at Oswego 345 Landing of the British forces near Fort Niagara, July 4, 1759 345 Pouchot at Niagara 345 Surprised at the appearance of the enemy, July 6 345 Failure of Indian warnings 346 Alarm at Iroquois hostility 346 De Blainville at Oswego 346 CONTENTS XXXV Fort Niagara as a stronghold 347 Pouchot strengthens the defences 347 The French garrison 348 Pouchot calls on de Lignery for aid 348 The siege of Niagara 348 The construction of parallels 348 The death of Prideaux 349 Johnson assumes command 349 The Indians and the siege 349 Activities of Kaendaé 349 The Six Nations parley with Pouchot 349 Motives of the Indians 350 The neutral conduct of the French Indians 351 The appearance of the French relief forces 351 Pouchot s desperate situation 351 Effects of the bombardment 351 Aubry and de Lignery determine to attack 352 The engagement at La Belle-Famille, July 24, 1759 352 Desertion of the Indians 352 Colonel Massy receives the attack 353 The French flight 354 The Indian massacre 354 The leaders captured 354 The capitulation of Fort Niagara, July 25, 1759 355 Pouchot s council of war 355 French terms of surrender 355 British terms 355 The French acceptance of them 355 The British honour the capitulation 355 The issue relating to the chief command 356 Johnson versus Haldimand 356 Brigadier Gage sent to take command 357 Oswego 357 De la Come seeks to overwhelm Haldimand 357 Failure of the French attempt 357 Gage at Lake Ontario 357 The problem of carrying out Amhersťs orders 358 XXXVI CONTENTS The construction of a new fort 358 An expedition against Fort Galette set aside 358 Factors involved in Gage s decision 359 Amherst and the invasion of Canada 360 Pitt s allocation of forces 360 Movement to Lake George 360 The Lake George expedition, July 1759 361 The siege of Fort Ticonderoga 361 The French and Lake Champlain 361 Bourlamaque in command 361 Forces at Bourlamaque s disposal 361 Vaudreuiľs orders 362 Failure of Indian support 363 D Hébercourt holds the enemy at bay 363 The blowing up of the fort, July 26, 1759 363 The destruction of Fort St. Frederic, July 31, 1759 364 Retreat to Isle-aux-Noix 364 The defence of Isle-aux-Noix 364 Flooding of adjacent lands 364 Building of entrenchments 364 Amherst on Lake Champlain 364 The reconstruction of Fort Ticonderoga 365 The building of a fort at Crown Point 365 The construction of lake craft 365 Other activities 365 Work of exploration 365 A road to No. 4 365 The destruction of the St. Francis mission 365 The advance against Isle-aux-Noix, October 11, 1759 366 Forces employed 366 The capture of the French lake fleet 367 The expedition turns back 368 Factors involved in Amherst s decision 368 The termination of the Amherst campaign 368 Work of completing the defences 368 The release of the provincials 368 The achievements of the campaign analysed 368 Results of the year s activities south of the St. Lawrence 368 CONTENTS XXXvii Chapter XII WOLFE ASCENDS THE ST. LAWRENCE Pitt picks Wolfe to attack Quebec 371 Wolfe s activities after the capture of Louisbourg 371 Destruction of French settlements about the Gulf of St. Lawrence 371 Early military career of Wolfe 372 Characteristics as a leader 373 Preparation for the expedition 374 The choice of a staff 374 Saunders in command of the fleet 374 Pitt s instructions 375 Durell leaves Halifax for the St. Lawrence 376 Concentration of forces at Louisbourg 376 Mounting of the St. Lawrence 378 Durell precedes Saunders 378 The mounting of the Traverse, June 14,1759 379 Saunders joins Durell off Ile d Orléans, June 25 379 The defence of Canada 380 Péan and Bougainville go to France 380 Requests for aid 381 Vaudreuil versus Montcalm 381 Growing divergencies in point of view 381 Montcalm s proposals for defence 382 Vaudreuiľs plan 382 Merits of the respective plans analysed 382 The French ministry plans to recall Montcalm 384 De Lévis to command in the field 384 The decision to recall reversed 384 The instructions to Vaudreuil 385 The efforts to reinforce the colony 386 Actions of Bigot criticized 386 Logistical factors in the relief of New France 386 The sending of the relief fleet 387 Vaudreuil implements his plan 388 Dispersion of forces 388 Merits of the plan 389 Bougainville s return to Canada, May 9, 1759 389 Effect of the news of the British expedition 390 XXXVIII CONTENTS Defensive measures at Quebec 390 The appearance of the British fleet 390 Failure to destroy Durelľs squadron 391 The launching of the fire-ships 392 Wolfe s strategy 393 The seizure of Point Levy 394 Batteries established opposite the city 394 Wolfe s proclamation to the habitants 394 The seizure of the heights east of the Montmorency 395 The bombardment of Quebec 395 A British squadron mounts the upper St. Lawrence 396 Wolfe determines on a frontal assault 397 The Montmorency attack, July 31,1759 398 Factors in the failure 399 Wolfe s despondence 399 Chapteh XIII THE PIERCING OF THE HEART OF NEW FRANCE The Murray-Holmes expedition 401 A communication with Amherst sought 401 Efforts to land at Pointe aux Trembles frustrated 402 The raid on Deschambault 402 The ravaging of the countryside 402 The question of winter quarters on Ile-aux-Coudres 403 Unfavourable factors 403 Wolfe s memorandum on a new attack 403 The brigadiers oppose Wolfe s plans 404 The counter-proposal of the brigadiers 405 Acceptance of the new plan by Wolfe 407 The new plan in operation 407 The evacuation of the Montmorency encampment 407 The concentration of transports above Quebec 407 The French protection of the north bank of the St. Lawrence 407 Decision to land at Pointe aux Trembles 409 Change of the landing-place to the Anse de Foulon 410 Wolfe s relations with his brigadiers 410 Was the change in the plan warranted? 412 CONTENTS XXXIX The landing, September 13,1759 414 Factors favouring Wolfe s success 414 The capture of the Foulon post 414 Barre s violation of orders 415 Montcalm before the British landing 416 Fears of an assault on Beauport 416 The news of the landing 417 The concentration of troops on the Plains of Abraham 417 The Battle of the Plains of Abraham, September 13,1759 417 Disposition of the British and French troops 417 Montcalm orders an advance 417 Did the French general err in judgment? 418 British superiority over the French army 418 In discipline 419 In equipment 419 The French recoil and flight 420 Montcalm mortally wounded 420 The British charge 420 The death of Wolfe 420 The question of Wolfe s conduct as commanding general 421 The command falls to Townshend 421 The troops rallied to meet Bougainville s advance 422 The surrender of Quebec, September 17, 1759 423 The retreat of Vaudreuil and the main French force to the Jacques Cartier 424 The problem facing the garrison 423 Vaudreuil and de Lévis promise aid 423 Ramezay calls a council of war 424 Saunders moves his fleet to batter Quebec 424 Terms of capitulation offered the British 424 The British terms accepted by Ramezay 425 Liberal nature of the terms 425 The return of the French regulars to France 425 The significance of the British triumph 427 Chapter XIV THE CULMINATION OF THE WAR IN NORTH AMERICA Devastation in the Quebec area 428 Population movement 428 xl CONTENTS De Lévís and defence measures 429 Distribution of troops 429 The British at Quebec 429 Preparations for the winter of 1759-60 430 Brigadier Murray in command 430 Policy toward the inhabitants 431 Regulations established 431 The punishment of revolting settlements 432 The hardships of the British garrison 432 The French plan to recapture Quebec 434 Preparations for a winter attack 434 Why the attack was not launched 434 Le Mercier goes to France 435 Necessity of aid 435 The efforts to send aid to de Lévis 436 Why the aid failed to arrive 437 De Lévis s expedition 437 The appearance of the French 438 Why no surprise was possible 438 The Battle of Sillery, April 28, 1760 438 Sound disposition of Murray s troops 439 Murray s tactical errors 439 The British defeat 440 The siege of Quebec 440 De Lévis s difficulties 440 British advantages 441 The coming of the British relief, May 15, 1760 442 The sinking of the French supply ships 443 Retreat of de Lévis 443 Why the French position was untenable 443 De Lévis s steps to defend Montreal 444 Problems faced by the French 444 Pitt s plans for the American campaign of 1760 444 Montreal the chief objective 445 Amherst given discretionary authority 445 The colonies and the war, 1760 445 Response of the northern colonies 445 A threefold movement against Montreal 445 CONTENTS xli The Amherşt campaign 446 The Indian support 446 Iroquoian apprehensions 448 Johnson rallies the Six Nations 448 Disposition of the troops 448 The concentration at Oswego 449 The British move down the St. Lawrence 449 Pouchot at Fort Lé vis 450 French forces available 450 Preparation for defence 450 The French Indians 450 British influence prevails 451 The defence of the fort 452 The capitulation, August 25,1760 453 Why Pouchot was not reinforced 453 Bougainville at Isle-aux-Noix 454 Preparations for defence 454 Brigadier Haviland s expedition 454 Rogers s preliminary raid 454 Advance of the British forces 454 Siege of Isle-aux-Noix 454 Capture of the French ships 455 Retreat of Bougainville 456 Surrender of the French fort, August 28,1760 456 Brigadier Murray s expedition 457 Forces at Murray s disposal 457 Movement up the river 458 French villages swear allegiance 458 Rollo s raid on Sorel 460 Arrival of the expedition near Montreal 461 De Lévis seeks to check Haviland 462 Desertion of the French Indians 462 British close in on Montreal 462 The French council of war 463 Agreement to offer to capitulate 463 The French terms of capitulation 463 Basis for final surrender 465 xlii CONTENTS Why Amherst modified the terms 465 Attitude of the French officers 465 Vaudreuil accepts the Amherst terms 466 The surrender of Canada, September 7, 1760 467 Would the fortunes of war permit the British to retain this conquest? 467 .«ans I. A Portion of a French map of the eastern parts of the Ohio Valley and of the Great Lakes region, 1755. (Public Archives of Canada, Division of Maps ) Facing page 48 II. William Alexander s manuscript sketch of the western forts and posts, 1756. (Public Archives of Canada, Division of Maps ) Facing page 49 III. Fort William Henry, 1757. (From Ann Rocque s A Set of Plans and Forts in America, 1765 ) Facing page 78 IV. The siege of Fort William Henry, 1757. (From Ann Rocque s A Ser of Phns and Forts in America, 1765) Facing page 79 V. A Map of Gabarus Bay adjoining to Louisbourg. (Public Archives of Canada, Division of Maps ) Facing page 110 VI. Rochefort and the Basque Roads, 1757. (From J. S. Cor- bett s England in the Seven Years War, with the per¬ mission of Longmans, Green & Co. ) Facing page 122 VII. St. Malo and its approaches. (From Le Petit Atlas Mari¬ time Recueil de Cartes et Plans des Quartre Parties du Monde, 1764, Clements Library) Facing page 136 VIII. St. Malo and St. Cas Bay, 1758. (From J. S. Corbett s Eng¬ land in the Seven Years War, with the permission of Longmans, Green & Co. ) Facing page 137 IX. Fort Herkimer and German Flats. (From Thomas Mante s History of the Late War in North America, 1772) Facing page 150 X. Descent des Anglois à Louisbourg, 1758. (From the Jour¬ nal du Marquis de Montcalm ) Facing page 194 XL The landing on Cape Breton Island at Gabarus Bay and the siege of Louisbourg, 1758. (From Thomas Jefferys s History of the French Dominion in America, 1760) Facing page 195 xliv MAPS AND PLANS XII. Port de Louisbourg, 1758. By the Chevalier de la Rigau- diere. (Public Archives of Canada, Division of Maps) Facing page 198 XIII. Sketch of Cheonderoga or Ticonderoga by an English of¬ ficer, showing Abercromby s advance, 1758. (From John Almon s Remembrancer) Facing page 228 XIV. Abercromby s attack on the French entrenchments erected near Fort Ticonderoga, 1758. ( From Documents Rela¬ tive to the Colonial History of the State of New York ) Facing page 229 XV. Fort Frontenac, 1758. (From Ann Rocque s A Ser of Plans and Forts in America, 1765) Facing page 244 XVI. The Braddock and Forbes roads. (From Jared Sparks s Writings of George Washington) Facing page 250 XVII. Fort Bedford on Juniata Creek. ( From Ann Rocque s A Set of Plans and Forts in America, 1765 ) Facing page 266 XVIII. Plan of the Retrench d Camp at Fort Ligonier. (From Ann Rocque s A Ser of Plans and Forts in America, 1765) Facing page 267 XIX. Fort Pitts-Burgh, 1759. (From Ann Rocque s A Set of Plans and Forts in America, 1765) Facing page 340 XX. Military operations against Fort Niagara, 1759. (From Sir William Johnson Papers) Facing page 352 XXI. Wolfe s attack near the Montmorency Falls. A Portion of Thomas Jefferys s Plan of the . . . Siege of Quebec, 1759. (Public Archives of Canada, Division of Maps) Facing page 398 XXII. The St. Lawrence above Quebec. (From Justin Winsor s Narrative and Critical History of America) Facing page 399 XXIII. Wolfe s landing and the Battle of the Heights of Abraham, 1759. (From Thomas Jefferys s Plan of ... Opera¬ tions of the Siege of Quebec, Public Archives of Can¬ ada, Division of Maps ) Facing page 414 XXIV. John Turner s map of the Battle of Sillery Woods, showing Murray s advance from the high ground to the edge of Sillery Woods, 1760. (From the Public Archives of Canada, Division of Maps) Facing page 415 MAPS AND PLANS xlv XXV. A Portion of a map of the upper St. Lawrence illustrating the attack upon Fort Lévis by Amherst, 1760. (From Captain Pouchoťs Late War in North America, 1781 ) Facing page 452 XXVI. Isle-aux-Noix and its defences, 1760. ( From Mémoires sur le Canada, 1749-1760 ) Facing page 453 XXVII. French settlements on the Richelieu River, 1760. (From P. M. A. Knest s Carte de la Nouvelle France Pour Servir à l Étude de THistoire du Canada . . . Clem¬ ents Library ) Facing page 462 XXVIII. Plan of the Town and Fortifications of Montreal or Ville Marie in Canada. ( From Ann Rocque s A Ser of Plans and Forts in America, 1765 ) Facing page 463
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spelling	Gipson, Lawrence Henry 1880-1971 Verfasser (DE-588)101654227 aut The British Empire before the American revolution 7. The Great War for the Empire.The victorious years, 1758-1760.3.print.1967.XLVIII, 467, XXXVI S. by Lawrence Henry Gipson New York Knopf 1967 txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier (DE-604)BV003735425 7 Digitalisierung UB Bamberg application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=002374190&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis
spellingShingle	Gipson, Lawrence Henry 1880-1971 The British Empire before the American revolution
title	The British Empire before the American revolution
title_auth	The British Empire before the American revolution
title_exact_search	The British Empire before the American revolution
title_full	The British Empire before the American revolution 7. The Great War for the Empire.The victorious years, 1758-1760.3.print.1967.XLVIII, 467, XXXVI S. by Lawrence Henry Gipson
title_fullStr	The British Empire before the American revolution 7. The Great War for the Empire.The victorious years, 1758-1760.3.print.1967.XLVIII, 467, XXXVI S. by Lawrence Henry Gipson
title_full_unstemmed	The British Empire before the American revolution 7. The Great War for the Empire.The victorious years, 1758-1760.3.print.1967.XLVIII, 467, XXXVI S. by Lawrence Henry Gipson
title_short	The British Empire before the American revolution
title_sort	the british empire before the american revolution
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