Verfügbarkeit: The British Empire before the American revolution

The British Empire before the American revolution: 6. The Great War for the Empire.The years of defeat, 1754-1757. 4.print.1968.XXXVII, 426, XXXVIII S.

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1. Verfasser:	Gipson, Lawrence Henry 1880-1971 (VerfasserIn)
Format:	Buch
Sprache:	English
Veröffentlicht:	New York Knopf 1968
Online-Zugang:	Inhaltsverzeichnis

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245	1	0	\|a The British Empire before the American revolution \|n 6. The Great War for the Empire.The years of defeat, 1754-1757. 4.print.1968.XXXVII, 426, XXXVIII S. \|c by Lawrence Henry Gipson
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adam_text	Ooníents Chapteb I INTRODUCTION: THE GREAT WAR FOR THE EMPIRE AND AMERICAN NATIONAL TRADITION National tradition and the English Common Law compared 3 The power of tradition in a nation 3 American tradition and the Great War for the Empire 4 The role played by Thomas Paine s Common Seme 4 The responsibility for the outbreak of war in 1754 9 National tradition and westward American expansion 10 The national tradition and colonial military prowess 13 The decisive part played by the people of Great Britain in the North American war 15 Britain s choice of policies in 1754 16 The close of the Great War for the Empire and the movement for independence 18 Chapter II A PALISADO IN THE WILDERNESS The beginnings of the American conflict 20 The colonial problem of the French aggressions 21 Washington ordered to the forks of the Ohio 22 The news of the arrival of the French 23 The decision to march to Redstone Creek 23 The wisdom of this considered 23 Dinwiddie s responsibility 24 Dissatisfaction among Washington s forces at the Youhiogheny 29 Dinwiddie rebukes Washington 29 XIV CONTENTS Washington at Great Meadows 30 Warnings of the approach of the French 30 The surprise attack upon Jumonville s force 31 The arrival of the reinforcements 32 The forward movement to Gist s settlement 34 The Indian conferences 34 Washington s failure to gain support 35 The council of war 35 The decision to retreat to Wills Creek 35 De Villiers in pursuit of Washington 36 His instructions 36 His march to Great Meadows 36 The fight for Fort Necessity 38 The unequal battle 38 The capitulation 40 Washington s return to Wills Creek 42 Chapter III BRITAIN LENDS A HAND De Villiers returns in triumph to Fort Duquesne 44 The weakness of the colonial position in 1754 44 Lack of co-operation of the middle and southern colonies 45 Unwillingness of Pennsylvania to assist Virginia 45 The New York Independent Companies 45 The North Carolina reinforcements 46 Dinwiddie plans a new campaign 48 Colonel Innis to command 48 The campaign put aside 48 The critical attitude of Governor Glen 49 Governor Sharpe becomes the new commander-in-chief 50 Glen s request for a conference refused 50 A third plan for a campaign 51 The building of Fort Cumberland 51 The reorganization of the Virginia regiments 51 Washington resigns his command 52 CONTENTS XV Collapse of the colonial efforts for a renewed campaign against the French 53-4 The Newcastle ministry and colonial defence 54 Early steps taken to support the colonies 55 The question of sending regular troops 56 The appointment of James Braddock 57 The ministerial project for an American campaign 58 Forces to be placed at the disposal of Braddock 58 Braddock s Secret Instructions 58 Parliament agrees to support the colonies 60 Chapter IV THE DISASTER AT THE MONONGAHELA The British and French positions respecting the Ohio before Braddock leaves for America 62 The Irish regiments 63 American support of the Braddock expedition 64 Dinwiddie s preparations in Virginia 64 South Carolina s intransigence 64 Unpatriotic conduct of New York and Philadelphia merchants 65 The Pennsylvania Assembly and the war 66 The Alexandria conference 70 Significance of the failure to summon Governor Glen 70 The strategy of the year s operations outlined 71 The failure of the plan for a common fund 71 The route to Fort Duquesne 73 The Pennsylvania route considered 73 Preparations for the expedition 74 Failure of Virginia and Maryland to supply transportation 75 Franklin s contribution to the expedition 75 Washington joins Braddock s staff 77 Braddock at Wills Creek 77 Failure of the Southern Indians to join 77 Conference with the Pennsylvania Indians 77 The expedition an epic in military annals 78 XVI CONTENTS Difficulties of the march to the Monongahela 79 Readjustments made on June 11 80 The council of war at Little Meadows 82 The first division pushes ahead 82 Braddock s leadership 83 His care of transport facilities 84 His treatment of his soldiers 85 His precautions against surprise 85 The third council of war at Salt Lick Creek 85 The decision to push forward 85 The army arrives at the Monongahela 85 The French preparations to meet Braddock 86 Troops sent to Canada from France 86 The gathering of matériel in Canada 87 The movement of Western Indians against the English 87 Canadian detachments move to the Ohio 87 The completion of Fort Duquesne 88 The construction of Fort Machault 88 Fort Duquesne and the problem of supply 89 Efforts to hinder Braddock s march 89 The disaster at the Monongahela 92 The crossing and recrossing of the river 92 The line of march on July 9 92 The lack of Indian support 93 Colonel Gage s fatal errors 94 Colonel Halkett s error 95 Braddock s effort to snatch victory from defeat 95 Controversies over the battle 95 Chapter V BOSCAWEN MISSES AN ASSIGNMENT Determination of the French Crown to send reinforcements to Canada 99 Seventy-eight companies of regulars selected 100 Purpose of these reinforcements 100 CONTENTS XVII The concept of the line of amity 100 The British dilemma 101 The Cabinet Council decides to send a fleet to American waters 102 The fleet to waylay the French reinforcements 102 Boscawen selected to command 103 The French plan for conveying the reinforcements 103 The utilization of French ships of the line 104 Character of eighteenth-century French warships 104 Factors favourable to the French beyond the line of amity 105 The sailing of the French fleet 106 Convoy of the fleet to the mid-Atlantic 106 The fleet divided 107 The French fleet off the Grand Bank 107 The narrow escape of the fleet on June 6 108 Movements of Boscawen 108 The Cabinet Council sends Boscawen a reinforcement 109 Rear Admiral Holburne s fleet departs 109 The capture of the Meide and the Lys 110 Captain Howe of the Dunkirk 111 The movements of the French fleet 113 De Salverťs squadron reaches Louisbourg 114 De la Motte s squadron moves into the St. Lawrence 114 Boscawen seeks the remainder of the French fleet 116 Difficulties encountered by the British fleet 116 The justification of Boscawen s plan of operations 117 Effect in Europe of the news of the capture of the French ships 117 Attitude of Newcastle and the British Cabinet Council 117 Why France did not declare war 118 The return of the French fleet armés en flûte 119 The British efforts to blockade the fleet 119 De la Motte eludes the enemy 120 De Salverťs escape from Louisbourg 122 The British blockade of the harbour 122 The September hurricane season and the British fleet 123 Failure of the British to overtake de Salvert 123 XViii CONTENTS The Espérance seeks to return to France 124 The capture of the French vessel 125 The achievement of the French navy in carrying reinforcements to Canada considered 126 Chapter VI NIAGARA AND CROWN POINT Aftermath of Braddock s defeat 127 The terror along the western borders 127 Colonel Dunbar s leadership in the crisis 127 Office of commander-in-chief falls to Shirley 129 William Shirley in command 129 Record of achievement before 1755 129 Disposition of Dunbar s forces 132 The crisis in western Pennsylvania, Maryland, and Virginia 134 Steps taken to protect the frontier 134 The campaign against Crown Point 135 To be linked with the Braddock and Bay of Fundy campaigns 135 Attitude of New York 136 William Johnson selected to command 137 The formulation of the plan 139 The campaign against Niagara 141 Opposition to Shirley in New York 141 Problem of the disposition of available forces 142 The Shirley-Johnson rift 145 Inadequacy of the forces 147 Obstacles in approaching Niagara 148 Preparations at Oswego 149 Late arrival of Shirley and his regiments at Oswego 150 Shirley s plan for the conquest of Canada 151 Relation of this plan to Pitt s plan 153 Oswego in the spring of 1755 153 Condition of the post 153 Iroquoian neutrality policy and Oswego 154 The Canadian authorities and the British plans of campaign 154 Fears for the safety of Niagara 155 Concentration of French troops at Fort Frontenac 156 CONTENTS XIX The defence of Oswego 156 As a factor in the Niagara campaign 156 The decision to build additional forts 157 Postponement of the movement against Niagara 158 The decision to advance upon the French fort 158 The decision to concentrate upon the defences of Oswego 159 Shirley s proposals for the campaign of 1756 160 Inconsistency of these proposals with his instructions 160 Chapteb VII THE REPUDIATION OF SHIRLEY Shirley s return to eastern New York 162 The building of forts at the Great Carrying Place 163 The Crown Point campaign 163 Johnson s preparations for the campaign 163 The construction of Fort Edward 166 Johnson s movement to Lake George 167 The French meet the threat to Crown Point 167 Dieskau takes over command 168 Determination to attack Fort Edward 168 The Battle of Lake George 169 News of movement of the French 169 The defeat of Colonel Williams s detachment 170 The movement of the French against Johnson s camp 171 McGinnis from Fort Edwards drives the French from their temporary camp 173 Why the French were not pursued 174 Johnson s relations with his army 175 The problem of military discipline 175 Johnson s desire to give up his command 175 Johnson ordered to advance against the French encroachments 176 The colonial commissioners demand action 176 Weather as a factor in the campaign 176 XX CONTENTS Useless man-power concentrated at Albany 176 Resignation of Johnson as commanding officer 176 Significance of the two campaigns 177 Shirley s council of war in New York 177 Proposals for the campaign of 1756 178 Decisions of the council of war 178 The Cabinet Council and the American war 179 Enlargement of objectives in 1755 180 Determination to supersede Shirley 180 Shirley s difficulties 180 The problem of subsisting Oswego 183 The attitude of Virginia, Maryland, and Pennsylvania 185 Inadequacy of available forces for a Great Lakes campaign in 1756 185 Popularity of the Crown Point campaign in New England 185 The undermining of Shirley 186 Determination of the Cabinet Council to order Shirley to England 187 Shirley s enemies rewarded 188 Lord Loudoun as commander-in-chief 192 Activities of Webb and Abercrombie before Loudoun s arrival 192 The peril to Oswego underestimated 192 Webb in command of the relief 193 The French and Oswego 195 Earlier abortive efforts to seize the post 195 Montcalm charged to capture the forts 196 Colonial defence of Oswego 198 Great delays in strengthening the forts 198 Loss of supremacy on Lake Ontario 198 The French attack 199 The surrender of the post 200 Plans for a second campaign against Crown Point 203 Appointment of John Winslow as commander 203 Agreement for co-operation between Winslow s volunteers and the British regulars 204 The New England colonies and the Crown Point expedition 205 The issue over the union of regulars and volunteers 206 Shirley versus Loudoun 209 Shirley blamed for the disastrous turn of events in New York 209 The place of Shirley in British colonial administration 210 CONTENTS XXI Chapter VIII THE TREASON OF THOMAS PICHÓN French forts in the Acadian country 212 French claims within the Nova Scoţian peninsula 213 Reports of French plans for continued aggressions 214 French influence among the Acadians 214 Weakness of the Nova Scotia defences 215 Determination of Governor Lawrence to drive the French regular troops out of the peninsula 215 Significance of the French forts in Acadia 216 Thomas Pichón 218 Warns the British of French plans 218 Early background in Europe 218 Activities on Isle Royale 219 Takes a temporary post at Beauséjour 220 Becomes alienated from the French administration 221 Becomes a British spy 224 The movement against Beauséjour 226 Shirley agrees to raise New England volunteers 226 Organization of the colonial irregulars 226 Delay in the sailing of the expedition 227 The New England regiments in Nova Scotia 228 The defence of Beauséjour 229 De Vergor s agreement with the Acadians 229 The weakening of the Acadians 230 Failure to secure aid from Louisbourg 230 Pichón works upon the fears of the Acadians 231 De Vergor s capitulation 231 Concessions to the French troops 232 Concessions to the Acadians in arms 232 Was Beauséjour properly defended? 232 Conduct of the French before the fort was surrendered 233 Pichon s continued activities 233 His part in the surrender of Fort Gaspereau 233 Notifies Lawrence of hostile plans of leading Acadians 234 At Fort Edward 234 At Halifax 234 CONTENTS In England 235 In Pennsylvania 237 Again in England 237 Efforts to rescue the Acadians in France 238 On the isle of Jersey 239 Pichón and Le Loutre 240 Pichon s last days 241 Chapter IX FAREWELL TO ACADIA The capture of the French forts in Acadia led to the expulsion of the Acadians 243 The Acadians before 1755 243 Loyalty of the inhabitants to the French Crown 243 The Acadians as British subjects 243 Attempt to reconcile allegiance to the Crown of France with temporary fidelity to that of Great Britain 244 Their privileged position within the Empire 244 Influence upon the inhabitants of the building of the French forts in Acadia in 1750 245 Promise of the Nova Scotia Council that Acadians would not have to bear arms 247 The rebellious attitude of the Piziquid Acadians 248 Abbé Daudin before the Nova Scotia Council 249 Appeal of the Cobequid Acadians to those of Beauséjour 250 Proposal to attack the English 250 Appeal of the Acadians to the French King 250 Governor Lawrence seeks the advice of the Board of Trade 250 The Neutral Acadians present a dilemma 251 The reply of the Board of Trade 251 Recognizes that leniency with the Acadians has failed 251 Le Loutre s efforts to stir up the Neutral Acadians 253 Proclamations against those supporting Le Loutre 253 The Neutral French and the British attack upon Beauséjour 253 Acadians of Minas Basin ordered to surrender their arms 253 CONTENTS ХХШ Determination of the Nova Scotia government to drive out the Acadians loyal to the French Crown 255 Acadian deputies before the Nova Scotia Council 255 Refusal of the deputies to take the unqualified oath 256 Decision of the Council respecting Acadians refusing the oath 256 The problem of the disposition of the disloyal Acadians 260 Various possible destinations for the exiles 260 The dispersion of the Acadians considered the best means of securing permanent tranquillity in Nova Scotia 261 The decision to send the Neutrals to the older continental colonies 261 Lands of the exiles to be later distributed to those loyal to the British Crown 263 Livestock to be forfeited to the Crown 264 The settlements to be laid waste 264 Preparations for the exile of the Acadians 264 Chignecto district 264 Minas Basin district 266 Annapolis River district 280 Pubnico district 281 The dispersion 282 The number of Acadians scattered by the Nova Scoţian government 282 The number of Acadians scattered by the French priests and Le Loutre s Indians 282 The treatment of the Acadians on shipboard 282 Extent of responsibility of the Acadians for their own misfortunes 283 Chapter X THE EXILES The Acadian dispersion in the history of the North American continent 286 The Neutrals carried to colonies being ravished by French, Canadians, and Indians 287 British refugees from the frontiers and Acadian exiles meet 287 Intense fear of French-speaking peoples by British colonials 287 The exiles in the continental colonies 287 In Georgia 287 In South Carolina 291 XXIV CONTENTS In North Carolina 297 In Virginia 299 In Maryland 304 In Pennsylvania 309 In New York 319 In Connecticut 321 In Massachusetts Bay 324 Colonization of Isle Royale and Isle St. Jean by Acadians 336 Precarious condition of the inhabitants in 1758 337 Deportation of the Neutrals to France 337 Fate of the Chaleur Bay refugees 337 Privateering activities of the settlers against the British 337 Captain McKenzie s expedition breaks up the settlements about the bay 337 Fanatical devotion of the Acadians to the King of France 337 Declaration of the Acadians at Halifax in 1764 338 The Acadians held in England go to France after 1763 338 Disillusionment of the Acadians in France 338 Plans of the King s ministers to send the Acadians to the tropics or to settle them in France on the land 338 Refusal of the exiles to become French peasants 339 Failure of the social experiment at Châtellerault 339 The Saint-Malo intractables 339 Final permission given in 1784 to return to the New World 342 The scattering of the Acadians a fatal blow to French imperial ambitions in North America 343 Chapter XI BRITAIN AND HER CONTINENTAL SYSTEM Europe in the middle of the eighteenth century 345 Leading sovereign powers 345 The Holy Roman German Empire 346 The people of Great Britain 346 Cultural divergencies from the Continent 346 Importance of assets possessed by the nation 347 Weakness of the British as an ally 347 Constitutional position of the King 348 CONTENTS XXV George as an Elector of the Holy Roman German Empire 349 German possessions of the Elector 349 His electoral resources 350 Determined to use his position as King to protect that as a German prince 351 Sensitiveness of Britons to developments across the Channel 351 Interest in the revolt of the Netherlands in the sixteenth century 351 Relations of England and Holland during the reign of William HI and Anne 352 Great Britain and the Continental System, 1715-48 353 The Barrier Treaty of Antwerp of 1715 353 Disappearance of Holland as a great European power after 1713 354 The principle of the European balance of power and the System 355 The System in abeyance between 1715 and 1730 355 The System and the Pragmatic Sanction 356 British policy one of limited Continental commitments 357 Refusal to guarantee Austrian eastern possessions 357 Refusal to recognize Maria Theresa s unqualified sovereignty of the Netherlands 358 Austria moves away from the System 358 Maria Theresa s desire to secure independence of action 358 The Count of Kaunitz and the court of France 359 The desire for the recovery of Silesia and a new international alignment 360 The hardening of Austria s attitude toward the System 361 British essentials respecting Continental policy 361 The outlook in 1754 362 The Austrian Netherlands and the great European powers 363 Austrian essentials in the maintenance of the Anglo-Dutch defensive alliance 364 The 1755 plan for reciprocal guarantees 365 Holland seeks neutrality in the impending European crisis 366 Determination in 1755 to repudiate earlier commitments 366 The question of the imperial election 367 The election and the vitality of the System 367 Great Britain and the System in 1755 367 The Hanoverian plan of mutual security 369 XXVI CONTENTS Growing British objections to Continental subsidies 369 Efforts to preserve the System by a Russian treaty 370 Chapter XII THE RIVALS FIND NEW FRIENDS France pursues a cautious policy 373 Mirepoix determines to remain in England after negotiations failed 373 De Bussy to Hanover 374 Great Britain s attitude toward the French demands 374 Robinson and the Exorbitant Pretensions of France 375 Why France does not declare war upon Great Britain in July 1755 376 Demand for Spanish assistance 376 Great Britain prepares for open war 377 Public opinion and a Continental war 377 The ministry determines to protect the King s German dominions 377 The System nears its end 379 Newcastle favours an entente with Prussia 379 George II and Holderness hope to revitalize the System 379 Negotiations with Austria end, August 1755 379 The position of Prussia in 1755 380 Frederick s reputation in Europe 380 The Prussian defensive alliance with France 380 Relations with Great Britain 381 Fear of a great coalition directed by Great Britain 382 Frederick seeks an accommodation with King George 382 The King of Prussia rebuffed in Hanover 382 The Duke of Brunswick as intermediary 382 Frederick offers to arbitrate the Anglo-French issues 384 Frederick and the Anglo-Russian subsidy treaty 385 Increased critical attitude toward France 385 Assurance from Great Britain of peaceful intentions 388 Determination to act against Saxony 389 Treaty of Westminster, January 16, 1756 390 Frederick s precarious position 390 Micheli in London authorized to sign a treaty 390 Terms of the treaty 390 The termination of disputes 390 CONTENTS XXVII Only a potential defensive alliance of limiteå nature 390 A French move against Hanover blocked 390 Frederick to use the treaty to protect himself in attacking Saxony 391 Prussia and France in 1756 391 Mission of the Duc de Nivernais 391 Convention of Westminster and France 392 Frederick and Nivernais frame a new treaty 393 The recall of Nivernais 393 Prussia and Great Britain after the Westminster Convention 394 Frederick seeks a strong British alliance 394 The British ministry deeply suspicious of Frederick 394 France and Austria, 1755-6 394 Louis XV desires an entente with the Empress-Queen 394 Austria shows her friendship for France 395 The Versailles Convention, May 1, 1756 396 A treaty of union and defensive friendship 396 Specific aid promised by each power 396 Provision for the adhesion of other powers to the convention 396 Disadvantages of this treaty to France 396 Chapteh XIII THE LOSS OF MINORCA Great Britain prepares for defence 398 Resists Frederick s move for an alliance 398 Seeks to motivate the Anglo-Russian treaty 398 Brings foreign troops to England 398 The sending of reinforcements to the colonies 398 Seizure of French merchant ships 399 France shrewdly bides her time 400 Advantages of her great standing armies 400 Advantages of her situation in North America and in India 400 Ability to send reinforcements to Canada 400 Opportunities when the French navy is prepared 400 Naval preparations, 1754-6 401 Squadrons sent to America early in 1756 402 The move against Minorca 402 The justification for a British concentration of naval strength about the Channel 402 The weakening of the British Mediterranean fleet 402 XXVIU CONTENTS France gives up plans to invade England in favour of those against Minorca Weakness of the Minorca garrison French preparations against the island Invasion of the island and the siege of St. Philip s Castle Minorca, an asset or a liability? The population of the island The economic importance of the island The strategic importance of the island Warnings sent to England of an impending French invasion Byng to the relief of Minorca Experience and qualifications The scourge of the French merchant marine, 1755 Condition of Byng s relief fleet Delays in departure of the fleet Delays in reaching Gibraltar Opposition of Governor Fowke to weakening Gibraltar Difficulties in carrying out his instructions The battle off Minorca, May 20,1756 Byng s futile efforts to communicate with the besieged garrison De la Galissonière s preparations for the British fleet Byng and the Fighting Instructions De la Galissonière s instructions Byng s tactical move to overcome his disadvantages De la Galissonière capitalizes on his advantages The battle technically a British victory but strategically a French victory The council of war s decision to return to Gibraltar The trial of Byng A miscarriage of justice Reflections upon Byng s attempt to relieve Minorca Great Britain declares war on France, May 18, 1756 The surrender of St. Philip s Castle, June 28,1756 Chapter XIV THE AMERICAN CRISIS USHERS IN A WORLD WAR Austria after the Convention of Versailles Negotiations of de Bernis and Stahremberg CONTENTS XXIX Lack of an aggressive alliance with Elizabeth of Russia 419 A European war seemed a remote contingency 419 Frederick plans a war 419 Protected by the Westminster Convention from Russia 419 Determines on a sudden move against Saxony and Austria 419 Secures the right of innocent passage through Saxony 420 The British government and Frederick s aggression 421 King George s reaction 423 The ministry and the fait accompli 424 The Great War for the Empire now fused with the Seven Years War of Europe 424 Factors in the fall of the Newcastle ministry 425 The defeat of Braddock 425 The failure of Boscawen 425 The failure of Hawke 425 The loss of Minorca 425 Frederick s move against Saxony and Austria 425 The loss of Oswego 425 Achievements of the Newcastle ministry 425 Emphasis upon the American phase of the war 425 Emphasis upon the importance of Gibraltar 425 Great blows against the French merchant marine 426 The capture of Beauséjour 426 The removal of the Acadians 426 Newcastle gives way to Pitt 426 JVILaps anel Jr lans I. Canada, Louisiane et Terres Angloises. Par le Sr d Ánviľle. (From Richard Waddington s Louis XV et le Renverse¬ ment des Alliances) Facing page 38 IL The Battle of Great Meadows. (From Jared Sparks s Writ¬ ings of Washington ) Facing page 39 III. Plan of Fort Cumberland, Maryland, 1755, sent to the Board of Trade by Governor Dinwiddie. (From J. Thomas Scharf s History of Maryland) Facing page 50 IV. Braddock s route to the Monongahela. (From Winthrop Sargent s History of Braddock s Expedition ) Facing page 51 V. Captain Stobo s map of Fort Duquesne, 1754. (From Win¬ throp Sargent s History of Braddock s Expedition) Following page 86 VI. The first phase of the Battle of the Monongahela. Mackel- lar s Map, No. 1, 1755. ( From the Duke of Cumberland Manuscripts, Windsor Castle ) Facing page 94 VII. The final phase of the Battle of the Monongahela. Mackel- lar s Map, No. 2, 1755. ( From the Duke of Cumberland Manuscripts, Windsor Castle ) Facing page 95 VIII. A portion of A New & Accurate Map of the Islands of New¬ foundland, Cape Breton, St. John and Anticosta. By Eman. Bowen. ( From Bowen s A Complete Atlas, 1762) Following page 110 IX. Map showing the Military Routes into Canada . . . 1759- 60. (From Miles s History of Canada) Facing page 140 X. Plan of Fort Niagara, with its Environ. (From A set of plans and forts in America, reduced from actual sur¬ veys, 1763 ) Facing page 141 XXXII MAPS AND PLANS XI. Plan of Fort Frontenac. (From A set of plans and forts in America, reduced from actual surveys, 1763) Facing page 156 XII. Plan of Oswego with its Forts, 1755. (From the Duke of Cumberland Manuscripts, Windsor Castle) Following page 156 XIII. A Plan of Fort Edward and its environs on Hudsons River. (From Thomas Mante s History of the Late War, 1772) Facing page 168 XIV. The Lake George area in 1755. ( From Thomas Mante s His¬ tory of the Late War, 1772) Facing page 169 XV. Fort Beauséjour and adjacent country, taken possession of by Colonel Monckton, in June, 1755. ( From Thomas Mante s History of the Late War, 1772) Facing page 244 XVI. Carte de ľ Accadie Dressée sur les Manuscrits du Dépost des Cartes et Plans de la Marine, 1744. Par N. B. IngT· et Hyd. de la Marine. (Public Archives of Canada, Divi¬ sion of Maps) Following page 244 XVII. Thomas Jefferys s Nova Scotia in 1755, indicating the British and Acadian settlements. ( From Justin Winsor s Narra¬ tive and Critical History of America ) Facing page 264 XVIII. Captain Charles Morris s survey of the Acadian settlements about the upper part of the Bay of Fundy, 1749, with suggested allotments of lands to English-speaking Prot¬ estants. (Public Archives of Canada maps reproduced from the original surveys in the Public Record Office) Facing page 265 XIX. Captain Charles Morris s survey of the Acadian settlements about Minas Basin, 1749, with suggested allotments of lands to English-speaking Protestants. (Public Archives of Canada maps reproduced from the original surveys in the Public Record Office ) Facing page 280 XX. Captain Charles Morris s survey of the Acadian settlements in the region of Annapolis Royal, 1749, with suggested allotments of lands to English-speaking Protestants. (Public Archives of Canada maps reproduced from the original surveys in the Public Record Office) Facing page 281 MAPS AND PLANS ХХХШ XXI. A portion of Nova Scotia in 1829, showing the results of the New England colonization of the peninsula. ( From T. E. Haliburton s An Historical and Statistical Account of Nova Scotia ) Facing page 335 XXII. An Accurate Map of the North West Part of Germany, indicating the possessions of the Elector of Hanover in 1756. By Eman. Bowen. (From the Map Room, New York Public Library) Following page 348 XXIII. A Correct Map of the Island of Minorca, 1752. (From John Armstrong s The History of the Island of Minorca, 1756) Facing page 406 XXIV. The siege of Fort St. Philip in 1755 indicating the position of the French artillery brought to bear on the fortifica¬ tions. (From Richard Waddington s Louis XV et le Renversement des Alliances ) Facing page 407 XXV. The three phases of the naval battle off Minorca. (From A. T. Mahan: The Influence of Sea Power upon History, 1660-1783) Facing page 418 XXVI. Germany in the middle of the Eighteenth Century. By T. Jef- fery. (From the Map Division, Library of Congress) Following page 418
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spelling	Gipson, Lawrence Henry 1880-1971 Verfasser (DE-588)101654227 aut The British Empire before the American revolution 6. The Great War for the Empire.The years of defeat, 1754-1757. 4.print.1968.XXXVII, 426, XXXVIII S. by Lawrence Henry Gipson New York Knopf 1968 txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier (DE-604)BV003735425 6 Digitalisierung UB Bamberg application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=002374189&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis
spellingShingle	Gipson, Lawrence Henry 1880-1971 The British Empire before the American revolution
title	The British Empire before the American revolution
title_auth	The British Empire before the American revolution
title_exact_search	The British Empire before the American revolution
title_full	The British Empire before the American revolution 6. The Great War for the Empire.The years of defeat, 1754-1757. 4.print.1968.XXXVII, 426, XXXVIII S. by Lawrence Henry Gipson
title_fullStr	The British Empire before the American revolution 6. The Great War for the Empire.The years of defeat, 1754-1757. 4.print.1968.XXXVII, 426, XXXVIII S. by Lawrence Henry Gipson
title_full_unstemmed	The British Empire before the American revolution 6. The Great War for the Empire.The years of defeat, 1754-1757. 4.print.1968.XXXVII, 426, XXXVIII S. by Lawrence Henry Gipson
title_short	The British Empire before the American revolution
title_sort	the british empire before the american revolution
url	http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=002374189&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA
volume_link	(DE-604)BV003735425
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