The British Empire before the American revolution: 5. Zones of international friction.The Great Lakes frontier, Canada, the West Indies, India 1748-1754.3.print.1967.LV, 352, LIX S.
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a The British Empire before the American revolution |n 5. Zones of international friction.The Great Lakes frontier, Canada, the West Indies, India 1748-1754.3.print.1967.LV, 352, LIX S. |c by Lawrence Henry Gipson |
| 264 | 1 | |a New York |b Knopf |c 1967 | |
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I
LES HABITANTS
Various factors involved in Anglo-Saxon imperialistic rivalry
3
Geographical limits of the Province of Canada
4
Problem of careful definition
4
Conflicting claims
4
The colonization of Canada
5
Slow early growth of population to
1666 5
Subsequent increase to
1754 5
Les
habitants
5
Settlement about the St. Lawrence
6
Manner of life
6
Religious influences
7
Obligations as
a censitaire
8
The Canadian
seigneuries
9
Growth of
10
Size of
10
Conditions attached to
11
The isolation of Canada in the eighteenth century
12
Restrictions upon the circulation of ideas
12
No printing press in Canada
12
The development of a distinct Canada civilization
13
The lure of the western wilderness
13
The satisfactions of life on the farm
13
The problem of marriage
14
The towns of Canada
14
Quebec
15
Population of, in
1750 15
A centre of culture
15
XU CONTENTS
Extravagance of the leading people
15
Architectural adornments
16
Fortifications
17
Montreal
17
Population of, in
1754
17
America s chief fur-trading centre
17
Appearance of, in the middle of the century
17
Trois Rivières
18
The St. Maurice ironworks
18
Effect of the transfer of fur-trading to Montreal
18
Other population centres
18
Prairie
de la
Magdelene
18
La Chine
18
Petite
Rivière
18
La Jonquiere comes to New France,
1749
18
Commission and instructions
19
The defence of Canada
19
Regular soldiers
19
Militia
19
Fortified places
20
Quebec
20
Montreal
20
Fort Niagara
20
Fort Frontenac
20
Fort St. Frédéric
20
Louisbourg
20
St. Jean
20
The Indian allies
20
Groups living in a wild state
20
The annual present
20
Christianized groups at
20
Lorette
20
Becancourt
21
St. Francis
21
Sault
St. Louis
21
Lake of the Two Mountains
21
The government of New France
21
Powers of the Governor General
21
Powers of the
Intendant
21
The exercise of ioint Dowers
22
CONTENTS
ХІІІ
Mercantilism and New France
23
Encouragement of the producers of raw materials
23
Limited encouragement of industry
23
Canadian commerce
23
The exports
23
Furs
23
Fish oil
24
Other food supplies
24
The imports
24
Cloth
25
Arms
25
Luxury articles
25
Contrast between the shipping of Quebec and of Boston
25
The adverse balance of trade
25
Accumulating obligations
26
Ultimate repudiation
26
New France a financial liability
26
The royal expenditures in Canada
26
The royal receipts in Canada
26
Threat of repudiation in
1753 26
The burden of Indian presents
27
The spirit of monopoly
27
Cupidity of royal officials
27
Bigot and associates
27
La Jonquière
and associates
28
The royal ironworks of St. Maurice
28
Unrest in Canada
29
The need of regular soldiers to maintain order
29
Mutinous attitude of the people in
1753 29
Weakness of Canada
29
Lack of food supplies
29
Failure of harvests
29
The shipment of wheat to Canada
30
The use of force by Duquesne to secure flour
31
Should France give up Canada?
31
Arguments in favour of this step
31
Arguments against this by
Galissonière
32
The support of
Galissonière s
policy
33
New France, strengthened by English supplies, prepares for the
contest
33
XIV CONTENTS
Chapter II
THE GREAT LAKES FRONTIER
A
dependency
of Canada
35
A description of the region
35
The native possessors
36
Trade and war
36
Significance of the appearance of the Europeans
37
The lure of peltries
38
The quest for the beaver
38
Indian tribes of the eighteenth century
39
The problem of estimating tribal strength
39
Lack of unity in face of the threat of the white man
41
Growing sense of dependence upon European techniques
41
French efforts to Christianize the natives
41
Activities of the Recollets and Jesuits
41
Small measure of success
42
The fur trade
42
Dependence of Canada upon this
42
The Hurons as middlemen
42
The Ottawa take the place of the Hurons
43
The French
coureurs de bois
43
Efforts of the French court to discourage this group
43
Why these efforts were ineffectual
44
The licensing system
44
Grave abuses of this
44
Suppression of the
congés
44
The establishment of permanent posts
44
The commandants and the fur trade
44
The problem of the price levels
45
Albany versus Montreal
45
A combined post and licensing system established
45
Detroit as a trading centre
45
Cadillac s privileges
46
Subsequent developments there
46
Value of its peltry trade in
1741 46
The leasing system
46
Difficulties encountered at Fort Niagara and
Fort Frontenac
47
CONTENTS
XV
Decline of the fur trade during King George s War
47
Galissonière s
opposition to this
48
New emphasis upon the licensing system
48
Certain posts still leased
48
La Baye
post and its exploitation
48
The trading posts
49
Significance of their location
49
Appearance of, in the eighteenth century
50
Fort Detroit in
1750 50
Distinct functions of the posts
50
For the establishment of Crown rights
50
For controlling the peltry trade
50
For western explorations
50
La Baye
51
De la mer d Ouest
51
The missionaries and the posts
51
Indictments of the practices of the garrisons
51
Relative importance of the different posts in the fur trade
52
As to the amount of furs secured
53
As to the quality of furs secured
54
The furs of Canada
55
Value of different types of pelts
55
The role of the
Compagnie des
Indes 56
The relative importance of beaver skins
56
The beaver-skin monopoly
56
Early companies
56
The Company of
The One Hundred Associates
56
The
Compagnie des Indes Occidentales
56
Oudiette and Associates,
1697 57
The Canada Company,
1701 57
Aubert and Company,
1706 57
The Compagnie d Occident,
1717 58
The Compagnie des Indes,
1719-63 58
Beaver-skin prices,
1719-37 58
The agreement of
1737 58
The price level in time of war,
1744-8 58
Change in price level of
1749 58
Efforts made to justify the lowering of prices paid
58
Profits secured from the beaver monopoly
59
Conflicting claims
59
XVI CONTENTS
Position of the
Compagnie
des Indes 59
Position
of the Canadian merchants
59
The beaver-hat industry and the beaver-skin monopoly
60
The failure of the
Compagnie
des Indes
to make effective its
monopoly
61
The importance of the illicit beaver trade
61
Contrasting price levels at Montreal and at Albany,
1737-45 62
The lure of British wares
62
Inability of France to meet the needs of the Indian trade
63
Chapter III
THE SIX CONFEDERATED NATIONS
The importance of the Iroquoian Confederation in relation to English
expansion
64
The strength of the Confederation
65
The location of the tribes of the Confederation
65
The Mohawks
65
The Oneida
65
The Onondaga
65
The Tuscarora
65
The Cayuga
65
The Seneca
65
The Iroquoian village
65
The long house in the eighteenth century
66
Territorial claims of the Confederation
66
The upper Ohio valley
66
Dependence of the
Mingo,
Delawares,
and Shawnee
66
Northern Pennsylvania
67
Lake Champlain region
67
Dynamic qualities of the Confederation
67
Significance of location
68
Significance of tradition and organized life
68
Complex organization of the Six Nations
68
Basic features of the Confederation
69
The
Great Binding Law
69
The symbolism of union
69
Embodiment of alien groups
69
CONTENTS XVII
Significance of the institution of adoption
69
Dependent position of certain conquered groups
70
The brood family
70
The clan
70
The phratry
70
The tribe or nation
70
The Iroquoian
matriarcháte
70
Cognatic relationships
70
Female inheritance
70
Powers of the brood mother
70
The child-bearing women of the royaneh
70
Electors of the confederate sachems
70
Authority to correct the sachems
71
Authority of the
matriarcháte
councils
71
Responsibility of the clan matron
71
The preservation of the clan and adoption
71
The high valuation of the life of a woman
71
Characteristics of the Iroquoian Confederation
71
Distinctions existing between the Confederated Nations
72
No peaceful secession from the union permitted
72
Divergent interests among the Six Nations
72
Absence of civil wars
72
Contrast: the Choctaw Confederation
72
A loose confederation
72
Significance of Onondaga
72
Difficulty of arriving at decisions
72
The binding force of the tradition of unity
73
The differentiation between civil and military functions
73
The sachem and the war lord
73
The principle of equality
73
Poverty of the sachems
73
Absence of slavery
73
The treatment of prisoners
73
The
gauntlet
73
General mild treatment
73
Influence of the institution of adoption
73
Respect for women captives
73
Other characteristics
74
Attitude toward theft
74
Hospitality and fidelity
74
The search for peltries
74
Exhaustion of the local supply
74
XVIU
CONTENTS
Movement west of Lake Ontario
74
The breaking of the Hurons
74
Movement south of Lake Erie
74
The scattering of the Erie
74
The Far West tribes
74
The Niagara portage
75
La Salle s trading house,
1676 75
Denonville re-establishes the Niagara post,
1687 75
Anglo-French agreement of
1688 75
The post given up
75
The Iroquois and the growing French influence
75
The mission of
Sault
St. Louis
75
The contraband trade
76
Curious position of Albany
76
Trade with the enemy
76
The activity of the Jesuits
76
Work of Father
de Lamberville
among the Onondaga and the
Seneca
76
Work of Father
Milet
among the Oneida
77
Significance of the year
1701 77
Treaty of friendship with the French
77
The establishment of Fort Detroit
77
The Iroquoian reaction
77
Cession of beaver lands to the King of England
77
The War of the Spanish Succession
78
The Iroquoian mission to England
78
The neutrality agreement of
1708 78
The flourishing Albany trade
78
The Iroquoian mission to Montreal,
1710 78
The appearance of the French at Onondaga,
1711 78
The vacillation of the Confederation
78
Peter Schuyler at Onondaga
78
The Treaty of Utrecht and the Confederation
79
The meaning of Article XV
79
Difficulties of interpretation and application
79
Temporary French disillusionment as to imperial expansion
80
The French and North America,
1718-20 80
Revival of French interest in empire
80
New Orleans
80
Fort Louisbourg
80
The rebuilding of the Niagara post,
1719 80
CONTENTS
ХІХ
Influence of Chabert
de Joncaire 81
Interest of the Albany merchants in Niagara
82
Burnet s protest at French aggression
83
The question of the violation of the Treaty of Utrecht
83
Vaudreuiľs
reply
83
Continued vacillation of the Five Nations
83
Pro-English and pro-French factions
84
New York and the Great Lakes trade
84
Fundamental change in policy,
1716 84
Traders sent to Irondequoit
84
French traders already established there
85
British traders in the Iroquoian villages,
1717 85
Governor Burnet and the fur trade
85
The plan of a joint-stock company
85
New York s law against the contraband trade,
1720 85
The sending of traders to mouth of the Onondaga,
1724 86
Effect of French construction of Fort Niagara,
1725 87
The building of Fort Oswego,
1727 88
Niagara against Oswego
89
The French threaten Fort Oswego
89
The fort summoned
89
Beauharnois s protest and Burnet s reply
89
Attitude of the Six Nations
89
Brighter prospects for the French fur trade
90
Significance of the presence of Englishmen at Montreal
90
The
ordonnance
of
1727 90
Ejection of the English and the decline in the fur trade
90
The sale of brandy
91
Attitude of the Church in Canada
91
The lure of English rum
91
The breakdown of restrictions on brandy
91
Oswego s growing pre-eminence in the fur trade
91
Oswego and Niagara now brought within the old
neutrality
policy,
1744 92
Decay of the fortifications of these posts
93
Freedom of each from attack in King George s War
93
William Johnson and the Six Nations
95
Early relations with the Indians
95
Great interest in the fur trade
95
Placed in command of the Indians and white volunteers,
1746 95
Combats the influence of Joncaire
96
The Iroquoian Mission to Quebec,
1748 97
XX
CONTENTS
English efforts to Christianize the Iroquois
97
Work of the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel,
170448 97
Lack of influence of the English missionaries
97
Indian relations after the Peace of
Aix-la-Chapelle
98
French strengthen their position among the Iroquois
98
Conrad Weiser s testimony
98
A French post above the Niagara portage
99
The Albany conference with the Iroquois,
1750 99
Massachusetts, Connecticut, and South Carolina represented
99
Lack of results
99
Oswego as a trade centre
100
Conditions of the fur trade there
100
Failure of the French posts to divert the trade
101
Abbé
Piquet and
La Présentation
102
Beginnings of the mission,
1748 102
Its purpose
102
Piquet on the Niagara,
1751 104
The rapid growth of the mission
105
The
Abbé
plans to dominate the Ohio Valley
106
Wins support of
La Jonquière
and Bigot
107
Adverse decision of the French Minister
107
The strategic position of the Iroquoian Confederation
107
The policy of
balance
107
The Seneca harass the French
108
The Mohawks harass the English
108
The French threat to the Ohio Valley Iroquoian hunting preserve
109
The loss of prestige of the English
109
The Board of Trade requests an Indian conference 111
The circular letter of
1753
111
Chapter IV
JOIN OR DIE
The favourable response of the colonists to attend the Albany Con¬
gress IIS
Virginia and New Jersey invited but not represented
113
Explanation for the appearance of the Connecticut and Rhode
Island commissioners
113
A gathering of leading colonials
114
The powers of the commissioners analysed
114
Anomalous situation of the New York delegation
116
CONTENTS
ХХІ
De
Lancey and the Congress
116
High-handed policy of the Governor
117
Resentment of Massachusetts Bay
117
Suggested explanation of
de Lancey s
conduct
117
One clear objective of the commissioners
118
Restoration of English influence among the Six Nations
118
Chief grievances
118
Unwillingness of the New York authorities to have the commissioners
deal with specific grievances
118
The two Mohawk conferences
119
The Congress addresses the Indians
119
As to their scattered condition
119
As to the French penetration of their western lands
119
The reply of the Indians
119
Charges of English encroachment and unfair treatment
120
The answer of the Congress
120
Weiser s statement
120
De
Lancey s statement
120
Change in attitude of the Indians
121
The Pennsylvania land purchase
121
The Connecticut Wyoming land purchase
122
The question of intercolonial union
123
Early efforts in that direction
123
The New England Confederation
123
The
quota system
in King William s War
123
The concert of New England colonies in King George s War
123
The Committee on the Union
124
Benjamin Franklin s role
124
Plan for a voluntary union,
1751 124
Activities in New York
125
The
Short Hints
126
Repudiation of voluntary union
126
Parliament to settle the Constitution of the Empire
126
Provision for a Governor General and a Grand Council
126
Wide powers to be conferred
126
Contemporary criticism of the plan
126
Plans presented by other commissioners
127
XXU CONTENTS
A Plan for a General Union of the British Colonies in North
America
127
Richard Peters s probable authorship
127
A voluntary union
128
To be implemented by the Privy Council
128
A Plan of a Proposed Union of the Several Colonies
128
Hutchinson s probable authorship
128
Two unions rather than one
129
To be effected by act of Parliament
129
Organization and powers of the union government
129
Pownall s proposals
130
Grouping of colonies for frontier defence
131
The
Short Hints
the basis for the Albany Plan of Union
131
Vote in favour of a union of the colonies
131
The
Representation on the Present State of the Colonies
132
Hutchinson s authorship
132
Sweeping territorial claims
132
Chief recommendations
133
An Indian superintendency
133
The construction of frontier forts and a Great Lakes navy
133
Limitation of the western bounds of the colonies to the Appala¬
chians
133
The creation of western colonies
133
A union of the continental colonies
133
Significance of the
Representation
133
The Albany Plan of Union,
1754 133
A fusion of ideas of the
Short Hints
and of the
Plan of a Pro¬
posed Union
133
Not all the continental colonies to be included
134
Position of Nova Scotia and Georgia
134
To be consummated by act of Parliament
134
Franklin s defence of this procedure
134
No temporary, voluntary union
135
Office of President General
135
Powers conferred
135
The Grand Council
135
Temporary allotment of membership
135
Permanent allotment based upon contributions
136
Privileges of the Council as to its own sittings
136
Philadelphia to be the temporary capital
136
Combined powers of the President and Council
136
CONTENTS
ХХІІІ
Respecting Indian relations
136
As to western settlement
137
As to defence of the colonies
137
Limitations on law-making powers of the Council
137
Veto power of the President General and of the Privy Council
137
Provision for a general treasury
138
Expenditure of funds
138
Annual reports to the colonies
138
Character of the discussion preceding the adoption of the Plan
138
Was the sending of the Plan to England authorized or expected?
140
Chapter V
THE FATE OF THE PLAN OF UNION
The commissioners acted at Albany beyond their commissions
143
Had underestimated the force of American colonial particularism
143
The Plan of Union and the colonial governments
144
The Pennsylvania government
144
Sympathetic attitude of Governor Hamilton
144
Franklin alone of the delegates openly supports the Plan
145
Humiliating treatment of Franklin
145
Speaker Norris and the Assembly
145
The Virginia government
145
Governor Dinwiddie s critical attitude
146
General hostility of the people
146
The Plan all but ignored by the governments of Maryland and
South Carolina
146
The North Carolina government
146
Governor Dobbs urges the Assembly to consider the Plan
146
The New Jersey government
146
Bitter hostility of the New Jersey Assembly
146
Favourable attitude of the Governor s Council
147
Governor Belcher urged to present the Plan to the ministers
147
The New York government
147
De Lancey
submits the Plan to the General Assembly
147
The Governor s Council favourable to the Plan
147
The Assembly favours a union of the colonies
147
No formal approval by the government
147
The Rhode Island government
147
Support of the Plan by Commissioner Hopkins
147
XXIV CONTENTS
Opposition by
Philolethes 148
Temporary favourable report of the Assembly
148
Critical attitude of the Governor s Council
148
Final repudiation of the Plan in
1755 148
The London agent instructed to oppose it
148
The Connecticut government
148
A committee of the Assembly considers the Plan
148
Unfavourable report
148
The Reasons Considered and Offered
adopted
148
Basis of Connecticut opposition
148
The union too large for purely defensive purposes
148
The King s interests threatened by the proposed union govern¬
ment
149
Military powers as a threat
149
The large population as a threat
149
The veto power of the President General as a threat
149
Power of taxation against the rights of Englishmen
149
The alleged opposition of the Connecticut commissioners at
Albany
149
Connecticut counter-proposals
149
Royal commissioners to control the Indian trade
149
The Crown to build forts and to garrison these
149
Proposed taxation of the Indian trade by the Crown
149
Proposed planting of a New England colony in the Indian
country
150
Plan to hold the Indians to the English interest
150
Plan to prevent French encroachments
150
Probable influence of the Susquehanna Company in the As¬
sembly
150
Strong endorsement of the existing constitution of the Empire
150
The Massachusetts Bay government
150
Governor Shirley s recommendations to the Assembly, October
18,1754 151
To
ripen
the Plan for consideration of Parliament
151
A committee of the two houses on the Plan of Union
151
Agent Bollan s disturbing letter of September
19 151
Alleged design by Parliament to gain power over the colonies
151
The joint committee s report of December
4 151
The desirability of
so extensive a Union
questioned
151
Delay in consideration of the Plan by Parliament sought
152
The joint committee ordered to report some plan of union
152
The report of December
11
in favour of a union of northern colo¬
nies
152
CONTENTS XXV
Provisions contrasted with those of the Plan of a Proposed
Union
153
Only a temporary union favoured
153
The union proposals in the House of Representatives
153
Opposition to the Albany Plan
154
Opposition to the plan for a northern union
154
Desire for a general union of the colonies
154
The union proposals in the Council
154
Apparent support of a northern union
154
Final repudiation of the Albany Plan, December
20 155
Nature of the objections to the Plan
155
A new project for a general union
155
Close adherence to the main outline of the Albany Plan
155
Divergencies from the Albany Plan
155
Temporary nature of the union
155
A weakened executive
155
Legislative supremacy of the Grand Council
156
Western bounds of colonies unchanged
156
No authority to regulate western land policy
156
Trade regulations to be enforced by the different colonies
156
Opposition to the project within and without the Assembly
156
Resolutions of January
17,1755 157
Alone of the colonies Massachusetts Bay seriously pondered
union
157
Governor Shirley and a union of the colonies
158
Tentative support of the Albany Plan
158
Final opposition to all suggested plans
158
Favours a Crown-appointed Grand Council
158
Favours taxation by Parliament
158
Benjamin Franklin and Shirley s proposals
158
Conditional acceptance of idea of representation in Parliament
159
Shirley s communication to the Secretary of State, December
24,
1754 160
The Albany Plan and the royal prerogative
160
Suggested alteration of the government of the corporate colonies
161
The Board of Trade and the union of the colonies
161
Requested to prepare a plan
16Î
Secretary of State Robinson s letter of June
14 161
The
Project for a General Concert
161
A union for defence by mutual consent of the colonies
162
To be submitted to the Privy Council for approval
162
XXVI CONTENTS
To be concerned with frontier defence and Indian affairs
162
Responsibilities of colonial commissioners
162
Responsibilities of the Indian commissaries
163
Method of allocating expenses
163
Proposed appointment of a commander-in-chief and also a com¬
missary general for the colonies
163
Restraints placed upon the action of these officials
163
Anxiety of the Board to preserve
the Constitution of the Colo¬
nies
164
The ministry and the
Project
164
Objections raised
164
Attitude toward the
Plan of Union
165
Were the colonies prepared in
1754
to favour any proposed union?
165
Final attainment of union
166
Chapter VI
LAND OF THE ACADIANS
Description of old Acadia
167
French settlement upon the peninsula
168
Importance of tide-control
168
Activities of the Acadians
168
Population increase,
1650-1750 168
Not aided by immigration
169
Relations with the Indians
169
Intermarriage
169
Relations with the British after
1710 169
Payment of quit-rent
169
Trivial payments exacted
169
Deputies to Annapolis Royal
169
To present needs of communities
169
To aid the Council with advice
169
To report decisions arrived at
170
Weakness of governmental control
170
The small Annapolis garrison
170
British indulgence of the Acadians
170
Freedom of worship
170
Priests from France allowed
170
CONTENTS XXVII
Freedom of French language
170
Preservation of local custom
170
The Acadian parishes in the eighteenth century
170
Port Royal
170
Rivière aux
Canards
170
Grand
Pré
170
Rivière Piziquid
170
Cobequid
170
Beaubassin
170
St. John River Acadians
171
The Treaty of Utrecht and Acadia
171
Cession of the land to Great Britain
171
The inhabitants and Article
XIV
of the treaty
171
The question of immovable property
171
Desire of inhabitants to leave Acadia
171
Action of Deputy Governor Caulfeild
171
Refusal of passports
171
Policy adopted by Governor Nicholson
171
Acadians permitted to go with personal effects
171
Requests to extend the customary year denied
171
Revival of Anglo-French rivalry in North America
172
The building of Louisbourg fortress,
1717 172
A threat to Nova Scotia
172
Determination of the British government to prevent Acadian mi¬
gration
172
Action of Lieutenant Governor Armstrong,
1725 173
The Acadians as neutrals
173
The qualified oath of
1727 173
Special privileges to be enjoyed by the inhabitants
173
Growing spirit of independence of the inhabitants
173
Spread of settlement beyond the peninsula
174
Developing relations with Isle St. Jean and Isle
Royale
174
Inability of the Annapolis garrison to control the people
174
The
Canso
fisheries
175
Protected by troops
175
New England s interest in
175
Cape Breton s interest in
175
King George s War and Acadia
176
Loss of the island of
Canso,
1744 176
New England s invasion of Cape Breton
176
XXVUl
CONTENTS
Attitude of the Acadians in the war
176
Peaceful attitude of most of the people
176
The inhabitants later indicted as disloyal
176
Powerful influence of French clergy
177
The Bishop of Quebec and the war
178
Should the Acadians be deported?
178
Opposition of Mascarene
178
The dilemma
179
Post-war plans for Acadia,
1748-9 179
Shirley s proposals
179
Relative to colonization
179
Relative to the building of forts
180
Survey of vacant lands
180
Decision to colonize the eastern part of the peninsula
181
The founding of Halifax
181
The Board of Trade and colonization from England
181
Governor Cornwallis in charge
182
Favourable reception by Acadians and Indians
182
Poor quality of early settlers
182
Governor Cornwallis and the Acadians
183
Instructions respecting the oath of allegiance
183
Those refusing oath to be removed
183
Aggressiveness of the authorities of New France
183
Interference in the affairs of the peninsula
183
British troops at
Minas
Basin
184
The Acadian memorial
184
The British reply
184
The inhabitants decide to refuse the oath
184
The French authorities and the Acadians
185
Design to reclaim Acadia and its inhabitants
185
Dependence of Louisbourg upon the Acadians
186
Cornwallis forbids all trade with any French settlement
186
M. de la Corne
sent to the borders of the peninsula
187
Abbé Le Loutre
breaks the peace
187
Agreement with
Intendant
Bigot
187
The Indians sent on the war path
188
Cornwallis s protest
188
The
Micmac
appeal to
La Jonquière
189
War supplies sent to the Indians and the Acadians
190
Acadians appeal to the French authorities
190
CONTENTS XXIX
To
Louis
XV
in France 190
To
La
Jonquière in
New France 190
Developments
at Halif
ax 191
British measures for defence of Nova Scotia
191
At Halifax
191
At
Minas
191
At Beaubassin
192
Lawrence s futile expedition
193
The burning of the village
193
La Corne s defiance at Chignecto, April
1750 193
The second expedition to Chignecto, September
1750 194
The building of Fort Lawrence and Fort
Beauséjour
194
Drift of Acadians to the isthmus
195
No neutrality permitted by the French
195
Settlement of Acadians upon new lands
196
Growing difficulties of the French
196
Lack of food
196
Dissatisfaction of the Indians
196
The
Micmac
treaty with the British
197
The Acadians weaken
197
French pressure upon the Acadians
197
The question of supplying priests
198
Le Loutre s
policy carried out
198
Governor Hopson makes concessions
199
Waiving of the oath for priests
199
Progress of British settlement
200
The founding of Lunenburg
201
The Acadian exiles petition of
1753 202
Demand the exemptions of
1727 202
Return of
Le Loutre
from France
202
Revival of Indian hostilities
203
Effect upon the Acadians
203
Policy of Governor Lawrence
204
Impossibility of securing the loyalty of the Acadians
204
Basis of their subsequent expulsion
205
XXX CONTENTS
Chapteh
VII
THE NEUTRAL ISLANDS OF THE CARIBBEANS
The
neutral
islands of Dominica, St. Lucia, St. Vincent, and To¬
bago
207
Present lack of economic importance
207
Their value in the eighteenth century
207
Part of a chain of possessions
207
The Carib islands
208
Dominica and St. Vincent remaining seats of Caribbean native
culture
208
Dominica
208
Early description of
208
Included within the d Esnambuc-Rossey grant of
1626 209
A part also of the Carlisle grant of
1627 209
Early French influence over the Caribs
209
Native hostility against the English
209
Auberťs
treaty of friendship,
1640 209
The Anglo-French Treaty of Union and League,
1660 209
To act in concert against the Caribs
209
The role of Thomas Warner upon the island
210
Becomes English Deputy Governor
210
Sale of St. Lucia
( 1663)
and Dominica
( 1668) 210
Death of Warner
210
Unoccupied by Europeans at the beginning of the eighteenth cen¬
tury
211
Neutralized in
1730
and its neutral status reaffirmed in
1748 211
West India Carib culture
211
The Caribs as
newcomers
211
Theories of their origin
211
Carib method of conquest
212
Extermination of male captives
212
A distinct female language
212
Cannibalism
212
Limited to martial purposes
212
Method of waging war
213
Treachery a native characteristic
213
The blood feud
213
Lack of organized government
213
Individual leadership in warlike enterprises
213
CONTENTS
ХХХІ
Absolute subordination of females
214
Respect for the aged
214
Inability to endure slavery
214
Devotion to their primitive religion
214
Failure of efforts to Christianize
214
Virtues of the natives
214
Contentment and sociability
214
Hospitality
214
Honesty
214
Gradual development of barter between the Caribs and Europeans
215
French colonization of Dominica after
1730 215
Strength of the French colony in
1753
and in
1763 215
Rapid disappearance of the natives
215
St. Vincent
216
Significance of the Carib population in
1700 216
A refuge for escaped Negroes
216
The division of the island between the two groups
216
Negroes control the mountain fastnesses
216
111 treatment of the Caribs
216
Feuquieres s expedition against the blacks,
1719 216
Plans for the disposal of them
216
The Caribs refuse assistance
217
Failure of the French
217
Peace with the Negroes
217
Numbers of male Caribs in
1763 217
French colonization of the island
217
Trade and lumbering
217
Plantations after
1748 217
Estimated numbers of Frenchmen in
1763 217
Black slavery
218
Tobago
218
Appeal of the island
218
A seventeenth-century international cockpit
218
Effort of colonization by Barbadian Puritans,
1625 218
Within the Earl of Montgomery patent of
1628 218
Coming of the
Zeelanders,
1632 218
Colony of Nieu Walcheren
218
The Duke of Courland s settlement,
1642 218
The island granted to the French Company of the Islands of
America,
1642 218
The Courland-Lampsins agreement,
1654 219
XXXII CONTENTS
The second colony of
Zeelanders
219
The Duke s government repudiated,
1659 219
Courland s grant from Charles II of England,
1664 219
His inability to re-establish his authority on the island
220
The
Zeelanders
seek to keep control up to
1677 220
The Dutch overwhelmed by the English in
1666
and in
1672 220
Their final ejection by the French,
1677 220
The island and the Peace of
Nijmegen,
1678 220
Cession of the Dutch rights to the French
220
Left deserted after the Peace
220
The Duke of Courland s unsuccessful attempts at recolonization,
1680-2 220
The John Printz Company
221
Efforts of the new Duke of Courland to gain control,
1686-99 221
The Thomas
Puckie
Company
221
Complaints of the French court
221
A haven for pirates,
1699-1748 221
Efforts of the Duke of Montagu to secure the island,
1729 222
A factor in Anglo-French friction,
1748 222
Agreement for its neutralization
223
St. Lucia
223
Importance in Anglo-French relations
223
Physical features of the island
223
Leigh s attempt to colonize there,
1605 224
Included within the Carlisle patent,
1627 224
Massacre of the English colony,
1640 225
French claims based upon
225
The commission of
1626
to d Esnambuc and Rossey
225
The English abandonment of the island
225
Early French efforts at settlement
225
Continued English claims
226
Embodied within the jurisdiction of the Governor of Barbados
226
The
purchase
of
1663
from the Caribs
226
English repossession,
1664 226
Carew s expedition
226
Mortality of the colony
226
So-called retrocession to the French
227
Disappearance of the English,
1666 227
Rival pretensions,
1666-74 227
The French in undisturbed control,
1666-86 227
The Temple expedition,
1686 227
The Anglo-French commission,
1687 227
Neutralization of the island
227
CONTENTS
ХХХІІІ
No
permanent
inhabitants,
1700 227
French resort there for lumber
227
The grant of the island to
ďEstrées,
1719 228
The Montagu patent of
1722 228
Captain Uring s colony
228
The French force the English to evacuate the island,
1723 228
Neutralization of the island again,
1730 228
The island during King George s War
229
Military occupation by the French
229
The Treaty of
Aix-la-Chapelle
229
For European evacuation of the island
229
For a joint commission to determine ownership
229
The French delay evacuation
229
Comparison of English and French claims
229
Tacit admission by British of strength of French claims
230
Chapter
VIII
EAST OF GOOD HOPE
British economic interest penetrates the Far East
231
Foundations laid for future political control of India
231
India s geographical features
231
Vulnerability to invasion
232
Early invaders of India
232
No political unification
232
No political stability
232
The Hindu Empire of Vijayanagar
232
Control of southern India
232
Collapse in
1565 232
The Mogul Empire
232
Akbar the founder,
1556-1605 233
Unification of northern India
233
The Empire at its height under Aurangzeb,
1658-1707 233
Slow disintegration of the Empire under Aurangzeb s successors
233
Invasion of India by Nadir Shah,
1739 233
Rise of the
Mahratta
power
233
Social structure of India
233
Cohesiveness of Hinduism
233
Mohammedanism
234
XXXIV CONTENTS
The coming of the Europeans
234
Advantages enjoyed by the natives in trade
234
Consistent favourable balance of trade
235
The draining of Europe of its silver
235
Rise and decline of the Portuguese trading empire
235
The Dutch and the English competition
235
The London Company of the East Indies,
1600 235
Characteristic activities of the Company
235
Early trade not with India
235
Privileges granted in perpetuity,
1609 236
Becomes a modified joint-stock enterprise,
1612 236
Separate and continuing joint stocks,
1612-57 236
Cromwell s charter of October
19,1657 236
Surat eastern centre of the trade,
1612 237
Rivalry with the Dutch
237
The joint council of defence,
1619 237
The
affair
at Amboyna,
1623 237
The leasing of Madraspatam,
1640 237
Building of Fort St. George
238
Location there of the eastern presidency,
1652 238
Drawbacks of the town
238
Advantages of the town
238
The Company still without political aspirations
238
Early English rivals
238
The Mickelborne Company,
1604 238
The
Courteen
Association,
1637 238
The patent of
1661 239
Great extension of political power
239
The acquisition of Bombay,
1668 239
Held directly from the King of England
240
St. Helena added to the Company possessions,
1673 240
The patent of
1676 240
Authority to suppress mutinies
240
Vice-admiralty power conferred in
1683 241
William and Mary and the East India trade
241
The London Company loses favour
241
Attempts to liberalize the trade by the charters of
1693,1694,
and
1698 242
Creation of the General Society,
1698 243
Exclusive right of East India trade
243
Two rival companies within the Society
243
CONTENTS XXXV
The creation of the United Company of Merchants of England trad¬
ing to the East Indies,
1702 243
Terms of agreement between the two companies
243
Possessions of the new company
244
Loans to the government
244
Was it to enjoy its privileges in perpetuity?
245
Attempts to tie the Company to the South Sea Company,
1720 245
The opposition of
1730 246
Demand for a regulated company
246
Reduction of interest on government loans,
1730
and
1750 246
The East India Company as an agency of government
246
The three presidencies
246
Calcutta
246
Bombay
248
Madras
248
Local government and the patent of
1726 249
Incorporation of the three towns
249
Law-making powers of the President and Council
249
English court system established
249
The zemindar courts
249
Wide authority of the presidency government
249
As to war and peace
249
As to taxation and coinage
249
The East India Company in business
250
Stockholders meetings: the Proprietors Courts
250
Qualifications for participation
250
Powers exercised
250
The
Committees
or Court of Directors
250
Qualifications
250
Functions of the various committees
250
Varied responsibilities of the directors
251
Activities in India
251
A business hierarchy
252
Contacts with a native business hierarchy
252
The
country trade
253
The East India merchantmen
253
The leasing policy
253
The outward freight
254
Predominance of bullion
254
Other important commodities
255
The disposition of the cargoes
255
XXXVI CONTENTS
The return freight
256
Difficulties encountered in filling the Company orders
256
The disposal of East India goods in England
257
Requirement of open auctions
257
Feeding the market
257
Restrictions on the sale of East India fabrics
258
Profits of the Company
259
The factories of the Company in
1750 260
Lack of interest of the Company in land possessions
260
Great possessions of the Dutch East India Company in the Far East
260
Chapter IX
RIVALS FOR THE CARNATIC
Late interest of France in East India trade
261
Activities of Breton merchants before
1660 261
The French China Company,
1660 261
The
Compagnie des Indes Orientales,
1664 261
Ile
Dauphine,
eastern commercial centre
261
Transfer of the Council to Surat,
1669 261
Acquisition of Port Louis, Brittany
262
Construction of
L Orient
262
Failure to make profits
262
Unsuccessful attack upon Ceylon,
1673 262
Failure to hold St. Thome
262
Occupation of Pondicherry,
1674 262
Fall of Pondicherry to the Dutch,
1693 262
Returned by the Treaty of Ryswick
262
Increased importance of Pondicherry after
1699 262
Continued failure of the Company to prosper
263
Resort to licences to maintain the Eastern trade
263
Consolidation with the Mississippi Company,
1719 263
Indictment of the old company
263
The
Compagnie perpétuelle des
Indes, 1719 264
Privileges
secured and responsibilities assumed
264
Speculation in its stocks
264
Bursting of the bubble
264
Reorganization,
1720-3 264
Monopolies retained
264
Far Eastern trade
264
CONTENTS XXXVii
African trade
264
Santo Domingo trade
264
Proprietorship of Louisiana
265
The export of Canadian beaver skins
265
The
ferme
of tobacco in France
265
Retrocession of Louisiana,
1731 265
Improved outlook in the Far East,
1734 265
M. le Noir
Governor at Pondicherry
265
Interest of the Orry brothers in the company
265
Dupleix takes charge at Pondicherry,
1742 266
During the administration of Dupleix,
1742-54 266
The company assets
266
Distribution of shipping
266
African slaving no longer a direct interest
267
The financial report of
1752
analysed
267
The government of the company fixed by the decree of
1748 270
The stockholders meetings
270
The syndics
270
The
directeurs
270
The royal
commissaires
270
Dupleix at Pondicherry
271
Condition of Pondicherry in
1742 271
Financial embarrassments
271
Immediate improvements
271
Anwar-ud-din
272
Nabob of
Arcot,
1743 272
Supports French policy,
1744 272
War of the Austrian Succession in India
273
Commodore Barrett preys on French shipping
273
La Bourdonnais on
the Coromandel Coast
273
Indecisive engagement with Peyton
273
The capture of Madras,
1746 273
The ransom treaty and its repudiation
273
Anwar-ud-din claims Madras
274
Crushing of the Nabob s army
274
French siege of Fort St. David
274
British siege of Pondicherry
274
Dupleix tries to dispose of Madras
275
Peace of
Aix-la-Chapelle
and the
Carnaţie
275
Restoration of Madras,
1749 275
Developments in the
Carnaţie
in
1749 275
XXXVIII
CONTENTS
The English proceed against Tanjore
275
The capture of Devi-Cotah
276
The agreement with the Rajah
276
Dupleix s alliance with
Chanda
Sahib and Muzaffar Jang
276
Objectives of the allies
276
Destruction of Anwar-ud-din and his army
277
Chanda
Sahib the new Nabob
277
The Governor and the
Compagnie
rewarded
277
Attitude of the two companies toward these developments
278
The United East India Company rebukes Floyer
278
The
Compagnie
des Indes
rewards Dupleix
278
Dupleix and
Chanda
attack Tanjore and Trichinopoly
279
The ravaging of Tanjore
280
Terms of peace with the Rajah
280
Muhammad AH, Chanda s rival at Trichinopoly
280
Attempt to besiege the stronghold
281
Nasir Jang, the Subahdar, invades the
Carnaţie,
1750 281
Supported by the English
281
His great army
281
Retreat of the French and
Chanda
Sahib
281
Capture of Muzaffar Jang
281
Dupleix negotiates
282
Nasir s camp attacked
282
Withdrawal of the Subahdar s army
282
The stronghold Jingi stormed
282
Nasir Jang again approaches Pondicherry
282
Again Dupleix negotiates
282
The French attack
282
Nasir slain by traitors
282
Muzaffar Jang becomes the Subahdar
283
Accepted by the late Nasir s army
283
Makes acknowledgments at Pondicherry
283
Gifts to the
Compagnie
283
Dupleix becomes hereditary Mensebdar along the Coromandel
Coast
283
Plans for his rule in the Deccan
283
Granted a French force under Bussy
284
Revolt of the Pathans and death of Muzaffar,
1751 284
Salabat Jang the new Subahdar of the Deccan
284
Dupleix agrees to support Salabat
284
Bussy accompanies the Subahdar to Aurangabad
284
The grants made by Muzaffar Jang confirmed
284
CONTENTS XXXIX
Dupleix
at the height of his power
285
Advantages of his system
285
Its disadvantages
285
Failure of expected revenues
285
Effect upon commerce
285
The need for numerous garrisons
285
The English on the Coromandel Coast
285
Shift the burden of trade upon Fort William
285
Strengthen their military position at Fort St. George
285
Agree to continue support of Muhammad
Ali
at Trichinopoly
286
Include rulers of Tanjore and Mysore in their understanding
286
Chanda
Sahib again besieges Trichinopoly,
1751 286
The seizure of
Arcot,
1751 287
Robert
Clive
287
Earlier activities in India
287
Commands the
Arcot
expedition
287
Defence of
Arcot
288
Turning of the tide
288
Military manoeuvring in the
Carnaţie
288
Relief of Trichinopoly
288
Chanda
and Law besieged on
Seringham
289
Capture of d Auteuil s relief force by
Clive
289
The fate of
Chanda
289
The surrender of Law,
1752 289
Precarious situation of Pondicherry,
1752 289
Protected only by the sanctity of treaties
289
Dupleix s conduct in the crisis
290
His optimistic report to the
directeurs
290
Refusal of offers of accommodation by Muhammad AH
290
Support of Mootas
Ali 290
Imposing ceremonies at Pondicherry
290
Wins the support by the Dalaway of Mysore
290
With reinforcements from home he orders his troops into action
290
Situation of the French in the
Carnaţie,
1752-3 290
Destruction of the new French force, September
5,1752 290
Pessimistic report of the
Conseil Supérieur
of February
19, 1753 290
Serious financial situation of the
Compagnie
in India
290
Campaign of
1753-4
against Trichinopoly
291
Failure of the attempt to storm the stronghold, November
27,1753 291
Indecisive nature of the armed struggle to October
1754 292
xl
CONTENTS
Dupleix s system under fire
292
Disillusionment of the
Compagnie
292
The Governor defends himself
292
Attempt to come to terms with the English
293
The futile conference at
Sadrás,
1754 293
Refusal of the English to recognize Dupleix s native titles
293
Refusal of the French to recognize Muhammad
Ali 293
Conditions in India that made for an accommodation
293
Loss of commerce on the part of the two companies
293
The great expense of maintaining armies
293
The danger of the growing anarchy
293
The London conference of
1754 294
The
Compagnie
offers concessions
294
The United Company demands restoration of the
ancient limits
294
The repudiation of Dupleix
295
His return to France,
1755 295
Godeheu s reversal of policy
295
Demoralized condition of the French forces
295
Appearance of Admiral Watson s fleet
296
The provisional treaty of December
1754 296
Native offices renounced
296
Neutrality in all native quarrels
296
Equality of possessions
296
Favourable to the French
296
Chapter X
EFFORTS TO SAVE THE PEACE
War of the Austrian Succession
298
Public attitude in Great Britain in
1747 298
Effects of British naval superiority
298
Blockade of France and Spain
298
Capture of French and Spanish shipping
298
Precarious situation of the French West Indies
299
Apprehensions of the French court
299
British financial burdens
300
Growth of peace sentiment
300
The Congress of
Aix-la-Chapelle
300
CONTENTS xli
Anglo-French secret negotiations
300
Ratification of a definitive peace treaty,
1748 301
Advantages and disadvantages to Great Britain
301
Significance of Article IV
302
Anglo-French joint commission
302
Allix and Hind at
Saint-Malo,
1749 303
Mildmay and Shirley in Paris,
1750-2 303
Relations with
Galissonière
and
de
Silhouette
304
Outstanding Anglo-French issues
304
Sea captures,
1738-48 304
The boundaries of Nova Scotia
304
The Caribbean
neutral
islands
306
The French demand for a settlement in one instrument of all issues
306
Mutual concessions to promote negotiation
306
The problem of the Nova
Scoţian
boundary
306
The terms of cession in the Treaty of Utrecht
306
The British interpretation
307
Was Nova Scotia Acadia?
308
The Board of Trade and the British commissaries
309
Shirley s draft of the Nova Scotia memorial
309
Mildmay s critical attitude
309
The two British memorials
310
The French
mémoire on
Acadia
310
The problem of
neutral
St. Lucia
312
Growing friction between the British commissaries
312
The rival British memorials on St. Lucia
312
The French
mémoire on
St. Lucia
312
The British criticism of this
312
The issue over the evacuation of the neutral islands
313
British charges of bad faith
313
Admiral Holbourne s threat
313
The French Minister s reassurances
314
The French reply to the British memorial on Acadia
315
The undermining of Shirley at Paris
315
Mildmay seeks a free hand
315
Shirley recalled to London
316
De Cosné
appointed to the commission
316
CONTENTS
Why the joint commission was continued
317
Mildmay s proposed solution of the diplomatic tangle
317
Support of the Mildmay proposals
318
Heightened friction between the British and French in North
America
318
The French commissaries prepare to appeal their case to the world
319
The British protest
319
The British answer to the French
mémoire on
Acadia
320
British disillusionment regarding the joint commission
320
Mildmay s changed attitude
320
Why the British commissaries remain in Paris
320
The French demand the use of the French language in all exchange
of documents
321
The British position
321
The suspension of the joint commission s activities
322
The growing Anglo-French crisis in India
322
The British proposals to restore harmony between the two com¬
panies
322
The dispatch of French forces to India
323
Significant changes in the British Cabinet Council,
1754 323
Newcastle in power
323
Robinson in charge of the Southern Department
323
Significant changes in the French ministry
323
Rouillé
now takes over foreign affairs
323
Albemarle s friendly interview
324
The
assassination
of Jumonville by Washington
324
Growing tension between the two powers
324
Robinson suggests a test of French good faith
325
Effect of the news of the surrender of Washington at Fort Necessity
325
Rouillé
minimizes the incident
325
The British ministry orders regiments of regulars to America
326
The French reaction to this move
326
The death of Albemarle
327
London the centre of diplomatic activity
327
Mirepoix returns to England
328
His instructions
328
His interview with Robinson
329
CONTENTS xliii
The Robinson
plan for settling Anglo-French differences in North
America
331
Halifax s criticism of the plan
331
The position of the French court on American issues
331
A criticism of this position
332
Relative to the Ohio Valley
332
Relative to Nova Scotia
333
The Cabinet Council plan of February
20 335
The fairness of the plan
335
The failure of French statesmanship
336
The two nations reconcile themselves to the waging of war
338
Chapter
XE
SUMMARIZATION
Eighteenth-century zones of international friction
339
Situation in the middle of the eighteenth century
339
Quiet areas
339
Disturbed areas
339
Patterns of statecraft in the Anglo-French rivalry
339
Characteristics of British expansion
340
Significance of private initiative
340
Welcome to the oppressed Protestants of continental Europe
340
Concentration of strength in seaboard areas
340
Slow but steady conquest of the wilderness
340
Movement of population unplanned
340
Unregulated commercial expansion into forbidden areas
340
Regulated commercial expansion remains private enterprise
340
Small part played by the British Crown in this expansion
341
Colonial governments under the influence of colonial ideals and
aspirations
341
The British Empire
341
A business man s world
341
A world of abundance
341
A world of literate people devoted to freedom and opposed to
governmental regulation
341
A world of varied religious patterns
341
Characteristics of French expansion
342
Uniformity of design in the settlement of New France
342
Concentration of authority in the Crown
342
New World settlement a state responsibility
342
xliv
CONTENTS
Continuation of the spirit of monopoly of the seventeenth cen¬
tury
342
Continuation of the paternalism of the seventeenth century
342
Over-regulation of the French settlers of the New World
342
Control of settlers by the presence of regular soldiers
342
The French Empire
343
New World centres of French court etiquette
343
Harmonious form of the ecclesiastical structure of New France
343
A world of scarcity
343
A world of officialdom
343
A world of suppressed thought
343
The French West Indies considered profitable
343
Canada and Louisiana as financial parasites
343
Failure of Canada to monopolize the fur trade
344
The strategy of French expansion in North America
344
Absence of a
frontier line
of settlement
344
Control of the continent sought by the planting of
islands
of
Frenchmen
344
Gulf of St. Lawrence settlements
344
The Quebec-Montreal region
345
The Detroit settlement
345
The Illinois settlement
345
The lower Mississippi settlements
345
The Mobile Bay district
345
Other means of control
345
Garrisons of regular soldiers
345
The existence of scattered forts of strength
345
The liability of all Frenchmen to military service
345
The freedom of officials from legislative and popular checks
346
The existence of a uniform Indian policy
346
The ability of the French governors to plan in advance
346
Difficulties facing the British in meeting this strategy
346
British colonials divided in sentiment
346
Colonial assemblies refuse defence appropriations
346
Lack of British colonial military preparation
346
Lack of forts of strength
346
Lack of dependable Indian allies
346
Failure of the Six Confederated Nations to act as a buffer
346
Absorption of the people in personal affairs
346
Pacifism in Pennsylvania
346
Unwillingness of colonials to unite upon any policy
346
The lethargic British government stirred to action
346
CONTENTS xlv
Influence of the aggressive actions of the French in the Ohio Valley
and elsewhere
346
A policy of limited responsibility
347
Encouragement of the colonial governments to take united
measures
347
The summoning of the Albany Congress
347
The Albany Congress
347
Its failure not to be charged to the British government
347
High qualifications of the delegates
347
Statesmanlike yet futile activities
347
Bitter hostility of the colonial governments to its work
348
The halting efforts of the Board of Trade in the direction of colonial
co-operation
348
The sending of British regulars to strengthen the colonial militia
348
lbe
situation in the Caribbean Sea in the middle of the eighteenth
century
348
Comparative tranquillity
348
The neutralization of St. Lucia, Tobago, Dominica, and St. Vin¬
cent
348
The violation of the agreements by the French
348
Influence of French indirection in the West Indies in determining
British policy
348
Contrasting patterns of statecraft in Anglo-French rivalry in India
349
The British emphasis on superior commercial contacts with the
natives
349
The French emphasis on superior political contacts with the na¬
tives
349
The British concentrate their strength in the coastal regions
349
The French concentrate their strength in the interior
349
The British emphasize immediate objectives
349
The French emphasize future prospects
349
The British placed upon the defensive
349
The French seize the initiative
349
The British unable to take for granted government support of
private policies
349
The French able to take for granted government support of public
policies
349
The degree of success the British enjoyed depended largely on the
financial strength of the United East India Company
349
The degree of success the French enjoyed did not take into account
the question of the solvency of the
Compagnie des
Indes 349
xlvi CONTENTS
London
disapproval of the United East India Company activities
in
1749 349
Paris support of the
Compagnie des
Indes
activities in
1749 350
London support of the United East India Company activities in
1754 350
Paris disapproval of the
Compagnie des
Indes
activities in
1754 350
International tension and Anglo-French relations
350
Could Anglo-French tensions
(1749-54)
have been liquidated
short of war?
350
The French sense of destiny in North America
351
The seventeenth-century idea of a great Franco-Indian empire
351
The eighteenth-century sense of mission
351
The English sense of destiny in North America
351
The seventeenth-century idea that the continent was to be an
English heritage
351
The eighteenth-century expression of this sense of mission
351
Diplomatic efforts to avoid war
351
The Anglo-French joint commission
351
Desire of both nations to avoid war
351
Failure of its efforts to arrive at compromise formulas
351
The failure of direct negotiation between the two courts
351
The possibility of a peaceful solution of the crisis
351
The chief responsibility of the French ministry for the war
352
ancl
Jr lams
I. Prospect of Quebec,
1732. (
From Popple s British Empire in
America.
)
Facing page
34
II. The Indian Tribes of the Great Lakes Region.
(
From a sec¬
tion of
Vander Aa s
Canada,
1755. )
Facing page
35
III. The Country of the Six Confederated Nations, by Guy John¬
son,
1771.
(Emmet Collection. New York Public Li¬
brary.
)
Facing page
66
IV. A View of Niagara Fort, by Sir William Johnson,
1759.
Facing page
67
V. A South View of Oswego before
1755.
(Emmet Collection.
New York Public Library.
)
Facing page
98
VI.
Abbé Picqueťs
La Présentation Mission.
(From
Mémoires
sur le Canada,
1749-1760.)
Facing page
99
VII.
Carte de
ľAcadie,
Isle
Royale et Pais Voisins. Par M.
B.
de la Marine.
1757.
Facing page
172
VIII.
A Prospect
of the City of Louisbourg after Its Conquest by
Pepperrell and Warren.
(
Reproduced from Justin Win-
sor s Narrative and Critical History of America.
)
Facing page
173
IX. A New Map of Nova Scotia and Cape Britain, with adjacent
parts of New Engfond and Canada,
1755.
(From Jef-
ferys s History of French Dominion in North and South
America,
1760. )
Facing page
194
X. A Plan of the Neck of the Peninsula of Aeadia showing its
fortification in
1755.
(From
Mémoires sur le
Canada,
1749-1760.)
Facing page
195
XI. The Neutral Islands of the West Indies. (From Lucas s
Historical Geography of the British Colonies. II, West
Indies.
)
Facing page
210
xlviii
MAPS AND PLANS
XII.
Carte
de ľlsle
de Sainte
Lucie.
Par
Μ. Β.
Ingr. de L· Marine,
1753.
Facing page
211
XIII.
The Moguls Empire divided into its principal Governments.
(From the Gentleman s Magazine for
1767. )
Facing page
234
XIV.
Plan
de
Madras
à
L·
Coste de Coromandel.
(From
Bellin s
Aths Maritime. ) Facing page
235
XV. Map to
Illustrate
the Wars in Coromandel,
1744-1780.
(From
Henry Beveridge s A Comprehensive History of India,
I.
)
Facing page
274
XVI.
Plan
de la Ville de Pondicheri.
(From Bellin s Atfos Mari¬
time.
)
Facing page
275
XVII.
A New Map of Nova Scotia and Cape Britain with Adjacent
Parts of New England and Canada,
1755.
British Terri¬
torial Claims to the South of the St. Lawrence. (From
Jefferys s Remarks on the French Memorials
. . . ,
1756.)
Facing page
306
XVIII.
Carte
d une Partie de
X
Amérique Septentrionale,
1755.
French
Territorial Claims
to the
South
of the St. Law¬
rence.
(
From Jefferys s Remarks on the French Memo¬
rials
. . . , 1756. )
Facing page
307
XIX.
Map Showing the Iroquoian Control of the Region Between
the Cuyahoga and Sandusky Bay.
(
From
Amérique Sep¬
tentrionale,
par Mitchel, Paris: par
Le
Rouge,
1777;
Cor¬
rigée
en
1776
par M. Hawkins. Reproduced from Win-
sor s The Mississippi Basin.
)
Facing page
330
XX. The British Proposal of
1755
for a Neutral Zone between the
Cuyahoga and the Wabash.
(
Reproduced from Pease s
Anglo-French Boundary Disputes in the West.
)
Facing page
331
|
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| spelling | Gipson, Lawrence Henry 1880-1971 Verfasser (DE-588)101654227 aut The British Empire before the American revolution 5. Zones of international friction.The Great Lakes frontier, Canada, the West Indies, India 1748-1754.3.print.1967.LV, 352, LIX S. by Lawrence Henry Gipson New York Knopf 1967 txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier (DE-604)BV003735425 5 Digitalisierung UB Bamberg application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=002374188&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Gipson, Lawrence Henry 1880-1971 The British Empire before the American revolution |
| title | The British Empire before the American revolution |
| title_auth | The British Empire before the American revolution |
| title_exact_search | The British Empire before the American revolution |
| title_full | The British Empire before the American revolution 5. Zones of international friction.The Great Lakes frontier, Canada, the West Indies, India 1748-1754.3.print.1967.LV, 352, LIX S. by Lawrence Henry Gipson |
| title_fullStr | The British Empire before the American revolution 5. Zones of international friction.The Great Lakes frontier, Canada, the West Indies, India 1748-1754.3.print.1967.LV, 352, LIX S. by Lawrence Henry Gipson |
| title_full_unstemmed | The British Empire before the American revolution 5. Zones of international friction.The Great Lakes frontier, Canada, the West Indies, India 1748-1754.3.print.1967.LV, 352, LIX S. by Lawrence Henry Gipson |
| title_short | The British Empire before the American revolution |
| title_sort | the british empire before the american revolution |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=002374188&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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