Verfügbarkeit: The British Empire before the American revolution

The British Empire before the American revolution: 2. The British Isles and the American Colonies.The southern plantations 1748-1754.2.print.1967.XXXVI, 290, XLV S.

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Bibliographische Detailangaben
1. Verfasser:	Gipson, Lawrence Henry 1880-1971 (VerfasserIn)
Format:	Buch
Sprache:	English
Veröffentlicht:	New York Knopf 1967
Online-Zugang:	Inhaltsverzeichnis

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245	1	0	\|a The British Empire before the American revolution \|n 2. The British Isles and the American Colonies.The southern plantations 1748-1754.2.print.1967.XXXVI, 290, XLV S. \|c by Lawrence Henry Gipson
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adam_text	Chapter I THE EMPIRE OF THE OLD DOMINION Imperial sweep of Virginia 3 Purported boundaries in 1750 3 The trans-Appalachian region 4 Imperfect knowledge of the area 4 Council President Lee and western colonization 4 Land speculation and the westward expansion 4 Western land companies 5 Favourable attitude of the Crown in 1748 б The many extensive grants during the Gooch administration 6 The Ohio Company grant in a distinct category 6 Paucity of efforts to utilize the lands 8 Walker s exploration for the Loyal Land Company 8 Gist s exploration for the Ohio Company 8 The factor of Indian resistance 8 French rivalry under Celeron de Blainville, 1749 9 Importance of providing forts with cannon 9 Western settlements threatened by French and Indians in 1754 10 The Valley of Virginia 11 Character of settlements in this region 11 Ulster Scot and German communities 11 Legal conformity to older settled Tidewater 11 Differences in habits and attitudes toward established Tide¬ water institutions 12 The Piedmont 12 Mostly uninhabited in 1750 12 Settlers pressing in from the Valley and the Tidewater areas 12 Large tobacco plantations, the exception 12 Frontier conditions of living, the rule 12 Extent of a shifting population 12 Movement into the Carolinas 13 XU CONTENTS Tidewater Virginia 13 A region of established modes of life 13 Absence of important towns 13 Why people favoured the country 13 Bumaby s explanation 13 Williamsburg, the capital 14 Attempts to move the capital are defeated 15 Gooch s administration 15 Terminates in 1749 15 Basis of his popularity 15 Dinwiddie s administration 16 Appointment in 1751 as Deputy Governor 16 Relations with the Governor, the Earl of Albemarle 16 Early relations with the Virginia Assembly 17 The controversy over the pistole fee 17 Basis of opposition 17 Views of John Blair 18 Views of the Burgesses 18 Dinwiddie upheld in London 18 Restrictions placed by the Board of Trade 18 Royal revenues from Virginia 18 Quit-rents 19 Export duty on tobacco 20 Other sources of revenue 20 Analysis of the machinery of government 20 Instruments embodying the constitution 20 The Governor s commission; royal instructions; and acts of the Assembly 20 The Governor 20 Administrative, judicial, and legislative responsibilities 21 Other royal officials 22 The Council 22 Its composition 22 Its powers 23 Membership in 1750 23 The House of Burgesses 24 Its composition 24 Election of its members by freeholders 24 Franchise requirements of freeholders 24 Influence of the first families in government 25 Processes of legislation 26 CONTENTS Xlii Analysis of legislation from 1703 to 1748 26 Revision of laws in 1749 analysed 27 County government 28 Machinery 28 Importance of the justices of the peace 28 The office of sheriff 30 Parish government 30 The Vestry s importance in parish affairs 31 Responsibility for supporting the Anglican Establishment 32 Controversies resulting from choice of ministers 33 The Church in Virginia 33 Unfitness of some of the clergy 33 Tendency toward dissolute living 33 Temptation of material pursuits 33 Strictness and missionary zeal of other clergymen 33 Illustrated by the Rev. Gavin 34 Drift away from the Anglican Establishment 34 Increase of dissenters in the Valley of Virginia 35 The Augusta Parish and the Governor s Council 35 Some county courts and vestries in the Tidewater favour new religious forces 35 The Great Awakening Movement in Virginia 36 Hanover County its centre 36 Its influence upon the Establishment 37 Significance of the Act of 1759 for dissolving six of the vestries 37 Disallowance of dissenter majorities in vestries 38 Role of the Ulster Scot and German dissenters 38 Primogeniture and entail in Virginia 38 Early reliance upon the English law of property 38 The law of 1705 38 Not all lands subject to primogeniture and entail 39 The slaves and entail after 1705 39 The docking of entails 39 Simplification by the law of 1734 39 Explanation for the survival of these institutions 40 Disadvantages of entail 40 The plantation system 41 As a basis of Virginia aristocracy 41 Splendours of plantation life 41 Characteristics of the planter aristocracy 42 Responsibilities of the great plantation-owner 42 XIV CONTENTS Importance of wise management of men and lands 43 Relationship between the aristocracy and the farmers and artisans 43 The economy of Virginia in the middle of the eighteenth century 44 The extension of Negro slavery 44 Essential nature of tobacco-production 44 Tobacco the staple product of Virginia 44 The results of easy credit offered to tobacco-planters 44 Growth of indebtedness on estates 45 Extent of tobacco exportation 45 Other exports of the province 45 An advantageous intercolonial and foreign commerce 46 Summarization 46 Government by the élite 46 An electorate of the common people 46 Popularity of the aristocratic form of government 46 Chapter II AN OLD CATHOLIC REFUGE Ideas of the early Calverts 48 Legislation discriminating against Roman Catholics 48 Turning tide after 1720 49 Apprehensions of the Protestant Assembly 49 Disproportionate to the number of Roman Catholics 49 Office-holding barred to Catholics 50 Attitude of Frederick, Lord Baltimore 50 Office-holders required to repudiate transubstantiation 50 Catholics resent the charges made against them 50 The Anglican Establishment in Maryland 51 Liberal provisions for the clergy 51 Low standards of conduct of the clergy in general 52 The unique power of the Proprietor 52 Exclusion of the authority of the Bishop of London and his American commissaries 52 Lack of discretion of the Governor in carrying out the Pro¬ prietor s desires 53 Results of the denial of the rights of the Bishop of London il¬ lustrated 53 Resentment of parishioners 54 Unfavourable attitude of the Assembly toward the clergy 55 CONTENTS XV The general tranquillity of the period 55 Exclusive of agitation against the Catholics 55 The boundary dispute with Pennsylvania, the only problem 55 Population increases 55 Influx of Germans into the back country 56 Tobacco, the great export staple 56 Other exports 57 The iron industry 57 The Lord Proprietor of Maryland 58 Charles, Lord Baltimore 58 Relations with the Prince of Wales 58 Extent of his revenues from Maryland 58 His death in 1751 58 Frederick, Lord Baltimore 58 A minor at his accession 58 Maryland placed in trust 59 Problem of guardianship 59 Marriage to Diana Egerton 59 Maryland again placed in trust 60 Line of succession established by entail 60 His primary interest in revenue potentialities 60 Demand for exorbitant quit-rents unsuccessful 60 The Proprietors and their charter rights 61 Anxious to maintain privileges unimpaired 61 Attempts to deal fairly with the people 61 Instructions to Governor Ogle in 1750 61 Analysis of the proprietorial rights 61 Abercromby s Examination of 1752 61 Wide powers of the proprietary 62 The government of Maryland 63 The nature of the upper and lower houses 63 Legislation deals primarily with local matters 63 Relationship of county courts and vestrymen to the Assembly 63 Legislation regarding slaves 64 The Law of 1715 and perpetual slavery 64 Laws for the punishment of slaves 65 Significance of the law permitting a slave to testify 65 Legislation regarding the testimony of convicts 66 Convict labour in Maryland 66 The background of the transportation of criminals 67 Supplementary legislation 67 XVI CONTENTS The Maryland Law of 1728 67 Attempts to prevent kidnapping 68 The Law of 1751 68 Legal objections to this Act 68 Attitude of Maryland toward transported criminals 68 Early adverse attitude 68 Basis of later popularity of convict labour 68 The advantages to the small planter 68 Efficiency of white labourers 69 An opposing view 70 The transporting of criminals 70 Numbers of convicts shipped 71 The Law of 1754 placing a duty on transports 72 Opposition to it 72 Opinion of the Attorney General 72 The repeal of the law 73 Results of the system 73 Treatment of the redemptioners 73 The problem of the runaways 73 Social affects upon Maryland 73 Unfavourable influence in neighboring colonies 74 Chapter III THE CHESAPEAKE BAY STAPLE Economic importance to Great Britain of Virginia and Maryland tobacco 75 Beginnings of the tobacco commerce 75 The demand in Europe by 1750 76 Competition with Spanish production 76 Competition by European growers 77 Parliament remits duties to assist British exporters 77 The system of tobacco-production in colonial America 77 Requirements for production 77 Labour supply 77 Slave-breeding a factor in plantation economy 77 Importation of slaves from Africa 78 Growth in the slave population 78 Use of white indentured labour in Virginia 79 Land and tobacco 79 Importance of virgin woodland 79 CONTENTS XVII Soil-exhausting qualities of tobacco 79 Unscientific methods of cultivation 79 Effects of erosion 80 Clearing of new lands essential to the full utilization of labour 81 Price of land in Virginia 81 Centres of tobacco-cultivation 81 The tobacco plantation 82 Comparison with the sugar plantation 82 The small plantation 82 The large plantation 82 Processes of tobacco-culture 83 Extent of hand labour required 83 Method of planting and cultivating 83 System enforced by law 83 Method of harvesting, curing, and packing 84 Public tobacco warehouses 84 Transportation to the warehouse required by law 85 Numbers and location of warehouses 85 Inspection of tobacco 85 Inspector s stamp, not always proof of quality 85 Dinwiddie s recommendations for improvement 86 Great increase in tobacco-exportation 86 Relationship to population and exploitation of new land 86 Effects upon the tobacco market 87 Growth of indigo encouraged by Parliament 87 Marketing factors 88 High costs of marketing in Great Britain 88 Planters charge British importers with price-fixing 88 Competition between English groups 89 The Glasgow competition 89 The problem of the profitable marketing of tobacco 91 Chief difficulty not in British regulation or in unfair practices of tobacco merchants 91 New tobacco areas in competition with older areas 91 Jefferson s view 91 Disadvantageous situation of the tobacco-planter in comparison with the rice-planter 91 Over-production of planters, a factor in producing low prices 92 Evidence of profitable disposal of tobacco 93 XViii CONTENTS The exportation of tobacco 94 The tobacco ship and its burden 94 Analysis of British import duties 94 The old subsidy 95 The new subsidy 95 Other import duties 95 Remission of duties in case of re-exportation 96 Illustration of a typical tobacco consignment 96 Re-exportation of the bulk of colonial tobacco 98 The hazards of the tobacco trade 98 Financial liabilities 99 Adverse effects of the smuggling activities 99 Fluctuations in market prices result 99 The statute of 1750 reorganizes the customs service 99 Scotland the centre of customs violations 99 Who paid the tobacco duties? 100 The planters position 100 The role of the middlemen 101 The effects of a glutted market 101 Chapter IV THE REGION OF THE SOUTHERN PINE BARRENS Early characteristics of North Carolina 102 Population estimates in 1733 103 Regional characteristics 103 Great influx of settlers in the middle of the century 103 Reasonable price of land 103 Settlement of the back country 103 Movement from the north 103 Prevalence of squatting 104 Case of the German Palatines 104 Arrival of various other nationals 104 Population of the two Carolinas compared 104 The Granville Grant 105 Creation of the Carteret reserve in 1744 105 Problems involved 105 Adverse effects on the inhabitants 106 Loss of revenue to the government 106 Reluctance of settlers to take up Granville lands 106 CONTENTS XIX The McCulloh grant of 1737 106 The issue of quit-rents 107 Living conditions in North Carolina 107 Lack of handicrafts 107 Unhealthy state of Edenton 107 The agricultural economy 107 Regional variations of the soil 107 Comparison between the Piedmont and the Pine Barrens 107 Small farms the rule in the interior 108 Resourcefulness of the Moravian community at Wachovia 108 The wealthy planters in the Cape Fear region and to the north 108 The proliferous cattle ranches 109 Naval stores produced in the pine barrens 109 Geographical isolation of the province 109 Isolation within the province 109 Isolation from the outside world 110 Navigation problems in the shoal waters 110 Establishment of Portsmouth 110 Poor commercial relations with the British 110 Difficulties of trade and commerce 111 Indebtedness of inhabitants to British merchants 111 Legal-tender acts of 1748 and 1754 111 Attitude of English merchants 111 The British statute of 1764 112 Effects on all colonial legal-tender acts 113 The economic life of the province 113 Difficulties of finding export markets 113 Sale of tobacco and cattle in Virginia 113 Value of produce compared with Barbados 113 Importance of the production of naval stores 113 North Carolina leads all the other colonies 113 Parliament provides bounties to encourage production early in the century 114 Growth in production of these stores 114 Value of exports from North Carolina in 1753 114 Political problems of the province in 1750 115 Difficulties of maintaining an orderly government 115 Prevalence of lawlessness 115 Governor Dobb s estimate of the situation 115 XX CONTENTS Governor Johnston s administration 116 His struggle with the Assembly 116 The representation act of 1746 116 Opposition to the act of 1746 and petitions against it 116 Supporters of the law argue their case 117 The Board of Trade intervenes in 1754 118 Other instances of confusion in public affairs 119 Efforts to remove Johnston from office 119 Charges of the Albemarle opposition 119 Johnston is rebuked at home 120 Death of Johnston and appointment of Arthur Dobbs 120 Governor Dobb s administration 120 Instructions in 1754 aimed at quieting the disturbances 120 His satisfactory salary arrangements 121 The laws and institutions of the province in 1750 121 Great dependence upon the laws of the mother country 121 The Act of 1749 confirms English statutory law 121 Benefits accrue from the navigation and trade acts 122 The Anglican Establishment 122 The new parish and vestry system of 1741 122 Dearth of churches 123 Growth of dissenter churches on the frontier 123 Lack of educational facilities and funds 124 Schooling chiefly under church auspices 124 Trends toward increasing maturity 125 James Davis and the first press 125 Publication of the North Carolina Gazette 125 Students go to the Inns of Court to study 125 Chapter V ARISTOCRATS OF THE RICE SWAMPS Contrast between North Carolina and South Carolina 127 South Carolina in 1749 according to Governor Glen 127 Its extent 127 Indefinite boundaries 127 Population 128 Chief products 128 Economic zones 128 Cypress swamps for rice-culture 128 CONTENTS ХХІ Better-drained lands for indigo, corn, and farming 128 Region for forest products and cattle pens 128 The wilderness and the Indian trade 128 The rice plantations 129 Compared with British sugar-island plantations 129 Requirements of capital investment 129 Profitable use of slave labour 129 Rice-culture 129 Simplicity of processes involved 129 Steps used in preparing rice for market 130 Other advantages enjoyed by the rice-planter over the sugar- planter 130 Secure markets, early realization on investments, and successful slave-breeding 130 Numbers of workers employed and production figures 130 Problems facing the rice-planter 131 Runaway slaves in 1749 131 The position of the South Carolina Negro in 1750 132 General fair treatment 132 Dependent upon the attitude of master, overseer, or that of the slave himself 132 The Slave Code of 1740 133 Sets forth legal restrictions and penalties 133 The production of indigo 134 Grown in the region of diversified farming 134 Its economic significance 134 Types of indigo grown 135 The British bounty act of 1748 135 Increase in indigo exports by 1754 135 Process of cultivation 136 Compared with sugar and rice 136 Defects of Carolina indigo 137 Comparison with the French West Indies product 137 Advantage of indigo as an alternate crop to rice 138 The peopling of the back country 138 Farm economy contributes to province s self-sufficiency 138 Neglected condition of frontier settlements 138 Lack of ministers, schoolmasters, and courts 138 Efforts to improve the judicial system in 1747 139 The plan of 1752 is disallowed 140 Contrast to conditions in the low country 140 XXII CONTENTS Difficulty of bringing the Ulster Scot frontiersmen under control 141 Glen s objective of promoting suitable immigration 141 Purchase of additional land from the Indians 141 Agents sent abroad and inducements offered 141 Competition with agents from other colonies 142 Land companies organized 142 The successful immigration policy brings a surplus 143 Restrictive legislation seeks to control flow and type of settler 143 Charleston, metropolis of the South 144 Its fine appearance in 1750 144 As a centre for wealthy families in the lower South 145 Evidences of prosperity 145 Extravagance of the people 145 Importance as a seaport 145 Value of its commerce in 1748 146 The exportation of rice from Charleston 146 Chief European markets 146 Parliamentary concession on rice-exportation of the year 1729 147 Domination of public affairs by the Charleston group 147 Leaders of the coterie 147 Control of the provincial government 147 Importance of the role of the low country in the Commons House of Assembly 147 Governor Glen on his limited powers as the Governor 148 Control of public finance 148 Control of the London agent 149 Ability of Governor Glen to deal with the Charleston clique 149 His popularity 149 Fortuitous state of living conditions in general 149 Peace, prosperity, and plenty 150 Generous attitude of the British government 150 Financial support and military protection 151 Chapter VI AN AMERICAN ARCADIA Genesis of Georgia 152 Born of a combination of humanitarian and imperialistic ideals 152 Leaders of the movement 153 Percival and Oglethorpe 153 Fruits of the Parliamentary investigation of debtor prisons 153 CONTENTS ХХШ The Charter of 1732 154 Its objectives 154 Providing a haven for released debtors 154 Other worthy objectives 154 Boundaries of the province 154 Government by a trusteeship corporation 154 Compared with Virginia before 1618 154 Its legislative powers 154 Pecuniary profit forbidden to the Trustees 154 The Trustees 154 Their appointment and subsequent election 154 The Common Council 155 Responsibilities for routine detail 155 Reasons for witholding powers of local government 155 Analysis of the history of the trusteeship 156 A temporary triumph of idealism 156 A highlight in the eighteenth century, despite its failures 156 Wide support by men of goodwill 156 Use of publicity secures supporters 157 The churches and benefactions 157 Walpole s approval induces Parliamentary support 157 Method of selecting settlers 158 Oglethorpe designated as the leader of the settlers 158 Unwillingness to be appointed governor 158 Given wide range of authority 158 The founding of Savannah 159 Cousaponakeesa and the Creek treaty of 1732/3 159 Early description of the town 160 The problem of securing a clergyman 160 John Wesley in Georgia 161 Thomas Bosomworth 161 Georgia land system 162 Adapted to a planter-soldier settler 162 Semi-military fiefs 162 Granted in tail-male 162 Other limitations on alienation 163 Requirements on land-utilization 163 Cultivation, enclosure, and planting mulberry trees 163 Size of grants 163 Based on desire to foster small farms 164 Other motives for restriction on size 164 The high figure of the quit-rents to be paid after ten years 164 XXIV CONTENTS Colonization policy of the Trust 164 The sending of poor but worthy people 164 Supplementing these with hardier types 164 Invitations given to Protestant Salzburgers, Scottish Highland¬ ers, and Moravian Brethren 164 Number transported at the expense of the Trust 165 Disappointments of the first decade 165 Hopes for a wine-growing, silk-raising colony fail 165 Idleness of the settlers 166 Notable exceptions, the Scots, Salzburgers, and Moravians 166 Causes of discouragement 166 Prohibition of slavery 166 Superior inducements available in South Carolina 166 Discontent with small land allotments 166 Dissatisfaction with land-tenure restrictions 166 Resentment at high quit-rents 166 Inability to trade with profit 166 Prohibition on rum 166 Dangers in case of hostilities 167 Settlers begin to drift out of the province 167 Colony begins to be held in contempt 167 Georgia and the war with Spain 167 Defence of the province by Oglethorpe 167 Civil administration slips from his hands 167 Oglethorpe s departure at the end of the crisis 167 Administrative reorganization of the province 167 Division of the province into two counties 167 The Savannah governing board 167 Modifications of the land system, 1739-42 168 Relaxations governing tail-male and quit-rents, and other changes 168 The law of 1734/5 against spirituous liquors 169 Basis for the law 169 Attitude of Oglethorpe 170 Wine and beer encouraged as substitutes 170 Breakdown of law enforcement 170 The colony petitions the King 171 Repeal of the law, 1742 172 The new Act of 1743 retains some restrictions 172 The law of 1735 against slavery 173 Upheld by the Highlanders and Salzburgers 173 CONTENTS XXV Unfortunate precedents of South Carolina 173 The Georgia petition of 1738 173 Investigation in the House of Commons, 1742 174 The colony divided over the slavery issue 174 The anti-slavery efforts of John Dobell and Martin Bolzius 174 The Trustees rebuke President Stephens 176 The defiance of the law by the commander of the Frederica garrison 177 The futile gesture of the Trustees 177 The repeal of the law, 1750 178 Various restrictions on slave-holding under the new regulations 179 The creation of an Assembly, 1749/50 179 Georgia becomes a royal colony in 1752 180 Capitulation of idealism to realism and expediency 180 Chapter VII THE CARIBBEAN OUTPOST OF THE EMPIRE The strategic importance of Jamaica 181 Provisions for defence 182 The government: a typical royal colony 182 Relationship of the Governor and the Assembly 183 The Governor and his powers 183 His part in local administration 183 Relations with the custos 183 His influence over judicial and legislative matters 183 Value of Jamaica to the Empire 184 Chief export commodities 184 Chief imports 184 Importance of the island as a New World trade centre 185 Relations with Spanish America 185 Effects of the War of Jenkins s Ear 185 Loss of the asiento 185 The slave trade 186 Stagnation of trade, 1749 186 Drop in the value of exports by 1752 187 Taxation burdens and problems 187 The petition of 1749 187 The issue over the taxation of absentee landlords 188 Levying of special taxes from 1718 to 1748 188 XXVI CONTENTS Jamaica absentees apply for relief 188 The Deficiency Law of 1747 188 Crown s instructions not permitting discrimination 188 The issue of the removal of the capital from Spanish Town to Kings¬ ton 189 Divides the island into factions 189 State of the island in the middle of the century 190 Small area under cultivation 190 Taxes and uncultivated land 190 Wild state of undeveloped land 190 The population and its location 190 Concentration on the coastal areas 191 The Maroons 191 Growing disproportion between whites and blacks 191 Dangers of predominance of Negroes 191 Efforts to encourage white immigration 192 Land grants offered on a headright system in 1736 192 Settlers from the Windward Islands 192 Inducements to artisans in 1749 192 Increase in the population by 1753 193 Disadvantages to settlement 193 Climate and fevers 193 Prevalence of absenteeism 193 Unfavourable social conditions 193 Despotic attitude of the great planters 193 Degradation of the field slaves 193 Sugar-culture and slavery 194 Processes involved in the production of sugar 194 Muscovado, the unrefined product 195 Bryan Edwards on a typical Jamaica sugar plantation 195 Comparison with a typical plantation on Barbados and the Lee¬ ward Islands 196 Personnel requirements on the plantation 196 Number of whites employed and their occupations 196 Number of Negroes employed and their occupations 196 The wealth of the sugar plantations and their value to Great Britain 197 The importance of the institution of slavery to the sugar plantation 197 The privileges enjoyed by some slaves 197 Slave-exploitation and the demand for profits 198 CONTENTS XXVII Plantation overseers and the slaves 198 Slave insurrections 198 Unhappy lot of the average slave 198 The Jamaica Black Code in the middle of the century 198 The principal laws regulating slavery, 1696-1749 198 Laws protecting the slave from wanton cruelty 199 Extent of penalties that could be inflicted on slaves 200 Failure of the blacks to propagate under these conditions 200 Necessity for large annual importations from Africa 200 Liberal provisions of the Assembly for certain Negroes 200 The private act of 1707/8 protecting two free Negroes 200 Other private acts extended to mulattoes 201 The status of mulattoes in Jamaica 201 Acceptance of miscegenation on the Island 201 Limitations placed upon the rights of mulattoes 202 Political dependencies of the government of Jamaica 202 The logwood area of Honduras Bay 202 Settlements of logwood-cutters for dye-wood 202 The fertile lands of the Mosquito Coast 202 Plantations producing indigo, cocoa, and vanilla 202 The Spanish indulgence of the British settlements 203 Lack of any formal government 204 Under the supervision of the Governor of Jamaica 204 Captain Robert Hodgson assumes supervisory command 204 Settlers establish British claims by right of occupancy of the land 205 Ultimate disposition of the areas 205 Anglo-Spanish relations in Honduras Bay in the 1750 s 206 Chapter VIII ISLANDS OF CANE. ISLANDS OF CONTENTMENT. HOME OF THE OLD BUCCANEERS Islands of Cane 208 Barbados 208 Its value as a sugar colony for the past century 209 Description of the island and its population, 1748 209 Slave-importations 209 Advantageous climate and living conditions 210 Importance of Bridgetown 210 Evidences of wealth and culture 210 The administration of Grenville 211 XXVIII CONTENTS Social amenities of the gentry 212 The trading activities in Carlisle Bay 212 French competition as a factor in economic decline 213 The ^-per-cent duty adds to the great weight of public burdens 213 Analysis of the elaborate system of government 214 The legislation of the period 215 Laws governing the Negro population 215 The Governor of Barbados as Governor of St. Lucia, Dominica, St. Vincent, and other Caribbean islands 216 The Leeward Islands 217 Under a single governor at St. John, Antigua, assisted by lieu¬ tenant governors 217 The Established Church and its provisions 217 Antigua 218 Its colonization 218 Description of the island and its population 218 Exports 218 The problem of the disproportion of whites to blacks 219 Legislation against Boman Catholics 219 St. Christopher, generally known as St. Kitts 219 Description 219 Colonization and early conflicts for its control 219 Its prosperity, export values, and defences 220 Basse-Terre, the capital and chief port 221 The life of the island as regulated by acts of its Assembly 221 Beligious toleration 222 The issue of the nepotism of Governor Mathew 222 Nevis 222 Its beautiful setting and early history 223 Its decline under a train of disasters 223 Decrease in its exports between 1728 and 1750 223 Efforts to stimulate immigration 223 Bepeal of the law of 1701 against Boman Catholics 224 The case of La Santa Rosetta 224 Montserrat 224 Its importance to England in the middle of the century 225 Its productivity, compared with Nevis 225 The predominance of the Boman Catholic population and at¬ tempts to legislate against them 225 The constitutent act of 1749 226 The 432-per-cent export duty 226 The weight of the amount payable by Barbados and the Leeward Islands 227 CONTENTS XXIX The older sugar colonies help support other weaker parts of the New World Empire 228 Absenteeism and the sugar-island economy 228 Prevalence of great plantation-owners who live in England 229 Children sent to England for education often remain there 229 Factors leading to absenteeism 229 Negative aspects of island life 229 Family ties in the homeland 229 Financial ruin of planters 229 Agents, attorneys, and overseers fleece proprietors 229 The Bermudas — Islands of Contentment 230 Description and early history 230 Distribution of the population 230 Economic activities 231 No important export staple 231 Position of the slaves 231 Social status and the ownership of slaves 231 Natural increase of slaves impoverishes owners 232 Abortive plans to find proper productive employment for the in¬ habitants 232 Provisions for defence 232 Favourable living conditions 232 Health resort for those living in less healthy climates 232 Contentment of the people of the islands 233 Government of the Island 233 A representative royal colony 233 Governor Popple s administration 234 The issue of the governor s salary, 1748 234 The Governor s unprecedented procedure and the repudiation of his action by the Crown 235 The issue divides the Governor and the Assembly until its set¬ tlement in 1756 236 The Governor as a protagonist of imperial control 237 Absence of direct taxation 237 Insignificance of the trade activities 238 The Bahamas — Home of the Old Buccaneers 238 Description 238 Turbulent history up to 1718 239 Distribution of population by 1750 239 Royal government by governor, council, and assembly 240 Public finances 240 XXX CONTENTS Plantation system 240 Chief products 240 Value of commodities and economic insignificance 240 Ideal climate 241 Easy-going life of the inhabitants 241 Chapter IX THE STRUGGLE FOR THE MUSCOVADO MARKETS Sugar the great export staple of the British West Indies 242 The early history of the sugar industry 242 English-grown sugar supplants the Portuguese product 242 Enumeration of sugar 243 Seventeenth-century trade and navigation acts 243 Sugar imposts 243 Competition of the French West Indies 244 The underselling of the British sugar-producers 244 French win the chief foreign markets by 1740 245 Great increase of the world output of muscovado 245 Concomitant increase of sugar-consumption in the British Isles 245 Sugar-planters face a glutted market 245 Problem of French trade with British northern plantations and Ireland 246 Planters petition the Crown in 1730 246 Petition from the merchants of Liverpool 246 Subsequent application to Parliament for relief 246 Commercial relations between the continental colonies and the for¬ eign West Indies becomes an issue 247 The stand of the planter interests 247 Early bills proposed in Parliament 248 Constitutional aspects of these bills 248 Molasses Act of 1733 249 Prohibits direct trade between Ireland and foreign West Indies 249 Places import duties on foreign sugar, molasses, and rum shipped to the British colonies 249 Provides little relief to the sugar-planters 250 Circumventing of the Act by the northern colonies 250 Sugar-planters appeal for direct trade to Europe 250 Act of 1739 grants this concession 251 Important restrictions to the Act of 1739 251 Extension of the privileges in 1742 251 CONTENTS ХХХІ Violent fluctuations of the prices of sugar 251 English control of markets during war periods 251 French competition resumed after 1748 252 Analysis of obstacles to prosperity in the British sugar islands 252 Postlethwayťs Considerations ( 1749 ) 252 Josiah Tucker s Brief Essay ( 1749 ) 253 William Beckford s testimony before the House of Commons 254 The handicaps of license papers and taxes 254 A Frenchman s summary of the situation 254 The high price of English sugars 254 The sugar interests attempt to secure further legislation 255 Revival of former complaints after the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle 255 Inability to meet French competition 255 The memorial of 1750 255 Public hearings by the Board of Trade 257 Charges of smuggling by North American skippers 257 London agents of northern colonies protest the parliamentary proposal to regulate trade between the northern colonies and the French 257 The regulatory proposals of the Jamaica planter interests 258 Failure of the sugar interests to win over the Board 259 The substitute proposal of 1751 259 Unfavourably received by the Board 260 The proposal of 1752 for restricting the Portuguese sugar trade to Ireland rejected 260 Governor Knowles s recommendations in 1752 also rejected 261 The strength of the case of the continental colonies 261 The practice of the British West Indies sugar-planters of utiliz¬ ing their molasses by distilling it into rum 262 Financial plight of the sugar colonies by 1750 262 Indebtedness of the planters, exclusive of Jamaica 262 Effects of soil-depletion and French competition 262 Appeal to the mother country for assistance and the justification thereof 263 Results of the lack of action to relieve the planters 263 Exodus of capital investment and settlers 263 Emigration to foreign islands and to Berbice and Essequibo in South America 263 Attempts to legislate against this 264 Great investments demanded by sugar-production 264 XXXII CONTENTS Hazardous state of investments in the 1750 s 264 Comparison between the sugar-planters and the tobacco- and rice- planters of North America 265 CHAPTER X GUINEA AND THE EMPIRE The role of the institution of slavery in the Old British Empire 267 The vast importance of Africa to America 267 The extent of the slave-trade exploitation 267 Commodities received 267 Essential role played by slaves in plantation economy and in the markets of other colonies 267 Effects of the slave trade on the African Coast 268 African wars and the dislocation of inhabitants 268 African Negroes — Types 268 Mandingoes 268 Koromantyns, Whydahs, Popows, Calabars, and Eboes 269 Slaving 269 Methods of securing slaves 269 The price of slaves on the African Coast 269 Preference for male Negroes 270 Exceptions to this 270 Unfortunate results of sex disparity in the West Indies 270 The leading agencies in the slave trade 271 The minor role of the Royal African Company in 1750 271 The activities of the merchants of Liverpool and Bristol 271 A triangular trade 271 Bristol and Liverpool compared 272 Other English ports and slaving interests 272 Profits of the independent traders 273 Hazards of the slave trade 273 Profits from the voyage of the galley Freke 273 The factors of death, escape, or mutiny 274 Dangers of the Atlantic crossing 274 The Middle Passage 275 Great care required in all phases of the trade 275 Demand of the various colonies for slaves 276 Slave population within the Empire in 1750 276 CONTENTS ХХХШ The Royal African Company 277 The seventeenth-century monopoly 277 The number of its trading stations or posts 277 Active posts in 1750 277 Private merchants absorb the bulk of the trade 278 Financial embarrassments of the Company 278 Expense of maintaining forts exceeds revenues 278 Parliamentary assistance after 1730 278 Criticism of the Company management 278 Analysis of British activities on the African Coast in 1750 278 The trading posts spell the beginnings of British dominion in Africa 278 Cape Coast Castle settlement on the Guinea Coast 278 The monopolistic tendencies of the Royal African Company 279 Anamabo on the Gold Coast, centre for the independent traders 279 The inadequate supply of Gold Coast slaves 280 The French competition 280 The Crown supports the British slaving interests with warships 281 International rivalry and slaving at other points 281 The Gum Coast, Whydah Coast, the Gambia River, and Angola 282 Importance of preserving the Company s forts 283 The financial state of the Royal African Company in the 1740 s 283 Activities of the Committee of Seven 283 Credit and creditors 283 Treatment of its employees on the African Coast 283 Virtual collapse of the Company 283 Why England would not abandon the Company posts 283 Dangers to the Empire 283 Relief rushed to the posts 284 The reorganization by the government of the British African trade 284 The Board of Trade made responsible for the planning 284 Interested parties invited to make representations 285 Sugar interests recommend a joint-stock company 285 Emphasis placed on securing the right type of Negro by the planter interests 285 Conflicting testimony heard from representatives of the various interests 286 The Royal African Company s plan 288 The independent traders favour a regulated company 288 The Act of 1750 — the independent traders prevail 289 Incorporation of the Company of Merchants Trading to Africa 289 The Act of 1752 289 XXXIV CONTENTS The dissolution of the Royal African Company 289 Stockholders of the old company indemnified 289 The new company meets the needs of British interests 289 Anamabo and the Anglo-French crisis of 1752 290 Index follows page 290 Ma, I. A New and accurate Map of the Province of Virginia in North America. (From the Universal Magazine, 1779) Facing page 48 II. A map of Maryland. (From The Political Magazine . . . and Literary Journal, 1780) Facing page 49 III. A New and Accurate Map of North & South Carolina, Georgia, etc. (From A Complete Atlas by Emanuel Bowen, 1752) Facing page 180 IV. A Map of the West Indies etc. . . . (From the Atlas Minor by Herman Moll, 1736) Facing page 181 V. The Island of Jamaica, Divided into its Principal Parishes, With the Roads etc. (From the Atlas Minor by Herman Moll, 1736) Facing page 202 VI. Partie Méridionale de l Ancien Mexique . . . by M. Bonne, showing the logwood areas of the Gulf of Honduras and the Mosquito Shore. (From Atlas de Toutes les Parties Connues . . . , 1736) Facing page 203 VII. A New Map of the Island of Barbadoes by H. Moll. ( From The British Empire in America [by John Oldmixon], 1741) Facing page 216 VIII. Petites Antilles ou Isles du Vent by J. N. Bellin, 1764. (From the Map Division, Library of Congress ) Facing page 217 IX. The Island of Antego. (From the Atlas Minor by Herman Moll, 1736) Facing page 220 X. The Island of St. Christophers, alias St. Kitts. (From the Añas Minor by Herman Moll, 1736 ) Facing page 221 XI. Map of Nevis. (From the Atlas Occidentallis by Thomas Jefferys, 1777) Facing page 224 XII. The Island of Bermudos, Divided into its Tribes, with the Castles, Forts etc. (From the Atlas Minor by Herman Moll, 1736) Facing page 238 XXXVI MAPS XIII. Part of the map Cuba with the Bahama Islands. (From A Description of the Spanish Islands and Settlements on the Coast of the West Indies by Thomas Jefferys, 1762) Facing page 239 XIV. Part of A New and Correct Map of the Coast of Africa . . . , 1746. (From . . . Advantages of the African Trade Considered by Malachy Postlethwayt) Facing page 268
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spelling	Gipson, Lawrence Henry 1880-1971 Verfasser (DE-588)101654227 aut The British Empire before the American revolution 2. The British Isles and the American Colonies.The southern plantations 1748-1754.2.print.1967.XXXVI, 290, XLV S. by Lawrence Henry Gipson New York Knopf 1967 txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier (DE-604)BV003735425 2 Digitalisierung UB Bamberg application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=002374185&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis
spellingShingle	Gipson, Lawrence Henry 1880-1971 The British Empire before the American revolution
title	The British Empire before the American revolution
title_auth	The British Empire before the American revolution
title_exact_search	The British Empire before the American revolution
title_full	The British Empire before the American revolution 2. The British Isles and the American Colonies.The southern plantations 1748-1754.2.print.1967.XXXVI, 290, XLV S. by Lawrence Henry Gipson
title_fullStr	The British Empire before the American revolution 2. The British Isles and the American Colonies.The southern plantations 1748-1754.2.print.1967.XXXVI, 290, XLV S. by Lawrence Henry Gipson
title_full_unstemmed	The British Empire before the American revolution 2. The British Isles and the American Colonies.The southern plantations 1748-1754.2.print.1967.XXXVI, 290, XLV S. by Lawrence Henry Gipson
title_short	The British Empire before the American revolution
title_sort	the british empire before the american revolution
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