Structured techniques for computing:
Gespeichert in:
| Hauptverfasser: | , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Englewood Cliffs, NJ
Prentice-Hall
1985
|
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | Spätere Ausg. u.d.T.: Martin, James: Structured techniques |
| Beschreibung: | XXIII, 775 S. graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 0138551804 |
Internformat
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Structured techniques for computing |c James Martin ; Carma McClure |
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| 300 | |a XXIII, 775 S. |b graph. Darst. | ||
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804118050799091712 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | TECHNIQUES
COMPUTING
JAMES MARTIN
CARMA McCLURE
Ischnische Hochschule Darmstadt
FACH8EREICH INFORMAT1K
BIBLIOTHEK-
luventar-Nr i-
Sadigebietes-
Stondorti
PRENTICE-HALL, INC Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey 07632
CONTENTS
Table of Boxes xix
Preface xxi
PART I PHILOSOPHY
Why Structured Techniques? 3
Objectives 3; Evolution 8; Mathematical Rigor 11;
Computer-Aided Systems Analysis 12; Important Characteristics 13;
Loyalty to Old Techniques 13
Philosophies of Structured Techniques 15
Introduction 15;
Basic Principles 15; Basic Principles of Software Engineering 20;
The Data-Base Environment 23;
Automation of Analysis, Design, and Coding 24;
Graphics 25; Provably Correct Constructs 26;
Management of Complexity 27; Changing Computer Languages 28;
End-User Involvement 28; User-Friendly Structured Techniques 30;
The Design Process 30
vii
viii Contents
N PROGRAMMINGMETHODOLOGIES
3 Structured Programming 37
The Shift to Software 37; Introduction of Structured Programming 37;
GO TO-less Programming 38; Objectives 39; Definitions 39
4 Structured Programs 45
Properties of a Structured Program 45; Limited Control Constructs 45;
Nested IF 48; Case Statement 49; Escape 50;
Highest-Level Control Constructs 50; Standardized Module Format 51;
Hierarchical Organization 51; Program Control Structure 52;
Program Paths 53; Documentation 54; Indentation 59;
Structured Coding Standards 59
5 Modular Programming and Control of
Complexity 67
Divide and Conquer 67; Program Modules 67; Black Box Model 68;
Modularization Schemes 68; Module Size 70; Complexity Metrics 70;
Module Relationships 75; Program Shape 80
6 Programming by Stepwise Refinement 83
Changing Programming from Craft to Science 83;
Stepwise Refinement 83; Levels of Abstraction 84;
An Example of the Refinement Process 85
7 Top-Down, Bottom-Up, and Structured
Programming 91
Structured Programming Methodologies 91; Top-Down Programming 91;
Bottom-Up Versus Top-Down Programming 95;
Bottom-Up Programming 96; Choosing a Development Approach 98;
Combinations 99
Contents ix
8 Commentary on Structured Programming
Methodologies 703
The Problem of Programming in the Large 103;
Program Complexity 103; The Absence of Rigor 104;
Recommendation 105
PART III DIAGRAMMING TECHNIQUES
9 Diagrams and Clear Thinking 709
Introduction 109; Changing Methods 110;
Categories of Structured Diagrams 111; End-User Involvement 111;
Program Documentation Tools 117; Utility of Documentation 118;
Computer-Aided Diagramming 120; Functions of Structured Diagrams 120
10 Forms of Structured Diagrams 723
Introduction 123; Forms of Tree Structure 123; Inhibition of Change 125;
Left-to-Right Trees 126; Sequence of Operations 131;
Mesh-Structured Diagrams 131; COW Charts 133; Nested Charts 134;
Data-Model Charts 138; Root Nodes 141; Find the Trees 142;
Computer Magic 145; Symbols with Obvious Meaning 145; Summary 147
11 Data Flow Diagrams 149
Introduction 149; Defining Data Flow 149; Components of a DFD 149;
Leveling a DFD 152 ; Process Specification and Data Dictionary 154;
Gane and Sarson Notation 155; Use of Computer Graphics 158;
Commentary 163; Data Layering 164
12 Three Species of Functional Decomposition
Introduction 165;
Levels of Thoroughness in Functional Decomposition 165;
Species I Functional Decomposition: Corporate Model 166;
Species II Functional Decomposition 170;
Species III Functional Decomposition 176; Commentary 177
Contents
13 Structure Charts 787
Hierarchical Diagram 181; Components of a Structure Chart 181;
Control Relationships 183; Common Modules 183; Library Modules 184;
Data Transfer 184; Sequence, Selection, and Iteration 186;
Transaction Center 188; Computer Graphics 188
14 HIPO Diagrams 797
Introduction 191; Diagram Components 192;
Analysis and Design Tools 194; Commentary 194
15 Warnier-Orr Diagrams 797
Introduction 197; Representation of Data 197;
Representation of Program Structure 199;
Critique of Warnier-Orr Diagrams 201
16 Michael Jackson Diagrams 207
Introduction 207; Tree-Structure Diagrams 207;
Data-Structure Diagrams 209; Program-Structure Diagrams 211;
System Network Diagram 212; From Data to Programs 213;
Critique of Jackson Diagrams 215
17 Flowcharts 279
Overview Versus Detailed Structure 219; Flowcharts 220;
Flowchart Symbols 222; Critique of Flowcharts 222
18 Structured English and Pseudocode 227
Introduction 227; Why Should English Be Structured? 227;
Ambiguities 228; Structured English 229; Four Basic Structure Types 230;
Keywords from Fourth-Generation Languages 232;
Rules for Structured English 233; Pseudocode 234;
Jackson s Structure Text 234; Critique of Structured English 237
19 Nassi-Shneiderman Charts 239
Introduction 239; Control Constructs 240;
Critique of the Nassi-Schneiderman Chart 243
Contents
20 Action Diagrams 245
Overview Versus Detailed Logic Diagramming 245; Brackets 246;
Ultimate Decomposition 247; Conditions 248; Loops 250;
Sets of Data 250; Subprocedures 251 ;
Subprocedures Not Yet Designed 251; Common Procedures 251;
Terminations 252; Fourth-Generation Languages 252;
Decomposition to Program Code 253; Titles Versus Code Structure 254;
Concurrency 256; Input and Output Data 258; Advantages 261
21 Decision Trees and Decision Tables 275
A Broadly Used Diagramming Technique 275; Decision Tree 275;
Decision Table 276; Decision Tree or Table? 279;
Using Decision Trees and Decision Tables 279; Commentary 279
22 Data Analysis Diagrams 287
Introduction 281; Bubble Charts 281;
Associations Between Data Items 282;
One-to-One and One-to-Many Associations 283; Types and Instances 284;
Reverse Associations 284; Keys and Attributes 286;
Data-Item Groups 287; Records 287; Concatenated Keys 288;
Derived Data 290; Optional Data Items 293
23 Entity-Relationship Diagrams 297
Introduction 297; Entities 297; Entity Diagrams 298;
Concatenated Entity Type 299; Labels and Sentences 302;
Subject and Predicate 304; Basic Constructs 307;
Semantic Independence 307; Inverted-L Diagrams 308;
Entity Subtypes 310;
Multiple Subtype Groupings 311; Subtype Hierarchies 312;
Computer Representation of the Diagram 314; Notation Styles 317
24 Data Navigation Diagrams 325
Introduction 325; Divide and Conquer 325;
Separating Data from Procedures 326; Data Navigation Diagrams 327;
Procedure Design 331; Physical Design 333; Complexity 334;
Standard Procedure 335
Contents
25 Compound Data Accesses 339
Introduction 339; Relational Joins 340; Automatic Navigation 343;
Simple Versus Compound Data-Base Accesses 343;
Intermixing Simple and Compound Actions 344; Three-Way Joins 347;
Semantic Disintegrity 348; Navigation Paths 350;
Fourth-Generation Languages 351
26 HOS Charts 355
Introduction 355; HOS 355; Binary Trees 355; Functions 357;
From Requirement Statements to Detailed Design 361;
Three Primitive Control Structures 361; Join 361; Include 363; OR 363;
Control Maps 364; Generation of Code 364;
Four Types of Leaf Nodes 364;
Static and Dynamic Testing of Programs 367; Embellishments 367;
Other Control Structures 368; Simplification 370;
User Functions Employed in a Defined Structure 370;
Extending the Power of HOS 370; Discussion 372
27 A Consumer s Guide to Diagramming
Techniques 377
Introduction 377; Criteria for Choice 378; Data and Processes 382;
Data Flow Diagrams 382; The Essential Trilogy 383;
Comprehensive Capabilities 383; Ultimate Decomposition 384;
Drawing Speed 384; Integrity Checking 386; Code Generation 387;
User Friendliness 387; Computer Graphics 388;
Summary of Properties 388; Our Choice of Techniques 395;
Challenge 395
IVPART V ANALYSIS AND DESIGN
28 Structured Analysis and Design
Techniques 399
Software Analysis and Design 399; The Desire to Skip Analysis 399;
Changing Requirements 399; System Specification 400;
Poor Specification and Expensive Errors 400; Importance of Analysis 401;
A Building Analogy 401; Importance of Design 402;
A Systematic Design Approach 403; Types of Software Design 403;
Structured Design Methodologies 405
Contents xiii
29 Structured Analysis 407
A Critical Step 407; A Structured Discipline 407;
System Specification 408; Data-Flow Diagram 410; Data Dictionary 410;
Process Specification 411; Steps of Structured Analysis 412;
Critique of Structured Analysis 414; When to Use Structured Analysis 415
30 Top-Down Design 477
Informal Design Strategy 417; Design Process 417;
Decision Making 418; Principles of Top-Down Design 419;
Documentation for Top-Down Design 419; Top-Down Design of Data 419;
When to Use Top-Down Design 420
31 Structured Design 423
Systematic Design Approach 423;
Structured Design: Step 1: Draw Data-Flow Diagram 424;
Step 2: Draw Structure Chart 424; Step 3: Evaluate the Design 431;
Step 4: Prepare the Design for Implementation 435
32 An Evaluation of Structured Design 441
Structured Design of the Credit Verification System 441;
Applying Transform Analysis 441;
Evaluating the Quality of the Design 443;
Critique of Structured Design 446;
Critique of Transform and Transaction Analysis 447;
Comparison with Top-Down Design 451;
Critique of Coupling and Cohesion 452; Lack of Data Design 453
33 Jackson Design Methodology 457
Jackson Design Versus Structured Design 457;
Data-Driven Program Design 457; Example: Employee Skills System 459;
Designing Simple Programs 462; Designing Complex Programs 464;
Structure Clash 465; Program Inversion 468
34 An Evaluation of Jackson Design
Methodology 469
Constructive Design Method 469; Designing the Subscription System 469;
Limitations of the Jackson Design Methodology 477;
Designing the Credit Verification System 478; Summary 484
Contents
35 Warnier-Orr Design Methodology 489
Background 489; Set Theory 489; Top-Down Approach 490;
Data-Driven Approach 491; Design of the Employee Skills System 491
36 An Evaluation of the Warnier-Orr Design
Methodology 503
Input-Process-Output Model 503;
Objective of the Warnier-Orr Design Methodology 504;
Benefits of the Warnier-Orr Diagram 504;
Problems with the Warnier-Orr Diagram 506;
Bracketed Pseudocode 509; Major Criticisms 509;
Design of the Subscription System 509;
Problems with Multiple Output Structures 510;
Incompatible Hierarchies 511; Inadequate Input Design Guidelines 511;
Overemphasis on Output 511; Recommendations 513
V MORE AUTOMATEDTECHNIQUES
37 A Higher Level of Automation 577
Introduction 517; Problems with Specifications 517;
Specification Languages 518; Computer-Aided Specification Design 519;
Two Types of Languages 519; Computable Specifications 520;
Automation of Design 521; Integration of Definition Levels 522;
A Common Communication Vehicle 523;
Integrated Top-Down and Bottom-Up Design 524;
Mathematically Rigorous Languages 524; User Friendliness 525;
Properties Needed 525; Spectrum of Specification Languages 525;
Narrowly Focused Languages 530;
Rigor Combined with User Friendliness 530
38 HOS Methodology 533
Introduction 533; USE IT 533; JOIN,, INCLUDE, and OR 535;
Generation of Code 535; Four Types of Leaf Nodes 537;
Co-control Structures 538; COJOIN 539; COINCLUDE 542;
COOR 543; CONCUR 544; Local Variables 545; N-way Branches 546;
Interactive Graphics Editor 546; Simulation 551;
External Modules of Code 554; Generation of Documentation 555
Contents x
39 The Impact of HOS-like Design 557
The Revolution 557; Effect on Programming 557;
Effect on Specifications 558; What Does Provably Correct Mean? 559;
Syntax and Semantics 560; Internal and External Semantics 560;
Standards 561; Verification and Testing 561;
Building Higher Levels of Trust 562; Improvements in Productivity 562;
Cost Savings 563; Effect of Program Size 563; Error Statistics 566;
Human System Components 567;
Use of Other Front-End Methodologies 568;
Incorporation of Nonprocedural Languages 569; Software Factories 569
40 Data-Base Planning 577
Introduction 577; Separate Developments with Incompatible Data 578;
Stable Foundation 580; Stable Data Bases 582;
Logical Design of Data Bases 583;
The Failure of Data Administration 584
41 Third Normal Form 585
Normalization of Data 585; First Normal Form 587;
Functional Dependency 590; Full Functional Dependency 591;
Second Normal Form 592; Candidate Keys 594; Third Normal Form 595;
Storage and Performance 596; Semantic Disintegrity 598;
Clear Thinking About Data 598; A Suggested Exercise 602;
An Example of Normalization 602
42 Automated Data Modeling 605
Introduction 605; The Synthesis Process 606; Bubble Charts 607;
Synthesizing User Views 607; Illustration of the Synthesis Process 607;
Levels of Primary Keys 610; Canonical Data Structures 612;
Canonical Synthesis 613; Elimination of Redundancies 614;
Candidate Keys 616; Transitive Dependencies 617;
Concatenated Keys 618; Intersection Data 619;
Many-to-Many Associations 620; Mapping Between Primary Keys 620;
Intersecting Attributes 620; Isolated Attributes 623; Record Sequence 623;
Automating the Procedure 623; Data Designer 624;
Conversion to HOS Notation 629
xvi Contents
43 Computer-Aided Design 637
Introduction 631; Computerized Help in Design 632;
Developing a Data-Base Application 633; Automatic Conversion 640;
Four Stages 643; Logical and Physical Navigation Diagrams 645;
Physical Design 649; Objectives of the Design Dialogue 649;
Variations 650
44 Information Engineering 657
Introduction 651; What Is Information Engineering? 652;
Building Blocks of Information Engineering 654;
Computerization of Information Engineering 661;
Essential Need for User Participation 661; A House on the Sand 662;
Two Images 663
VIPART I VERIFICATION AND TESTING
45 Software Verification, Validation, and
Testing 667
The Case of the $18 5-Million Hyphen 667;
The Case of the Infinite Loop 667;
Demonstrating Software Correctness 667;
Verification and Validation Techniques 671
46 Testing 675
The Testing Process 675; Testing Heuristics 675;
Four-Phase Testing Procedure 678; Unit Testing 679;
Integration Testing 681; System Testing 684; Acceptance Testing 685;
Test Data 685
47 Debugging 689
The Case of the Missing Period 689; The Difficulty of Debugging 689;
Debugging Methods 690; Program Debugging Tools 691;
Locating Program Errors 693; Predicting Error-Proneness 699
Contents xvii
48 Automated Test Tools 707
Test Tools 701; General Research s RXVP 701;
Software Renovation Technology s RE-LEARN 706;
Software Environments 714; Bell Labs UNIX 715
49 An Evaluation of Verification Techniques 777
Introduction 717; Limitations of Testing 717;
Problems with Test Tools 718; Lack of Theory 719;
Testing Fourth-Generation-Language Programs 719;
Improvement Through Formality 723;
Formal Proof-of-Correctness Techniques 724
1/H TOWARD AN ENGINEERING
PART VII DISCIPLINE
50 Where Do Structured Techniques Go from
Here? 737
Patterns of Evolution 731;
Phases of Growth of Management Science 732;
Phases of Growth of Structured Techniques 734; Shock 736;
Inadequacy 738; The Automation of Automation 739;
Rigorous Specification 740; Meat Machines 740;
Theoretical Principles 741; Future Growth of Automated Methods 742
51 The Move Toward True Engineering 745
Introduction 745; Software Misengineering 745;
Characteristics of Engineering 746; Power Tools 749;
Information Engineering 752; Resistance to New Methods 753
52 Epilogue: The Future 757
The Revolution: Its Causes and Outcome 757;
A Way to Think About Systems 760; Changing Computer Industry 760
Index 763
|
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| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T16:04:08Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 0138551804 |
| language | English |
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| physical | XXIII, 775 S. graph. Darst. |
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| spelling | Martin, James 1933-2013 Verfasser (DE-588)124113176 aut Structured techniques for computing James Martin ; Carma McClure Englewood Cliffs, NJ Prentice-Hall 1985 XXIII, 775 S. graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Spätere Ausg. u.d.T.: Martin, James: Structured techniques Datenverarbeitung Electronic data processing Structured techniques Strukturierte Programmierung (DE-588)4058133-0 gnd rswk-swf Strukturierte Programmierung (DE-588)4058133-0 s DE-604 McClure, Carma L. 1946- Verfasser (DE-588)123914205 aut HEBIS Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=002358868&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
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| subject_GND | (DE-588)4058133-0 |
| title | Structured techniques for computing |
| title_auth | Structured techniques for computing |
| title_exact_search | Structured techniques for computing |
| title_full | Structured techniques for computing James Martin ; Carma McClure |
| title_fullStr | Structured techniques for computing James Martin ; Carma McClure |
| title_full_unstemmed | Structured techniques for computing James Martin ; Carma McClure |
| title_short | Structured techniques for computing |
| title_sort | structured techniques for computing |
| topic | Datenverarbeitung Electronic data processing Structured techniques Strukturierte Programmierung (DE-588)4058133-0 gnd |
| topic_facet | Datenverarbeitung Electronic data processing Structured techniques Strukturierte Programmierung |
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