Educational research: an introd.
Gespeichert in:
| Hauptverfasser: | , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
New York u.a.
Longman
1983
|
| Ausgabe: | 4. ed. |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | XXXIII, 936 S. graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 0582282462 |
Internformat
MARC
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| 100 | 1 | |a Borg, Walter R. |e Verfasser |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Educational research |b an introd. |c Walter R. Borg ; Meredith Damien Gall |
| 250 | |a 4. ed. | ||
| 264 | 1 | |a New York u.a. |b Longman |c 1983 | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1805077920156221440 |
|---|---|
| adam_text |
Contents
Acknowledgments v
To the Instructor xxi
To the Student xxvii
Reprint Acknowledgments xxxi
PART I. EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH—THE FIELD 1
!• The Purpose of Educational Research 3
Introduction 4
Research and the Improvement of Education 5
Contributions of Research to Knowledge about
Education 5
Contributions of Research Knowledge to the Practice
of Education 9
Impediments to Research Impact on Education 13
Science as an Approach to Inquiry 19
The Purpose of Science 20
Scientific Theories 22
The Scientific Method 24
Scientific Disciplines 29
Educational Research 30
Types of Educational Research 30
Educational Research Methodology 32
Personal Motivation for Doing Educational Research 34
The Study of Educational Research 40
Annotated References 40
2. Opportunities in Educational Research 44
Sources of Funding for Educational Research 45
Past and Current Status of Funding 45
U.S. Department of Education 48
National Institute of Education 50
Other Federal Agencies 51
Foundations and Other Sources of Funding 51
Preparing a Research Proposal for a Funding Agency 52
Career Opportunities 57
Universities and Colleges 57
Regional Educational Laboratories 58
Research and Development Centers 59
viii CONTENTS
Public Schools 60
State Departments of Education 61
Other Career Opportunities 61
Professional Organizations 62
Seeking a Position 63
The Resume 63
Finding Position Openings 64
Financial Assistance for Graduate Study 65
Annotated References 65
PART II. PLANNING EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH 69
3. The Research Problem, Research Plan, and Pilot Study 71
Selecting a Research Problem 72
The First Step 75
Working on a Team Project 75
A Reading Program 76
Research Based on Theory 77
Replication 80
Other Methods of Identifying Research Problems 83
Outlining a Research Plan 84
Purpose of the Research Plan 84
Introduction and Problem Statement 86
Formulating Hypotheses or Objectives 87
Possible Measures 94
Research Subjects 94
Research Design 95
Data Analysis 95
Procedures 95
Fitting the Plan Together 96
Using PERT in Research Planning 97
The Pilot Study 100
Mistakes Sometimes Made in Planning Research 101
Annotated References 102
4. Ethics, Legal Constraints, and Human Relations in Educational
Research 107
Ethical Principles 108
Informed Consent 110
Confidentiality 112
Deception 114
Dehoaxing and Desensitization 117
Contents be
Legal Constraints 118
Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act of 1974 118
National Research Act of 1974 119
The Privacy Act of 1974 124
Human Relations 125
Questions about One's Research 125
Following Channels 129
Dealing with Public Relations Problems 131
Ethical and Human Relations Mistakes Sometimes Made by
Educational Researchers 132
Annotated References 132
5. Reviewing the Literature 140
Introduction 141
Secondary Sources 141
Primary Sources 141
Importance of the Review 142
Purposes of the Review 143
Delimiting the Research Problem 143
Seeking New Approaches 143
Avoiding Sterile Approaches 144
Insight into Methods 144
Recommendations for Further Research 145
Sampling Current Opinions 145
Scope of the Review 146
Conducting a Review of the Literature 147
Step One—Listing Key Words 147
Step Two—Checking Preliminary Sources 148
Other Useful Preliminary Sources 156
Bibliographies and Reviews of Research Literature 159
Preliminary Sources Covering Theses and Dissertations 162
Preliminary Sources Covering Periodicals and
Newspapers 163
Sources of Information on Educational Materials 164
Conducting a Computer Search 166
Step Three—Reading and Noting Selected References 175
Mistakes Sometimes Made in Reviewing Research Literature 184
Annotated References 184
6. Critical Evaluation of Research 192
Introduction 193
Research Quality 193
Systematic Literature Analysis 195
x CONTENTS
Factors to Consider in Evaluating Research 199
Formulation of the Research Hypothesis or Objective 199
Deliberate Bias or Distortion 201
Nondeliberate Bias 203
Sampling Bias 204
Have Important Variables Been Overlooked? 207
Critical Evaluation of Measurement Techniques 209
Observer Bias 211
Effects Related to the Research Situation 214
The Hawthorne Effect 214
The John Henry Effect 216
The Pygmalion Effect 218
Demand Characteristics 218
Placebos 221
Placebos in Educational Research 224
Experimenter and Statistical Contamination 224
Experimenter Contamination 225
Statistical Contamination 225
Critical Evaluation of Statistical Analyses 225
Mistakes Sometimes Made in Critically Evaluating Research 227
Annotated References 228
PART III. SAMPLING AND MEASUREMENT 235
7. Populations and Samples 237
Common Mistakes in Sampling 238
Defining the Population 240
Sampling Techniques 244
Simple Random Sampling 244
Systematic Sampling 248
Stratified Sampling 248
Cluster Sampling 249
Volunteer Samples 251
Random Assignment 255
Sample Size 257
Important Considerations 257
Small Sample Studies 261
Estimating Needed Sample Size 262
Correlational Studies 264
Mistakes Sometimes Made in Sampling 265
Annotated References 265
Contents xi
8. Selection and Administration of Tests in Educational Research 270
Tests in Educational Research 271
Characteristics of Standardized Tests 272
When Is a Test Valid? 275
Content Validity 276
Predictive Validity 277
Concurrent Validity 279
Construct Validity 280
Determining Test Reliability 281
Coefficient of Equivalence 283
Coefficient of Stability 284
Coefficient of Internal Consistency 284
A Comparison of the Methods of Estimating Reliability 286
Standard Error of Measurement 286
Domain-Referenced Tests 288
Norm-Referenced Versus Domain-Referenced
Achievement Measures 289
Reliability 290
Validity 291
Factors to Be Considered in Test Selection 291
Adjusting to Available Testing Time 291
Individually Administered Versus Group Tests 294
Selecting between Measures of the Same Variable 295
Is the Test Appropriate for Your Research? 296
Developing Measures 298
Steps in the Process 298
Using Tests in Research 301
Establishing Standard Conditions 301
Motivating and Gaining Subjects' Cooperation 303
Scheduling and Administering Tests in the Schools 304
Using Test Data Collected by Schools 306
The Social Significance of Testing 306
Mistakes Sometimes Made in Selecting and Administering Tests 310
Annotated References 311
9. Types of Standardized Tests 317
How to Locate Information about Tests 318
The Test Manual 318
The Mental Measurements Yearbooks 319
ETS Test Collection 320
Measures for Psychological Assessment 320
A Sourcebook for Mental Health Measures 321
xii CONTENTS
Evaluating Classroom Instruction—A Sourcebook of
Instruments 322
Family Measurement Techniques 322
Tests and Measurements in Child Development—
Handbooks I and II 323
Directory of Unpublished Experimental Mental
Measures 323
The Test Developer 323
The Test Itself 324
Other Sources 324
How to Obtain Copies of Tests 325
Types of Standardized Tests 325
Intelligence Tests 327
Aptitude Tests 330
Achievement Tests 332
Diagnostic Tests 334
Measures of Creativity 334
Self-Report Measures of Personality 335
Projective Techniques 340
Measures of Self-Concept 341
Attitude Scales 341
Measures of Vocational Interest 343
Mistakes Sometimes Made in Using Standardized Tests 344
Annotated References 344
PART IV. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY 351
10. Introduction to Statistical Analyses and Research Design 353
Preliminary Considerations 354
Types of Research Design 354
Types of Statistical Analyses 356
What You Should Know about Statistics 357
What Statistical Tools Are Available? 357
Under What Conditions Are Statistical Tools
Appropriate? 357
What Do the Statistical Results Mean? 358
How Are Calculations Made? 359
Types of Scores 359
Continuous Scores 360
Rank Scores 362
Dichotomies 362
Categories 363
Contents xiii
Descriptive Statistics 363
Measures of Central Tendency 363
Measures of Variability 365
Correlational Statistics 367
Test Statistics 369
Statistical Inference 370
The Null Hypothesis 370
The Test of Statistical Significance 370
Interpretation of Significance Tests 374
Types of Significance Tests 376
Statistical Power Analysis 378
Supplements to Significance Tests 381
Confidence Limits 381
Replication of Research Results 383
Effect Size 385
Measures of Correlation 386
Problems in Statistical Analysis 387
The Need for Exploratory Data Analysis 387
Missing Data 392
The Unit of Statistical Analysis 394
Mistakes Sometimes Made by Researchers 398
Annotated References 398
11. The Methods and Tools of Survey Research 403
Introduction 404
The Survey as a Form of Educational Research 404
Data-Collection Tools in Surveys 406
The Cross-Sectional Survey 406
The Longitudinal Survey 411
The Delphi Technique 413
Steps in Conducting a Questionnaire Survey 415
Defining the Questionnaire Objectives 415
Selecting a Sample 416
Constructing Questionnaire Items 418
Questionnaire Format 421
Pretesting the Questionnaire 425
The Letter of Transmittal 427
Follow-Up Techniques 429
What to Do about Nonrespondents 434
The Interview as a Research Tool 435
Advantages and Disadvantages of the Interview 436
Response Effect 438
The Interview Guide 441
xiv CONTENTS
Interviewer Training 444
Recording the Interview 444
Telephone Interviewing 446
Microcomputers in Telephone Interviewing 448
Effective Communication in Interviews 451
Pretest of the Interview Procedures 454
Mistakes Sometimes Made in Survey Research 455
Annotated References 456
12. The Methods and Tools of Observational Research 464
Steps in Collecting Observational Data 465
Defining Observational Variables 466
Recording Observational Information 468
The Observation Form 471
Training Observers 478
Computer-Assisted Observation 486
Other Types of Observation 488
Case Study 488
Participant Observation 490
Ethnographic Research 492
Nonreactive Measures 495
Contrived Observations 500
Naturalistic Contrived Observations 500
Situational Testing 501
Observations Made by Untrained Groups 506
Content Analysis 511
Types of Studies Employing Content Analysis 511
Planning a Content-Analysis Study 514
Mistakes Sometimes Made in Observational Research 521
Annotated References 522
13. Exploring Relationships Between Variables: The Causal-
Comparative Method 530
Introduction 531
The Study of Relationships between Variables 531
Advantages and Disadvantages of Causal-Comparative
Studies 533
Planning a Causal-Comparative Study 536
Statement of the Research Problem 536
Selecting a Defined Group 538
Selecting Comparison Groups 540
Data Collection 541
Data Analysis 543
Contents xv
Statistical Analysis: The t Test 543
The t Test for Differences between Means 543
Correlated and Uncorrelated Means 546
One-Tailed vs. Two-Tailed Tests of Significance 547
The t Test for a Single Mean 548
Statistical Analysis: Analysis of Variance 549
Comparison of More than Two Means 549
Analysis of Covariance 552
Multivariate Analysis of Variance 553
Tests for the Difference between Variances 557
Statistical Analysis: Nonparametric Tests 558
Advantages and Disadvantages of Nonparametric Tests 558
The Chi-Square Test 559
Other Nonparametric Tests 561
Intrepretation of Causal Comparative Findings 561
The Causal-Comparative Method and Correlation 563
Mistakes Sometimes Made in Doing Causal-Comparative
Research 565
Annotated References 565
14. Exploring Relationships Between Variables: The Correlational
Method 571
The Nature of Correlation 572
Correlation and Causality 574
Advantages and Uses of the Correlational Method 575
Planning a Relationship Study 576
The Basic Research Design 576
Limitations of the Relationship Study 580
Planning a Prediction Study 581
Types of Prediction Studies 581
The Basic Research Design 582
Bivariate Correlational Statistics 585
Product-Moment Correlation, r 586
Correlation of Rank Scores 586
Correlation of Dichotomous Scores 588
The Contingency Coefficient, C 590
Scattergrams and Correlation Ratio, t\ 590
Adjustments to the Correlation Coefficient 593
Correction for Attenuation 593
Correction for Restriction in Range 594
Partial Correlation 594
Multivariate Correlational Statistics 596
Multiple Regression 596
xvi CONTENTS
Discriminant Analysis 603
Canonical Correlation 604
Path Analysis 606
The Correlation Matrix and Factor Analysis 613
Differential Analysis 617
Statistical Factors in Prediction Research 621
Interpretation of Correlation Coefficients 622
Statistical and Practical Significance of Correlational Data 622
Interpreting Magnitude of Correlation Coefficients 623
Mistakes Sometimes Made in Doing Correlational Research 624
Annotated References 625
15. Experimental Designs: Part 1 631
Internal and External Validity of Experiments 634
Holding Variables Constant 634
Generalizability of Findings 638
Representative Design 643
Experimenter Bias 645
Strong Versus Weak Experimental Treatments 648
Experimental Designs and Statistical Analysis Techniques 649
Random Selection and Random Assignment 649
Single-Group Designs 656
The One-Shot Case Study 656
One-Group Pretest-Posttest Design 657
Time-Series Design 660
Control-Group Designs with Random Assignment 663
Pretest-Posttest Control-Group Design 664
Pretest-Posttest Control-Group Design with Matching 668
Posttest-Only Control-Group Design 670
Multiple Treatment Design 671
Mistakes Sometimes Made in Conducting Experiments 674
Annotated References 675
16. Experimental Designs: Part 2 679
Quasi-Experimental Designs 680
Static-Group Comparison Design 680
Nonequivalent Control-Group Design 682
Factorial Designs 685
Solomon Four-Group Design 691
Types of Treatment Variables 696
Aptitude-Treatment Interaction Research 697
Counterbalanced Experiments 703
Contents xvii
Variation in Factorial Designs 705
Single-Subject Designs 706
General Design Considerations 709
A-B-A Designs 711
Multiple-Baseline Designs 714
Statistical Analysis of Single-Subject Data 716
External Validity 717
Choosing between Multisubject and Single-Subject
Designs 718
Other Experimental Designs 719
Measurement of Change 720
Mistakes Sometimes Made in Conducting Experiments 726
Annotated References 726
17. Evaluation Research 732
The Nature and Purpose of Educational Evaluation 733
Trends in Educational Evaluation 734
Educational Evaluation and Educational Research 737
Judging the Quality of Educational Evaluation 738
Program Delineation and Analysis 742
The "Objects" of Evaluation 742
Goals, Resources, Procedures, and Management 743
Evaluation Models 747
Evaluation of the Individual 747
Evaluation of Performance Relative to Objectives 747
Evaluation to Assist Decision-Making 748
Evaluation to Identify Issues and Concerns 750
Adversary Evaluation 752
Types of Evaluation Research 753
Needs Assessment 753
Formative and Summative Evaluation 758
Responsive Evaluation 764
Mistakes Sometimes Made in Doing Evaluation Research 766
Annotated References 766
18. Educational Research and Development 771
What Is Educational Research and Development? 772
The R D Cycle 774
Product Selection 776
Literature Review 777
Planning 779
xviii CONTENTS
Development of the Preliminary Form of the Product 781
Preliminary Field Test and Product Revision 782
Main Field Test and Product Revision 783
Operational Field Test and Final Product Revision 784
Dissemination and Implementation 786
Problems and Issues in Educational R D 789
Learning Versus Polish 789
Realism Versus Pertinence 790
Other Lessons 791
An Example of Small-Scale R D 792
Annotated References 795
19. Techniques of Historical Research 799
Introduction 800
The Subject Matter of Historical Research 801
The Uses of History 802
Steps in Doing Historical Research 803
Defining a Problem or Topic for Historical Research 804
Searching for Historical Sources 806
Types of Historical Sources 806
A Tentative Search Plan 808
Preliminary Sources 808
Secondary Sources 810
Primary Sources 810
Recording Information from Historical Sources 811
Note Taking and Photocopying 812
Summarizing Quantitative Data 813
Evaluation of Historical Sources 814
External Criticism 815
Internal Criticism 817
Interpretation in Historical Research 819
The Historian as Interpreter 819
Use of Concepts to Interpret Historical Information 822
Causal Inference in Historical Research 823
Generalizing from Historical Evidence 824
Writing the Historical Research Dissertation 825
Examples of Historical Research in Education 826
Origins of the Intelligence-Testing Movement 826
Antecedents of Village High Schools in Alaska 828
Mistakes Sometimes Made in Historical Research 830
Annotated References 830
Contents xjx
PART V. DATA PROCESSING AND REPORTING 837
20. Processing Research Data 839
Scoring of Tests and Other Measures 840
Steps in Scoring Standard Tests 840
Machine Scoring of Standard Tests 841
Scoring Unstructured or Self-Developed Measures 842
Recording Data for Statistical Analysis 843
Hand Data Cards 843
Computer Recording Forms and IBM Cards 844
Data Grids 847
I.D. Codes 848
Use of the Computer and Calculator in Data Processing 849
The Computer as a Data Processing Tool 849
Choosing between Data Processing Tools 852
Checking Data Analyses for Accuracy 854
Storing Research Data 854
Mistakes Sometimes Made in Processing Data 855
Annotated References 855
21. Preparing the Research Report 859
The Thesis or Dissertation 860
Stylistic Considerations 860
Preliminary Materials 863
The Introductory Chapter 864
Review of the Literature 864
Research Procedures 866
Research Findings 868
Summary and Discussion 870
Reference Materials 871
Preparing a Journal Article 872
Preparing a Paper for a Professional Meeting 876
Mistakes Sometimes Made in Preparing Research Reports 877
Annotated References 877
Self-Check Test Answers 881
Sample Answers to Application Problems 882
xx CONTENTS
Appendixes
A. ERIC Network Components 901
B. Research Article Evaluation 903
C. Table of Random Numbers 905
D. Normalized Biserial Correlation Table 908
E. Examples of Unobtrusive Measures 909
F. Test Collection Bibliographies 911
Name Index 915
Subject Index 920
Suggestion Sheet Back end-paper |
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Borg, Walter R. Gall, Meredith D. |
| author_facet | Borg, Walter R. Gall, Meredith D. |
| author_role | aut aut |
| author_sort | Borg, Walter R. |
| author_variant | w r b wr wrb m d g md mdg |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV003678937 |
| callnumber-first | L - Education |
| callnumber-label | LB1028 |
| callnumber-raw | LB1028 |
| callnumber-search | LB1028 |
| callnumber-sort | LB 41028 |
| callnumber-subject | LB - Theory and Practice of Education |
| classification_rvk | DF 2000 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)8930978 (DE-599)BVBBV003678937 |
| dewey-full | 370/.7/8 |
| dewey-hundreds | 300 - Social sciences |
| dewey-ones | 370 - Education |
| dewey-raw | 370/.7/8 |
| dewey-search | 370/.7/8 |
| dewey-sort | 3370 17 18 |
| dewey-tens | 370 - Education |
| discipline | Pädagogik |
| edition | 4. ed. |
| format | Book |
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| genre | (DE-588)4151278-9 Einführung gnd-content |
| genre_facet | Einführung |
| id | DE-604.BV003678937 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-20T06:20:51Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 0582282462 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-002340617 |
| oclc_num | 8930978 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-384 DE-29 DE-188 |
| owner_facet | DE-384 DE-29 DE-188 |
| physical | XXXIII, 936 S. graph. Darst. |
| publishDate | 1983 |
| publishDateSearch | 1983 |
| publishDateSort | 1983 |
| publisher | Longman |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Borg, Walter R. Verfasser aut Educational research an introd. Walter R. Borg ; Meredith Damien Gall 4. ed. New York u.a. Longman 1983 XXXIII, 936 S. graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Éducation - Recherche Erziehung Education Research Methode (DE-588)4038971-6 gnd rswk-swf Forschung (DE-588)4017894-8 gnd rswk-swf Pädagogik (DE-588)4044302-4 gnd rswk-swf Forschungsmethode (DE-588)4155046-8 gnd rswk-swf (DE-588)4151278-9 Einführung gnd-content Pädagogik (DE-588)4044302-4 s Forschung (DE-588)4017894-8 s DE-604 Methode (DE-588)4038971-6 s 1\p DE-604 Forschungsmethode (DE-588)4155046-8 s 2\p DE-604 Gall, Meredith D. Verfasser aut HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=002340617&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis 1\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk 2\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk |
| spellingShingle | Borg, Walter R. Gall, Meredith D. Educational research an introd. Éducation - Recherche Erziehung Education Research Methode (DE-588)4038971-6 gnd Forschung (DE-588)4017894-8 gnd Pädagogik (DE-588)4044302-4 gnd Forschungsmethode (DE-588)4155046-8 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4038971-6 (DE-588)4017894-8 (DE-588)4044302-4 (DE-588)4155046-8 (DE-588)4151278-9 |
| title | Educational research an introd. |
| title_auth | Educational research an introd. |
| title_exact_search | Educational research an introd. |
| title_full | Educational research an introd. Walter R. Borg ; Meredith Damien Gall |
| title_fullStr | Educational research an introd. Walter R. Borg ; Meredith Damien Gall |
| title_full_unstemmed | Educational research an introd. Walter R. Borg ; Meredith Damien Gall |
| title_short | Educational research |
| title_sort | educational research an introd |
| title_sub | an introd. |
| topic | Éducation - Recherche Erziehung Education Research Methode (DE-588)4038971-6 gnd Forschung (DE-588)4017894-8 gnd Pädagogik (DE-588)4044302-4 gnd Forschungsmethode (DE-588)4155046-8 gnd |
| topic_facet | Éducation - Recherche Erziehung Education Research Methode Forschung Pädagogik Forschungsmethode Einführung |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=002340617&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT borgwalterr educationalresearchanintrod AT gallmeredithd educationalresearchanintrod |