Applied statistics for the behavioral sciences:
Gespeichert in:
Hauptverfasser: | , , |
---|---|
Format: | Buch |
Sprache: | English |
Veröffentlicht: |
Chicago, Ill.
Rand MacNally
1979
|
Schlagworte: | |
Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
Beschreibung: | XIV, 489 S. graph. Darst. |
ISBN: | 0528620355 |
Internformat
MARC
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100 | 1 | |a Hinkle, Dennis E. |e Verfasser |4 aut | |
245 | 1 | 0 | |a Applied statistics for the behavioral sciences |c Dennis E. Hinkle ; William Wiersma ; Stephen G. Jurs |
264 | 1 | |a Chicago, Ill. |b Rand MacNally |c 1979 | |
300 | |a XIV, 489 S. |b graph. Darst. | ||
336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
650 | 4 | |a Sciences sociales - Méthodes statistiques | |
650 | 4 | |a Statistique | |
650 | 4 | |a Sozialwissenschaften | |
650 | 4 | |a Statistik | |
650 | 4 | |a Social sciences |x Statistical methods | |
650 | 4 | |a Statistics | |
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700 | 1 | |a Wiersma, William |e Verfasser |4 aut | |
700 | 1 | |a Jurs, Stephen G. |e Verfasser |4 aut | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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adam_text | Contents
Preface xiii
1 Introduction 2
Meaning of Statistics 2
Role of Statistics 3
Variables 4
A Hierarchy of Measurement Scales 5
Nominal Scale 6
Ordinal Scale 7
Interval Scale 7
Ratio Scale 8
Populations and Samples 8
Descriptive Statistics and Inferential Statistics 9
Summary 11
2 Organizing Data for Meaningful Representation 12
Frequency Distributions 12
Graphic Representation of Frequency Distributions 18
Differences in the Shapes of Frequency Distributions 20
Percentiles 21
Cumulative Frequency Distribution and Percentiles 23
Percentile Rank 25
Summary 29
Exercises 30
3 Describing Distributions: Measures of Central Tendency
and Dispersion 32
Summation Notation and Operation 33
Measures of Central Tendency 34
Mode 35
vi Contents
Median 36
Mean 37
Comparison of the Mode, the Median, and the Mean 39
The Mean of Combined Groups 41
Measures of Dispersion 42
Range 42
The Semi Interquartile Range 43
Standard Deviation 46
Summary 47
Exercises 47
4 Standard Scores and the Normal Curve 50
Standard Scores 50
Computing Standard Scores 52
Properties of Standard Scores 53
The Normal Curve 57
The Standard Normal Curve 60
Using the Standard Normal Curve 61
Summary 66
Exercises 67
5 Correlation: The Measure of Relationship 70
The Correlation Coefficient and the Meaning of Correlation 71
Direction and Magnitude of the Relationship 72
Computing the Correlation Coefficient 75
Computational Formula for r 77
Factors Affecting the Size of the Pearson r 79
Linearity 79
Homogeneity of the Group 82
Size of the Group 84
Interpretation of the Correlation Coefficient 84
The Scale of r 84
Interpreting r in Terms of Variance 85
Correlation and Causality 87
Summary 88
Exercises 88
6 Types of Correlation Coefficients 92
Scales of Measurement 92
Nominal—Discrete Dichotomy 92
Nominal—Continuous Dichotomy 93
Ordinal 93
Interval or Ratio 94
Appropriate Correlation Coefficients for Various Combinations
of Scales 95
Contents vii
Pearson Product Moment Correlation Coefficients 96
Point Biserial 97
Phi 99
Spearman Rho (p) 101
Non Product Moment Coefficient 104
The Contingency Coefficient [C] 104
Kendall s Tau (t) 104
Biserial Coefficient 105
Tetrachoric Coefficient 108
Rank Biserial Coefficient 110
Undefined Correlation Coefficients 111
Coefficient of Nonlinear Relationship Between Two Variables 112
Eta (¦ ]) or Correlation Ratio 112
Summary 116
Exercises 117
7 Introduction to Inferential Statistics: Part I 120
Role of Sampling in Inferential Statistics 120
Random Sampling Methods 121
Role of Probability in Inferential Statistics 125
Probability and the Concept of the Underlying Distribution 127
The Normal Curve as an Underlying Distribution 128
The Underlying Distribution of the Sample Mean 130
Hypothesis Testing 132
Testing Hypotheses When Population Characteristics Are Unknown 132
The Underlying Distribution of Sample Means When a is Unknown 133
Stating Hypotheses 137
Testing the Example Hypotheses (ja = 90 and p. = 68) 138
Level of Significance 142
Estimation of a Parameter 142
Point Estimation 143
Interval Estimation 144
Summary 147
Exercises 148
8 Introduction to Inferential Statistics: Part II 150
Testing Hypotheses 150
Hypotheses: One Sample and Two Sample Case 152
Nondirectional Alternative Hypotheses 152
Directional Alternative Hypotheses 153
Errors in Hypothesis Testing and Interval Estimation 154
Type I and Type il Errors 154
Level of Significance 156
Region of Rejection: Nondirectional Alternative Hypotheses 159
Region of Rejection: Directional Alternative Hypotheses 163
Level of Confidence 165
viii Contents
Data Needed for Hypothesis Testing and Interval Estimation 167
Summary 169
Exercises 169
9 Hypothesis Testing: One Sample Case 172
Testing Ho: /* a 173
Testing Ho: p = a 176
Testing Ho: p = 0 187
Testing Ho: P = a 183
Testing Ho: a2 = a 187
The Chi square (x2) Distribution 188
Statistical Precision 191
Statistical Significance versus Practical Importance 192
Summary 194
Exercises 195
10 Hypothesis Testing: Two Sample Case 198
Assumptions for the Two Sample Case 199
Assumption of Independent Samples 199
Assumption of Homogeneity of Variance 202
Testing Ho: nt = /i2 202
Testing Ho: jux = tx2 When ot2 = a22 209
Testing Ho; Ju1 = /i2—Dependent Samples 211
Testing h0: Pt = P2—Independent Samples 216
Testing Ho: Px = P2—Dependent Samples 219
Testing Ho: px = p2—Independent Samples 223
Testing Ho: p1 = p2—Dependent Samples 226
Testing Ho: jj2 = a22—Independent Samples 228
One Tailed Test 232
Testing Ho: c^2 = a22—Dependent Samples 232
Statistical Significance vs. Practical Importance: A Return
to Reality 234
Summary 235
Exercises 239
11 Hypothesis Testing: k—Sample Case
Analysis of Variance—One Way Classification 242
Problems with Multiple f Tests 242
The Variables in ANOVA 244
Concepts Underlying ANOVA 245
Intuitive Approach to Partitioning the Variation 245
The Linear Model 249
Partitioning the Sum of Squares 250
Two Estimates of The Population Variance 252
Contents ix
Testing the Null Hypothesis 254
Expected Mean Square Between: E(MSB) 254
Expected Mean Square Within: E(MSW) 255
The F Ratio 255
Summary Table for ANOVA 256
Computational Formulas for Sums of Squares 256
Assumptions Underlying the Analysis of Variance 260
Consequence of Violating the Assumptions 261
The Relationship of ANOVA to the f Test 262
Summary 264
Exercises 265
12 Multiple Comparison Procedures 268
Post Hoc Multiple Comparison Tests 269
Type I Error Rates 270
The Tukey Method 272
The Newman Keuls Method 273
Comparison of the Tukey and Newman Keuls Methods 275
Post Hoc Test for Unequal n 275
The Scheffe Method 276
The Scheffe Method for Pair Wise Comparisons 276
A Priori Planned Tests 280
Planned Orthogonal Contrasts 280
Relationship of Orthogonal Contrasts and the Between Sum
of Sauares (SSB) 283
One Tailed Test Using Orthogonal Contrasts 285
Trend Analysis 285
Orthogonal Polynomials: Contrasts Used in Trend Analysis 288
Summary 291
Exercises 292
13 Analysis of Variance—Two Way Classification 296
Factorial Design 296
Advantages of a Factorial Design 297
The Variables in Two Way ANOVA 299
Partitioning the Variation in a Two Factor Design 300
Partitioning The Sum of Squares 302
Testing the Null Hypothesis 304
Computational Formulas for Sums of Squares 305
The Meaning of the Main Effects 310
The Meaning of Interaction 311
Reduction of Error Variance in Two Way ANOVA 313
Assumptions of Two Way ANOVA 315
The Linear Model 316
Models for ANOVA, Two Way Classification 317
Expected Mean Squares for the ANOVA Models 318
x Contents
Multiple Comparison Procedures for Two Way ANOVA 320
Two Way ANOVA with Disproportionate Cell Frequencies 322
Summary 326
Exercises 328
14 Selected Nonparametric Tests of Significance 332
The X2 Distributions 333
The Critical Values of the x2 Distributions 337
Nominal Data: One Sample Case 338
Nominal Data: Two Sample Case 340
Determination of the Expected Frequencies 341
Determination of the Degrees of Freedom 342
The 2x4 Contingency Table 343
The 2x2 Contingency Table 344
Nominal Data: Ic Sample Case 346
Small Expected Frequencies in Contingency Tables 348
The Contingency Coefficient 349
Nominal Data: Two Sample Case—Dependent Samples 350
Ordinal Data: Two Sample Case 352
The Median Test 352
The Mann Whitney U Test 354
Ordinal Data: Ic Sample Case 357
Tied Ranks 359
Ordinal Data: Two Sample Case—Dependent Samples 359
Summary 362
Exercises 364
15 Linear Regression: Prediction and Estimation 368
Concepts of Prediction 368
The Predictive Relationship Between Two Variables 370
Determining the Regression Line 372
The Second Regression Line 375
Predicted Scores and Their Distributions 377
Errors in Prediction 379
The Estimated Standard Error of Prediction 379
Assumptions Underlying the Regression Line 380
The Relationships of Correlation and Prediction 382
Partitioning the Variance of the Predicted Variable (Y) 382
Correlation and the Regression Coefficients 384
Probability Associated with Regression and Prediction 386
Confidence Intervals in Prediction 388
Summary 389
Exercises 390
Contents xi
16 Multiple Correlation and Prediction 394
Concepts of Multiple Prediction 394
The Geometry of Multiple Prediction 395
Multiple Prediction in Standard Score Form 397
Characteristics of Multiple R 400
The Standard Error of Estimate 401
Selecting Predictor Variables 402
The Suppressor Variable 402
Number of Predictor Variables 403
Empirical Procedures for Selecting Predictor Variables 404
The Use of Multiple R in Inferential Statistics 406
Testing the Difference Between Two Multiple R s 407
Multiple Regression and ANOVA 408
Part and Partial Correlation 411
Summary 413
17 Introduction to Multivariate Statistics 414
Canonical Correlation 415
Conceptual Meaning of a Trait or Construct 416
Constructs and Canonical Correlation 416
Canonical Variates and Canonical Weights 417
Comments on the Computation of Canonical Correlation 418
Multivariate Analysis of Variance (MANOVA) 421
Underlying Concepts of MANOVA 421
Information Obtained from a MANOVA 424
Factor Analysis 431
Geometrical Concepts 433
The Concept of Communality 435
Types of Factors 436
Uses of Factor Analysis 436
Summary 440
Answers to Selected Exercises 442
Appendix A 452
Appendix B 464
Bibliography 482
Index 485
|
any_adam_object | 1 |
author | Hinkle, Dennis E. Wiersma, William Jurs, Stephen G. |
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dewey-ones | 519 - Probabilities and applied mathematics |
dewey-raw | 519.5 |
dewey-search | 519.5 |
dewey-sort | 3519.5 |
dewey-tens | 510 - Mathematics |
discipline | Soziologie Psychologie Mathematik Wirtschaftswissenschaften |
format | Book |
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language | English |
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spelling | Hinkle, Dennis E. Verfasser aut Applied statistics for the behavioral sciences Dennis E. Hinkle ; William Wiersma ; Stephen G. Jurs Chicago, Ill. Rand MacNally 1979 XIV, 489 S. graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Sciences sociales - Méthodes statistiques Statistique Sozialwissenschaften Statistik Social sciences Statistical methods Statistics Statistik (DE-588)4056995-0 gnd rswk-swf Soziologie (DE-588)4077624-4 gnd rswk-swf (DE-588)4151278-9 Einführung gnd-content Statistik (DE-588)4056995-0 s DE-604 Soziologie (DE-588)4077624-4 s Wiersma, William Verfasser aut Jurs, Stephen G. Verfasser aut HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=002287380&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
spellingShingle | Hinkle, Dennis E. Wiersma, William Jurs, Stephen G. Applied statistics for the behavioral sciences Sciences sociales - Méthodes statistiques Statistique Sozialwissenschaften Statistik Social sciences Statistical methods Statistics Statistik (DE-588)4056995-0 gnd Soziologie (DE-588)4077624-4 gnd |
subject_GND | (DE-588)4056995-0 (DE-588)4077624-4 (DE-588)4151278-9 |
title | Applied statistics for the behavioral sciences |
title_auth | Applied statistics for the behavioral sciences |
title_exact_search | Applied statistics for the behavioral sciences |
title_full | Applied statistics for the behavioral sciences Dennis E. Hinkle ; William Wiersma ; Stephen G. Jurs |
title_fullStr | Applied statistics for the behavioral sciences Dennis E. Hinkle ; William Wiersma ; Stephen G. Jurs |
title_full_unstemmed | Applied statistics for the behavioral sciences Dennis E. Hinkle ; William Wiersma ; Stephen G. Jurs |
title_short | Applied statistics for the behavioral sciences |
title_sort | applied statistics for the behavioral sciences |
topic | Sciences sociales - Méthodes statistiques Statistique Sozialwissenschaften Statistik Social sciences Statistical methods Statistics Statistik (DE-588)4056995-0 gnd Soziologie (DE-588)4077624-4 gnd |
topic_facet | Sciences sociales - Méthodes statistiques Statistique Sozialwissenschaften Statistik Social sciences Statistical methods Statistics Soziologie Einführung |
url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=002287380&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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