English grammar: principles and facts
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Englewood Cliffs, N.J.
Prentice-Hall
1989
|
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | X, 358 S. graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 0132809672 |
Internformat
MARC
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| 100 | 1 | |a Kaplan, Jeffrey P. |e Verfasser |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a English grammar |b principles and facts |c Jeffrey P. Kaplan |
| 264 | 1 | |a Englewood Cliffs, N.J. |b Prentice-Hall |c 1989 | |
| 300 | |a X, 358 S. |b graph. Darst. | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
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| 650 | 4 | |a Englisch | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Grammatik | |
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| 650 | 4 | |a English language |x Grammar, Generative | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804117899385765888 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | CONTENTS
A NOTE TO STUDENTS
ix
A NOTE TO INSTRUCTORS
χ
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
χ
Chapter One
SOME WAYS OF THINKING ABOUT GRAMMAR
1
Prescriptive vs. Descriptive Grammar
1
Prescriptive Grammar
1
Descriptive Grammar
3
Anything goes.
—
BUT
4
Variation in English
8
The Dimensions of Variation
10
Variation in space (geographical dialects)
10
Variation by social
group
11
Variation in individual style
18
The Effects of Prescriptivism
20
Different Attitudes Toward Different Types of Variation
20
How Prescriptivism Can Hurt
22
A More Rational Approach
23
Language Changes
23
Vocabulary and Meaning Change
24
Grammatical Change
24
Pronunciation Change
25
The Significance of Variation and Change
26
Other Senses for Grammar
26
iv Contents
A
Global Sense
for Grammar
27
A Narrow Sense for Grammar : Morphology and Syntax
28
Morphology
28
Syntax
29
Writing
31
Some Basic Notions of Semantics
32
Chapter Two
THE STRUCTURE OF ENGLISH SOUND
36
The Frustrations of English Spelling
36
The Reasons for Unphonetic Spelling
38
Why Not Spelling Reform?
39
Phonetics
41
Articulatory Phonetics
42
Point of articulation
44
Manner of articulation
48
Phonological Rules: Sound Adjustments
to Environment
53
Abstract and Surface Phonological Representations
57
Optional Phonological Rules
58
Notation for Phonological Rules
63
SUPRASEGMENTALS
Stress
65
Intonation
66
Tonic syllable
67
Chapter Three
THE STRUCTURE OF ENGLISH WORDS
71
Types of Morphemes
72
Bound and Free Morphemes
72
Roots, Stems and Affixes
73
Lexical and Grammatical Morphemes
74
Inflection and Derivation
77
Domain size difference between inflectional
and derivational morphemes
77
Productivity
79
Some Important Derivational Morphemes
80
The Hierarchical Structure of Words
81
Categories Within Words
82
Ways of Forming New Words
84
Compounding
84
Acronyms
86
Brand Names
86
Blends
86
Morphological Reanalysis
86
Contents
Functional Shift (Zero-Derivation)
86
Extending the Domain of Derivational Morphemes
87
Idioms
87
How Languages Differ Morphologically
88
The Pronunciation of Morphemes
92
A Formal Description
92
Other Regular Phonological Rules for Allomorphs
95
Assimilation of Nasals
97
From Productive Rules to Irregular Allomorphs
99
Another Kind of Irregularity
101
Chapter Four
PARTS OF SPEECH
105
Major and Minor Classes
106
Major Classes
107
Nouns and Verbs
107
Problems with the traditional definitions of noun and
verb
108
Grammatical characterizations of noun
109
Grammatical characterizations of verb 111
Adjectives
113
Grammatical characterizations of adjectives
115
Adverbs
116
The traditional definition of adverbs
116
Grammatical characterization of adverbs
117
Different kinds of adverbs
118
Minor Classes
126
Articles and Demonstratives: Determiners
127
Articles
127
Demonstratives
128
Quantifiers
128
Auxiliaries
129
The infinitive marker to
130
Participles and Gerunds
131
Participles
131
Gerunds
135
Conjunctions
136
Coordinate conjunctions
136
Subordinate conjunctions
142
Pronouns
144
First and second person pronouns
145
Other kinds of
pronouns
147
Pro-words for other phrase types
149
Prepositions, Particles, and Two-Word Verbs
150
Prepositions
150
Particles and two-word verbs
151
The Negator: Not
153
The Existential Marker: There
153
vi
Contents
Discourse Connectives
154
Nongrammatical Word Classes
154
Chapter Five
NOUNS AND VERBS: SUBCLASSES AND FEATURES
156
Nouns: Subclasses and Features
156
Subclasses
156
Count and mass nouns
157
The
properi
common distinction
158
A note on semantic subclasses of nouns
159
Features
160
Person
160
Number
160
Gender
162
Case
164
Definiteness
and specificity
166
Verbs: Subclasses and Features
168
Transitivity
168
Voice: Active, Passive, Middle
170
Mood, Tense, and Aspect
172
Mood
172
Tense
173
Aspect
177
Form and meaning in English
tense and aspect
182
Perfect expressions
186
Chapter Six
PHRASE STRUCTURE
190
What Is Phrase Structure?
190
How
то
Determine Phrase Structure
191
Conjoinability
194
Movement
196
Antecedent for a Pro-form
198
Phrasal Categories
199
A Notation for Phrase Structure
200
Trees and Functions
201
Trees and Ambiguity
202
Canonical and Non-canonical Sentence Form
203
Internal Structure of Major Phrase Types
204
Some details of NPs
204
Head nouns
204
ÑP-internal
structures
206
Ñ s
206
Pre-N
elements
213
Summary of NP Possibilities
216
Verb Phrases
217
Auxiliary verbs
218
Some Special Varieties of Canonical Sentences
223
Passives
223
Indirect Object Constructions
226
Cleft Constructions
227
Phrasal Verbs
228
Contents
vii
NON-CANONICAL
SENTENCES
230
Negation
230
Questions
232
Yes-No questions
232
Wh- questions
233
Tag questions
236
Imperatives
238
Preposing
239
Inversion Constructions
239
Existential There Sentences
240
Chapter Seven
GRAMMATICAL RELATIONS
242
Subjects
242
Subjects as Topics
244
Sentence topic or discourse topic?
245
Subject as Agent
247
Grammatical Properties of Subject NPs
250
Subject as governor of verb agreement
251
Subject as antecedent for tag pronoun
252
Logical and Superficial Subjects
253
Direct Objects
254
Grammatical Characteristics of Direct Object NPs
256
Indirect Objects
259
Post-verbal NPs: Direct Object or Indirect Object?
261
Minor Grammatical Relations
263
Predicate Nominative
263
Object Complements
263
A Note on Objects of Prepositions
264
Chapter Eight
COMPLEX SENTENCES
267
Embedded Sentences with Ordinary Sentence Form
268
Coordination
268
Sentence-Adverbial Phrases
269
Embedded Clauses Functioning as Subject and Direct Object
270
Extraposition of sentential subjects
273
Noun-complement Clauses
274
Adjective-complement Clauses
277
Reduced Sentences: Infinitives and Gerunds
277
Infinitive Constructions with Subject Deletion
280
Infinitives after adjectives and verb-like NPs
283
Subjectless infinitives governed by main-sentence objects
286
Another kind of infinitive structure
289
Tough- infinitives
292
Gerunds
294
viii Contents
Aspects of Meaning in Complement Clauses
295
The Choice Between Infinitive and Gerund
295
Factives and Implicatives
297
Factives
297
Implicatives
299
Chapter Nine
RELATIVE CLAUSES AND PARTICIPLES
301
Relative Clauses
301
Relative Clauses with Gaps
304
The Grammatical Relations of the NP Containing
a Relative Clause
307
The Grammatical Relations of the Relative Pronoun
307
Headless relative clauses
308
Relative Pronoun Choice
310
Relative Pronoun Deletion
311
Distinguishing Relative Clauses from that
S
Constructions
311
Nonrestrictive Relative Clauses
313
Appositives
314
Participles
315
Nonrestrictive Participle Constructions
317
Participle Movement
319
Restrictive Participle Expressions Not Related
to Relative Clauses
320
Noun Complement Participle Constructions
321
Absolutes
322
Chapter Ten
ANAPHORA
328
An Overview of Pronoun-like Words (Anaphors)
330
Anaphoric and Non-anaphoric Pro-forms
332
Ordinary vs. Reflexive Pronouns
332
Anaphora to a Following Antecedent
334
Anaphors Preceding Antecedents in Conjoined Structures
336
Anaphora to VPs
338
Inverted
50 339
Zero Anaphora (ellipsis)
342
Comparison
344
The structure of comparative sentences
345
Comparative complement sentences
347
Definite NPs as Anaphors
348
INDEX
350
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Kaplan, Jeffrey P. |
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| dewey-ones | 428 - Standard English usage |
| dewey-raw | 428.2 |
| dewey-search | 428.2 |
| dewey-sort | 3428.2 |
| dewey-tens | 420 - English & Old English (Anglo-Saxon) |
| discipline | Anglistik / Amerikanistik |
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| isbn | 0132809672 |
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| spelling | Kaplan, Jeffrey P. Verfasser aut English grammar principles and facts Jeffrey P. Kaplan Englewood Cliffs, N.J. Prentice-Hall 1989 X, 358 S. graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Englisch Grammatik English language Grammar English language Grammar, Generative Englisch (DE-588)4014777-0 gnd rswk-swf Grammatiktheorie (DE-588)4140778-7 gnd rswk-swf (DE-588)4151278-9 Einführung gnd-content Grammatiktheorie (DE-588)4140778-7 s Englisch (DE-588)4014777-0 s DE-604 Digitalisierung UB Passau application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=002257236&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Kaplan, Jeffrey P. English grammar principles and facts Englisch Grammatik English language Grammar English language Grammar, Generative Englisch (DE-588)4014777-0 gnd Grammatiktheorie (DE-588)4140778-7 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4014777-0 (DE-588)4140778-7 (DE-588)4151278-9 |
| title | English grammar principles and facts |
| title_auth | English grammar principles and facts |
| title_exact_search | English grammar principles and facts |
| title_full | English grammar principles and facts Jeffrey P. Kaplan |
| title_fullStr | English grammar principles and facts Jeffrey P. Kaplan |
| title_full_unstemmed | English grammar principles and facts Jeffrey P. Kaplan |
| title_short | English grammar |
| title_sort | english grammar principles and facts |
| title_sub | principles and facts |
| topic | Englisch Grammatik English language Grammar English language Grammar, Generative Englisch (DE-588)4014777-0 gnd Grammatiktheorie (DE-588)4140778-7 gnd |
| topic_facet | Englisch Grammatik English language Grammar English language Grammar, Generative Grammatiktheorie Einführung |
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