Surface temperature and sea ice of an arctic polynya: north water in winter ; Canadian and Greenlandic high Arctic
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Abschlussarbeit Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Zürich
Geogr. Inst., ETH
1985
|
| Schriftenreihe: | Zürcher geographische Schriften
19 |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | Zsfassung in dt. u. franz. Sprache |
| Beschreibung: | XII, 193 S. graph. Darst., Kjt. |
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Surface temperature and sea ice of an arctic polynya |b north water in winter ; Canadian and Greenlandic high Arctic |
| 264 | 1 | |a Zürich |b Geogr. Inst., ETH |c 1985 | |
| 300 | |a XII, 193 S. |b graph. Darst., Kjt. | ||
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| 490 | 1 | |a Zürcher geographische Schriften |v 19 | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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| adam_text | Titel: Surface temperature and sea ice of an arctic polynya: north water in winter
Autor: Steffen, Konrad
Jahr: 1985
Content - iii -
Table of Contents
Preface..............................i
Table of Contents........................iii
List of Figures.........................vii
List of Tables..........................x
Acknowlegement.........................xi
1 INTRODUCTION........................ 1
1.1 The Polynya....................... 1
1.2 The North Water..................... 3
1.3 The North Water Project................. 5
2 PRESENTATION OF THE PROBLEM.............. 7
3 EVALUATION OF METHODS.................. 8
3.1 Introduction....................... 8
3.2 Satellite images...................... 9
3.2.1 DMSP satellites.................. 11
3.2.2 NOAA satellites.................. 13
3.2.3 Landsat satellites................. 15
3.2.4 Nimbus satellites................. 16
3.3 Airborne measurements.................. 18
3.3.1 Flight path.................... 19
4 METHOD AND INSTRUMENTATION............... 22
4.1 The Radiation Thermometer PRT-5............ 24
4.2 The Nightsun Searchlight SX-16............. 25
4.3 Aerial photographs.................... 27
4.4 The data logger ROAR-80................ 28
5 CALIBRATION OF THE RADIATION THERMOMETER PRT-5 ... 29
Content - iv -
6 RADIOMETRIC TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT......... 33
6.1 Definition and basic laws................. 33
6.2 Atmospheric attenuation................. 35
7 CORRECTION APPLIED TO INFRARED THERMOMETRY..... 37
7.1 Emissivity of natural surfaces.............. 37
7.1.1 Emissivity of water................ 38
7.1.2 Emissivity of ice.................. 41
7.1.3 Emissivity of snow................. 42
7.1.4 Emissivity of clouds................ 45
7.1.5 Correction for the emission difference....... 45
7.2 Multiple reflection.................... 49
7.2.1 Theory...................... 49
7.2.2 Temperature corrections for a water surface. ... 51
7.2.3 Temperature corrections for an ice surface .... 51
7.2.4 Temperature corrections for a snow surface .... 51
7.3 Absorption and emission of the atmosphere........ 54
7.3. 1 Radiation-active gases............... 54
7.3.2 Correction method................. 55
7.4 Accuracy of the PRT-5 measurements........... 59
8 DISTRIBUTION OF SURFACE TEMPERATURE.......... 60
8.1 Data processing..................... 60
8.1.1 Radiometric temperature measurements....... 60
8.1.2 Satellite images NOAA-VHRR............ 64
8.2 Data display; isotherm maps............... 65
8.3 Quantitative evaluation of the temperature distribution . . 80
8.3.1 Temperature increase from west to east...... 80
8.3.2 Areas with increased surface temperatures..... 80
9 WARM WATER OCCURRENCE.................. 82
9.1 Temperature range............ 32
9.2 Spatial distribution.............. 82
9.2.1 Barrow Strait/Lancaster Sound.......... 86
9.2.2 Lady Ann Strait.................. 86
9.2.3 Cape Alexander........... 88
9.2.4 Wolstenholme Island................ g3
Content - v -
10 AIR MASS MODIFICATION................... 95
10.1 Reference temperature.................. 95
10.2 Fast-ice area....................... 96
10.3 Pack-ice areas...................... 97
10.3.1 Northern Baffin Bay................ 97
10.3.2 Smith Sound.................... 98
11 ICE TYPES.......................... 100
11.1 Classification according to surface temperature...... 100
11.1.1 Ice thickness as a function of T and T ..... 100
s a
11.1.2 Influence of the snow cover............ 103
11.2 Visual vs thermal classification.............. 106
11.2.1 Test area..................... 106
11.2.2 Results...................... 107
11.2.3 Distribution maps................. 109
11.3 Distribution along the flight profile............ 115
11.3.1 Lancaster Sound.................. 115
11.3.2 Barrow Strait polynya............... 116
11.3.3 Smith Sound polynya............... 119
11.3.4 Lady Ann Strait polynya............. 122
12 INFLUENCE OF LARGE-SCALE WEATHER CONDITIONS..... 125
12.1 Pressure distribution................... 125
12.1.1 Long-term mean.................. 125
12.1.2 Large-scale weather conditions........... 128
12.2 Gradient and surface wind................ 130
12.2.1 Influence of the North Water........... 130
12.3 Wind studies....................... 132
12.3.1 Cape Sabine.................... 132
12.3.2 Port Foulke.................... 133
12.3.3 Carey Islands................... 134
13 CAUSES OF THE NORTH WATER............... 135
13.1 Scientific and historic background............ 135
13.1.1 Discovery of Baffin Bay.............. 135
13.1.2 Expeditions in the 19th century.......... 135
13.1.3 Oceanographic studies............... 137
Content - vi -
13.1.4 Study of the ice mechanics............ 140
13.2 Current hypotheses................... 141
13.2.1 Divergence.................... 141
13.2.2 Convection.................... 143
13.2.3 Summary..................... 146
14 APPENDIX I - EMSSIVITIES OF CLOUDS............148
14.1 Absorption and emission.................148
14.1.1 The radiative transfer...............148
14.1.2 Beer-Bouguer-Lambert law.............148
14.1.3 Schwarzschild s equation..............149
14.1.4 Absorption in the atmospheric window.......149
14.2 Determination of the coefficients.............151
14.2.1 Measurements...................151
14.2.2 Analysis of data..................151
14.2.3 Results......................152
15 APPENDIX II - SALINITY OF SEA ICE.............154
16 APPENDIX ni - AERIAL MEASUREMENTS............160
16.1 Surface temperature (TS)................160
16.2 Air temperature (TA)..................160
16.3 Temperature difference (TS-TA).............160
17 REFERENCES.........................175
18 ABSTRACT..........................185
19 ZUSAMMENFASSUNG......................188
20 RESUME...................... 191
|
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| language | English |
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| spelling | Steffen, Konrad 1952-2020 Verfasser (DE-588)1089194978 aut Oberflächentemperatur einer arktischen Polynya Surface temperature and sea ice of an arctic polynya north water in winter ; Canadian and Greenlandic high Arctic Zürich Geogr. Inst., ETH 1985 XII, 193 S. graph. Darst., Kjt. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Zürcher geographische Schriften 19 Zsfassung in dt. u. franz. Sprache Zugl.: Zürich, ETH, Diss., 1984 u.d.T.: Steffen, Konrad: Oberflächentemperatur einer arktischen Polynya Temperatur (DE-588)4059427-0 gnd rswk-swf Oberflächentemperatur (DE-588)4221269-8 gnd rswk-swf Winter (DE-588)4066326-7 gnd rswk-swf Polynja (DE-588)4123965-9 gnd rswk-swf Meereis (DE-588)4131349-5 gnd rswk-swf Baffinmeer (DE-588)4086258-6 gnd rswk-swf (DE-588)4113937-9 Hochschulschrift gnd-content Baffinmeer (DE-588)4086258-6 g Winter (DE-588)4066326-7 s Polynja (DE-588)4123965-9 s Oberflächentemperatur (DE-588)4221269-8 s DE-604 Temperatur (DE-588)4059427-0 s Meereis (DE-588)4131349-5 s Zürcher geographische Schriften 19 (DE-604)BV000016921 19 HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=002213201&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Steffen, Konrad 1952-2020 Surface temperature and sea ice of an arctic polynya north water in winter ; Canadian and Greenlandic high Arctic Zürcher geographische Schriften Temperatur (DE-588)4059427-0 gnd Oberflächentemperatur (DE-588)4221269-8 gnd Winter (DE-588)4066326-7 gnd Polynja (DE-588)4123965-9 gnd Meereis (DE-588)4131349-5 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4059427-0 (DE-588)4221269-8 (DE-588)4066326-7 (DE-588)4123965-9 (DE-588)4131349-5 (DE-588)4086258-6 (DE-588)4113937-9 |
| title | Surface temperature and sea ice of an arctic polynya north water in winter ; Canadian and Greenlandic high Arctic |
| title_alt | Oberflächentemperatur einer arktischen Polynya |
| title_auth | Surface temperature and sea ice of an arctic polynya north water in winter ; Canadian and Greenlandic high Arctic |
| title_exact_search | Surface temperature and sea ice of an arctic polynya north water in winter ; Canadian and Greenlandic high Arctic |
| title_full | Surface temperature and sea ice of an arctic polynya north water in winter ; Canadian and Greenlandic high Arctic |
| title_fullStr | Surface temperature and sea ice of an arctic polynya north water in winter ; Canadian and Greenlandic high Arctic |
| title_full_unstemmed | Surface temperature and sea ice of an arctic polynya north water in winter ; Canadian and Greenlandic high Arctic |
| title_short | Surface temperature and sea ice of an arctic polynya |
| title_sort | surface temperature and sea ice of an arctic polynya north water in winter canadian and greenlandic high arctic |
| title_sub | north water in winter ; Canadian and Greenlandic high Arctic |
| topic | Temperatur (DE-588)4059427-0 gnd Oberflächentemperatur (DE-588)4221269-8 gnd Winter (DE-588)4066326-7 gnd Polynja (DE-588)4123965-9 gnd Meereis (DE-588)4131349-5 gnd |
| topic_facet | Temperatur Oberflächentemperatur Winter Polynja Meereis Baffinmeer Hochschulschrift |
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