Survey of climatology:
Gespeichert in:
| Hauptverfasser: | , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Columbus u.a.
Merrill
1982
|
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | IX, 358 S. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. |
| ISBN: | 0675099943 |
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Survey of climatology |c John F. Griffiths ; Dennis M. Driscoll* |
| 264 | 1 | |a Columbus u.a. |b Merrill |c 1982 | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804117784127340544 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | Titel: Survey of climatology
Autor: Griffiths, John F.
Jahr: 1982
CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
1.1 What is climatology? 7
1.2 What are the elements of climate? 7
1.3 How have we learned about climatology?
1.4 What is required of the reader of this text?
RADIATION AND THE ENERGY BALANCE
2.1 Introduction 5
2.2 Solar radiation 5
2.2.1 General characteristics 5
2.2.2 Spatial and temporal variations of solar radia-
tion 6
2.3 The energy balance and net radiation 72
2.3.1 General considerations 12
2.3.2 Energy fluxes at the interface 15
2.3.3 Net radiation 17
2.3.4 Land versus water 17
2.3.5 Geographic and time variations of the energy bal-
ance components 79
TEMPERATURE AS A CLIMATIC
ELEMENT
3.1 Introduction 29
3.2 The physical basis of measurement and tempera-
ture 30
3.3 Temperature in terms of the energy balance equa-
tions 3t
3.4 Time variations of temperature 32
3.5 The spatial variation of temperature 39
3.6 Continentality 42
3.7 Other climatic aspects of temperature 44
CIRCULATION OF THE ATMOSPHERE
AND OCEANS
4.1 Introduction 57
4.2 Requirements for atmospheric and oceanic circula-
tion 52
4.2.1 Conservation of mass, heat and moisture 52
4.2.2 Redistribution of heat and moisture 52
4.2.3 Conservation of angular momentum 52
4.3 The basis of air movement 53
4.3.1 Forces affecting air movement 53
4.3.2 Rules for wind flow 55
4.3.3 The geostrophic approximation 55
4.3.4 The effects of friction 56
4.4 Convergence and divergence 59
4.5 Scales of atmospheric motion 60
4.6 Surface circulation 62
4.6.1 Fundamental considerations 62
4.6.2 Centers of action 65
4.6.3 Transient disturbances on the synoptic
scale 69
4.6.4 Climatological characteristics of transient distur-
bances 78
vii
vlU
CONTENTS
4.7 Upper-air circulation 84
4.7.1 The Hadley cells 84
4.7.2 The zonal circulations of extratropical lati-
tudes 85
4.8 Climatic influences of the oceans 95
4.8.1 The transfer of heat by ocean currents 96
4.8.2 Surface circulation and its climatic influ-
ences 98
MOISTURE ²Ã² THE ATMOSPHERE,
CLOUDS AMD PRECIPITATION
5.1 Introduction 703
5.2 Phase changes 103
5.3 Measures of water vapor 704
5.4 The hydrologie cycle 706
5.5 Global variations 70S
5.6 Evaporation 777
5.6.1 Measurement 772
5.6.2 Potential evapotranspiration 773
5.7 Water budgets 774
5.8 Clouds and precipitation 776
5.8.1 Cloud formation and vertical motion
5.8.2 Condensation 725
5.8.3 The formation of precipitation 726
5.8.4 Forms of precipitation 727
5.8.5 Characteristics of precipitation 727
776
ANALYTICAL METHODS IN
CLIMATOLOGY
6.1 Introduction 729
6.2 Definitions 730
6.3 Descriptive statistics 737
6.3.1 Numerical descriptors 737
6.3.2 Graphical descriptors 732
6.4 Probability 735
6.4.1 The binomial distribution 735
6.4.2 The normal distribution 737
6.4.3 The Poisson distribution 73?
6.4.4 Other theoretical distributions 740
6.5 Sampling and tests of statistical significance
6.5.1 Nonparametric tests 740
6.5.2 Parametric tests 742
6.6 Regression and correlation 744
6.6.1 Bivariate linear regression and
tion 745
6.6.2 Multivariate linear regression and
tion 746
6.7 Time series analysis 147
140
correla-
correla-
PATTERNS OF THE CLIMATIC ELEMENTS
7.1 Introduction 749
7.2 Temperature 749
7.2.1 Spatial patterns 757
7.2.2 Temporal patterns 757
7.3 Precipitation 757
7.3.1 Spatial patterns 757
7.3.2 Temporal patterns 762
7.3.3 Other aspects of hydrometeors
7.4 Air masses 772
7.5 Climate iterations 774
7.5.1 Temperature 776
7.5.2 Precipitation 778
7.5.3 Climatic types 780
7.6 Climatic extremes 180
7.6.1 Temperature 787
7.6.2 Precipitation 181
766
7.6.3 Other climatic extremes
783
8
CLIMATES OF MACROSCALE AREAS AND
THEIR CLASSIFICATION
8.1 Introduction 787
8.2 History of climate classification 787
8.3 Climate of the standard continent 790
8.3.1 Temperature zones 797
8.3.2 Precipitation zones 797
8.3.3 Topographic and shape effects 792
8.4 Classification requirements 792
8.5 Marine and continental climates 793
8.6 Koppen s classification 794
8.7 Thornthwaite s classification 797
8.8 Other important classifications 799
9
REGIONAL CLIMATES
9.1
9.2
9.3
9.4
Introduction 205
Hot, humid climates (A climates)
9.2.1 Hot, wet climate (Af) 206
9.2.2 Hot, short dry season (Am)
205
207
208
210
210
211
212
9.5
9.2.3 Hot, wet and dry seasons (Aw)
Dry climates (B climates) 209
9.3.1 Hot (low latitude) steppe (BSh)
9.3.2 Cold (mid-latitude) steppe (BSk)
9.3.3 Hot (low latitude) desert (BWh)
9.3.4 Cold (mid-latitude) desert (BWk)
Mid-latitude climates (C climates) 273
9.4.1 Mid-latitude, uniform precipitation, hot summer
(Cfa) 274
9.4.2 Mid-latitude, uniform precipitation, warm sum-
mer (Cfb) 275
9.4.3 Mid-latitude, uniform precipitation, cool summer
(Cfc) 276
9.4.4 Mid-latitude, dry winter, hot summer
(Cwa) 277
9.4.5 Mid-latitude, dry winter, warm summer
(Cwb) 278
9.4.6 Mid-latitude, dry and hot summer (Csa)
9.4.7 Mid-latitude, dry and warm
(Csb) 220
The high latitude climates (D climates) 227
9.5.1 High latitude, uniform precipitation, hot summer
(Dfa) 227
9.5.2 High latitude, uniform precipitation, warm sum-
mer (Dfb) 222
9.5.3 High latitude, uniform precipitation, cool summer
(Dfc) 224
279
summer
CONTENTS
ix
9.5.4 High latitude, uniform precipitation, extremely
cold winter (Dfd) 225
9.5.5 High latitude, dry summer (Ds) 226
9.5.6 High latitude, dry winter, hot summer
(Dwa) 227
9.5.7 High latitude, dry winter, warm summer
(Dwb) 227
9.5.8 High latitude, dry winter, cool summer
(Dwc) 228
9.5.9 High latitude, dry and extremely cold winter
(Dwd) 229
9.6 Cold climates (E climates) 229
9.6.1 Polar marine climate (EM) 230
9.6.2 Tundra climate (ET) 230
9.6.3 Frost climate (EF) 232
9.7 Highland climates (H climates) 232
10
SMALL-SCALE CLIMATES
10.1 Introduction 235
Mesoscale controls 235
10.2.1 Land-sea configuration
10.2.2 Topography 238
10.2.3 Lake effects 239
Microscale controls 239
10.3.1 Bare surface characteristics
10.3.2 Topography 242
10.3.3 Vegetation 243
10.3.4 Constructions 245
10.2
10.3
236
239
11
CLIMATIC CHANGES
11.1 Introduction 247
11.2 Assessing past climates 249
11.3 The Precambrian Era 257
11.4 The Paleozoic Era 252
11.5 The Mesozoic Era 254
11.6 The Tertiary Period 254
11.7 1.8 million years before present to 100,000 years before
present 255
11.8 100,000 to 10,000 years before present 256
11.9 10,000 to 1,000 years before present 258
11.10 The last 1000 years 259
11.11 The last 100 years 260
11.12 The suspected causes of climatic change 260
11.12.1 Solar output 267
11.12.2 The sun-earth path 263
11.12.3 Atmospheric composition 263
11.12.4 Surface changes 264
11.13 Modeling the climate 267
11.14 Forecasting future climates 269
12
SYNOPTIC CLIMATOLOGY
12.1 Introduction 277
12.2 Some aspects of synoptic meteorology
272
12.3
The synthesis of synoptic weather maps
12.3.1 Extratropical latitudes 274
12.3.2 The tropics 2è7
12.3.3 Upper-air patterns 285
12.4 Applications 293
274
13
CLIMATE, AGRICULTURE AND
FORESTRY
13.1 Introduction 299
13.2 Radiation and vegetation 299
13.3 Temperature and vegetation 307
13.4 Water and vegetation 302
13.4.1 Evaporation and evapotranspiration
303
13.4.2 Precipitation and drought
13.5 Phenology 304
13.6 Climate and crop yield 305
13.7 Atmospheric modification 308
13.7.1 Irrigation 308
13.7.2 Mulches 308
13.7.3 Shelterbelts 309
13.7.4 Freeze protection 370
13.7.5 Reduction of evaporation
13.7.6 Cloud seeding 377
13.8 Climate, plant diseases, and pests
13.9 Climate and livestock 373
13.10 Climate and forestry 374
304
310
377
14
CLIMATE, PEOPLE, AND ARCHITECTURE
14.1 Introduction 377
14.2 Human biometeorology 377
14.2.1 Direct effects of the atmosphere on peo-
ple 377
14.2.2 The body s heat balance 378
14.2.3 Indices of comfort 320
14.2.4 Clothing 322
14.2.5 Health 322
14.2.6 Food and diet 323
14.3 Buildings 324
14.3.1 Climatic variables and building design
14.3.2 Urban climates 327
324
15
CLIMATE AND TRANSPORT, ENERGY,
BUSINESS, AND LEISURE ACTIVITIES
15.1 Introduction 337
15.2 Travel and transport 331
15.2.1 Water 337
15.2.2 Road 333
15.2.3 Rail 335
15.2.4 Air 336
15.3 Power generation and transmission 337
15.4 Utilities 337
15.5 Industry 340
15.6 Commerce 342
15.7 Communications 346
15.8 Tourism 346
15.9 Recreation and entertainment 347
|
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| spelling | Griffiths, John F. Verfasser aut Survey of climatology John F. Griffiths ; Dennis M. Driscoll* Columbus u.a. Merrill 1982 IX, 358 S. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Climatologie Climatology Klimatologie (DE-588)4031178-8 gnd rswk-swf Klimatologie (DE-588)4031178-8 s DE-604 Driscoll, Dennis M. Verfasser aut HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=002174728&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Griffiths, John F. Driscoll, Dennis M. Survey of climatology Climatologie Climatology Klimatologie (DE-588)4031178-8 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4031178-8 |
| title | Survey of climatology |
| title_auth | Survey of climatology |
| title_exact_search | Survey of climatology |
| title_full | Survey of climatology John F. Griffiths ; Dennis M. Driscoll* |
| title_fullStr | Survey of climatology John F. Griffiths ; Dennis M. Driscoll* |
| title_full_unstemmed | Survey of climatology John F. Griffiths ; Dennis M. Driscoll* |
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