Explorations in social geography:
Gespeichert in:
| Hauptverfasser: | , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Reading, Mass. [u.a.]
Addison-Wesley
1972
|
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | XVII, 398 S. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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| adam_text | Titel: Explorations in social geography
Autor: Kariel, Herbert G.
Jahr: 1972
1 Introduction
1.1 Ideas about space, location, world problems, and geography.......1
1.2 A geographic matrix.................................4
Ordering data in a ?-dìmensional matrix*
1.3 Changes in perspective................................5
Influence of perspectives upon what we study
1.4 Focus of our explorations in social geography..............6
2 Architecture and Housing
2.1 Introduction......................................8
2.2 Some possible ways of classifying shelter ...................9
Using different criteria to classify a phenomenon
2.2.1 Style as a continuum ...........................10
2.3 A world-wide survey of the architectural continuum...........11
2.3.1 Primitive architecture...........................11
2.3.2 Conscious architecture ..........................14
2.3.3 Folk architecture..............................16
2.3.4 Synthesis...................................16
Formulating hypotheses
2.4 Studies of housing in smaller areas.......................17
2.4.1 Log houses in Georgia...........................18
2.4.2 Louisiana house types...........................18
2.4.3 House types in Australia.........................19
2.4.4 The distribution of substandard housing...............20
Explanation of isopleth map
Introduction to correlation coefficient
2.4.5 Synthesis...................................24
2.5 Conclusion ......................................24
Explanation of choropleth map
6.2.1 Definition of language ..........................99
6.2.2 Components of language.........................99
6.2.3 Variations within languages......................100
6.2.4 Classification of languages.......................101
Genetic and generic classifications
6.3 Spatial aspects of languages ..........................102
6.3.1 Location and distribution of speakers of different
language families, language groups, and languages
throughout the world..........................103
6.4 Processes of change in the spatial distribution
of languages ....................................116
6.4.1 Processes of linguistic change.....................116
6.4.2 Toward an explanation of spatial change .............118
6.5 Development of generalizations and their applications.........118
Hypotheses applied to hypothetical situations,
explanations, and spatial predictions
6.6 Dialect geography: the study of micro-variations
in languages.....................................120
6.6.1 Some implications of changes in scale ...............120
Implications of changes in scale
6.6.2 Methods used in dialect geography .................121
6.6.3 Dialects in the northeastern United States ............121
6.6.4 Kurath s studies of dialect geography................127
6.6.5 Explanations suggested by Kurath and Zelinsky.........130
6.7 Language as an independent variable ....................130
6.8 Suggestions for further research .......................131
Education and Literacy
7.1 Introduction....................................135
7.1.1 Reasons for studying education and literacy...........135
7.1.2 Overview of the chapter ........................136
7.2 The dependent variable.............................136
7.2.1 Possible topics for study........................136
7.2.2 Selection and definition of the dependent variable.......137
7.3 World literacy ...................................137
7.3.1 Aspatial aspects..............................137
7.3.2 Spatial aspects: the distribution of literacy ...........139
Histogram
7.3.3 Proposed explanations of the spatial distribution........144
Contingency table
7.4 Educational level within the United States ................149
7.4.1 Selection and definition of the dependent variable.......149
Change of operational definition with change
in scale of areal generalization
7.4.2 Aspatial aspects..............................151
7.4.3 Spatial aspects...............................155
7.5 Proposed explanations..............................156
7.5.1 Selection of independent variable and testing of
hypotheses.................................156
Scatter diagram
Coefficient of rank correlation
7.5.2 Possible relevance of the observed relationships
to theory..................................160
7.6 The use of scale..................................161
Explanation of scale
7.7 Educational level of smaller study areas ..................163
7.7.1 Rhode Island ...............................163
7.7.2 The Netherlands .............................165
7.8 Summary and conclusion............................167
Land Use
8.1 Introduction....................................171
8.1.1 Definition of land use..........................172
8.2 World land use...................................173
8.2.1 Whittlesey s study of agricultural land use ............173
8.2.2 Other studies of agricultural land use................180
8.2.3 Non-agricultural land uses.......................181
8.3 Land uses within countries...........................182
8.3.1 The British land use survey ......................182
8.3.2 Land use in the United States and Canada ............183
8.3.3 Toward a uniform system of land use classification ......186
8.4 Proposed explanations of the location
of non-urban land uses .............................187
8.4.1 Physical factors..............................188
8.4.2 Economic factors.............................188
8.4.3 Political factors..............................190
8.4.4 Social factors ...............................190
8.4.5 Effects of technology on factors affecting land use.......192
8.4.6 The use and misuse of land ......................193
8.5 Patterns of urban land use...........................194
8.5.1 Generalized descriptions of urban land use and growth .... 195
8.5.2 Current trends in urban land use...................198
8.5.3 Proportions of land in different uses................199
8.5.4 Urban land use in areas other than the United States
and Canada.................................200
8.5.5 The distribution of individual land uses..............201
8.6 Explanations of the location of urban land uses.............208
8.6.1 Physical factors..............................210
8.6.2 Economic factors.............................210
8.6.3 Political factors..............................211
8.6.4 Social factors ...............................212
8.6.5 Technology ................................212
8.7 Models for explaining land use ........................213
8.7.1 Definition and elements of models .................213
Definition of, uses for, and types of models
8.7.2 Von Thünen s model of agricultural land use in an
isolated state................................214
8.7.3 Later modifications of the von Thiinen model..........217
8.7.4 Linear programming...........................219
Linear programming
8.7.5 Incorporating noneconomic variables into models .......221
Cost-benefit analysis
8.7.6 A simple mathematical model of land use.............222
Mathematical models
8.7.7 Correlation-regression analysis....................222
Correlation-regression analysis
8.7.8 Decisions and game theory ......................223
Decisions and game theory
8.7.9 Simulation models of urban land use................226
Simulation models
8.8 Summary......................................230
Settlement
9.1 Introduction....................................235
9.2 Definition and classification of settlements................235
9.2.1 Ways of classifying settlements....................235
9.2.2 Morphological classifications.....................235
9.2.3 Classifications based on legal definition ..............236
9.2.4 Classifications based on predominant functions or
activities ..................................236
9.2.5 Central and noncentral places ....................237
9.2.6 Population size ..............................238
9.2.7 Census definition of urban.......................238
9.3 The location of urban places..........................239
Empirical and theoretical approaches to
explaining locations
9.3.1 Questions to be answered .......................239
9.3.2 Empirical generalizations........................239
9.3.3 A theoretical approach to explaining the location of
urban places................................240
9.3.4 Consideration of additional factors.................246
9.3.5 Relationship to reality of central place theory..........248
9.3.6 Christaller s contribution........................250
9.3.7 The distribution of cities according to Lösch...........250
9.3.8 Relative sizes of cities in an area...................251
9.3.9 Changes in the spatial distribution of cities over time.....252
9.3.10 Possible applications of these theories ..............254
9.4 Patterns of settlement..............................255
9.4.1 Abstracting patterns of settlement .................255
9.4.2 The location of dispersed and agglomerated settlements . . . 257
9.4.3 Proposed explanations for patterns of rural settlement .... 257
9.4.4 The technique of nearest neighbor analysis: an objective
measure of clustering and dispersion................258
Nearest neighbor analysis
9.4.5 Studies of settlement patterns using the technique of
nearest neighbor analysis........................260
9.4.6 Extensions of pattern analysis ....................262
9.5 The process of settlement ...........................262
9.5.1 Definitions of settled area and settlement.............262
9.5.2 Examples of areas which have been settled within the
past 50-75 years .............................263
9.5.3 Studies of the settlement of areas..................263
9.5.4 Conclusions about characteristics of areas settled........265
9.5.5 Changes in the location of settlement ...............266
9.6 Towards a more generalized explanation of the process of
settlement......................................267
9.6.1 Settlement considered as a land use.................267
9.6.2 Settlement as a special case of the von Thiinen model.....267
9.6.3 The importance of noneconomic factors .............268
9.7 Summary and conclusion............................270
Technology
10.1 Technology as a unifying principle......................277
10.2 Definition of technology............................278
Conceptual and operational definitions
10.2.1 Identifying the problem .......................278
10.2.2 A conceptual definition........................279
10.2.3 An operational definition ......................279
10.2.4 Comments about data.........................284
10.3 The spatial distribution of technology ...................284
10.4 Explanation of the spatial distribution...................286
10.4.1 Independent variables.........................286
10.4.2 Relationships among the variables.................287
Multiple correlation-regression analysis
Transformation of data
Matrix of intercorrelations
Residuals from regression
10.5 A systems approach ...............................289
Systems and systems analysis
10.5.1 The concept of system ........................289
10.5.2 A systems model of technological change............292
10.5.3 An illustration of the working of the model ..........295
10.6 Technological change at a microscale....................297
10.6.1 Introduction...............................297
10.6.2 Quebec as an example of an area with less technology .... 297
10.7 Relationships to other research and theory................299
10.7.1 Empirical research findings .....................299
10.7.2 Theories of technological change and
economic development .........................299
10.8 The spread of technology............................301
10.9 Implications for the future...........................302
Spatial Interaction
11.1 Introduction....................................310
11.2 Transportation and communication.....................311
11.2.1 Definition of terms...........................311
11.2.2 Historical overview of transportation and communication .311
11.2.3 The location of different networks of transportation
and communication..........................311
11.2.4 A composite picture of routes of transportation........313
11.2.5 Location of communications....................313
11.2.6 The notion of accessibility......................313
11.2.7 The use of graph theory to study transportation
networks .................................314
Graph theory
11.3 Spatial interaction ................................316
11.3.1 Ways of studying spatial interaction................316
11.3.2 Study of the volume of interaction between areas ......316
11.3.3 The gravity model of spatial interaction.............319
Gravity model
11.3.4 Theoretical basis for use of the gravity model .........324
11.3.5 Studies of interaction using the gravity model.........324
11.3.6 Modifications of the gravity model ................327
11.3.7 Extension of the gravity model...................328
11.3.8 A more general statement of curve fitting for spatial
interaction ................................330
Curve fitting
11.4 Where are we now and where are we going?................332
Spatial Diffusion
12.1 Introduction....................................339
12.2 Description of the spread of selected phenomena............340
12.2.1 Agricultural complexes........................340
12.2.2 Other culture traits...........................340
12.2.3 Tobacco..................................341
12.2.4 Covered bridges.............................341
12.3 Generalized description of the diffusion process.............343
12.3.1 Introduction...............................343
12.3.2 Aspatial elements in the diffusion process............344
12.3.3 Mathematical models of diffusion.................346
Models of diffusion
12.4 Studies of spatial diffusion: from the simpler to the
more sophisticated................................347
12.4.1 Overview .................................347
12.4.2 A deterministic model of diffusion ................348
12.4.3 Development of a probabilistic model of spatial
diffusion .................................349
12.4.4 Additional studies ...........................365
12.5 Barriers to diffusion...............................369
12.6 Directions for future work...........................370
13.1 Scope of contemporary geographic study .................375
Influence of perspectives upon what we study
13.2 Regional and topical emphases........................376
13.3 Techniques used by geographers.......................377
13.4 Distinctive contributions of geographers..................377
13.5 Science and values ................................377
13.6 Some current research emphases.......................379
Appendix A Guide for Analyzing Articles ................383
Appendix  Selected Periodicals and Monographs............385
Index .........................................388
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| spelling | Kariel, Herbert G. Verfasser aut Explorations in social geography Herbert G. Kariel ; Patricia E. Kariel Reading, Mass. [u.a.] Addison-Wesley 1972 XVII, 398 S. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Sozialgeografie (DE-588)4055768-6 gnd rswk-swf Sozialgeografie (DE-588)4055768-6 s DE-604 Kariel, Patricia E. Verfasser aut HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=001887732&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Kariel, Herbert G. Kariel, Patricia E. Explorations in social geography Sozialgeografie (DE-588)4055768-6 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4055768-6 |
| title | Explorations in social geography |
| title_auth | Explorations in social geography |
| title_exact_search | Explorations in social geography |
| title_full | Explorations in social geography Herbert G. Kariel ; Patricia E. Kariel |
| title_fullStr | Explorations in social geography Herbert G. Kariel ; Patricia E. Kariel |
| title_full_unstemmed | Explorations in social geography Herbert G. Kariel ; Patricia E. Kariel |
| title_short | Explorations in social geography |
| title_sort | explorations in social geography |
| topic | Sozialgeografie (DE-588)4055768-6 gnd |
| topic_facet | Sozialgeografie |
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