Towards a semantic description of English:
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
London
Longman
1971
|
| Ausgabe: | 2. impr. |
| Schriftenreihe: | Longman linguistic library
|
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | XIII, 277 S. graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 0582524016 |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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|---|---|
| adam_text | Titel: Towards a semantic description of English
Autor: Leech, Geoffrey N
Jahr: 1971
Contents
Preface v
PART 1
AN OUTLINE OF A SEMANTIC THEORY
1 First principles 3
1.1 Preliminary remarks 3
1.2 What semantics is about 5
1.3 Basic semantic concepts 6
1.4 The empirical ground of semantics 8
1.5 Basic statements 11
1.6 Competence and performance 12
1.7 Acceptability and meaningfulness 13
1.8 Analyticity/syntheticity and related distinctions 14
i-9 Summary 17
2 The semantics of system and structure 19
2.1 System-and-structure theory 19
2.2 Systemic analysis (componential analysis) 20
2.3 Structural analysis 22
2.4 The marriage of systemic and structural analysis 23
2.5 Rank-shift and downgrading 25
2.5.1 Rank-shift 26
2.5.2 Downgrading 26
X
CONTENTS
2.6 Autonomy of levels 20
2.7 Rules of expression 31
2.8 Semantic categories and relations 34
2.8.1 Logical inclusion and exclusion 34
2.8.2 Logical implication 35
2.8.3 Logical inconsistency 38
2.8.4 Tautologies 39
2.8.5 Contradictions 40
2.9 The null symbol ( 0 ) 40
2.10 Justifying semantic analyses: an example 41
3 Formators 44
3.1 Some formators 44
3.x.i The negative formator not (~) 45
3.1.2 The conditional formator if (— D ) 45
3.1.3 Other formators 45
3.1.4 How many formators are there? 45
3.2 Attribution : the formator system ±?/3 46
3.3 The definite formator the (6) 47
3.4 Metalinguistic clusters 50
3.5 Quantification 51
3.6 The concept of becoming 57
4 Some extensions of the theory 60
4. i Semantic well-formedness 60
4.1.1 Logical properties of relative systems 61
4.1.2 Contextual properties of relative systems 62
4.1.3 Nonsensical questions and commands 66
4.2 One-place and many-place predicates 66
4.2.1 One-place predicates 67
4.2.2 Many-place predicates 69
4.3 Formal rules of synonymy 71
4.3.1 Rule of co-reference 72
4.3.2 Rule of negated negation 72
4.3.3 Rule of subordination 72
4.3.4 First rule of attribution 73
4.3.5 Second rule of attribution 75
4-4 Substantive rules of synonymy
CONTENTS xi
5 The limits of semantics 80
5.1 Semantics and grammar 80
5.2 Semantics and context 83
5.3 Semantics and questions of fact or belief 85
5.4 Literal and transferred meaning 89
PART 2
ON THE SEMANTICS OF ENGLISH
6 Preliminaries to semantic description 97
6.1 Semantic structure and clause structure 97
6.2 The semantics of ad ver biais 99
6.3 General taxonomy 103
6.3.1 System of concrete / abstract 103
6.3.2 System of countability 104
6.4 Presentation of descriptive analyses 105
7 Time 108
7.1 Time when 108
7.1.1 Precedence in time 110
7.1.2 Units of calendar time 113
7.1.3 Calendar addresses 119
7.1.4 Deictic definiteness of calendar meanings 120
7.1.5 Generic definiteness of calendar meanings 122
7.2 The pluralisation of time segments 123
7.2.1 Number of times 123
7.2.2 Pluralisation of events 125
7.2.3 Frequency 126
7.2.4 Difficulties of interpretation 128
7.3 Duration 129
7.3.1 For six weeks , etc 129
7.3.2 While 131
7.3.3 Since and until 132
7-4 The meaning of the tenses 134
7.4.1 Event predications and state predications 134
7.4.2 The present tense 137
7.4.3 Past tense 142
CONTENTS
7.4.4 Time sequence 144
7.4.5 Other tense forms 146
7.4.6 Summary and conclusion 147
7.5 Continuous tense forms 148
7.6 Perfective tense forms 152
7.6.1 Duration of state up to the present moment 153
7.6.2 Duration of habit up to the present moment 154
7.6.3 Indefinite past I55
7.6.4 The resultative use of the perfective 157
8 Place l59
8.1 Position and dimensionality 159
8.1.1 At , on , and in 161
8.1.2 Away from , off , out of 163
8.2 Relative position 164
8.2.1 With 165
8.2.2 By 166
8.2.3 Vertical and horizontal relations 167
8.3 Extremities and parts of locations 173
8.3.1 Extremities: side , top , etc 175
8.3.2 Parts: side , top , etc 176
8.4 Compass points 178
8.5 Orientation 180
8.5.1 Point of orientation and point of observation 180
8.5.2 Across and through 183
8.5.3 Past , over , and under 186
8.5.4 Towards 186
8.6 Movement 188
8.7 Movement and destination 190
8.7.1 To , on to , and into 191
8.7.2 From , off, and out of 194
8.7*3 The dynamic use of other prepositions 195
8.8 Static and dynamic meaning 198
8.8.1 Resultative position 198
8.8.2 Go and stay 200
9 Modality
9-i Some meanings of some modal auxiliaries
202
202
CONTENTS
xiii
9.2 Agency and authority 205
9.2.1 Causation 207
9.2.2 Actuality 208
9.2.3 Constraint 211
9.2.4 Authority 212
9.3 Volition 214
9.4 Possibility and (logical) necessity 217
9.4.1 Ought to 220
9.4.2 Can , may , have to , and must 220
9.4.3 Can in the sense of ability 222
9.4.4 Possibly and perhaps 224
9.4.5 Probability 224
9.5 Involvement of speaker and listener 225
9.5.x Shall and will 225
9.5.2 May and must 227
9.5.3 Questions: involvement of the listener 229
9.6 Negative forms of modal auxiliaries 229
9.7 The hypothetical use of modal auxiliaries 232
9.7.x The hypothetical formator (— p) 233
9.7.2 Hypothetical permission 234
9.7.3 Hypothetical volition 236
9.7.4 Hypothetical possibility 236
10 Retrospect and prospect 239
Bibliography 243
Glossary of technical terms of the semantic theory 249
Summary of notation 255
List of formator and system symbols 259
Notes to chapters 263
|
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| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T15:51:48Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 0582524016 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-001868141 |
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| spelling | Leech, Geoffrey N. 1936-2014 Verfasser (DE-588)119411350 aut Towards a semantic description of English Geoffrey N. Leech 2. impr. London Longman 1971 XIII, 277 S. graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Longman linguistic library Semantik (DE-588)4054490-4 gnd rswk-swf Englisch (DE-588)4014777-0 gnd rswk-swf Englisch (DE-588)4014777-0 s Semantik (DE-588)4054490-4 s DE-604 HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=001868141&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
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| title | Towards a semantic description of English |
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| title_exact_search | Towards a semantic description of English |
| title_full | Towards a semantic description of English Geoffrey N. Leech |
| title_fullStr | Towards a semantic description of English Geoffrey N. Leech |
| title_full_unstemmed | Towards a semantic description of English Geoffrey N. Leech |
| title_short | Towards a semantic description of English |
| title_sort | towards a semantic description of english |
| topic | Semantik (DE-588)4054490-4 gnd Englisch (DE-588)4014777-0 gnd |
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