The Middle East in world affairs:
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Ithaca
Cornell Univ. Pr.
1980
|
| Ausgabe: | 4. ed. |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | 863 S. Kt. |
| ISBN: | 0801412730 0801498724 |
Internformat
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804117172307361792 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | GEORGE LENCZOWSKI
University of California at Berkeley
The Middle East
in World Affairs
FOURTH EDITION
CORNELL UNIVERSITY PRESS
ITHACA AND LONDON
Contents
Introduction 21
v
PART ONE The First World War and the Peace
CHAPTER I Historical Background 27
THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE 27
From the Treaty of Carlowitz to the Treaty of Jassy, 31 Napoleon s Middle
Eastern Adventure, 34 The Near Eastern Question, 1812-1830, 35 The Rise
of Mohammed AH, 36 From the Crimean War to the Treaty of Berlin, 38
Western Imperialism and the Ottoman Empire, 40 Attempts at Reform: The
Young Turks, 43
THE PERSIAN EMPIRE 45
Anglo-Russian Rivalry in the Nineteenth Century, 48 Persia between 1905
and 1914, 49
CHAPTER II War in the Middle East 52
WAR AIMS AND POLITICAL STRATEGY OF GERMANY 55
Diplomatic and Military Maneuvers in Iran, 54 The German Expedition to
Afghanistan, 56
WAR AIMS AND POLITICAL STRATEGY OF TURKEY 57
The Problem of Loyalty: Arabs and Kurds, 58 The Problem of Loyalty:
Armenians and Assyrians, 60 Pan-Islamism and Pan-Turanism in
Wartime, 62
THE MILITARY OPERATIONS IN THE MIDDLE EAST 65
The Dardanelles Expedition, 66 The Sinai Front, 66 The Arabian Front, 67
The Front in Mesopotamia, 68 Operations in Southwestern Arabia, 69
Operations in Transcaucasia, 70
amp; WAR AIMS AND POLITICAL STRATEGY OF THE ENTENTE 74
Secret Partition Agreements, 75 British-Arab Negotiations and
Agreements, 79 Britain s Pledge to the Zionists, 82
O CHAPTER III The Peace Settlement 88
PEACE SETTLEMENT IN THE ARAB AREAS 92
The San Remo Conference, 93 Settlement in Syria, 94 Settlement in
/ 2 CONTENTS
Mesopotamia, 95 Settlement in Palestine, 96 Final Arrangements: Deals
with the Hashemites, 97
PEACE SETTLEMENT IN TURKEY 98
The Treaty of Sevres, 99 The Greek Invasion and the War of Indepen-
dence, 102 The Treaty of Lausanne, 105
THE AFTERMATH OF WAR IN CAUCASIA AND CENTRAL ASIA 108
PART TWO The Northern Belt
CHAPTER IV Turkey 113
ESTABLISHMENT OF THE REPUBLIC 113
Kemalist Reforms, 775 Political Opposition and Kurdish Revolts, 720
TURKISH FOREIGN POLICY 727
The Mosul Controversy, 722 Turkey and the Balkans, 124 Sanjak of
Alexandretta, 725 Alliance with France and Britain, 1939, 726 Moscow
Negotiations, 1939, 727 Turkey and World War II, 1939-1941, 729
Turkish-German Relations, 130 Turkey and the Western Allies, 133
Turkish-Soviet Relations, 134 Turkish-American Friendship, 136
TURKEY S NEW DEMOCRACY 138
TURKEY S INTERNATIONAL POSITION IN THE 1950S 143
Effects of Arab Upheavals, 146 The Cyprus Settlement, 146
ECONOMIC CRISIS UNDER THE DEMOCRATS 747
Internal Political Tensions, 149
THE MILITARY COUP OF 1960 AND ITS AFTERMATH 750
The Internal Political Process after 1960, 755
MILITARY INTERVENTION OF 1971 756
Economic Ingredients of the Political Situation, 755
FOREIGN POLICY AFTER 1960 760
The Cyprus Crisis, 767 Conclusion, 765
CHAPTER V Iran 167
REZA KHAN AND HIS REFORMS 770
Economic Developments, 173
IRAN S FOREIGN POLICY 174
Irano-Soviet Relations, 775 Irano-British Relations, 776 Irano-German
Relations, 777 Iran and World War II, 178 The Azerbaijan Crisis, 182
POSTWAR PROBLEMS AND ANXIETIES 184
Growth of Friendship with the United States, 787 Attempt at Reform, 188
The Oil Crisis, 790 Return to Normalcy, 198 Iran s Pro-Western
Course, 200 Economic Development Problems, 204 Internal Political
Stresses, 207
CONSOLIDATION OF ROYALIST POWER 270
An Era of Reforms—The White Revolution, 270 Development Plans,
Money, and Oil, 273 Foreign Policy during the White Revolution, 275
The Achaemenian Concept of Kingship, 222 Revolution and Fall of the
Monarchy, 224
CONTENTS 13
CHAPTER VI Afghanistan 230
BOUNDARY DISPUTES 231
EMANCIPATION FROM BRITISH TUTELAGE 232
Afghan-Soviet Relations, 233 Afghan-British Relations, 235
REFORMS AND REBELLIONS 235
Internal Crisis, 236 Nadir Shah, 238
THE SECOND WORLD WAR AND AFTER 239
Economic Needs, 240 Afghanistan between East and West, 243
PREMIER DAOUD S FIRST DECADE: A BALANCE SHEET 249
THE DECADE OF CONSTITUTIONAL GOVERNMENT, 1963-1973 257
OVERTHROW OF THE MONARCHY AND RETURN OF MOHAMMED DAOUD 253
THE MARXIST-ORIENTED COUP OF 1978 258
v PART THREE The Fertile Crescent
CHAPTER VII Iraq 263
THE IRAQI GOVERNMENT 263
Minority Problems, 264 Religious Tensions, 266 Iraq s Internal
Politics, 267
IRAQ S GRADUAL EMANCIPATION 268
Treaties with Britain, 268 Release from Foreign Control, 270 The Coup of
IRAQ DURING WORLD WAR II 273
Under a Pro-Ally Government, 274
AFTER WORLD WAR II 275
Domestic Politics in the 1950s, 277 The Baghdad Pact, 283 The Last
Phase of Iraqi Monarchy, 1956-1958, 286
THE REVOLUTION OF 1958 AND ITS AFTERMATH 288
Crisis over Relations with the UAR, 290 The Mosul Revolt and the
Kirkuk Massacres, 292 Kassem s Curbs on Communism, 295 Kassem s
Decline and Fall, 296
THE FIRST BAATH REVOLUTION 299
The Tripartite Unity Negotiations, 300 Internal Policies: The Communists
and the Kurds, 301
THE ECLIPSE OF THE BAATH: THE AREF ERA 302
Nationalization, Nasserite Subversion, and the Emergence of Bazzaz, 303
The Aref II Era, 304
THE SECOND BAATH REVOLUTION 307
The Domestic Scene: Repression and Radical Militancy, 308 Arab and
Foreign Policies, 310
CHAPTER VIII Syria 314
FRANCE AND THE LEVANT 314
Lebanon after World War I, 375 Syria after World War I, 376 Treaties
with France, 318 The Sanjak of Alexandretta, 379
14 CONTENTS
SYRIA AND LEBANON DURING WORLD WAR II 321
British Intervention in the Levant, 322
EMANCIPATION OF SYRIA AND LEBANON 323
The Twilight of French Influence, 325
THE REPUBLIC OF SYRIA 327
The Husni Zaim Coup, 328 The Hinnawi and the Shishakli Coups, 330
Shishakli s Dictatorship, 332 Return to Constitutional Life, 335
Intermingling of Foreign and Domestic Problems, 336 Victory of
Pan-Arabism, 1956-1958, 341 After the Dissolution of the Union, 345
The Twilight and End of Syria s Constitutional System, 346
THE BAATH PARTY IN POWER 347
Supremacy of the Left-Wing Baath: Militancy and Isolation, 350 Era of
Pragmatism: The Leadership of Hafez Assad, 352
CHAPTER IX Lebanon x 360
Relations with the West, 367 Relations with the Middle East, 362 The Coup of
1952 and Its Aftermath, 362 Foreign Policy Problems in the 1950s, 366 Internal
and External Pressures, 1956-1958, 366 The Lebanese Civil War, 368 The
Aftermath of the Strife, 372
PERSISTENT ISSUES IN THE 1960s AND 1970s 373
The Presidency of Fuad Chehab, 1958-1964, 377 The Presidency of
Charles Helou, 1964-1970, 378 The Presidency of Suleiman Franjiyeh,
1970-1976,357
CHAPTER X Israel 388
THE ZIONIST MOVEMENT 388
THE BRITISH MANDATE AND THE JEWISH AGENCY 397
The Jewish Community, 392 The Arab Community, 394 British
Attitudes, 395 The London Conference and the White Paper, 1939, 397
The Wartime Truce, 398
NEED FOR A NEW POLICY FOR ZIONISM 399
The Anglo-American Committee of Inquiry, 402 Palestine before the United
Nations, 403
PARTITION FOR PALESTINE 404
The Arab-Jewish War, 405 International Repercussions, 408
THE INTERNAL SITUATION IN ISRAEL 410
Economic Problems, 477 Political Problems, 411 The Arab Minority, 472
• ISRAEL S FOREIGN POLICY 473
Middle East Relations, 473 Israel and the Big Powers, 476
INTERNAL TRENDS IN THE 1950S 4 7 9
ISRAEL S FOREIGN RELATIONS IN THE 1950S 423
The Suez War and Its Aftermath, 437
ISRAEL, THE ARABS, AND AFRO-ASIA 435
CONTENTS 75
RELATIONS WITH ZIONISM AND INTERNAL POLITICS 437
ISRAEL S POLITICS AFTER BEN GURION 443
THE PERSISTENT ISSUES 445
The Demographic Question and the Issue of the Establishment; 445 The
Religious Issue, 447
WARS WITH THE ARAB STATES: 1967 AND 1973 448
The June War of 1967, 448 The October War of 1973, 454 The Arabs in
Israel and the Occupied Territories, 458 The Impact of War: Militarization
and the Obsession with Security, 467
FOREIGN RELATIONS 462
The American Role in the Search for Peace, 463
CHAPTER XI Jordan 470
Government and Military Forces, 477 The Interwar Period and the Second World
War, 473 Jordan s Postwar Position, 4J4 Internal Developments after Abdullah s
Death, 476 International Position in the 1950s, 480 Jordan s Popular Front
Government, 483 The Zerqa Plot and Hussein s Countercoup, 485 Return of
the Conservatives and the Crisis of 1958, 487
THE 1960s AND 1970s: STRUGGLE FOR SURVIVAL 488
Relations with Israel, 489 Jordan and the Palestinians, 492 Arab and
Foreign Relations, 497
PART FOUR West and East of the Red Sea
CHAPTER XII Egypt 501
DOMINANCE OF BRITAIN 507
The Rise of Nationalism, 502 Egypt between 1924 and 1936, 504 The
Anglo-Egyptian Treaty, 506 Egypt during World War II, 508
NATIONALISM AND INTERNAL TURBULENCE 577
Problem of Treaty Revision, 573 Egypt s Open Defiance of Britain, 575
Egypt s Middle Eastern Policy, 579 Prelude to Revolution: The Cairo
Riots, 520
THE JULY REVOLUTION 527
The New Regime s Foreign Policy, 526 The Aswan Dam and the Suez
Crisis, 528 The Suez War, 537
THE PAN-ARAB OFFENSIVE 536
Union with Syria, 537 Internal Consolidation of Power in the UAR, 540
UAR S FOREIGN RELATIONS 542
Nasser s African Policy and Neutralism, 544
COLLAPSE OF UNION WITH SYRIA 545
POLITICS AND IDEOLOGY AFTER SYRIA S DEFECTION 549
Socialism and Police State Methods, 550 Nasser s Arab Policies in the
1960s, 553
FOREIGN POLICY IN THE 1960s 556
The June War and Its Aftermath, 557
16 CONTENTS
THE PRESIDENCY OF ANWAR EL-SADAT 567
Arab and Foreign Policy, 564 Egyptian-Israeli Relations: The October War
and Its Aftermath, 565 Egypt s Relations with the Superpowers, 568
Sadat s and Carter s Peace Initiatives, 577
CHAPTER XIII Saudi Arabia 574
POWER AND PRESTIGE OF IBN SAUD 574
Ibn Saud and the Islamic World, 576 Settlement with Britain, 577
War with Yemen, 579
DISCOVERY OF OIL 579
THE SECOND WORLD WAR 580
SAUDI-AMERICAN FRIENDSHIP 583
INTERNAL DEVELOPMENTS IN THE 1950s 586
SAUDI FOREIGN RELATIONS IN THE 1950s 589
CONVERGENCE OF SAUDI AND EGYPTIAN POLICIES 592
1957—REORIENTATION OF SAUDI POLICY 593
Assumption of Power by Prince Faisal, 594 Internal Rivalries,
1960-1961, 595 Twilight and End of King Saud s Reign, 595
THE ERA OF KING FAISAL: INTERNAL DEVELOPMENTS 598
Saudi Arabia s Arab Policy, 602 Saudi Foreign Policy under Faisal, 606
CHAPTER XIV Yemen 613
After World War I, 673 British-Italian Rivalry, 674 World War II and Its Effects,
676 Internal Crisis of 1948, 676 Yemen s International Position in the 1950s,
677 Internal Upheaval in 1955, 679 Yemen s New International Alignments,
627 Federation with the UAR and Internal Problems, 622 Decline and Fall of
the Imamate, 623 Social Structure and Growing Dissent, 625
REVOLUTION, CIVIL WAR, INTERVENTION 626
Egyptian Intervention and Saudi Assistance, 627 Alternating Warfare and
Peace Negotiations, 629 Sallal s Downfall and Iryani s Leadership, 633
THE NEW MILITARY REGIME 635
CHAPTER XV South Yemen 638
British Penetration, 639
THE ADEN PROTECTORATE 640
The Frontier Issue: Attempts at Settlement, 647 Advisory Treaties and the
Aden Protectorate, 642
THE SOUTH ARABIAN FEDERATION 644
The South Arabian Independence Movement, 645
INDEPENDENT SOUTH YEMEN 648
South Yemen s Foreign Policy, 649 Execution of Rubai Ali and Isolation
of South Yemen, 657
CONTENTS 17
CHAPTER XVI The Persian Gulf 654
KUWAIT 660
From Dependent to Independent Status, 660 Structure of Power, 663
Kuwait s Economy, 665 Foreign and Arab Policy, 666
BAHRAIN 669
Domestic Politics and Foreign Policy, 677
QATAR 673
THE UNITED ARAB EMIRATES 676
OMAN 680
The Question of Inner Oman, 682 A New Era under Sultan Qabus, 683
PART FIVE Problems of War and Peace
CHAPTER XVII World War II and the Middle East 689
Military Operations, 689 Psychological Warfare, 697
CHAPTER XVIII The Middle East s Strategic Waterways 694
THE TURKISH STRAITS 695
Period of Undisputed Turkish Sovereignty, 695 Russia s First Gains, 695
From Unkiar Iskelessi to the First World War, 696 The Great War and the
Peace Settlement, 697 The Lausanne Convention, 698 The Montreux
Convention, 698 The Situation during World War II, 700 Postwar Attempts
at Revision, 707 Appraisal of the Big Powers Proposals, 702 Merchant and
Naval Traffic in the 1960s and 1970s, 704 Political and Strategic Issues
and Frictions, 705
THE SUEZ CANAL 707
The Concession, 707 Political Difficulties and British Intervention, 708
The Constantinople Convention, 709 Experience of Two World Wars, 770
Repercussions of the War in Palestine, 777 The Suez Canal Issue before
the United Nations, 772 Relations between Egypt and the Suez Canal
Company, 773 Nationalization of the Suez Canal, 776 Legal and Technical
Aspects of the Canal Operation, 779 Israel and the Suez Canal, 727 The June
and October Wars, 723 Development of the Canal and Its Economic
Impact, 725 The SUMED Pipeline, 726
THE STRAIT OF HORMUZ 727
Oil Traffic in the Strait of Hormuz, 727 Political Changes in the Riparian
States, 729 Iran s Reactions to Potential Dangers, 729
THE STRAIT OF BAB EL-MANDEB 737
Political and Strategic Considerations, 732
CHAPTER XIX Arab Unity and Disunity 735
BACKGROUND FOR THE LEAGUE 735
Provisions of the Agreement, 738
18 CONTENTS
THE LEAGUE AT WORK 739
Quarrel over Palestine, 739 The Hashemite-Egyptian Feud, 742
THE ARAB LEAGUE AND ARAB UNITY 746
COLLECTIVE ARAB ACTION IN THE 1960s AND 1970s 749
Vehicles and Instruments of Collective Action, 757 The Summit
Meetings, 753
ARAB GROUPINGS AND DIVISIONS 755
Arab Unity Schemes in the 1960s and 1970s, 757 Conclusion, 763
CHAPTER XX Foreign Powers and the Middle East 765
GREAT BRITAIN 765
FRANCE 770
GERMANY 773
THE SOVIET UNION
v 776
Russian Activities during and after World War II, 778 Soviet Tactics: Aid
and Trade, 780 Soviet Policy under Brezhnev and Kosygin, 782 The
Soviet Union and the Arab World in the 1960s and 1970s, 784 Soviet
Setbacks, 787 Issues and Dilemmas for Soviet Policy, 787
THE UNITED STATES 797
World War II, 793 After the War, 794 The Northern Tier: Strains and
Stresses in the Alliances, 799 The United States and the Arab World since
the Kennedy Administration, 802 Conclusion, 870
Appendix Tables, Bibliography, and Index
Appendix Tables 815
I Area and population of the countries of the Middle East, 1978 875
II Crude oil production in the Middle East and certain other countries 876
III Approximate proven reserves of oil in the Middle East and North Africa 877
IV Oil revenue of major producing countries in the Middle East and North
Africa 878
V Military and development budgets of selected countries in the Middle East 878
VI Development plans of selected countries in the Middle East 879
VII Military forces of selected countries in the Middle East, 1978 879
Selected Bibliography 821
Index 839
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Lenczowski, George 1915-2000 |
| author_GND | (DE-588)119001624 |
| author_facet | Lenczowski, George 1915-2000 |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Lenczowski, George 1915-2000 |
| author_variant | g l gl |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV002876707 |
| callnumber-first | D - World History |
| callnumber-label | DS62 |
| callnumber-raw | DS62.8 |
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| callnumber-subject | DS - Asia |
| classification_rvk | ML 9300 |
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| dewey-full | 956 |
| dewey-hundreds | 900 - History & geography |
| dewey-ones | 956 - Middle East (Near East) |
| dewey-raw | 956 |
| dewey-search | 956 |
| dewey-sort | 3956 |
| dewey-tens | 950 - History of Asia |
| discipline | Politologie Geschichte |
| edition | 4. ed. |
| era | Geschichte 1900-2000 |
| era_facet | Geschichte 1900-2000 |
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| geographic | Moyen-Orient - Histoire - 20e siècle Moyen-Orient - Politique et gouvernement Near East - History - 20th century Naher Osten Middle East History 20th century Middle East Politics and government Mittlerer Osten (DE-588)4039755-5 gnd Naher Osten (DE-588)4068878-1 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Moyen-Orient - Histoire - 20e siècle Moyen-Orient - Politique et gouvernement Near East - History - 20th century Naher Osten Middle East History 20th century Middle East Politics and government Mittlerer Osten |
| id | DE-604.BV002876707 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T15:50:10Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 0801412730 0801498724 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-001800857 |
| oclc_num | 5170832 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 DE-384 DE-739 DE-188 DE-11 DE-19 DE-BY-UBM |
| owner_facet | DE-12 DE-384 DE-739 DE-188 DE-11 DE-19 DE-BY-UBM |
| physical | 863 S. Kt. |
| publishDate | 1980 |
| publishDateSearch | 1980 |
| publishDateSort | 1980 |
| publisher | Cornell Univ. Pr. |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Lenczowski, George 1915-2000 Verfasser (DE-588)119001624 aut The Middle East in world affairs George Lenczowski 4. ed. Ithaca Cornell Univ. Pr. 1980 863 S. Kt. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Geschichte 1900-2000 Geschichte Politik Internationale Politik (DE-588)4072885-7 gnd rswk-swf Politische Geografie (DE-588)4046535-4 gnd rswk-swf Moyen-Orient - Histoire - 20e siècle Moyen-Orient - Politique et gouvernement Near East - History - 20th century Naher Osten Middle East History 20th century Middle East Politics and government Mittlerer Osten (DE-588)4039755-5 gnd rswk-swf Naher Osten (DE-588)4068878-1 gnd rswk-swf Naher Osten (DE-588)4068878-1 g Internationale Politik (DE-588)4072885-7 s DE-604 Politische Geografie (DE-588)4046535-4 s 1\p DE-604 Mittlerer Osten (DE-588)4039755-5 g 2\p DE-604 HEBIS Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=001800857&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis 1\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk 2\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk |
| spellingShingle | Lenczowski, George 1915-2000 The Middle East in world affairs Geschichte Politik Internationale Politik (DE-588)4072885-7 gnd Politische Geografie (DE-588)4046535-4 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4072885-7 (DE-588)4046535-4 (DE-588)4039755-5 (DE-588)4068878-1 |
| title | The Middle East in world affairs |
| title_auth | The Middle East in world affairs |
| title_exact_search | The Middle East in world affairs |
| title_full | The Middle East in world affairs George Lenczowski |
| title_fullStr | The Middle East in world affairs George Lenczowski |
| title_full_unstemmed | The Middle East in world affairs George Lenczowski |
| title_short | The Middle East in world affairs |
| title_sort | the middle east in world affairs |
| topic | Geschichte Politik Internationale Politik (DE-588)4072885-7 gnd Politische Geografie (DE-588)4046535-4 gnd |
| topic_facet | Geschichte Politik Internationale Politik Politische Geografie Moyen-Orient - Histoire - 20e siècle Moyen-Orient - Politique et gouvernement Near East - History - 20th century Naher Osten Middle East History 20th century Middle East Politics and government Mittlerer Osten |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=001800857&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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