Geochemistry and mineralogy of rare earth elements:
Gespeichert in:
| Format: | Buch |
|---|---|
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Washington, DC
Mineralogical Soc. of America
1989
|
| Schriftenreihe: | Reviews in mineralogy
21 |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | IX, 348 S. Ill., zahlr. graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 0939950251 |
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Geochemistry and mineralogy of rare earth elements |c B. R. Lipin ..., eds. The authors and ed.: William V. Boynton ... |
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Geochemistry and Mineralogy of
RARE EARTH ELEMENTS
FOREWORD and ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The authors of this volume presented a short course on the rare earth elements to
about 80 participants in San Francisco, California, December 1-3, 1989, just prior to the
fall meeting of the American Geophysical Union. This was the nineteenth in a series of
short courses that the Mineralogical Society of America (MSA) began sponsoring in 1974.
It was the brain-child of Robert Hazen and David Stewart, and the latter was the agent who
recruited Bruce Lipin (and later, Gordon McKay) to undertake this monumental work.
This book joins a long list of Reviews in Mineralogy (see opposite page for details) that
MSA has made available to the scientific community at reasonable cost
The editors and authors thank Mrs. Marianne Stern and Mrs. Margie Sentelle at
Virginia Tech for their tireless efforts (under considerable pressure) in preparation of
camera-ready copy for this volume. We also thank Mr. Todd N. Solberg for helping with
word-processing problems on the computer.
Paul H. Ribbe
Series Editor
Blacksburg, Virginia
October 31,1989
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
ii Copyright; Additional Copies
iii Foreword and Acknowledgments
Chapter 1 W. V. Boynton
cosmochemistry of the rare earth elements:
Condensation and evaporation processes
1 Introduction
1 Meteorites
3 Astrophysical context for interpretation of cosmochemical data
3 Solar nebula
3 Solar abundances
4 COSMOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF THE REE
5 REE condensation reactions
5 Activity coefficients
7 Partial pressures
9 Solid/gas distribution coefficients
11 Why are the REE volatilities so different?
11 Calculated REE patterns
11 Early condensates
12 Removing REE in the gas
12 COMPARISON WITH METEORTnC DATA
12 Ultra-refractory component
15 Group II inclusions
17 FUN inclusions
17 REE condensation as a function of oxygen fugacity
iii
18 Astrophysical scenarios to alter oxygen fugacity
19 Rims on CAI
19 WHAT HAVE WE LEARNED FROM THE REE?
21 High temperatures were achieved in the solar nebula
21 A veiy efficient mechanism for gas/dust separation existed in the solar
nebula
22 The high nebular temperatures existed for a long ome
22 A very intense, very brief, heat source also existed
22 The solar nebula was a chaotic environment
22 SUMMARY
23 acknowledgments
23 References
Chapter 2 P. J- Patchett
Radiogenic isotope Geochemistry
of Rare earth Elements
25 INTRODUCTION
25 Long-lived radioactive isotopes of Rare Earth Elements
25 138LaJ38Ce decay
25 MSm-MNd decay
25 176iuJ76Hfdecay
26 Chemical variations of Là/Ce, Sm/Nd and Lu/Hf ratios
26 geochronological Studies
26 La-Ce and Lu-Hf chronology
26 Sm-Nd chronology
28 DEFINING BULK PLANETARY ISOTOPIC EVOLUTION
30 ISOTOPIC STUDY OF PLANETARY INTERIORS
30 The Moon
30 The Earth
32 Nd ISOTOPES IN STUDIES OF TERRESTRIAL CRUSTAL EVOLUTION
32 Model Nd ages of continental crust
34 Growth curves for the continental crust
35 Origin of granitoids
35 Nd isotopes and the sedimentary system
35 Characterization of whole crustal tertanes
38 crustal lu-hf isotopic studies
40 major unsolved Problems
40 Continental crustal growth curve
40 Abundance of Archean continental crust
40 Origin of mantle isotopic variations
41 REFERENCES
Chapter 3 G A McKay
PARTITIONING OF RARE EARTH ELEMENTS BETWEEN MAJOR
Silicate Minerals and Basaltic Melts
45 INTRODUCTION
45 Usefulness of the REE for petrogenetic modelling
46 Scope of this chapter
Caveat
ho v-aveai
46 How Partition Coefficients are Measured
47 Phenocryst/matrix studies of natural samples
48 Expérimental measurement of partition coefficients
IV
49 49 Basic experimental approach Equilibrium
50 Percent level doping technique
53 Beta-track mapping technique
54 Other experimental approaches
54 Henry's law: The applicability of percent-level doping results
55 Factors Governing Mineral/Melt partitioning
55 Ionic size and charge of trace element
57 Crystal field effects
59 Cristallographie versus defect sites: The Henry's law question
60 Phase compositions
62 Oxidation state
64 THERMODYNAMIC RELATIONSHIPS: DEPENDENCE OF PARTITIONING ON
TEMPERATURE AND COMPOSITION
65 Other predictive approaches
67 Special Applications
67 Eu as an oxygen fugacity indicator
69 Origin of the Eu anomaly in lunar mare basalts
71 REE Partition coefficient Patterns for the major Minerals
71 Plagioclase
72 Olivine
72 Pyroxene
73 Low-Ca pyroxene
73 High-Ca pyroxene
73 Garnet
73 FUTURE DIRECTIONS
74 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
74 References
Chapter 4 G. N. Hanson
AN APPROACH TO TRACE ELEMENT MODELING
USING A SIMPLE IGNEOUS SYSTEM AS AN EXAMPLE
79 INTRODUCTION
80 REVIEW OF TRACE ELEMENT EQUATIONS
81 Melting
84 Fractional crystallization
85 Melting versus fractional crystallization
86 Essential structural constituents
88 Example of petrogenetic Approach
96 discussion and summary
97 acknowledgments
97 references
Chapter 5 W. F. McDonough F. A. Frey
Rare Earth Elements in Upper Mantle rocks
99 INTRODUCTION
100 Massive PERiDonTES
102 Massive peridotites: dominantly lherzolite
102 Western Alps - Lanzo
105 Western Alps - Baldissero, Balmuccia
105 Eastern Liguria, Italy
106 Western Liguria, Italy
106 Eastern Pyrenees - France
106 Ronda, Spain
107 Effects of late stage alteration on REE
108 What can be inferred about the melting process and the segregated melts?
109 Massive peridotites: pyroxenite layers and veins and their wall rocks
109 Amphibole-bearing pyroxenite veins
109 Anhydrous pyroxenite layers
112 How were the pyroxenite layers created? Evidence for multistage
processes
113 Implications for mantle enrichment processes (metasomatism)
115 Massive peridotites: dominantly harzburgite
115 Oceanic peridotites
118 ULTRAMAFIC XENOLITHS
119 Group I spinel peridotites
125 Garnet peridotites
127 Pyroxenite and related xenoliths
128 Models for REE abundance trends in peridotite xenoliths
130 Megacrysts, Minerals in Xenoliths and Diamond inclusions
131 Megacrysts
132 Minerals in peridotites and pyroxenites
134 Inclusions in diamonds
134 SUMMARY: COMPARISON OF PERTDOTITES FROM MASSIFS AND XENOLITHS
AND IMPLICATIONS OF REE DATA FOR UPPER MANTLE COMPOSITION
138 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
139 REFERENCES
Chapter 6 R. I. Grauch
rare Earth elements in Metamorphic Rocks
147 INTRODUCTION
147 REE RESIDENCE IN METAMORPHIC ROCKS
154 REE MOBILITY DURING METAMORPHISM
157 ree content of metamorphic rocks
160 Suggestions for future work
161 acknowledgments
161 references
Chapter 7 S. M. McLennan
RARE EARTH ELEMENTS IN SEDIMENTARY ROCKS: INFLUENCE
OF PROVENANCE AND SEDIMENTARY PROCESSES
169 Introduction
169 Rare Earth Element Properties and Sedimentary rocks
171 Cosmochemical considerations
171 Geochemical considerations
173 Aqueous geochemistry
175 Normalizing and notation
176 Sedimentary processes
176 Weathering
177 Diagenesis
179 Sedimentary sorting
184 REE and Provenance Studies
184 Sedimentary rocks and crustal abundances
185 Sedimentation and plate tectonics
188 Archean sedimentary rocks and the Archean crust
lyo Archean greenstone belts
VI
191 High grade terranes
191 ArcheanlProterozoic transition
194 REE IN SEDIMENTARY ROCKS AND CRUSTAL EVOLUTION
195 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
196 REFERENCES
Chapter 8 D. G. Brookins
AQUEOUS GEOCHEMISTRY OF RARE EARTH ELEMENTS
201 INTRODUCTION
201 THE TRTVALENT LANTHANIDES (Ln US)
203 Types of complexes in solution
206 Hydrolysis products
206 Phosphate complexes
206 Carbonate complexes
209 Halide complexes
209 Complexes with total dissolved sulfur
210 Gadolinium-terbium Fractionation?
211 scandium and yttrium
211 europium (ii)
211 cerium (iv)
213 Eh-pH DIAGRAMS
213 Cerium
213 Europium
213 Other lanthanides
215 LANTHANIDES IN OCEAN WATERS
220 LANTHANIDES AND ACTINIDES
221 CONCLUDING REMARKS
222 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
223 REFERENCES
Chapter 9 L. A. Haskin
rare Earth Elements in lunar Materials
227 INTRODUCTION
227 THE NATURE OF PLANET MOON
229 THE MAGMA OCEAN HYPOTHESIS AND ITS PRESUMED PRODUCTS
230 LUNAR REE PATTERNS
231 Highland plutonic rocks
231 Anorthosites
233 Dunites, troctolites, norites, andgabbros
236 Lunar felsite (granite)
236 Highland volcanic rocks: KREEP
240 Mare basalts
241 Mare basalt sources as magma ocean products
245 Assimilation of crusted material during basalt petrogenesis
245 Glassy spherules
245 Soils and breccias
252 Caveat
252 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
252 REFERENCES
VU
Chapter 10 D. M. Burt
Compositional and phase relations among
Rare Earth element Minerals
259 introduction
259 geochemical background
260 minerals
265 coupled substitutions
268 vector treatment
269 Application to Selected mineral Groups
269 Fluorides
271 Carbonates
272 Fluorocarbonates
274 Monazite, xenotime, zircon, and related phases
276 Apatites
281 Florencite and related phases
281 A-B oxides (niobates, tantalates, titanates, ferrites)
284 Fergusonitelbetafergusonite, ABO4
284 Perovskite, ABO3
284 Aeschyniteleuxenite, AB2O6
285 Pyrochlore, Aj.2B2O6(O,FlOH)
289 Allanite
291 Titanite
293 Garnet
293 Gadolinite
296 Chevkinite/perrierite
299 ELEMENT DISTRIBUTIONS: ACID-BASE RELATIONS
301 SUMMARY
302 Acknowledgments
302 References
Chapter 11 A. N. Mariano
Economic Geology of Rare Earth Minerals
309 INTRODUCTION
312 RARE EARTH MINERALS OF ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE
312 Bastnaesite
313 Syntaxic growth in bastnaesite-type minerals
315 Occurrence
315 Monazite
317 Occurrence
318 Britholite
320 Occurrence
320 Ancylite
321 Occurrence
322 Allanite
322 Occurrence
322 Xenotime
323 Occurrence
324 Crandallite group minerals
324 Occurrence
326 By-product yttrium from Elliot Lake
326 By-product REE from loparite
326 By-product REE from apatite
328 By-product REE from anatase
328 By-product REE and Y from eudialyte
VU1
330 Classification of ree deposits in Carbonatites
330 Primaiy mineralization
330 Mt. Pass, California
331 Kangankunde Hill, Malawi
331 Hydrothermal mineralization
331 Wigu Hill, Tanzania
331 Itapirapua, Säo Paulo, Brasil
331 Karonge, Burundi
332 Bayan Obo, China
332 Supergene REE mineralization in carbonatites
333 Araxä
333 Catalâol
333 Carbonatites of the Amazon
333 Mt. Weld
334 CONCLUSIONS
334 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
334 REFERENCES
Appendix A. N. Mariano
Cathodoluminesence Emission spectra of
Rare Earth Element activators in Minerals
339 INTRODUCTION
339 [Twenty-five spectra of minerals from many localities worldwide.]
348 REFERENCES
IX |
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| series2 | Reviews in mineralogy |
| spelling | Geochemistry and mineralogy of rare earth elements B. R. Lipin ..., eds. The authors and ed.: William V. Boynton ... Washington, DC Mineralogical Soc. of America 1989 IX, 348 S. Ill., zahlr. graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Reviews in mineralogy 21 Seltenerdmetall (DE-588)4132099-2 gnd rswk-swf Geochemie (DE-588)4020198-3 gnd rswk-swf Mineralogie (DE-588)4039457-8 gnd rswk-swf (DE-588)4143413-4 Aufsatzsammlung gnd-content Geochemie (DE-588)4020198-3 s Seltenerdmetall (DE-588)4132099-2 s DE-604 Mineralogie (DE-588)4039457-8 s Lipin, Bruce R. Sonstige oth Boynton, William V. Sonstige oth Reviews in mineralogy 21 (DE-604)BV000002349 21 HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=001606862&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Geochemistry and mineralogy of rare earth elements Reviews in mineralogy Seltenerdmetall (DE-588)4132099-2 gnd Geochemie (DE-588)4020198-3 gnd Mineralogie (DE-588)4039457-8 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4132099-2 (DE-588)4020198-3 (DE-588)4039457-8 (DE-588)4143413-4 |
| title | Geochemistry and mineralogy of rare earth elements |
| title_auth | Geochemistry and mineralogy of rare earth elements |
| title_exact_search | Geochemistry and mineralogy of rare earth elements |
| title_full | Geochemistry and mineralogy of rare earth elements B. R. Lipin ..., eds. The authors and ed.: William V. Boynton ... |
| title_fullStr | Geochemistry and mineralogy of rare earth elements B. R. Lipin ..., eds. The authors and ed.: William V. Boynton ... |
| title_full_unstemmed | Geochemistry and mineralogy of rare earth elements B. R. Lipin ..., eds. The authors and ed.: William V. Boynton ... |
| title_short | Geochemistry and mineralogy of rare earth elements |
| title_sort | geochemistry and mineralogy of rare earth elements |
| topic | Seltenerdmetall (DE-588)4132099-2 gnd Geochemie (DE-588)4020198-3 gnd Mineralogie (DE-588)4039457-8 gnd |
| topic_facet | Seltenerdmetall Geochemie Mineralogie Aufsatzsammlung |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=001606862&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV000002349 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT lipinbrucer geochemistryandmineralogyofrareearthelements AT boyntonwilliamv geochemistryandmineralogyofrareearthelements |