Introduction to the history of science: 2,1 From Rabbi Ben Ezra to Roger Bacon ; P. 1
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Introduction to the history of science |n 2,1 |p From Rabbi Ben Ezra to Roger Bacon ; P. 1 |c by George Sarton |
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| adam_text | CONTENTS
PARTS I AND II
Prolegomena
PAO»
Preface v
Introductory Chapter
Survey of Scientific Thought in the Twelfth and Thirteenth Centuries 1-99
Mathematics, 4. 1. Hindu numerals, 4. 2. The continuation of the Greco-Ara-
bic traditions, 6. 3. The birth of European mathematics, 7. 4. Theory of
numbers, 7. 5. Algebra, 8. 6. Geometry, 9. 7. Trigonometry, 11.
Astronomy, 12. 8. Instruments. Observations, 12. 9. Astronomical tables, 14.
10. Astronomical theories and treatises, 16. 11. Calendar, 19. 12. Astrol-
ogy, 20.
Physics, 21. 13. Mechanics, 21. 14. Optics and meteorology, 22. 15. Magnet-
ism, 24. 16. Music, 24. 17. Hydrostatics and hydraulics, 26. 18, Clocks
and automata, 27. 19. Arts and crafts, Engineering. Varia, 27. 20.
Weights and measures,. 28.
Chemistry, 29. 21. Gunpowder and pyrotechnics, 29. 22. Distilled waters and
alcohol, 29. 23. Chemical arts and crafts, 30. 24. Alchemy, 31; (A) Arabic
alchemy, 31, (B) Introduction of Arabic alchemy into Latindom, 32; (C) Be-
ginnings of European alchemy, 32.
Geography, 33. 25. Pilgrims, 33. 28. Travelers, 36. 27. Regional descrip-
tions. Topography, 38. 28. Maps and portolani, 39. 29. Dictionaries, 41.
30. Scientific geography, 41. 31. The shape and movement of the earth, 44.
Natural History, 47. 32. Generalities, 47. 33. Lapidaries, 48. 34. Geology,
48. 35. Herbals, 49, (a) The Latin tradition, 50; (b) The Greek tradition, 50;
(c) The Arabic tradition, 51; (d) The Sanskrit tradition, 52; (e) The Sino-Japa-
nese tradition, 52. 36. Botanical dictionaries, 53. 37. Botanical, iconog-
raphy, 54. 38. Husbandry, 55. 39. Special cultures and monographs, 57.
40. Bestiaries, 57. 41. Falconry, hunting, and fishing, 58. 42. Treatises de-
voted to special animals, 59. 43. Zoological iconography, 60. 44. Trans-
mission of Aristotelian zoology, 61.
Medicine, 63. 45. Introductory remarks, 63. 46. Translations, 64. 47. Com-
mentaries on Greek and Arabic medicine, 67. 48. General medicine, 68.
49. Medical tables, 71. 50. Anatomy, 71. 51. Surgery, 73. 52. Pulse and
urine, 75. 53. Blood-letting and purgation, 76. 54. Erotics, 79. 55.
Women s diseases and midwifery, 80. 56. Children s diseases, 81. 57. Eye
diseases, 82. 58. Fevers and other diseases, 84. 59. Hygiene, 88. 60.
Veterinary medicine, 89., 61. Medical philosophy, 90. 62. Medical astrol-
ogy, 91. 63. Clinical observations and the seeds of experimental medicine,
93. 64. Medical education and hospitals. Bedside manners and deontology.
Balneology, 95. 65. Forensic medicine, 97. 66. History of medicine, 97.
Conclusions, 98.
APPENDIX TO INTRODUCTORY CHAPTER
Notes on Transliteration 100-104
1. Arabic, 101. 4. Hebrew, 102. 0. Icelandic, 103. 10. Russian, 104.
CONTENTS
PART I
The Twelfth Century
BOOK I
The Time of Wiliiam of Conches, Abraham Ibn Ezra, and Ibn Zuhr (First Half of
Twelfth Century)
Chapter I
Survey of Science and Intellectual Progress in the First Half of the
Twelfth Century 100-152
X Introduction, 109.
II. Religious Background, 110. 1. Christendom, 110. 2. Israel, 112. 3.
Islam, 112. 4. Buddhism, 113. . -
III. The Translators, 113. 1. From Arabic into Latin, 114. 2. From Greek
into Latin, 115. 3. From Arabic into Hebrew, 116. 4. From Hebrew in-
to Latin, 116. 5. From Celtic into Latin; 116. 6. From Latin into
French, 117. J : ■
IV. Philosophic Background, 117. 1. Eastern Muslim, 117. 2. Hispano-
Muslim, 117. 3. Hispano^Jewish, 118.’ 4. French Jewish, 119. 5.
Easjtetn Jewish, 119- 6. Roger II of Sicily, 119. 7. Byzantine, 120. 8.
Latin, 120. 9. Vernacular, 122.
V. Mathematics and Astronomy, 122. 1. Eastern Muslim, 122. 2. Western
Muslim, 123. 3. Hispano-Jewish, 123. 4. Byzantine, 124. 5. Latin,
124. 6. Vernacular, 127. 7. Hindu, 127.
VI. Physics, Technology, and Music, 123. 1. Physics, 128. 2. Technology,
128. 3. Music, 129.
VII. Chemistry, 129. 1. Muslim, 129. 2. Latin, 129. 3. Chinese, 130. ;
VIII. Geography, 130. 1. Eastern Muslim, 130. 2. Western Muslim, 130. 3.
Latin, 130. 4. Latin pilgrims, 131. 5. Other Christian pilgrims, 131.
6. Chinese, 132. ^
IX. Natural History, 132. 1. Muslim, 132. 2. Latin and Vernacular, 132. 3.
Byzantine, 133. 4. Chinese, 133.
X, Medicine, 133. 1. Serapion Junior, or Ibn Sar bl, 133. 2. Western Mus-
lim, 133. 3. Eastern Muslim, 134. 4. Jewish, 134. 5. Byzantine, 134.
6. Latin, 134. 7. Hindu, 137. 8. Chinese, 137.
XI. Historiography, 137. 1. Eastern Muslim, 137. 2. Western Muslim, 137.
3. Western Jewish, 137. 4. Byzantine, 137. 6. Armenian, 137. 6.
French, 138. 7. Italian, 139. 8. English, 139. 9. Welsh, 139. 10.
German, 139. 11. Bohemian, 139. 12. Icelandic, 140. 13. Russian,
140. 14. Kashmirian/140. 15. Chinese, 140. 16. Japanese, 140.
XII. Law and Sociology, 140. 1. Western Muslim, 140. 2. Latin, 141. 3.
Hindu, 142. ‘ 5
XIII. Philology and Education, 142. 1. Eastern Muslim, 142. 2. Western Mus*
lim, 142. 3. Western Jewish, 142. 4. Byzantine, 143. 5. Latin and
Vernacular, 143. 6. Hindu, 143. 7* Manchu, 144.
XIV. Conclusions, 144.
Chapter II
Religious Background I53-16Ö
I. Christendom, 153. The Carthusians, 153. The Good Men of Grammont,
153. Decline of the Benedictine Order, and the Cistercian Reform in
1116, 154, Saint Bernard, 155. The Cistercian Rule, 155. The Pre-
monstrants, 157. The Cathari, 157. The Rise of Cathedrals, 159,
Religious Orders of Knighthooi 159. The Knights of St. John of Jeru-
CONTENTS
xvii
salem, 160. The Knights Templars, 160. Peter the Venerable, 161.
Suger, 161. Development of Romanesque Art, 162.
II. Israel, 163. The Crusades, 163.
Ill- Isl5,m, 164. *Abd al-Q dir al-JllI, 164. *Umar al-Nasafl, 164. Ibn
TOmart. 165.
IV. Buddhism, 165. RySnin, 165.
Chapter III
The Translators 167-181
I. From Arabic into £atin, 167. Adelard of Bath, 167. John of Seville, 169;
Arithmetic, 169; Astronomy and astrology, 170; Medicine, 171; Philoso-
phy, 171.
Gundisalvo, 172. Hermann the-Dalmatian, 173. Hugh of Santalla, 174.
Robert of Chester, 175. Rudolf of Bruges, 177. Plato of Tivoli, 177
II. From Greek into Latin, 179. James of Venice, 179. Anselm of Havelberfr,
180. Moses of Bergamo, 180.
III. From Arabic into Hebrew, 181.
IV. From Hebrew into Latin, 181.
V. From Celtic into Latin, 181.
VI. From Latin into French, 181.
Chapter IV
Philosophic Background 182-203
I. Eastern Muslim, 182. Muhammad ibn Ahmad al-QazwInl, 182.
II. Hispano-Muslim, 182. Al-BatalyQsI, 182. Ibn Bajja, 183.
III. Hispano-Jewish, 184. Bahya ben Joseph, 184. Moses ibn Ezra, 185. Ju-
dah ha-Levi, 186. Joseph ibn JJaddlq, 186. Ibn Ezra, 187.
IV. French Jewish, 189. Samuel ben Melr, 189. Jacob ben Mclr, 190.
V. Eastern Jewish, 190. Sal ma ibn RahmOn, 190. Hadassi, ISO.
VI. Roger II of Sicily, 191.
VH. Byzantine, 191. Prodromos, 191. Tzetzes, 192.
VIII. Latin, 192. William of Champeaux, 192. Hugh of Saint Victor, 193.
Abaelard, 194. Bernard of Chartres, 195. Theodoric of Chartres, 196.
Gilbert de la Porr6e, 197.. William of Conches, 197. Bernard Silvester,
198Pedro Alfonso, 199. Honorius of Autun, 200. .
IX. Vernacular, 201. Philip of Thaon, 201. The Edda, 202.
Chapter V
Mathematics and Astronomy 204-215
I. Eastern Muslim, 204. Mu?affar al-Asfuz rl, 204. Al-Badr al-Asturl bl,
204. Muhammad ibn Ahmad al-Kharaql, 204.
II. Western Muslim, 205. J bir ibn Aflah, 206.
III. Hispano-Jewish, 206. Abraham bar IJiyya, 206. The Mishnat ha-middot,
208.
IV. Byzantine, 209.
V. Latin, 209. Walcher of Malvern, 209. Raymond of Marseilles, 210.
Ralph of Laon, 210. Ocreatus, 210. A few anonymous mathematical
treatises of the twelfth century, 211.
VI. Vernacular, 212. Stjdmu Oddi, 212.
VII. Hindu, 212. Satftnanda, 212. Bh£skara, 212. The Bakhsh ll Manuscript,
214.
Chapter VI
Physics, Technology, and Music 216-217
I. Physics, 216. Al-KhSzinl, 216.
II. Technology, 217. Artesian wells, 217.
III. Music, 217. Leoninus and Perotir 217.
_•
xnu
CONTENTS
Chapter VII
Chemistry 218-220
I. Muslim, 218. Al-TughrS i, 218.
II. Latin, 219. “Artephitis,” 219. Theophile the Priest, 219.
III. Chinese, 220. Chu I-chung, 220.
Chapter VIII
Geography 221-225
I. Eastern Muslim, 221. Sahl ibn Ab$n, 221. Ibnal-BalkhI 221.
II. Western Muslim, 221. Muhammad al-Zuhrl, 221.
III. Latin, 222. Henry of Mayence, £22. Guido the Geographer, 222. Lam-
bert of Saint Omer, 222.
IV. Latin Pilgrims, 223. Saewulf, 223. Belardo d Ascoli, 223. Anonymous
Pilgrims to the Holy Land, 223.
V. Other Christian Pilgrims, 224. Daniel of Kiev 224. Sigurd of Norway,
224.
VI. Chinese, 225. Hsti Ching, 225. Chinese Geography, 225.
Chapter IX
Natural History 226-228
I. Muslim, 226.
II. Latin and Vernacular, 226. Botanic Iconography, 226. Treatises on
Falconry, 227.
III. Byzantine, 228.
IV. Chinese, 228. Ch^n-fu, 228.
Chapter X
Medicine. 229-248
I. Serapion Junior, or Ibn Sarabl, 229.
II. Western Muslim, 229. Ibn Hasdai, 229. AbO-l-galt, 230. AbU-l- AlA’
Zuhr, 230. Ibn Zuhr, 231.
III. Eastern Muslim, 234. Adn n al- Ainzarbl, 234. Ibn al-Tilmldh, 234.
Ism Il aWurjanl, 234.
IV. Jewish, 235. Ibn Biklfirish, 235.
V. Byzantine, 236. Hierophilos the Sophist, 236.
VI. Latin, 236. Stephen of Antioch, 236. The First Salernitan Anatomical
Demonstration (Anatomia Porci; Anatomia Cophonis), 237. The Second
Salernitan Demonstration, 238. Archimatthaeus, 238. Bartholomew
of Salerno, 239. Nicholas of Salerno, 239. Salernus, 240. Matthaeus
Platearius, 241. Petrus of Musanda, 242. “Trotula,” 242. Benevenutus
Grassus, 243. Zacharias, 244. David the Armenian, 244. Mediaeval
Hospitals, 245.
VII. Hindu, 247. Pallana, 247.
VIII. Chinese, 247. Chinese Materia Medica, 247. K ou Tsung-shih, 248.
Chapter XI
Historiography 249-263
I. Eastern Muslim, 249. Al-Shahrast5.nl, 249.
II. Western Muslim, 249. Ibn Bashkuwal, 249.
III. Western Jewish, 250.
IV. Byzantine, 250. Nicephoros Bryennios and Anna Comnena, 250. Zonaras,
251. Glycas, 251.
V. Armenian, 251. Matthew of Edessa, 251.
VI. French, 252. Gesta Francorum, 252. Guibert of Nogent, 253. Orderie
Vital, 254. The Codex Calixtinus, 254.
CONTENTS
VII. Italian, 255. Leo of Ostia and Peter the Deacon, 255.
VIII, English, 255. Florence of Worcester, 255. William of Malmesbury, 255.
IX. Welsh, 256. Geoffrey of Monmouth, 256. Caradog of Llancarvan* 257.
X. German, 257. Sigebert of Gembloux, 257. Ekkehard of Aura, 258. Otto
of Freising, 258.
XI. Bohemian, 259. Cosmas of Prague, 259,
XII. Icelandic, 259. Ari FrótSi Jjorgilsson, 259.
XIII. Russian, 261. Nestor of Kiev, 261.
XIV. Kashmirian, 261. Kalha^a, 261.
XV. Chinese, 262. Téng Ming-shih, 262. Hung Tsun, 262. Chinese Archaeol-
ogy, 262.
XVI. Japanese,’ 263. Fujiwara Tamenari, 263.
Chapter XII
Law and Sociology 264-269
I. Western.Muslim, 264. Abü Bakr al-Turtüshl, 264. Ibn al-*ArabI, 264.
II. Latin, 264. Manegold of Lautenbach, 264. Irnerius, 265. Roman Law
in France and England, 267. Development of Feudal Law, 267. Gratian
268. Alexander III, 268.
III. Hindu, 269. Lakshmldhara, 269. Govindaraja, 269.
Chapter XIII
Philology and Education 270-274
I. Eastern Muslim, 270. Al-IJarlrl, 270. Ibn al-jaw llql, 270. Al-Mai-
dS.nl, 271. al-Zamakhsharl, 271.
II. Western Muslim, 272.
III. Western Jewish, 272. Istt q ibn BarQn, 272.
IV. Eastern Jewish, 272.
V. Byzantine, 272.
VI. Latin and Vernacular, 273.
VII. Hindu, 273.
VIII. Manchu, 273. Manchu writing, 273.
Appendix to Book I 275-276
Eadmer, 275. ‘All ibn Sulaiman, 275.
BOOK II
The Time of Gerard of Cremona, Ibn Rushd, and Maimonides (Second Half of
Twelfth Century)
Chapter XIV
Survey of Science and Intellectual Progress in the Second Half of the
Twelfth Century 279-330
I. Introduction, 279.
II. Religious Background, 280. 1. Christendom, 280. 2. Israel, 281. -3.
Islam, 282. 4. Buddhism, 282.
III. The Translators, 282. 1. From Arabic into Latin, 282. 2. From Arabic
into Hebrew, 283. 3. From Greek into Latin, 283. 4. From Latin into
Hebrew, 284.
IV. Education, 285.
V. Philosophic Background, 286. 1. Western Muslim, 286. 2. Eastern
Muslim, 288. 3. Western Jewish, 289. 4. Eastern Jewish and Samari-
tan, 292. 5. Latin, 292. 6. Vernacular, 293. 7. Byzantine, 294. 8.
Iranian, 294. 9. Hindu, 294. 10, Chinese, 294.
CONTENTS
VI. Mathematics and Astronomy, 295. 1. Western Muslim, 295. .2. Eastern
Muslim, 296. 3. Western Jewish, 296. 4. Eastern Jewish, 296. 5.
Syriac, 296. 6. Byzantine, 296. 7. Latin, 297. 8. Vernacular, 297.
9. Hindu, 297. 10. Chinese, 297. 11. Japanese, 297. 12. Summary,
298.
VII. Physics, Technology, and Music, 298. 1. Eastern Muslim, 298. 2. East-
ern Jewish, 298. 3. Latin, 299. 4. European music, 299.
VIII. Chemistry, 299. 1. Western Muslim, 299. 2. Latin, 299. 3. Westward
transmission of Chinese porcelain, 299.
IX. Geography, 300. 1. Western Muslim, 300. 2. Eastern Muslim, 300. 3.
Jewish, 300. 4. Byzantine, 301. 5. Latin, 301. 6. Vernacular, 302. 7.
Chinese, 302. 8. Summary, 302. ^ y
X. Natural History, 503. 1. Western Muslim, 303. 2. Eastern Muslim, 303.
3. Western Jewish, 303. 4. Muslim and Jewish falconry, 304. 5.
Byzantine, 304. 6. Latin, 304. 7. Vernacular, 304. 8. Hindu, , 305.
9. Chinese, 305. 10. Japanese, 305. 11. Summary, 305.
XI. Medicine, 305. 1. Western Muslim, 305. 2. Eastern Muslim, 306. 3.
Western Jewish, 305. 4. Eastern Jewish, 307. 5. Salernitan, 307. 6.
Latin (non-Salernitan), 309. 7. Armenian, 310. 8. Hindu, 310. 9.
Chinese, 311. 10. Japanese, 311. 11. Summary, 311.
XII. Historiography, 311. 1. Western Muslim, 311. 2. Eastern Muslim, 311.
3. Western Jewish, 312. 4. Armenian, 313. 5. Syriac, 313. 6. Byzan-
tine, 313. 7. Spanish, 313. 8. Italian, 313. 9. French, 313. 10. Ger-
man, 314. 11. English, 314. 12. Scandinavian, 315. 13. Russian, 315.
14. Chinese, 315. 15. Japanese, 315. 16. Summary, 315.
XIII. Law and Sociology, 316. 1. Western Muslim, 316. 2. Eastern Muslim, 316.
3. Jewish and Samaritan, 316. 4. Italian, 316. 5. English, 316. 6.
Spanish, 317. 7. Scandinavian, 317. 8. Hindu, 317. 9. Summary,
317.
XIV. Philology, 318. 1. Eastern Muslim, 318. 2. Western Jewish, 318. 3.
Samaritan, 319. 4. Armenian, 319. 5. Byzantine, 319. 5. Latin, 319.
7. Vernacular, 320. 8. Hindu, 320. 9. Chinese, 321.
XV. Conclusions, 321. Main Achievements, 321. Comparative Achievements
of Various Groups, 323. Comparative Achievements of these Groups
measured by Their Outstanding Personalities, 329.
Chapter XV
Religious Background 331-337
I. Christendom, 331. Humiliati, 331. Waldensians, 331. Joachim of Floris,
332. The Teutonic Knights, 333. Trinitarians, 334. Beginnings of
Gothic Architecture, 334. Nerses the Graceful, 335.
II. Israel, 335. Munaja ben §adaqa, 336.
III. Islftm, 336. Yazldl, 336. .
IV. Buddhism, 336. Chinese, 336. Japanese, 336. Eisai, 337.
Chapter XVI
The Translators 338-349
I. From Arabic into Latin, 338. Gerard of Cremona, 338; List of Gerard s
Translations, 339. Marc of Toledo, 344.
II. From Arabic into Hebrew, 344. Joseph QSmhi, 344. Judah ibn Tibbon,
345.
III. From Greek into Latin, 346. Eugene the Amir, 346. Aristippus of Cata-
nia, 346. Paschal the Roman, 347. William le Mire, 347. Sarrazin, 347.
Burgundio of Pisa, 348. Leo Tuscus, 348
IV. From Latin into Hebrew, 349. Berakya ha-Naqdan, 349.
Chapter XVII
Education 350-353
The Birth of European Universities, 350. Salerno, 351. Bologna, 351. Paris,
351. Montpellier, 352. Oxford, 352.
CONTENTS
Chapter XVIII
Philosophie Background 354-398
I. Western Muslim, 354. Ibn Tufail, 354. Ibn Rushd, 355; Philosophical
Writings and Commentaries, 359. Medical Writings, 360. Abü-l- Ab-
bSs al-Sibtï, 361.
II. Eastern Muslim, 361. Yahyâ al-Suhrawardl, 361. Ibn al-jauzl, 362.
’Umar al-Suhrawardï, 363. Ni?âmI-i- A.rüdï, 363. Fakhr al-dln al-
Râzï, 364. Aba Bakr ibn al-Mu?hir, 365.
III. Western Jewish, 365. Isaac ben Melchizedek, 365. ? Abraham ben David
of Posquières, 365. Isaac the Blind, 366. A Belated Note on the Sefer
Ye?irah, 367. Abraham ben David ha-Levi, 368.
Maimonides, 369; Philosophical and General Writings, 370, Medicine, 371,
Astronomy, 373, Rabbinical Commentaries, 373. Rationalism, 374,
Influence, 375, Appendix, 375. Joseph ibn AqnIn, 380. Joseph ibn
Zabara, 381.
IV. Eastern Jewish and Samaritan, 382. Hibatallah ibn Malkâj 382.
V. Latin, 382. Peter the Lombard, 382. Alan of Lille, 383. Isaac of Stella,
384. Daniel of Morley, 385. Alexander Neckam, 385. The Lucidarius,
386. Hildegard, 386. Herrad of Landsberg, 389.
VI. Vernacular, 389. Troubadours and Trouvères, 389. Goliards, 391.
Minnesingers, 392. Reynard the Fox, 393. The Nibelungenlied, 394.
VII. Byzantine, 395. Eustathios, 395.
VIII. Iranian, 396. Iranian Cosmology, 396.
IX. Hindu, 396. Gaùgeâa, 396. DurlabharSja, 397. - Jagaddeva, 397.
X. Chinese, 397. Chu Hsi, 397. Lu Chiu-yÜan, 398.r
Chapter XIX
Mathematics and Astronomy 399-405
I. Western Muslim, 399. ;* Al-Bitrüj I, 399. ^ Ibn al-Yâsmlnl, 400. Muham-
mad al-Baççâr, 400.
II. Eastern Muslim, 400. Abd al-Malik al-ShlrâzI, 400. Muhammad ibn
al-ljusain, 401.
III. Western Jewish, 401.
IV. Eastern Jewish, 401. Samü’Ilibn Abbas, 401.
V. Syriac, 402.
VI. Byzantine, 402. Camateros, 402.
VII. Latin, 403. Translation of the Almagest, 403. Practica geomefHae, 403.
Roger of Hereford, 404.
VIII. Vernacular, 404. Bjarni Bergltfrsson, 404.
IX. Hindu, 405.
X. Chinese, 405.
XI. Japanese, 405. Fujiwara Michinori, 405. *
Chapter XX
Physics, Technology, and Music 406-407
I. Eastern Muslim, 406.
II. Eastern Jewish, 406.
III. Latin, 406. Pioneer Engineering Work in Northern Italy, 406.
IV. European Music, 406. Franco of Cologne, 406.
Chapter XXI
Chemistry 408-409
I. Muslim, 408. Ibn Arfa’Ra’sahu, 408.
II. Latin, 408. Alcoholic Distillation, 408.
III. Western Transmission of Chinese Porcelain. 409.
CONTENTS
Chapter XXII
Geography 410-423
I. Western Muslim, 410. Al-IdrlsI, 410. Al-M5zinl, 412. Ibn Jubair, 412.r
II. Eastern Muslim, 413. Muhammad ibn Mahmtld al-TQfll, 413. All al-
Harawl, 413.
III. Jewish, 414. Benjamin of Tudela, 414. Petahiah ben Jacob, 415. Jacob
ben Nathaniel, 415.
IV Byzantine, 416. Phocas, 416.
V Latin, 416. “Prester John,” 416. Gerald the Welshman, 417. Anony-
mous Pilgrims to the Holy Land, 419. John of Wtirzburg, 419. Theo-
doric the Pilgrim, 420. Burchard of Strassburg, 420. Kichard Lionheart,
420. Fetellus, 421.
VI. Vernacular, 421. Nikul4s Saemundarson, 421. ‘ Anthony of Novgorod,
/. 421.
VII. Chinese, 422. Fan ch 4ng-ta, 422. Chinese Cartography, 423. Wang
Hsiang-chih, 423.
Chapter XXIII
Natural History 424-429
I. Western Muslim, 424. Al-Gh fiql, 424. Ibn al- Aww m. 424.
II. Eastern Muslim, 425.
III. Western Jewish, 425.
IV. Muslim and Jewish Falconry, 425.
V. Byzantine, 426. The Poricologos, 426.
VI. Latin, 426. Robert of Cricklade, 42$.
VII. Vernacular, 427. Sancho el Sabio, ¿27.
VIII. Hindu, 427.
IX. Chinese, 428. Lou Shou, 428. Han Ch an-chih, 428.
X. Japanese, 429. Introduction of Tea into Japan, 429.
Chapter XXIV
Medicine 430-443
I. Western Muslim, 430. “Alcoatim,” 430.
II, Eastern Muslim, 430. Ibn Hubal, 430. Abd al-Rahmän al-ShlrfizI, 431.
III. Western Jewish, 431. Sheshet Benveniste, 431.
IV. EasteÄi Jewish, 432. Ibn al-Mudawwar, 432. Ibn al-Näqid, 432. Ibn
Jamr, 432. Abü-l-Ma lI, 433.
V. Salernitan, 433. Compendium Salemitanum, 433. Roger of Salerno, 435.
Maurus, 436. Richard of Salerno, and (or) Nicholas II of Salerno, 436.
Urso of Calabria, 437. Petronius, 438. Peter of Eboli, 438. Ferrarius,
439. John of St. Paul, 439. Bernard of Provence, 440./ Giles of Cor-
beil, 440.
VI. Latin (Non-Salernitan), 441.
VII. Armenian, 441. Mekhitar of Her, 441.
VIII. Hindu, 442.
IX. Chinese, 442. Chinese and Japanese Materia Medica, 442. ChAn Yen,
443.
X. Japanese, 443. Henchiin Seiken, 443.
Chapter XXV
Historiography 444-461
I. Western Muslim, 444. Ibn Khair, 444. Al-pabbI, 444.
II. Eastern Muslim, 444. Al-Sam nl, 444. Ibn Hamdün, 445. All al-Bay-
haql, 445. Umfira al-Yamanl, 446. Ibn *As kir, 416. Ibn Mu?qidh,
446. Tmftd al-dln al-Isfah nl, 447. Yüsuf ibn R fi*, 448.
CONTENTS
ill. Western Jewish, 448. Ephraim ben Jacob, 448.
IV. Armenian, 448. Samuel of AnI, 448.
V. Syriac, 449. Michael the Elder, 449. Simeon Shanq l wf, 449.
VI. Byzantine, 450. Manasses, 450. Cinnamos, 450.
VII. Spanish, 450. Poema del Cid, 450.
VIII. Italian, 451. Romuald of Salerno, 451. Falcandus, 452. Godfrey of
Viterbo, 452.
IX. French, 453. Wace of Jersey, 453. Peter the Eater, 453. William of
Tyre, 454. Robert of Torigny, 455.
X. German, 455. Helmold, 455.
XI. English, 456. Huntingdon, 456. Newburgh, 456. Howden, 457. Diceto,
457.
XII. Scandinavian, 458. Svend Aageson, 458.
XIII. Russian, 458. Russian Chronicles, 458.
XIV. Chinese, 459. Ch6ng Ch’iao, 459. Hung Kua, 460.
XV. Japanese, 461. Nakayama Tadachika, 461.
Chapter XXVI
Law and Sociology 462-468
I. Western Muslim, 462. Aba-l-Qasim al-IJaufi, 462.
II. Eastern Muslim, 462. Ibn al-Dahh n, 462. Ja far ibn All, 462. *Abd
al-Rahman ibn Na§r, 463. Ibn Mammatl, 464. Al-Marghlng.nl, 464.
III. Jewish and Samaritan, 464. Isaac ben Abra Mari, 464.
IV. Italian, 465. Peter of Piacenza, 465.
V. English, 465. Vacarius, 465. John of Salisbury, 466. Fitzneal, 467.
Glanville, 467.
VI. Spanish, 468.
VII. Scandinavian, 468.
VIII. Hindu, 468.
Chapter XXVII
Philology 469-475
I. Eastern Muslim, 469. Ibn al-Anbfirl, 469.
II. Western Jewish, 469. Moses Qimhi, 469. David Qfimhi, 470.
III. Samaritan, 471. Abu-l-Ish q Ibrfihlm, 471.
IV. Armenian, 471.
V. Byzantine, 471. Gregorios of Corinth, 471.
VI. Latin, 472. Hugutio, 472.
VII. Vernacular, 472.
VIII. Hindu, 472. Aggavarpsa, 472. Moggall na, 473. Hemacandra, 473.
IX. Chinese, 474. Fa Yto, 474.
Appendix to Book II 476-480
Abraham ben Isaac of Narbonne, 477. Isaac ibn Crispin, 477. liu Wan-sur 478.
Chang Titi-ho, 479. Ambroiae the Jongleur, 479. Chand Bard l, 480.
|
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| indexdate | 2024-07-09T15:44:21Z |
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| isbn | 0882751727 |
| language | English |
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| spelling | Sarton, George 1884-1956 Verfasser (DE-588)119224453 aut Introduction to the history of science 2,1 From Rabbi Ben Ezra to Roger Bacon ; P. 1 by George Sarton Repr. d. Ausg. 1931 1975 Washington XXXV, 480 S. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Carnegie Institution of Washington publication 376,2,1 Carnegie Institution <Washington, DC>: Publication ... (DE-604)BV001249709 2,1 Carnegie Institution of Washington publication 376,2,1 (DE-604)BV035415500 376,2,1 Digitalisierung UB Bamberg - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=001543132&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Sarton, George 1884-1956 Introduction to the history of science Carnegie Institution of Washington publication |
| title | Introduction to the history of science |
| title_auth | Introduction to the history of science |
| title_exact_search | Introduction to the history of science |
| title_full | Introduction to the history of science 2,1 From Rabbi Ben Ezra to Roger Bacon ; P. 1 by George Sarton |
| title_fullStr | Introduction to the history of science 2,1 From Rabbi Ben Ezra to Roger Bacon ; P. 1 by George Sarton |
| title_full_unstemmed | Introduction to the history of science 2,1 From Rabbi Ben Ezra to Roger Bacon ; P. 1 by George Sarton |
| title_short | Introduction to the history of science |
| title_sort | introduction to the history of science from rabbi ben ezra to roger bacon p 1 |
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