Plant carbohydrates: 2 Extracellular carbohydrates
Gespeichert in:
| Weitere Verfasser: | |
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| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Berlin [u.a.]
Springer
1981
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| Schriftenreihe: | Encyclopedia of plant physiology
New series, 13B |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | XXII, 769 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 3540110070 0387110070 |
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Plant carbohydrates |n 2 |p Extracellular carbohydrates |c ed. by F. A. Loewus ... |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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| adam_text | Contents
I. Cell Walls of Higher Plants
1 Constitution of Plant Cell Wall Polysaccharides
G.O. ASPINALL
1 The Classification of Plant Polysaccharides................ 3
2 The Main Structural Features ..................... 6
2.1 Cellulose, Other /J-D-Glucose and Xyloglucans ............ 6
2.2 Rhamnogalacturonans and Associated Arabinans and Arabinogalactans . 6
2.3 Mannans, Glucomannans and Galactoglucomannans.......... 7
2.4 Xylans.............................. 7
2.5 Other Cell Wall Polysaccharides................... 7
3 Covalent and Non-Covalent Inter-Polymeric Linkages in the Cell Wall ... 7
References ................................ 8
2 infrastructure of the Plant Cell Wall: Biophysical Viewpoint
J.R. COLVIN
1 Introduction ............................. 9
1.1 What a Plant Cell Wall Is ..................... 9
1.2 What a Plant Cell Wall Is Not ................... 10
1.3 Functions and Biological Significance of the Plant Cell Wall...... 10
2 Idealized Plant Cell Wall: Structure................... 11
2.1 Intercellular Layer......................... 11
2.2 Primary Cell Wall......................... 12
2.2.1 Matrix Substances ...................... 12
2.2.2 Microfibrils of Cellulose.................... 12
2.2.3 Local Structure of the Primary Wall .............. 13
2.3 Secondary Cell Wall...... .................. 14
2.3.1 Bordered Pits......................... 14
2.4 Tertiary Wail ........................... 14
3 Actual Plant Cell Walls: Structure ................... 15
3.1 Intercellular Layers of Various Species................ 15
3.2 Thickened Primary Wall of Axial Parenchyma Cells of Trembling Aspen . 15
3.3 Secondary Wall Layers of Elm Parenchyma Cells........... 16
3.4 Ultrastructure of Cell Walls of Fusarium sulphureum.......... 16
3.5 Ultrastructure of the Cell Wall of Yeasts............... 16
3.6 Cell Wall Structure of Algae .................... 17
3.7 Physical Structure of Cell Walls from Protoplasts........... 18
3.8 Physics of Specialized Structures of Plant Cell Walls ......... 19
4 Macromolecular Problems of Formation of Components of Plant Cell Walls . 19
4.1 Physical Formation of Cellulose Microfibrils ............. 19
4.2 Physical Formation of Chitin Microfibrils .............. 21
4.3 Deposition of Hemiceiluloses.................... 21
4.4 Physical Self-Assembly of Plant Cell Walls.............. 21
5 Resume ............................... 22
References ................................ 22
VIII Contents
3 The Assembly of Polysaccharide Fibrils
D.G. Robinson (With 3 Figures)
References ................................ 28
4 Ultrastructure of the Plant Cell Wall: Biochemical Viewpoint
K. Kato
1 Introduction ............................. 29
2 Microfibrillar Component ....................... 29
3 Matrix Noncellulosic Polysaccharides .................. 30
3.1 Hemicelluloses........................... 31
3.1.1 Xylans............................ 31
3.1.2 Mixed jS-Glucans....................... 31
3.1.3 Xyloglucans ......................... 32
3.1.4 Glucomannans........................ 33
3.2 Pectic Polysaccharides ....................... 33
3.2.1 Rhamnogalacturonan...................... 33
3.2.2 Arabinogalactans....................... 34
3.2.3 Arabinans and Galactans ................... 34
3.3 Glycoprotein of the Walls ..................... 35
3.4 Lignin .............................. 36
4 Polysaccharidic Association Within the Primary Cell Wall......... 36
4.1 Dicot Primary Cell Walls...................... 36
4.2 Monocot Primary Cell Walls .................... 38
5 Chemical Changes in the Cell Wall During Growth and Differentiation ... 39
6 Conclusion.............................. 41
References ................................ 42
5 Biosynthesis and Metabolism of Cellulose and Noncellulosic Cell Wall
Glucans
G. Franz and U. Heiniger (With 1 Figure)
1 Introduction: Various Aspects of Cellulose Formation in Vivo and in Vitro . 47
2 Possible Substrates for Cellulose Biosynthesis............... 49
2.1 Occurrence of NDP-Sugars (Sugar Nucleotides) in Tissues Actively Forming
Cell Walls ............................ 49
2.2 Sucrose Synthetase and Pyrophosphorylase Activities ......... 49
2.3 Different NDP-Glucoses as Hypothetical Substrates for the in Vitro
Biosynthesis of Cellulose...................... 50
2.4 In Vivo Studies on Cellulose Biosynthesis............... 54
3 Primer Requirement for Cellulose Biosynthesis.............. 55
4 Involvement of Lipid-Intermediates in Cellulose Biosynthesis........ 57
5 Endogenous and Exogenous Factors Which Might Influence the Biosynthesis
of Cellulose ............................. 59
5.1 Hormonal Control of Cellulose Biosynthesis ............. 59
5.2 Inhibitors in the Process of Cellulose Formation............ 60
6 Conclusion.............................. 61
References ................................ 61
6 Metabolism of Noncellulosic Polysaccharides
G.B. Fincher and B.A. Stone (With 7 Figures)
1 Cell Walls and Cell Wall Metabolism.................. 68
2 Molecular Aspects of Polysaccharide Synthesis.............. 69
Contents IX
2.1 Origins of Monosaccharides and Their Activated Forms........ 69
2.2 Polysaccharide Assembly...................... 70
2.2.1 Polymerizing Systems ..................... 70
2.2.2 Lipid-Saccharide Intermediates................. 70
2.2.3 Chain Initiation........................ 73
2.2.4 Chain Elongation and Direction of Growth........... 74
2.2.5 Sequences of Linkages and Monosaccharides, and Insertion of Side
Branches........................... 74
2.2.6 Chain Termination ...................... 75
2.3 Biosynthesis of Glycosyl Ethers and Esters.............. 75
2.4 Control.............................. 76
2.4.1 Supply of Monosaccharide Precursors.............. 76
2.4.2 Activation and Interconversion of Monosaccharides........ 76
2.4.3 Polymerization........................ 80
3 Cellular Aspects of Polysaccharide Synthesis and Processing........ 80
3.1 Location of Enzymes Leading to the Establishment of the Nucleotide Sugar
Pool............................. . . 80
3.2 Location of Glycosyl Transferases Involving Lipid Intermediates .... 81
3.3 Location of Polysaccharide Synthetases................ 81
3.4 Subcellular Routes of Polysaccharide Assembly............ 82
3.4.1 Golgi Dictyosome - Golgi Vesicle - Plasma Membrane Route . ... 82
3.4.2 Endoplasmic Reticulum - Plasma Membrane Route........ 84
3.4.3 Assembly at the Plasma Membrane............... 85
3.4.4 Deposition of Polysaccharides in the Wall............ 86
4 Metabolism During Cell Division. Growth. Differentiation. Senescence and
Germination ............................. 87
4.1 Methodological Considerations and Interpretations .......... 87
4.2 Molecular Strategies in Morphogenesis................ 89
4.3 Cell Plate Formation........................ 90
4.4 Primary Cell Wall Deposition and Expansion............. 91
4.5 Secondary Cell Wall Deposition and Growth............. 93
4.6 Cell Wall Metabolism During Differentiation in Specific Tissues .... 94
4.6.1 Tracheids, Laticifers, Aerenchyma and Lateral Root Initiation ... 94
4.6.2 Tyloses ........................... 97
4.6.3 Formation of Plasmodesmata and Differentiation of Sieve Plates . . 97
4.6.4 Gametogenic Tissues ..................... 99
4.6.5 Mucilage (Slime)- and Gum-secreting Cells ........... 101
4.7 Senescence ............................ 102
4.7.1 Abscission.......................... 102
4.7.2 Fruit Senescence ....................... 103
4.7.3 Flower and Leaf Senescence.................. 105
4.8 Germination ........................... 105
5 Metabolism in Response to Environmental Changes and Pathogenesis .... 108
5.1 Tropisms...............T............. 108
5.1.1 Geotropism and Phototropism................. 108
5.1.2 Reaction Wood........................ 108
5.1.3 Hypogravity ......................... 109
5.2 Environmental Stress........................ 109
5.3 Wounding Responses........................ 110
5.4 Pathogenesis ........................... Hi
References ................................ 114
7 Glycoproteins and Enzymes of the Cell Wall
D.T.A. Lamport and J.W. Catt
1 Introduction ............................. 133
2 Structural or Matrix Proteins...................... 134
X Contents
2.1 Higher and Lower Plants...................... 134
2.1.1 Glycopeptide Linkages..................... 134
2.1.2 Hydroxyproline Glycosides................... 135
2.1.3 Peptide Sequence and Conformation .............. 135
2.1.4 Role of Glycosylation..................... 136
2.1.5 Assembly .......................... 137
2.1.6 Possible Roles for the Matrix Protein Extensin .......... 138
2.2 Algae............................... 144
2.2.1 Occurrence of Matrix Proteins................. 144
2.2.2 The Chlamydomonas Type Wall ................ 145
2.2.3 Phylogenetic Considerations .................. 146
3 Cell Wall Enzymes .......................... 149
3.1 Introduction............................ 149
3.2 Biological Role .......................... 149
3.2.1 Involvement in Cell Wall Assembly and Cell Extension...... 149
3.2.2 Involvement in Transport ................... 151
3.2.3 Involvement in Recognition Phenomena and Disease Resistance . . 151
4 Arabinogalactan Proteins (AGP s) and /?-Lectins ............. 152
4.1 General Properties......................... 152
4.2 Chemistry, Physical Properties, and Biosynthesis ........... 153
4.3 Biological Role .......................... 154
4.3.1 Water Relations ....................... 154
4.3.2 Mechanical Cell-Cell Interactions................ 154
4.3.3 Cell Recognition ....................... 155
5 Concluding Remarks ......................... 155
References ................................ 156
8 The Role of Lipid-Linked Saccharides in the Biosynthesis of Complex
Carbohydrates
A.D. Elbein (With 9 Figures)
1 Introduction ............................. 166
2 Nature of the Lipid Carrier ...................... 167
3 Glycoproteins or Other Complex Carbohydrates ............. 168
4 Lipid-linked Monosaccharides ..................... 170
4.1 Mannose............................. 170
4.2 Glucose.............................. 171
4.3 N-Acetylglucosamine........................ 172
4.4 Other Monosaccharide Lipids.................... 173
5 Oligosaccharide Derivatives....................... 174
6 Protein Glycosylation ......................... 178
7 Further Reactions - Processing of Proteins................ 181
8 Effect of Antibiotics and Other Inhibitors................ 183
9 Subcellular Location of the Enzymes of the Dolichol Pathway....... 187
10 Conclusions ............................. 188
References ................................ 188
9 Biosynthesis of Lignin
T. Higlchi (With 22 Figures)
1 Occurrence of Lignin in Plants..................... 194
2 Morphological Distribution of Lignins in Plant Cell Walls......... 197
3 Biogenesis of Lignin Precursors..................... 201
3.1 Shikimic Acid Phenylalanine Pathway ............... 201
3.2 Cinnamic Acid Pathway ...................... 203
Contents XI
3.2.1 Hydroxylation of Cinnamic Acids................ 204
3.2.2 Methylation of Hydroxycinnamic Acids............. 205
3.2.3 Reduction of Hydroxycinnamic Acids.............. 207
4 Dehydrogenative Polymerization of Hydroxycinnamyl Alcohols to Lignins . . 209
4.1 Role of Peroxidase in the Dehydrogenative Polymerization of
Hydroxycinnamyl Alcohols (Monolignols) to Lignins ......... 212
4.2 Structural Variation in Dehydrogenation Polymers........... 215
5 Formation and Distribution of Syringyl Lignin in Angiosperm Woods . . . 217
6 Differences Between Gymnosperms and Angiosperms in Lignin Biosynthesis . 218
7 Regulation of Lignin Biosynthesis.................... 220
References ................................ 221
10 Hydrophobic Layers Attached to Cell Walls. Cutin, Suberin and
Associated Waxes
P.E. Kolattukudy, K.E. Espelie and C.L. Soliday (With 9 Figures)
1 Introduction............................. 225
2 Location and Ultrastructure of Cutin, Suberin, and Waxes........ 225
3 Composition and Structure of Cutin and Suberin ............ 227
3.1 Isolation and Depolymerization of Cutin and Suberin......... 227
3.2 Composition of the Monomers of Cutin and Suberin......... 228
3.3 Intermolecular Linkages in Cutin and Suberin............ 231
4 Biosynthesis of Cutin and Suberin................... 232
4.1 Biosynthesis of the C]6 Family of Monomers ............ 232
4.2 Biosynthesis of the C18 Family of Monomers ............ 234
4.3 Synthesis of the Cutin Polymer from Monomers........... 234
4.4 Biosynthesis of the Aliphatic Components of Suberin......... 235
4.5 Regulation of Suberization..................... 236
4.6 Site of Synthesis of the Monomers and the Polymers......... 236
5 Biodegradation of Cutin and Suberin.................. 237
5.1 Fungal Cutinase ......................... 237
5.2 Pollen Cutinase.......................... 238
6 Isolation and Analysis of Waxes.................... 239
7 Composition of Waxes........................ 239
8 Biosynthesis of Waxes ........................ 243
8.1 Biosynthesis of Very Long Fatty Acids ............... 243
8.2 Biosynthesis of Fatty Alcohols................... 244
8.3 Biosynthesis of Wax Esters..................... 244
8.4 Biosynthesis of Hydrocarbons and Derivatives............ 245
8.5 Biosynthesis of /S-Diketones .................... 246
9 Function of Cutin, Suberin and Associated Waxes............ 247
References ................................ 248
11 Wall Extensibility: Hormones and Wall Extension
R.E. Cleland (With 2 Figures)
1 Introduction............................. 255
2 Cellular Parameters Which Control Cell Elongation........... 255
3 Do Hormones Control Wall Extension via Changes in Wall Extensibility? . 256
3.1 WEx and the Mechanical Properties of Cell Walls ....... ... 256
3.1.1 What is WEx?........................ 256
3.1.2 Mechanical Properties of Cell Walls.............. 257
3.1.3 Changes in WEx in Vivo................... 258
3.2 Measurement of WEx....................... 258
3.2.1 Measurement of the Mechanical Properties of Isolated Walls . . . 258
XII Contents
3.2.2 Direct Measurement of WEx ................. 260
3.2.3 Other Mechanical Testing Procedures ............. 260
3.3 Cases Where Hormones Affect WEx ................ 261
3.3.1 Auxin ........................... 261
3.3.2 Gibberellin ......................... 262
3.3.3 Other Hormones....................... 263
3.3.4 Conclusions......................... 263
4 The Mechanism of Auxin-Induced Wall Loosening............ 263
4.1 Wall Structure, Wall Synthesis and Wall Loosening.......... 263
4.2 Possible Mechanisms for Wall Loosening.............. 264
4.2.1 Breakage of Hydrogen Bonds................. 264
4.2.2 Calcium Cross-Links..................... 265
4.2.3 Nonenzymatic Wall Loosening ................ 265
4.2.4 Enzymatic Wall Loosening .................. 265
4.2.5 Conclusions......................... 269
References ................................ 269
II. Cell Walls of Algae and Fungi
12 Algal Walls - Composition and Biosynthesis
E. Percival and R.H. McDowell (With 6 Figures)
1 Introduction............................. 277
2 Cellulose and Other Glucans ..................... 279
2.1 Chlorophyceae.......................... 280
2.2 Rhodophyceae.......................... 281
2.3 Phaeophyceae.......................... 281
2.4 Biosynthesis........................... 281
2.5 (1 -+3)-/?-glucan......................... 281
3 Xylans ............................... 282
3.1 Rhodophyceae.......................... 282
3.2 Chlorophyceae.......................... 282
4 Mannans .............................. 283
4.1 Chlorophyceae.......................... 283
4.2 Bacillariophyceae ........................ 283
5 Alginic Acid............................. 284
5.1 Constitution and Structure .................... 284
5.2 Ion Exchange.......................... 285
5.3 Conformation.......................... 286
5.4 Gel Formation ......................... 286
5.5 Variations in Structure...................... 287
5.6 Biosynthesis........................... 288
6 Galactans.............................. 289
6.1 Agar and Related Molecules ................... 291
6.2 Carrageenan and Related Polysaccharides.............. 292
6.3 Conformation.......................... 293
6.4 Gametophyte and Sporophyte Carrageenans ............ 294
6.5 Immunochemistry ........................ 294
6.6 Cell Wall Localization...................... 294
6.7 Biosynthesis........................... 295
7 Fucans............................... 295
7.1 Structure............................ 297
7.2 Site of Sulfate.......................... 297
Contents XIII
7.3 Biosynthesis........................... 298
7.4 Location and Function...................... 298
8 Sulfated Polysaccharides of the Chlorophyceae ............. 299
9 Polysaccharides of the Bacillariophyceae ................ 303
10 Extracellular Polysaccharides ..................... 303
10.1 From Phaeophyceae....................... 303
10.2 From Rhodophyceae....................... 303
10.3 From the Xanthophyceae..................... 304
10.4 From Bacillariophyceae...................... 305
11 Conclusions............................. 305
11.1 Functions............................ 305
11.2 Taxonomy ........................... 306
References ................................ 306
13 Algal Walls - Cytology of Formation
D.G. Robinson (With 13 Figures)
1 Matrix Polysaccharide and Siime Production .............. 317
2 Microfibril Synthesis and Orientation.................. 317
2.1 The Formation and Secretion of Scales............... 317
2.1.1 Scale Structure ....................... 317
2.1.2 The Golgi Apparatus and Scale Production........... 318
2.1.3 Scale Transport and Liberation ................ 320
2.2 Microfibril Deposition in Cellulosic Algae.............. 320
2.2.1 Cladophorales, Siphonocladales ................ 320
2.2.2 Chlorococcales........................ 322
2.2.3 Conjugates (Placoderm Desmids)................ 325
2.3 The Production of Chitin Microfibrils................ 326
2.3.1 Poterioochromonas...................... 326
2.3.2 Centric Diatoms....................... 326
3 Glycoprotein Wall Formation..................... 328
References ................................ 329
14 Algal Wall-Degrading Enzymes - Autolysines
U.G. Schlosser (With 7 Figures)
1 Introduction............................. 333
2 Autolysines Found in Algae...................... 334
2.1 Chlamydomonas (Chlorophyceae, Volvocales) ............ 334
2.1.1 Evidence .......................... 334
2.1.2 Specificity of Action..................... 338
2.1.3 Isolation and Properties ................... 338
2.1.4 Regulation ......................... 340
2.1.5 Reproduction Cell Release Mechanism............. 343
2.2 Volvox (Chlorophyceae. Volvocales)................. 343
2.3 Chlorella (Chlorophyceae. Chlorococcaiesl.............. 344
2.4 Geminella (Chlorophyceae. Ulotrichales)............... 346
3 Indication of Autolysine Action in Other Algae............. 346
3.1 Cell Wall Changes in the Reproduction Phase............ 346
3.2 Lysis by Exogenous Enzymes.................... 347
3.3 Dependency on Divalent Cations.................. 348
4 Application of Autolysines ...................... 348
References ................................ 348
XIV Contents
15 Fungal Cell Walls: A Survey
J.G.H. Wessels and J.H. Sietsma (With 1 Figure)
1 Introduction.............................352
1.1 Methodological Difficulties.....................352
2 Survey of Wall Polymers .......................353
2.1 Distribution Among Fungi.....................353
2.2 Individual Polymers........................355
2.2.1 (1 -? 4)-0-D-GlycosaminogIycans (Chitin, Chitosan)........ 355
2.2.2 (1^4)-J3-D-Glucan (Cellulose)................. 357
2.2.3 (1 - 3)-0-D/(l- 6)-^-D-Glucan ................ 358
2.2.4 (1 -* 3)-a-D-Glucan with Variable Amounts of (1 -»4)-a-Linkages . 360
2.2.5 Homo- and Hetero-Glucuronans................ 361
2.2.6 Glycoproteins........................ 362
3 Ultrastructural Localization of Wall Polymers.............. 363
3.1 Methodological Difficulties.....................363
3.2 Mature Walls ..........................363
3.2.1 Filamentous Fungi......................363
3.2.2 Yeasts ...........................367
3.3 Newly Formed Walls.......................368
3.3.1 Reverted Protoplasts and Germinated Zoospores ........368
3.3.2 Growing Areas of the Wall..................369
4 Wall Composition and Cellular Morphology...............370
4.1 Does Wall Composition Determine Cellular Morphology?.......370
4.2 Changes in Wall Composition Accompanying Changes in Cell Morphology 371
5 Wall-Degrading Enzymes.......................373
5.1 Wall Components as Substrates for Degrading Enzymes........ 373
5.2 Net Degradation of Wall Components in Relation to Development . . 375
5.3 Wall-Loosening Enzymes.................... 377
6 Synthesis of the Wall......................... 379
6.1 Introduction...........................379
6.2 Biosynthesis of Individual Wall Components.............379
6.2.1 Chitin ........................... 379
6.2.2 Glucan........................... 381
6.2.3 Glycoprotein ........................ 381
6.3 Wall Synthesis and Morphogenesis................. 381
References ................................ 384
16 Chitin: Structure, Metabolism, and Regulation of Biosynthesis
E. Cabib (With 8 Figures)
1 Introduction............................. 395
2 Chemical and Physical Structure.................... 395
3 Distribution and Localization..................... 397
4 The Enzymatic Synthesis of Chitin and its Regulation .......... 397
4.1 Biosynthesis of Precursors.....................397
4.2 Chitin Synthetase and its Regulation ................398
4.2.1 General Properties of Chitin Synthetase ............ 398
4.2.2 Regulation of Chitin Synthetase Activity............ 401
4.2.3 Subcellular Distribution of Chitin Synthetase.......... 403
5 Chitin Degradation.......................... 405
6 Regulation and Localization of Chitin Synthesis in Vivo ......... 405
6.1 Introduction........................... 405
6.2 Primary Septum Formation in Budding Yeasts............ 406
6.3 Hyphal Growth.......................... 408
6.4 Chitin Synthesis During Round Cell Formation in Blastocladiella emersonii 410
References ................................ 411
Contents XV
17 Fungal Glucans - Structure and Metabolism
G.H. Fleet and H.J. Phaff
1 Introduction............................. 416
2 Glucans from Yeasts......................... 417
2.1 Cell Envelope Glucans ...................... 417
2.1.1 Structure.......................... 417
2.1.2 Degradation......................... 420
3 Glucans from Filamentous Fungi ................... 426
3.1 Structure............................. 426
3.1.1 ^-Linked Glucans ...................... 426
3.1.2 a-Linked Glucans ...................... 428
3.2 Fungal Glucanases and Glucan Degradation............. 429
4 Biosynthesis............................. 431
References ................................ 432
18 Mannoproteins: Structure
R.E. Cohen and C.E. Ballou (With 3 Figures)
1 Definition and Occurrence....................... 441
2 Isolation and Criteria of Homogeneity ................. 441
3 Methods for Structural Analysis.................... 442
3.1 Selective Chemical Degradations.................. 442
3.2 Selective Enzymic Degradations .................. 443
3.3 Mutant Analysis ......................... 443
3.4 Immunochemical Methods..................... 444
3.5 Physical Methods......................... 445
4 Saecharomyces cerevisiae Mannoprotein................. 445
4.1 Bulk Cell Wall Mannoprotein ................... 445
4.2 Characteristics of Mannan Mutants................. 447
4.3 Invertase. an Example of a Homogeneous Extracellular Glycoprotein . 449
4.4 Carboxypeptidase Y, an Example of a Homogeneous Intracellular
Mannoprotein .......................... 451
5 Hansenula uingei Sexual Agglutination Factors ............. 453
5.1 Description of the Mating Reaction in Yeasts ............ 453
5.2 Isolation and Structure of the 5-Cell Agglutinin ........... 453
5.3 Isolation and Structure of 21-Factor ................ 454
5.4 Comparison with Agglutination Factors in Other Yeasts........ 454
References ................................ 455
19 Biosynthesis of Mannoproteins in Fungi
L. Lehle (With 2 Figures)
1 Introduction............................. 459
2 Biosynthesis of Mannoproteins in Saecharomyces Species......... 459
2.1 Early in Vitro Studies with Guanosine Diphosphate Mannose ..... 459
2.2 Participation of Lipid-Linked Intermediates ............. 460
2.2.1 Identification of the Glycosylated Lipid Intermediate....... 460
2.2.2 Role of Dolichyl Monophosphate in the Formation of
Mannooligosaccharide Chains Linked Through the Hydroxyl Group
of Serine and Threonine ................... 460
2.2.3 Role of Dolichyl Diphosphate-Linked Oligosaccharides in the
Formation of the Core Structure Containing the A-
Acetylglucosaminyl-Asparagine Linkage............. 461
2.3 Mannosyl Transfer Reactions Involved in the Assembly of the Outer
Chain Structure.......................... 463
XVI Contents
3 Biosynthesis of Mannoproteins in Other Species............. 465
3.1 Hansenula Species......................... 465
3.2 Kuyveromyces lactis........................ 465
3.3 Cryptococcus laurentii....................... 466
3.4 Aspergillus Species ........................ 466
3.5 Penicillium Species ........................ 467
3.6 Other Species........................... 468
4 Subcellular Sites of Glycosylation ................... 468
5 Possible Control of Mannoprotein Biosynthesis ............. 471
6 Attempts to Study Solubilized Glycosyl Transferases........... 473
7 A Summary of Mannoprotein Biosynthesis; How It Might Occur: a Model . 474
References ................................ 477
III. Export of Carbohydrate Material
20 Secretory Processes - General Considerations and Secretion in Fungi
R. Sentandreu, G. Larriba and M.V. Elorza (With 5 Figures)
1 Introduction............................. 487
2 Synthesis and Segregation of Export Polymers.............. 488
2.1 The Signal Hypothesis....................... 488
2.1.1 Mammalian Cells ...................... 488
2.1.2 Bacteria........................... 490
. 2.1.3 Fungi............................ 491
2.2 Mechanisms of Glycosylation ................... 493
2.2.1 Mammalian Cells ...................... 493
2.2.2 Fungi............................ 493
3 Transport of Secretion Products.................... 496
3.1 Mammalian Cells......................... 496
3.2 Fungi.............................. 498
4 Discharge of Secretion Products.................... 501
5 Synthesis and Secretion of Cell Wall Polysaccharides........... 504
6 Concluding Remarks......................... 506
References ................................ 507
21 Secretion of Cell Wall Material in Higher Plants
J.H.M. Willison (With 9 Figures)
1 Introduction............................. 513
2 Cell Plate Formation......................... 514
2.1 Role of the Phragmoplast..................... 514
2.2 Role of Organelles ........................ 516
3 Secretion of Primary Wall Matrix Substances .............. 518
4 Secretion of Microfibrils ....................... 521
4.1 Site of Synthesis ......................... 521
4.2 Mechanism of Synthesis...................... 522
4.3 Control of Microfibril Orientation ................. 525
4.4 Cellulose Secretion by Acetobacter xvlinum ............. 526
5 Cell Wall Assembly.......................... 528
6 Secretion of Lipidic Wall Materials................... 528
6.1 The Cuticle ........................... 529
6.2 Epicuticular Waxes........................ 530
6.3 Suberinized Layers ........................ 531
References ................................ 532
Contents XVII
22 Secretory Activity of the Root Cap
M. Rougier (With 9 Figures)
1 Introduction............................. 542
2 Root Cap Architecture and Root Cap Secretory Activity......... 542
2.1 Occurrence and Localization of Secretory Cells in the Root Cap .... 542
2.2 Life and Differentiation of Secretory Cells.............. 544
2.3 Ultrastructure of Secretory Cells.................. 545
3 Characteristics of the Secretory Products................ 549
3.1 Collection and Chemical Analysis of Root Cap Slimes ........ 549
3.1.1 Monosaccharide Components................. 551
3.1.2 Other Components...................... 552
3.2 Structure of Root Cap Slimes ................... 552
3.3 In Situ Identification of Slime Components ............. 553
4 Secretory Pathways.......................... 556
4.1 Biosynthesis of Slime Polysaccharides................ 556
4.2 Transport via Granulocrine Process................. 558
4.3 Slime Discharge ......................... 560
4.4 Model of Secretion........................ 561
5 Physiology of the Secretion Processes.................. 562
5.1 Control of the Polysaccharide Droplet Formation and Size ...... 562
5.2 Control of Vesicle Production and Discharge ............ 563
5.3 Characteristics of the Secretory Cycle................ 564
5.4 Participation of Enzymes in the Secretion Processes.......... 565
6 Function of the Root Cap Slime.................... 565
6.1 Slime as a Constituent of Mucigel ................. 565
6.2 Function of the Mucigel at the Root Level ............. 565
6.3 Function of Mucigel at the Root-Soil Interface............ 566
6.3.1 Slime and Sloughed Cells as a Source of Organic Carbon and
Nitrogen in the Rhizosphere ................. 566
6.3.2 Action of the Mucigel on Soil Aggregation and Stability..... 567
6.3.3 Role of Root Cap Slime on Microbial Colonization....... 567
7 Concluding Remarks......................... 569
References ................................ 569
IV. Cell Surface Phenomena
23 Defined Components Involved in Pollination
A.E. Clarke (With 1 Figure)
1 Introduction............................. 577
2 Arabinogalactans as Pistil Components of Gladiolus and Lilium...... 577
3 S-Allele Associated Style Components ................. 580
4 Callose as a Response to Self-Incompatible Matings........... 581
5 Callose as a Pollen Tube Wall Component ............... 581
References ................................ 582
24 Carbohydrates in Plant - Pathogen Interactions
T. Kosuge (With 5 Figures)
1 Introduction.............................584
2 Role of Polysaccharides in the Early Interactions Between Plant and Pathogen 584
XVIII Contents
2.1 Role of Recognition in Plant - Pathogen Interactions......... 584
2.2 Recognition in the Infection Process ................ 585
2.3 Recognition in Resistance Reactions ................ 586
2.4 Specificity Through Suppressors and Protectors ........... 588
3 Carbohydrate Metabolism of Pathogens in Host Tissue.......... 588
3.1 Production of Polysaccharide-Degrading Enzymes .......... 588
3.1.1 Nature and Action in Host Tissue............... 588
3.1.2 Conditions Affecting Production................ 591
3.1.3 Role of Polysaccharide-Degrading Enzymes in Vivo ....... 592
3.2 Carbohydrates as a Source of Energy of Pathogens in Host Tissue . . . 593
3.2.1 Catabolite Repression in Pathogens in Host Tissue........ 593
3.2.2 Acquisition of Energy Sources by Pathogens in Host Tissue . . . 594
3.2.3 Pathways of Carbon Catabolism in Host Tissue......... 595
3.3 Production of Toxic Carbohydrates by Pathogens in Host Tissue .... 595
3.3.1 Structure of Toxins ..................... 595
3.3.2 Mode of Action of Toxins .................. 600
3.3.3 Role of Toxins in Disease................... 601
3.3.4 Conditions Affecting Production of Toxins........... 602
4 Carbohydrates in Host Response to Infection.............. 602
4.1 Polysaccharide Elicitors of the Phytoalexin Response......... 602
4.1.1 Structure and Mode of Action of Elicitors ........... 602
4.1.2 Specificity of Elicitors .................... 603
4.2 Altered Carbohydrate Metabolism in Host in Response to Infection . . 606
4.2.1 Altered Carbon Metabolism in Host.............. 606
4.2.2 Induction of Polysaccharide-Degrading Enzymes by Host Tissue in
Response to Infection .................... 608
4.2.3 Production of Polysaccharides by Host in Response to Infection . 608
4.3 Toxic Host Glycosides in Plant - Pathogen Interactions........ 609
4.3.1 Structure and Metabolism of Toxic Glycosides......... 609
4.3.2 Role of Toxic Glycosides in Host - Pathogen Interactions .... 612
4.4 Concluding Remarks ....................... 614
References ................................ 615
V. Lectin - Carbohydrate Interaction
25 Lectins and Their Physiological Role in Slime Molds and in Higher Plants
H. Kauss
1 What are Lectins?.......................... 627
2 Biochemical Properties of Lectins ................... 629
2.1 Assay and Isolation........................ 629
2.2 Carbohydrate Binding Specificity.................. 630
2.3 Structure............................. 634
3 Applications and Biological Properties of Plant Lectins in Animal Systems . 636
4 Role of Lectins in Slime Mold Aggregation............... 638
5 Lectins in Higher Plants ....................... 641
5.1 Recognition Phenomena Possibly Mediated by Lectins ........ 641
5.2 Distribution of Lectins in Various Tissues.............. 644
5.3 Subcellular Localization of Lectins................. 645
5.3.1 Lectins Associated with Membranes.............. 645
5.3.2 Lectins Associated with Walls................. 647
5.3.3 Phloem Lectins ....................... 648
5.4 Plant Toxins Containing Lectin Subunits .............. 649
5.5 Possible Relations Between Lectins and Enzymes........... 651
References ................................ 652
Contents XIX
26 The Role of Lectins in Symbiotic Plant - Microbe Interactions
E.L. Schmidt and B.B. Bohlool (With 2 Figures)
1 Introduction............................. 658
2 Pre-Recognition Events of Concern................... 659
2.1 Rhizosphere Competence ..................... 659
2.2 Host Rhizosphere Stimulation ................... 661
2.3 Arrival at the Recognition Site................... 662
3 Lectin-Mediated Recognition ..................... 663
3.1 Lectin Recognition Hypothesis................... 663
3.2 Lectin-Binding Site of Symbiont .................. 664
3.3 Lectin-Binding Site of Host .................... 667
3.4 Lectin-Binding Competence in Rhizobia............... 668
4 Post-Recognition Events ....................... 669
4.1 Attachment ........................... 670
4.2 Post-Recognition Function of Lectins................ 671
5 Concluding Comments ........................ 672
References ................................ 674
Author Index .............................. 679
Subject Index .............................. 747
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
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| dewey-full | 581 |
| dewey-hundreds | 500 - Natural sciences and mathematics |
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| id | DE-604.BV002355632 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T15:44:15Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 3540110070 0387110070 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-001537976 |
| oclc_num | 310800287 |
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| owner | DE-M49 DE-BY-TUM DE-384 DE-703 DE-355 DE-BY-UBR DE-20 DE-12 DE-11 DE-19 DE-BY-UBM DE-29T DE-Eb1 |
| owner_facet | DE-M49 DE-BY-TUM DE-384 DE-703 DE-355 DE-BY-UBR DE-20 DE-12 DE-11 DE-19 DE-BY-UBM DE-29T DE-Eb1 |
| physical | XXII, 769 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| publishDate | 1981 |
| publishDateSearch | 1981 |
| publishDateSort | 1981 |
| publisher | Springer |
| record_format | marc |
| series | Encyclopedia of plant physiology |
| series2 | Encyclopedia of plant physiology |
| spelling | Plant carbohydrates 2 Extracellular carbohydrates ed. by F. A. Loewus ... Berlin [u.a.] Springer 1981 XXII, 769 S. Ill., graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Encyclopedia of plant physiology New series, 13B Encyclopedia of plant physiology ... Kohlenhydrate (DE-588)4164517-0 gnd rswk-swf Pflanzen (DE-588)4045539-7 gnd rswk-swf Kohlenhydrate (DE-588)4164517-0 s Pflanzen (DE-588)4045539-7 s DE-604 Tanner, Widmar 1938- (DE-588)137137230 edt Loewus, Frank A. Sonstige oth Tanner, Widmar 1938- Sonstige (DE-588)137137230 oth Aspinall, Gerald O. 1924- Sonstige (DE-588)124604978 oth (DE-604)BV000031465 2 Encyclopedia of plant physiology New series, 13B (DE-604)BV000001458 13,B HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=001537976&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Plant carbohydrates Encyclopedia of plant physiology Kohlenhydrate (DE-588)4164517-0 gnd Pflanzen (DE-588)4045539-7 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4164517-0 (DE-588)4045539-7 |
| title | Plant carbohydrates |
| title_auth | Plant carbohydrates |
| title_exact_search | Plant carbohydrates |
| title_full | Plant carbohydrates 2 Extracellular carbohydrates ed. by F. A. Loewus ... |
| title_fullStr | Plant carbohydrates 2 Extracellular carbohydrates ed. by F. A. Loewus ... |
| title_full_unstemmed | Plant carbohydrates 2 Extracellular carbohydrates ed. by F. A. Loewus ... |
| title_short | Plant carbohydrates |
| title_sort | plant carbohydrates extracellular carbohydrates |
| topic | Kohlenhydrate (DE-588)4164517-0 gnd Pflanzen (DE-588)4045539-7 gnd |
| topic_facet | Kohlenhydrate Pflanzen |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=001537976&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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