Irrigation: Design and practice
Gespeichert in:
| Hauptverfasser: | , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
London
Batsford
1974
|
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | 306 S.: Ill., graph.Darst. |
| ISBN: | 0713427809 0713427817 |
Internformat
MARC
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804116699467743232 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | Contents
Acknowledgment 13
Note on units
Introduction 14
Irrigation as an agricultural operation 15
The need for irrigation 15
Total and supplemental irrigation 17
The objective 17
The engineer in irrigation 17
The agricultural engineer 19
Field irrigation engineering 20
Irrigation - the broad view 20
1 Feasibility studies 21
1 1 RESOURCES - LAND, WATER AND CLIMATE 22
iii Soil surveys 2 2
ii2 Water resources 2 2
113 Topographic surveys 2 3
114 Climatological survey related to crop water use 24
1 2 AGRICULTURE 24
121 Current farm practices 24
122 Social change 25
123 Traditional rights - land and water 26
124 Transport and marketing 26
125 The future state of agriculture 27
126 Social change and permanent works 27
1 3 ORGANISATION AND MANAGEMENT 28
13i The organisation of construction 28
132 The organisation of operation 29
133 Training and extension services 29
1 4 ENGINEERING 30
141 Site conditions 30
142 Materials and methods of construction 31
143 Water duties 31
i-4-4 Ön-farm works 31
1 4-5 Irrigation and drainage 3i
146 Preliminary designs 32
i-5 FINANCIAL AND ECONOMIC ASPECTS 32
I-5-1 Funds for construction 32
1-5-2 Benefits 33
1-5-3 Costs and benefit/cost relationships 33
2 Irrigation practices 35
2 1 SURFACE IRRIGATION 35
211 Hydraulic relationships in surface flow 35
212 Furrow irrigation 38
213 Border strips 41
214 General points concerning furrows and border strips 43
215 Basins 44
216 Wild flooding 46
2 2 SUB-IRRIGATION 46
221 Natural sub-irrigation 47
222 Artificial sub-irrigation 47
2-3 OVERHEAD IRRIGATION 47
231 Rotating sprinklers 48
232 Sprinkler characteristics 51
2-3-3 Sprinkler systems 52
234 Organic irrigation 54
2-3-5 Spray lines 54
236 Mobile sprinkling machines and other
recent developments 55
2-3-7 Frost protection in temperate climates 55
2 4 TRICKLE OR DRIP IRRIGATION 56
3 The moisture in soils 59
Soil moisture and irrigation practice 59
3-1 THE COMPOSITION OF THE SOIL 59
3-1-1 The behaviour of moisture in the soil 60
312 The texture of mineral soils 61
3-i-3 Soil structure 63
3-2 TEXTURE, STRUCTURE AND THE MOISTURE
CHARACTERISTICS OF SOILS 63
321 The moisture characteristic and its implications 64
322 Methods for finding the moisture characteristic curve 66
3-2-3 Hysteresis and the moisture characteristic 68
3 3 CLASSIFICATION OF SOIL MOISTURE 68
331 Gravitational water 69
332 Capillary water 69
333 Hygroscopic water 69
3 4 EVALUATION OF WATER AVAILABLE TO THE PLANT 69
341 Field capacity 70
342 The permanent wilting point 70
343 The available moisture range 71
344 Measurement of the density of the dry soil mass 72
345 Total water available to the plant 72
3 5 THE EXTRACTION PATTERN OF SOIL-WATER
BY THE PLANT 72
3 6 THE CALCULATION OF IRRIGATION CYCLES 73
3 7 THE MOVEMENT OF WATER INTO SOILS - INFILTRATION 74
371 The measurement of infiltration rate for irrigation
design 75
372 Intake rates for flood irrigation 76
373 Infiltration rate for part flood irrigation (furrow) 76
374 Infiltration rate for sprinkler irrigation design 77
4 Crop water use 79
4 1 THE ENERGY ENVIRONMENT OF PLANTS 8o
411 The diffusion of water vapour from the surface 81
412 The use of energy equation and Dalton’s equation
for calculating evaporation 81
413 Example of Penman’s method 85
414 Some observations on Penman’s method and
a more sophisticated approach 86
4 2 THE USE OF OPEN-PANS FOR MEASURING EVAPORATION 88
4 3 SOIL AND PLANT FACTORS AFFECTING EVAPORATION 90
4 4 EMPIRICAL METHODS FOR ESTIMATING EVAPORATION 93
441 The Thornthwaite method 93
442 Olivier’s method 94
443 The Blaney-Criddle method 98
4 5 THE EXPERIMENTAL EVALUATION OF CROP
EVAPORATION BY LYSIMETRY 99
451 Measurement of potential evaporation ioo
452 The measurement of non-potential evaporation ioi
4 6 THE SCHEDULING OF IRRIGATION IO3
461 Book-keeping methods 103
462 Soil moisture methods 104
463 Plant indicators 107
I IO5 Saline and alkali soils
5 I SOIL AND WATER CLASSIFICATION AND
CROP TOLERANCE I I I
5ii Soils I I I
512 Water 112
513 Crops 115
5 2 MANAGEMENT OF POTENTIALLY SALINE AND ALKALI
SOILS IN IRRIGATED AREAS I I 5
521 Salt and water balance equations and leaching
requirement 117
522 Saline soils 120
523 Alkali soils 122
5 3 RECLAMATION OF SALINE, ALKALI AND
SALINE-ALKALI SOILS I 23
531 Saline soils 123
532 Saline-alkali soils 126
533 Alkali soils 126
6 The design of field irrigation systems 129
6 1 THE SELECTION OF IRRIGATION METHOD I 29
6 2 INTRODUCTION TO THE DESIGN OF FIELD LAYOUTS
FOR SURFACE IRRIGATION I 3 I
6 3 THE DESIGN OF FURROW IRRIGATION LAYOUTS 135
63i The shape and spacing of furrows 135
632 Selection of the advance furrow stream 137
633 Selection of the main irrigation stream(s) 137
634 The slope of the field 138
635 The furrow length 138
636 Field widths 142
6 4 THE DESIGN OF BORDER STRIP IRRIGATION 142
641 The strip width 142
642 Slope of the strip 142
643 Construction of the levees 142
644 Selection of the advance stream 142
645 The length of the strip 143
6 5 MISCELLANEOUS NOTES ON IRRIGATION DESIGN 146
651 The irrigation of heavy clay soils by furrow irrigation 146
652 Basin irrigation design 147
653 The design of sub-surface irrigation 147
6 6 THE DESIGN OF SPRINKLER IRRIGATION SYSTEMS 148
661 Planning of the system 149
662 Selection of sprinkler, spacing and crop 150
663 The design of the sprinkler lateral *52
664 Design of the main line !53
665 The selection of the pump 154
7 Drainage for irrigated lands 156
7-1 THE REASONS FOR DRAINAGE 156
711 Over-watering and leaching practices 156
712 Rainfall 157
7-i-3 Canal seepage :57
7-I-4 Seepage under structures !57
7-i-5 Artesian conditions 158
716 Floods 158
7 2 SURFACE DRAINAGE 158
721 Surface drainage in the field T59
722 Surface drainage channels *59
7-2-3 Disposal of drainage water 164
724 Drainage structures and salinity 165
7-3 SUBSURFACE DRAINAGE PRACTICES 165
7-3-1 Water table control 167
7-3-2 Soils of low permeability 168
7-3-3 Foreign water 170
7-3-4 Field drainage pipes 170
7-3-5 Water table investigations 172
7 4 THE DESIGN OF SUBSURFACE FIELD DRAINAGE SYSTEMS 174
741 Field conditions and simplifying assumptions 174
742 Hooghoudt’s solution to the steady state drainage
problem *75
7-4-3 The USBR method for a fluctuating water table 179
744 Field measurement of hydraulic conductivity 182
7-4-5 The calculation of depth and spacing 184
746 Drain pipe diameter and gradient 186
8 The canal system 189
8 1 THE CANAL LAYOUT 189
811 Preliminary layout of canals 189
812 Existing development !9!
813 Command 192
814 Farm considerations 194
815 Canal discharge and water duties T95
8 2 CHANNEL DESIGN 197
821 Side slopes 198
822 Freeboard and escaping capacity 198
823 Channel roughness 19g
824 Non-erodible channels 201
825 Erodible channels 204
826 Seepage 211
827 Canal linings 212
828 Standard dimensions 214
8 3 CANAL STRUCTURE 2l6
831 Head regulators 216
832 Drop structures and tail escapes 218
833 Cross regulators 219
834 Outlets (turn-outs) 219
8 4 MAINTENANCE 223
9 Flow measurement 225
9-1 FUNDAMENTAL EQUATIONS 225
9ii Specific energy 227
912 The hydraulic jump 229
9 2 WEIRS, ORIFICES, AND SIPHONS 23O
921 Thin-plate (sharp crested) weirs 231
922 Broad-crested weirs 239
923 The Crump weir 240
924 Sluice gates 243
925 The orifice 244
926 The siphon 244
9 3 MEASURING FLUMES 245
931 The Parshall flume 246
932 The WSC flume 254
933H flumes 256
9 4 CURRENT METERS 259
941 Equipment 259
942 Discharge measurement 260
9 5 OTHER METHODS FOR DISCHARGE MEASUREMENTS
IN OPEN CHANNELS 2Ö2
951 Float measurements 262
952 Salt velocity 262
953 Dye velocity 263
954 Salt concentration 263
955 Radioisotope methods 263
956 Propeller meters (cumulative flow) 264
957 The Dethridge meter (cumulative flow) 264
io Mechanisation and land preparation for irrigation 267
IO I PRINCIPLES OF MECHANISATION
10 i i The stages of mechanisation
10 2 MECHANISED PRACTICES ON FARMS
IO 3 GENERAL PURPOSE AGRICULTURAL MACHINERY
AND IMPLEMENTS
10 3 i Tractors
10 3 2 Land reclamation and development machinery
10 3 3 Ploughs and primary tillage
10 3 4 Secondary tillage implements
10 3 5 Crop cultivation machinery
10 3 6 Ridging for row crops and furrow irrigation
10 3 7 Preparation of levees for border strip irrigation
FACTORS AFFECTING THE EFFICIENCY OF
MECHANISATION
THE COMPATABILITY OF MECHANISATION AND IRRIGATION
SURVEYING AND LAND PREPARATION
Contour surveying for farm layout
10 6 2 The use of aerial photography
IO 7 LAND FORMING AND SETTING OUT
10 7 i Estimation of earth quantities
10 7 2 Setting out open channels
Appendix A
Moisture sensitive stages of growth
1 Crops grown as annuals or biennials
2 Perennial crops
Appendix B
British Metric Unit Conversion Factors
Appendix C
Surface irrigation design theory
Supplementary glossary
Index 295
|
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| indexdate | 2024-07-09T15:42:40Z |
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| isbn | 0713427809 0713427817 |
| language | English |
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| spelling | Withers, Bruce Verfasser aut Irrigation Design and practice Bruce Withers ; Stanley Vipond London Batsford 1974 306 S.: Ill., graph.Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Irrigation, Technique de l' Irrigation engineering Bewässerung (DE-588)4006306-9 gnd rswk-swf Bewässerungswirtschaft (DE-588)4145124-7 gnd rswk-swf Methode (DE-588)4038971-6 gnd rswk-swf Bewässerungswirtschaft (DE-588)4145124-7 s DE-604 Bewässerung (DE-588)4006306-9 s Methode (DE-588)4038971-6 s 1\p DE-604 Vipond, Stanley Verfasser aut HEBIS Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=001474424&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis 1\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk |
| spellingShingle | Withers, Bruce Vipond, Stanley Irrigation Design and practice Irrigation, Technique de l' Irrigation engineering Bewässerung (DE-588)4006306-9 gnd Bewässerungswirtschaft (DE-588)4145124-7 gnd Methode (DE-588)4038971-6 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4006306-9 (DE-588)4145124-7 (DE-588)4038971-6 |
| title | Irrigation Design and practice |
| title_auth | Irrigation Design and practice |
| title_exact_search | Irrigation Design and practice |
| title_full | Irrigation Design and practice Bruce Withers ; Stanley Vipond |
| title_fullStr | Irrigation Design and practice Bruce Withers ; Stanley Vipond |
| title_full_unstemmed | Irrigation Design and practice Bruce Withers ; Stanley Vipond |
| title_short | Irrigation |
| title_sort | irrigation design and practice |
| title_sub | Design and practice |
| topic | Irrigation, Technique de l' Irrigation engineering Bewässerung (DE-588)4006306-9 gnd Bewässerungswirtschaft (DE-588)4145124-7 gnd Methode (DE-588)4038971-6 gnd |
| topic_facet | Irrigation, Technique de l' Irrigation engineering Bewässerung Bewässerungswirtschaft Methode |
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