Verfügbarkeit: Elements of ecology

Elements of ecology:

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Bibliographische Detailangaben
1. Verfasser:	Smith, Robert L. (VerfasserIn)
Format:	Buch
Sprache:	English
Veröffentlicht:	New York, N.Y. u.a. Harper & Row 1986
Ausgabe:	2. ed.
Schlagworte:	Biologie - Recherche sur le terrain Ecologia Ecologie Écologie Ökologie Biology > Fieldwork Ecology Lehrbuch
Online-Zugang:	Inhaltsverzeichnis
Beschreibung:	Literaturangaben u. Literaturverz. S. [622] - 662. - 1. Aufl. u.d.T.: Smith, Robert L.: Elements of ecology and field biology
Beschreibung:	XXV, 677 S. Ill., graph. Darst.
ISBN:	0060463279

Internformat

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Datensatz im Suchindex

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adam_text	Titel: Elements of ecology Autor: Smith, Robert Leo Jahr: 1986 CONTENTS Preface.............xxiii PART I: INTRODUCTION_________________________________1 CHAPTER 1: What Is Ecology?....... 2 The Roots of Ecology.......... 3 The Development of Ecology........ 9 The Application of Ecology......... 14 Review and Study Questions........ 15 Suggested Readings.......... 15 PART II: NATURAL SELECTION AND SPECIATION__________17 Introduction: Natural Selection......... 18 CHAPTER 2: Natural Selection and Evolution .... 21 The Evolution of Life: An Overview....... 22 The Nature of Natural Selection........ 27 Natural Selection and Evolution........ 35 Summary............ 42 Review and Study Questions........ 42 Suggested Readings.......... 43 CHAPTER 3: Species and Speciation...... 44 What Is a Species?.......... 45 Geographic Variation in a Species....... 48 Polymorphism........... 52 How Species Stay Apart: Isolating Mechanisms..... 53 How Species Arise.......... 54 Character Displacement......... 58 Adaptive Radiation.......... 59 Convergence........... 62 Gradualism Versus Punctuated Equilibrium..... 63 Species Selection.......... 64 How Fast Do Species Evolve?........ 65 Summary............ 66 xiv Contents Review and Study Questions........ 67 Suggested Readings.......... 67 ECOLOGICAL EXCURSION: Natural Selection .... 68 PART III: THE ORGANISM AND THE ENVIRONMENT_______69 Introduction: Homeostasis and Systems....... 70 Laws of Minimum and Tolerance........ 70 Homeostasis............ 70 CHAPTER 4: The Energy Environment...... 76 Earth in the Sun s Rays......... 77 Atmospheric Circulation......... 79 Ocean Currents........... 81 Atmospheric Movements......... 82 Local Winds............ 85 Microclimates........... 86 Summary............ 92 Review and Study Questions........ 93 Suggested Readings.......... 93 CHAPTER 5: Life in the Thermal Environment .... 94 Heat Balance........... 95 Poikilothermy Versus Homoiothermy....... 95 Strategies for Thermal Regulation in Animals..... 100 Adaptation to Temperature in Plants....... 107 Temperature and Distribution........ 109 Summary............ 110 Review and Study Questions........ 110 Suggested Readings.......... 111 CHAPTER 6: Life in the Moisture Environment . . . .112 The Structure of Water......... 113 The Physical Properties of Water........ 113 The Distribution of Water......... 115 The Water Cycle........... 116 The Global Water Cycle......... 118 Rainfall and Humidity.......... 119 Response to Moisture.......... 120 Contents xv Problems of Saline Environments....... 125 Response to Excessive Moisture........ 126 Moisture and Plant Distribution........ 126 Interaction of Temperature and Moisture...... 128 Summary............ 129 Review and Study Questions........ 131 Suggested Readings.......... 132 ECOLOGICAL EXCURSION: Water—General Considerations............ 133 CHAPTER 7: Life in the Light Environment..... 135 Nature of Light........... 136 Light and Plant Activity......... 137 Photoperiodism........... 140 Summary............ 151 Review and Study Questions........ 151 Suggested Readings.......... 152 CHAPTER 8: The Soil Environment...... 153 A Definition of Soil.......... 154 Biological Elements.......... 154 Soil Development........... 155 Profile Differentiation.......... 160 Soils and Time........... 164 Soil Chemistry........... 165 Soil Color............ 166 Soil Texture............ 167 Soil Classification.......... 168 The Soil as an Environment......... 168 Vegetation and Soils.......... 172 Summary............ 173 Review and Study Questions........ 173 Suggested Readings.......... 174 ECOLOGICAL EXCURSION: Formation of Soil. . . .175 CHAPTER 9: Fire in the Environment...... 178 Conditions and Causes of Fire........ 179 Types of Fire........... 180 xvi Contents Frequency of Fire.......... Fire History........... Effects of Fire.......... Fire as a Selective Agent........ Fire-Adapted Vegetation........ Fire and Vertebrates......... Summary........... Review and Study Questions....... Suggested Readings......... ECOLOGICAL EXCURSION: Fire in the Sequoias . PART IV: POPULATION ECOLOGY_____________________ Introduction: Populations......... CHAPTER 10: Density, Distribution, and Age Density............ Distribution........... Determination of Density and Dispersion..... Age Structure.......... Summary........... Review and Study Questions....... Suggested Readings......... ECOLOGICAL EXCURSION: Age Pyramids and Population History............ CHAPTER 11: Mortality, Natality, and Survivorship . Mortality........... Mortality and Survivorship Curves...... Natality............ Summary........... Review and Study Questions....... Suggested Readings......... CHAPTER 12: Population Growth...... Exponential Growth......... Logistic Growth.......... Contents xvii Extinction............ 240 Summary............ 242 Review and Study Questions........ 243 Suggested Readings.......... 243 CHAPTER 13: Population Regulation......244 Intraspecific Competition.........245 Some Mechanisms of Population Regulation.....250 Summary............264 Review and Study Questions........264 Suggested Readings..........265 ECOLOGICAL EXCURSION: The Mast Feeders . . .266 CHAPTER 14: Life-History Patterns......268 Reproductive Effort..........269 Mating Strategies...........274 Summary............278 Review and Study Questions........279 Suggested Readings..........279 CHAPTER 15: Interspecific Competition..... 280 Types of Interrelations.......... 281 Interspecific Competition......... 282 The Niche............ 291 Summary............ 298 Review and Study Questions........ 299 Suggested Readings.......... 299 ECOLOGICAL EXCURSION: Niches......300 CHAPTER 16: Predation.........301 Theory of Predation..........302 Cannibalism............309 Parasitism............310 Optimal Foraging...........313 Summary............317 Review and Study Questions........318 Suggested Readings..........318 xviii Contents ECOLOGICAL EXCURSION: Winter Crisis at Goose Lake Marsh............ CHAPTER 17: Coevolution....... Predator-Prey System......... Prey Defenses.......... Predator Offense.......... Seed Dispersal.......... Mutualism........... Summary........... Review and Study Questions....... Suggested Readings......... PART V: THE ECOSYSTEM_________________________ Introduction: The Ecosystem Concept...... CHAPTER 18: Photosynthesis and Decomposition . Photosynthesis.......... Decomposition.......... Summary........... Review and Study Questions....... Suggested Readings......... CHAPTER 19: Primary and Secondary Production . Nature of Energy.......... Laws of Thermodynamics........ Primary Production......... Secondary Production......... Summary........... Review and Study Questions....... Suggested Readings......... CHAPTER 20: Food Chains, Trophic Levels, and Energy Flow............. Food Chains........... Trophic Levels.......... Energy Flow through a Food Chain...... Ecological Pyramids......... Food Webs and Trophic Levels—A Second Look Contents xix Community Energy Budgets........ 400 Summary............ 402 Review and Study Questions........ 402 Suggested Readings.......... 403 CHAPTER 21: Nutrient Cycles........ 404 Gaseous Cycles........... 405 Sedimentary Cycles.......... 413 Cycling of Chlorinated Hydrocarbons....... 420 Nutrient Flow........... 422 Nutrient Budgets........... 427 Summary............ 431 Review and Study Questions........ 432 Suggested Readings.......... 433 ECOLOGICAL EXCURSION: Odyssey...... 434 CHAPTER 22: The Community........ 436 Growth Forms and Life Forms........ 437 Vertical Stratification.......... 437 Horizontal Stratification......... 441 Edge and Ecotone.......... 441 Community Gradients.......... 444 Species Dominance.......... 446 Species Diversity........... 448 Insular Ecology........... 454 Summary............ 461 Review and Study Questions........ 462 Suggested Readings.......... 463 CHAPTER 23: Succession......... 464 Historical Overview of Succession....... 467 Current Views on Succession........ 468 Mechanisms of Succession......... 469 Role of Disturbance.......... 473 Types of Disturbances.......... 478 Succession and Animal Life........ 481 Heterotrophic Succession......... 482 The Climax............ 483 Succession and Time.......... 484 xx Contents Is Succession Directional?...... Succession and Ecosystem Stability .... Summary......... Review and Study Questions..... Suggested Readings....... ECOLOGICAL EXCURSION: Graveyard Ecology PART VI: A SURVEY OF ECOSYSTEMS________ Introduction: Distribution of Terrestrial Ecosystems. Biogeographical Realms...... Life Zones......... Biotic Provinces........ Biomes.......... Ecoregions......... Holdridge Life Zone System..... CHAPTER 24: Terrestrial Ecosystems . Grasslands......... Tropical Savannas and Woodlands .... Shrublands......... Forests.......... Tundras......... Deserts.......... Summary......... Review and Study Questions..... Suggested Readings....... CHAPTER 25: Freshwater Ecosystems . Flowing Water Ecosystems...... Still Water Ecosystems....... Freshwater Wetlands....... Summary......... Review and Study Questions..... Suggested Readings....... CHAPTER 26: Marine Ecosystems .... Characteristics of the Marine Environment. Estuaries......... Contents xxi Tidal Marshes........... 589 Mangrove Swamps.......... 593 Intertidal Ecosystems.......... 593 The Coral Reef........... 600 The Open Sea........... 601 Summary............ 605 Review and Study Questions........ 607 Suggested Readings.......... 608 Glossary.............609 Bibliography............622 Index..............663
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spelling	Smith, Robert L. Verfasser aut Elements of ecology Robert Leo Smith 2. ed. New York, N.Y. u.a. Harper & Row 1986 XXV, 677 S. Ill., graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Literaturangaben u. Literaturverz. S. [622] - 662. - 1. Aufl. u.d.T.: Smith, Robert L.: Elements of ecology and field biology Biologie - Recherche sur le terrain Ecologia larpcal Ecologie gtt Écologie Ökologie Biology Fieldwork Ecology Ökologie (DE-588)4043207-5 gnd rswk-swf 1\p (DE-588)4123623-3 Lehrbuch gnd-content Ökologie (DE-588)4043207-5 s 2\p DE-604 HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=001467968&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis 1\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk 2\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk
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title	Elements of ecology
title_auth	Elements of ecology
title_exact_search	Elements of ecology
title_full	Elements of ecology Robert Leo Smith
title_fullStr	Elements of ecology Robert Leo Smith
title_full_unstemmed	Elements of ecology Robert Leo Smith
title_short	Elements of ecology
title_sort	elements of ecology
topic	Biologie - Recherche sur le terrain Ecologia larpcal Ecologie gtt Écologie Ökologie Biology Fieldwork Ecology Ökologie (DE-588)4043207-5 gnd
topic_facet	Biologie - Recherche sur le terrain Ecologia Ecologie Écologie Ökologie Biology Fieldwork Ecology Lehrbuch
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