Clay mineralogy:
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
New York u.a.
McGraw-Hill
1968
|
| Ausgabe: | 2. ed. |
| Schriftenreihe: | McGraw-Hill international series in the earth and planetary sciences.
|
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | 596 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 0070248362 |
Internformat
MARC
| LEADER | 00000nam a2200000 c 4500 | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| 001 | BV002108721 | ||
| 003 | DE-604 | ||
| 005 | 00000000000000.0 | ||
| 007 | t | ||
| 008 | 890928s1968 ad|| |||| 00||| eng d | ||
| 020 | |a 0070248362 |9 0-07-024836-2 | ||
| 035 | |a (OCoLC)421511763 | ||
| 035 | |a (DE-599)BVBBV002108721 | ||
| 040 | |a DE-604 |b ger |e rakddb | ||
| 041 | 0 | |a eng | |
| 049 | |a DE-91 |a DE-384 |a DE-355 |a DE-20 |a DE-29 |a DE-19 |a DE-83 |a DE-188 | ||
| 050 | 0 | |a QE471.3G7 1968 | |
| 082 | 0 | |a 549.1145 | |
| 084 | |a RB 10159 |0 (DE-625)142220:12639 |2 rvk | ||
| 084 | |a RB 10162 |0 (DE-625)142220:12642 |2 rvk | ||
| 084 | |a UQ 6100 |0 (DE-625)146537: |2 rvk | ||
| 084 | |a VE 9600 |0 (DE-625)147159:253 |2 rvk | ||
| 100 | 1 | |a Grim, Ralph E. |e Verfasser |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Clay mineralogy |
| 250 | |a 2. ed. | ||
| 264 | 1 | |a New York u.a. |b McGraw-Hill |c 1968 | |
| 300 | |a 596 S. |b Ill., graph. Darst. | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 490 | 0 | |a McGraw-Hill international series in the earth and planetary sciences. | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Argile - Pétrologie | |
| 650 | 7 | |a Minéralogie |2 ram | |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Tonmineral |0 (DE-588)4185687-9 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Mineralogie |0 (DE-588)4039457-8 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Analyse |0 (DE-588)4122795-5 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Chemische Analyse |0 (DE-588)4009840-0 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 689 | 0 | 0 | |a Tonmineral |0 (DE-588)4185687-9 |D s |
| 689 | 0 | 1 | |a Analyse |0 (DE-588)4122795-5 |D s |
| 689 | 0 | |5 DE-604 | |
| 689 | 1 | 0 | |a Tonmineral |0 (DE-588)4185687-9 |D s |
| 689 | 1 | 1 | |a Chemische Analyse |0 (DE-588)4009840-0 |D s |
| 689 | 1 | |8 1\p |5 DE-604 | |
| 689 | 2 | 0 | |a Mineralogie |0 (DE-588)4039457-8 |D s |
| 689 | 2 | |8 2\p |5 DE-604 | |
| 856 | 4 | 2 | |m HBZ Datenaustausch |q application/pdf |u http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=001382881&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |3 Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| 940 | 1 | |q TUB-nveb | |
| 999 | |a oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-001382881 | ||
| 883 | 1 | |8 1\p |a cgwrk |d 20201028 |q DE-101 |u https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk | |
| 883 | 1 | |8 2\p |a cgwrk |d 20201028 |q DE-101 |u https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk | |
Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804116562475483136 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | Contents
Preface v
1 Introduction 1
Definitions 1
Factors Controlling the Properties of Clay Materials 3
Clay-mineral composition. Nonclay-mineral composition. Organic material. Ex-
changeable ions and soluble salts. Texture.
2 Concepts of the Composition of Clay Materiah 13
Old Concepts 13
Clay-mineral Concept 18
3 Classification and Nomenclature of the Clay Minerals 31
Classification of the Clay Minerals 3/
Nomenclature of the Clay Minerals 34
Questionable and Discredited Clay-mineral Names 46
4 Structure of the Clay Minerals SI
General Statement 51
Allophane Minerals 55
Kaolinite Minerals 57
Halloysite Minerals 70
Smectite Minerals 77
Mite Minerals 92
Chlorite Minerals 99
Vermiculite Minerals 104
Sepiolite—Palygorskit e— Attapulgite Minerals
Mixed-layer Minerals 121
113
5 Diffraction Data 126
X-ray Diffraction 126
General statement. Kaolinite and halloysite minerals. Smectite minerals, lllite
minerals. Chlorite minerals. Vermiculite minerals. Sepiolite—attapulgite—paly-
gorskite minerals. Mixed-layer structures.
Electron Diffraction 159
6 Shape and Size—Electron Microscopy 165
General Statement 165
Data for the Clay Minerals 16S
Allophane. Halloysite. Kaolinite. Dickite. Nacrite. Smectite. lllite.
Vermiculite and chlorite. Attapulgite, sepiolite, palygorskite.
7 Ion Exchange and Sorption 185
Importance of Ion Exchange 186
Cation Exchange 1SS
History. Cation-exchange capacity. Other minerals with cation-exchange ca-
pacity. Causes of cation exchange. Position oj exchangeable cations. Rate oj
exchange reaction. Variation due to particle size. Effect oj grinding. Relation
to temperature. Environment oj the exchange reaction. Hydrogen clays.
Clogging of cation-exchange positions. Replaceability of exchangeable cations.
Fixation oj cations. Theory oj cation exchange. Determination of cation-ex-
change capacity and exchangeable cations.
Anion Exchange 225
Phosphate fixation.
Selective Sorption 230
8 Clay-water System 234
Nature of Adsorbed Water 235
Density of Initially Adsorbed Water 21,6
Evidence for the Crystalline State of the Initially Adsorbed Water 248
Thickness of Adsorbed Nonliquid Water 251
Rate of Water Adsorption 252
Influence of Cations and Anions 254
Stepwise Hydration of Smectite 261
Stability of Smectite Hydration 263
Influence of Adsorbed Organic Molecules 264
Sorption and Surface-area Data 264
Heat of Wetting 270
Values for heat of wetting. Cause of heat of wetting. Heat of wetting in solu-
tions of electrolytes. Effect of preheating.
9 Dehydration, Rehydration, and the Changes Taking Place on Heating 278
Methods of Study 278
Vapor-pressure-water-content determinations. Dehydration curves. Differential
thermal analyses. Differential thermogravimetric analyses. Identification of
high-temperature phases.
Allophane 297
Kaolinite 298
Dehydration and phase changes on heating. Rehydration.
Halloysite 810
Dehydration and phase changes on heating. Rehydration.
Smectite 313
Dehydration and phase changes on heating. Rehydration.
Vermiculite 330
Dehydration and phase changes on healing. Rehydration.
Illite 332
Dehydration and phase changes on heating. Rehydration.
Chlorite 31,0
Dehydration and phase changes on heating. Rehydration.
Sepiolite-attapulgite-palygorskite 343
Dehydration and phase changes on heating. Rehydration.
Clay-mineral Mixtures 347
10 Clay-Mineral-Organic Reactions 353
Introduction 353
Ionic Reactions 356
Smectite. Other clay minerals (.vermiculite, illite, chlorite, kaolinite and halloysite,
attapulgite and sepiolite).
Adsorption of Neutral Molecules 370
Smectite and halloysite. Other clay minerals (.kaolinite; Mite; chlorite; vermicu-
lite; attapulgite). Thermodynamic aspects, selective adsorption, etc.
Thermal Stability of Organic Complexes 385
Resistance of Adsorbed Organic Molecules to Biological Decomposition 387
Catalysis and Polymerization 389
Organophilic Clay-mineral Complexes 393
Structural Implications of Montmorillonite-Organic Complexes 401
Analytical Techniques Based on Clay-mineral-Organic Reactions 403
X-ray techniques. Differential thermal techniques. Optical methods. Cation-
exchange capacity. Surface-area determination. Geometry and properties of
organic molecules.
Staining Tests for Clay Minerals 407
11 Optical Properties 412
Allophane 413
Kaolinite 413
Halloysite 415
Smectite 417
Mite 419
Chlorite Ißl
Vermiculite 422
Sepiolite-Attapulgite-Palygorskite 422
Influence of Immersion Media on Optical Properties 423
Oriented-aggregates Technique 426
Interlayer Mixtures 427
Orientation in an Electric Field 4%8
Form Birefringence 430
Discussion of the Application of Optical Methods in Clay-mineral Studies 430
12 Miscellaneous Properties 434
Solubility of the Clay Minerals 434
General statement. Solubility of clay viinerak in acid. Nature of the acid reac-
tion. Decomposition by electrodialysis. Cation liberation by neutral salts. Ra-
tional analysis. Solubility of clay minerals in alkalies.
Infrared Spectra of the Clay Minerals 448
General statement. Data for clay minerals. (Frequencies between SfiOO and
3,750 cm 1. Frequencies between 1,150 and 400 cm 1).
Surface Area 463
Density 465
Kaolinite. Halloysite. Illite. Smectite. Vermiculite. Chlorite. Attapulgite-
sepiolite-palygorskite.
Dielectric Constants 468
Effect of Grinding 469
Intercalation Complexes 471
Miscellany 475
13 Origin and Occurrence of the Clay Minerals 479
Synthesis of the Clay Minerals 479
Introduction. Syntheses from mixtures of oxides and hydroxides at elevated
temperatures and pressures. Syntheses from mixtures of crystalline minerals and
chemical reagents at elevated temperatures and pressures. Syntheses from mix-
tures of oxides and hydroxides at ordinary temperatures and pressures. Trans-
formations of clay minerals at ordinary temperatures and pressures. General
conclusions from synthesis data.
Clay Minerals of Hydrothermal Origin 490
Introduction. Types of clay minerals in hydrothermal deposits. Mode of forma-
tion and occurrence with ore bodies. Nature of the hydrothermal solutions.
Relation to parent material. Relation to mineralization. Clay minerals asso-
ciated with hot springs, jumaroles, etc.
Soils and Weathering 503
Factors controlling weathering processes. Soil-profile development. Classifica-
tion and description oj great soil groups. Zonal humid soils. Tundra soils.
Podsolic soils. Latérite soils. Zonal aridic soils. Clay-mineral composition of
soils. Discussion of weathering products formed from various types of rock under
varying conditions. Reversion of weathering cycle. Occurrence oj halloysite
and allophane in soils. Nature of the alteration process. Rate of alteration.
Clay-mineral composition in relation to the agricultural properties of soils.
14 Origin and Occurrence of the Clay Minerals (cont d) 528
Recent Sediments 528
Marine environment. Diagenetic processes (glauconite). Nonmarine conditions
(lacustrine, rivers, glacial deposits).
Ancient Sediments 6lß
Clay-mineral composition in relation to mode of origin. Clay minerals in rela-
tion to geologic age. Clay minerals in relation to lithology (shales, slates, clays,
underclay, flint clay, sand and sandstones, limestones and dolomites, coal, glacial
material, fuller s earth.) Neojormation oj clay minerals. Posldespositional altera-
tion of clay minerals. Miscellaneous clay materials (bentonite, highly aluminous
and ferruginous clays, Indiana-type halloysite deposits, supergene kaolinile de-
posits, igneous clay minerals).
Appendix-Chemical Analyses 575
Index 583
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Grim, Ralph E. |
| author_facet | Grim, Ralph E. |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Grim, Ralph E. |
| author_variant | r e g re reg |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV002108721 |
| callnumber-first | Q - Science |
| callnumber-label | QE471 |
| callnumber-raw | QE471.3G7 1968 |
| callnumber-search | QE471.3G7 1968 |
| callnumber-sort | QE 3471.3 G7 41968 |
| callnumber-subject | QE - Geology |
| classification_rvk | RB 10159 RB 10162 UQ 6100 VE 9600 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)421511763 (DE-599)BVBBV002108721 |
| dewey-full | 549.1145 |
| dewey-hundreds | 500 - Natural sciences and mathematics |
| dewey-ones | 549 - Mineralogy |
| dewey-raw | 549.1145 |
| dewey-search | 549.1145 |
| dewey-sort | 3549.1145 |
| dewey-tens | 540 - Chemistry and allied sciences |
| discipline | Chemie / Pharmazie Physik Geographie |
| edition | 2. ed. |
| format | Book |
| fullrecord | <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><collection xmlns="http://www.loc.gov/MARC21/slim"><record><leader>02180nam a2200565 c 4500</leader><controlfield tag="001">BV002108721</controlfield><controlfield tag="003">DE-604</controlfield><controlfield tag="005">00000000000000.0</controlfield><controlfield tag="007">t</controlfield><controlfield tag="008">890928s1968 ad|| |||| 00||| eng d</controlfield><datafield tag="020" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">0070248362</subfield><subfield code="9">0-07-024836-2</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="035" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">(OCoLC)421511763</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="035" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">(DE-599)BVBBV002108721</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="040" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">DE-604</subfield><subfield code="b">ger</subfield><subfield code="e">rakddb</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="041" ind1="0" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">eng</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="049" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">DE-91</subfield><subfield code="a">DE-384</subfield><subfield code="a">DE-355</subfield><subfield code="a">DE-20</subfield><subfield code="a">DE-29</subfield><subfield code="a">DE-19</subfield><subfield code="a">DE-83</subfield><subfield code="a">DE-188</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="050" ind1=" " ind2="0"><subfield code="a">QE471.3G7 1968</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="082" ind1="0" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">549.1145</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="084" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">RB 10159</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-625)142220:12639</subfield><subfield code="2">rvk</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="084" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">RB 10162</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-625)142220:12642</subfield><subfield code="2">rvk</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="084" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">UQ 6100</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-625)146537:</subfield><subfield code="2">rvk</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="084" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">VE 9600</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-625)147159:253</subfield><subfield code="2">rvk</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="100" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Grim, Ralph E.</subfield><subfield code="e">Verfasser</subfield><subfield code="4">aut</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="245" ind1="1" ind2="0"><subfield code="a">Clay mineralogy</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="250" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">2. ed.</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="264" ind1=" " ind2="1"><subfield code="a">New York u.a.</subfield><subfield code="b">McGraw-Hill</subfield><subfield code="c">1968</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="300" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">596 S.</subfield><subfield code="b">Ill., graph. Darst.</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="336" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">txt</subfield><subfield code="2">rdacontent</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="337" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">n</subfield><subfield code="2">rdamedia</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="338" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">nc</subfield><subfield code="2">rdacarrier</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="490" ind1="0" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">McGraw-Hill international series in the earth and planetary sciences.</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="a">Argile - Pétrologie</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1=" " ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Minéralogie</subfield><subfield code="2">ram</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1="0" ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Tonmineral</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4185687-9</subfield><subfield code="2">gnd</subfield><subfield code="9">rswk-swf</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1="0" ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Mineralogie</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4039457-8</subfield><subfield code="2">gnd</subfield><subfield code="9">rswk-swf</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1="0" ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Analyse</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4122795-5</subfield><subfield code="2">gnd</subfield><subfield code="9">rswk-swf</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1="0" ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Chemische Analyse</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4009840-0</subfield><subfield code="2">gnd</subfield><subfield code="9">rswk-swf</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="0" ind2="0"><subfield code="a">Tonmineral</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4185687-9</subfield><subfield code="D">s</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="0" ind2="1"><subfield code="a">Analyse</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4122795-5</subfield><subfield code="D">s</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="0" ind2=" "><subfield code="5">DE-604</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="1" ind2="0"><subfield code="a">Tonmineral</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4185687-9</subfield><subfield code="D">s</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="1" ind2="1"><subfield code="a">Chemische Analyse</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4009840-0</subfield><subfield code="D">s</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="8">1\p</subfield><subfield code="5">DE-604</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="2" ind2="0"><subfield code="a">Mineralogie</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4039457-8</subfield><subfield code="D">s</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="2" ind2=" "><subfield code="8">2\p</subfield><subfield code="5">DE-604</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="856" ind1="4" ind2="2"><subfield code="m">HBZ Datenaustausch</subfield><subfield code="q">application/pdf</subfield><subfield code="u">http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=001382881&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA</subfield><subfield code="3">Inhaltsverzeichnis</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="940" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="q">TUB-nveb</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="999" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-001382881</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="883" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="8">1\p</subfield><subfield code="a">cgwrk</subfield><subfield code="d">20201028</subfield><subfield code="q">DE-101</subfield><subfield code="u">https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="883" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="8">2\p</subfield><subfield code="a">cgwrk</subfield><subfield code="d">20201028</subfield><subfield code="q">DE-101</subfield><subfield code="u">https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk</subfield></datafield></record></collection> |
| id | DE-604.BV002108721 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T15:40:29Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 0070248362 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-001382881 |
| oclc_num | 421511763 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-91 DE-BY-TUM DE-384 DE-355 DE-BY-UBR DE-20 DE-29 DE-19 DE-BY-UBM DE-83 DE-188 |
| owner_facet | DE-91 DE-BY-TUM DE-384 DE-355 DE-BY-UBR DE-20 DE-29 DE-19 DE-BY-UBM DE-83 DE-188 |
| physical | 596 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| psigel | TUB-nveb |
| publishDate | 1968 |
| publishDateSearch | 1968 |
| publishDateSort | 1968 |
| publisher | McGraw-Hill |
| record_format | marc |
| series2 | McGraw-Hill international series in the earth and planetary sciences. |
| spelling | Grim, Ralph E. Verfasser aut Clay mineralogy 2. ed. New York u.a. McGraw-Hill 1968 596 S. Ill., graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier McGraw-Hill international series in the earth and planetary sciences. Argile - Pétrologie Minéralogie ram Tonmineral (DE-588)4185687-9 gnd rswk-swf Mineralogie (DE-588)4039457-8 gnd rswk-swf Analyse (DE-588)4122795-5 gnd rswk-swf Chemische Analyse (DE-588)4009840-0 gnd rswk-swf Tonmineral (DE-588)4185687-9 s Analyse (DE-588)4122795-5 s DE-604 Chemische Analyse (DE-588)4009840-0 s 1\p DE-604 Mineralogie (DE-588)4039457-8 s 2\p DE-604 HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=001382881&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis 1\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk 2\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk |
| spellingShingle | Grim, Ralph E. Clay mineralogy Argile - Pétrologie Minéralogie ram Tonmineral (DE-588)4185687-9 gnd Mineralogie (DE-588)4039457-8 gnd Analyse (DE-588)4122795-5 gnd Chemische Analyse (DE-588)4009840-0 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4185687-9 (DE-588)4039457-8 (DE-588)4122795-5 (DE-588)4009840-0 |
| title | Clay mineralogy |
| title_auth | Clay mineralogy |
| title_exact_search | Clay mineralogy |
| title_full | Clay mineralogy |
| title_fullStr | Clay mineralogy |
| title_full_unstemmed | Clay mineralogy |
| title_short | Clay mineralogy |
| title_sort | clay mineralogy |
| topic | Argile - Pétrologie Minéralogie ram Tonmineral (DE-588)4185687-9 gnd Mineralogie (DE-588)4039457-8 gnd Analyse (DE-588)4122795-5 gnd Chemische Analyse (DE-588)4009840-0 gnd |
| topic_facet | Argile - Pétrologie Minéralogie Tonmineral Mineralogie Analyse Chemische Analyse |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=001382881&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT grimralphe claymineralogy |