Reinforcement of elastomers:
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
New York ; London ; Sydney
Interscience Publishers
[1965]
|
| Schriftenreihe: | Polymer engineering and technology
|
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | Literaturangaben |
| Beschreibung: | XV, 611 Seiten Illustrationen, Diagramme |
Internformat
MARC
| LEADER | 00000nam a2200000 c 4500 | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| 001 | BV002014057 | ||
| 003 | DE-604 | ||
| 005 | 20241001 | ||
| 007 | t | ||
| 008 | 890928s1965 a||| |||| 00||| eng d | ||
| 035 | |a (OCoLC)300324 | ||
| 035 | |a (DE-599)BVBBV002014057 | ||
| 040 | |a DE-604 |b ger |e rda | ||
| 041 | 0 | |a eng | |
| 049 | |a DE-91G |a DE-83 | ||
| 050 | 0 | |a TS1892 | |
| 082 | 0 | |a 678.23 | |
| 100 | 1 | |a Kraus, Gerard |e Verfasser |0 (DE-588)124578748 |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Reinforcement of elastomers |c edited by Gerard Kraus (Research and Development Department Philips Petroleum Company, Bartlesville, Oklahoma) |
| 264 | 1 | |a New York ; London ; Sydney |b Interscience Publishers |c [1965] | |
| 264 | 4 | |c © 1965 | |
| 300 | |a XV, 611 Seiten |b Illustrationen, Diagramme | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 490 | 0 | |a Polymer engineering and technology | |
| 500 | |a Literaturangaben | ||
| 650 | 7 | |a Charges |2 ram | |
| 650 | 7 | |a Élastomères |2 ram | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Elastomers | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Fillers (Materials) | |
| 856 | 4 | 2 | |m HEBIS Datenaustausch |q application/pdf |u http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=001314655&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |3 Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| 940 | 1 | |q TUB-nseb | |
| 943 | 1 | |a oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-001314655 | |
Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1811720452391829504 |
|---|---|
| adam_text |
Reinforcement of Elastomers
Edited by GERARD KRAUS
Research and Development Department
Phillips Petroleum Company
Bartlesville, Oklahoma
Interscience Publishers
a division of John Wiley amp; Sons New York • London • Sydney
Contents
1 Network Theories of Reinforcement by 1 Uueclie 1
I Introduction 1
II Modulus at Low Elongations 1
A Modification of the Kinetic Theory Equation 1
B Deviations from the Kinetic Theory 4
C Irreversible Softening at Low Elongations 6
D Complicating Factors 6
E Variation of «' 7
III The-Mullins Softening Effect 9
A Blanchard-Parkinson Theory 11
B Chain Extensibility Limit Theory 13
IV Tensile Strength 16
2 Mechanism of Tearing and Abrasion of Reinforced Elastomers
by S D Gehman 23
I Tear, Tensile and Fatigue Failures 23
II Tearing Phenomena and Reinforcement 29
A Knotty Tearing 29
B Notch Effects for Rubber 32
C Tearing Failure at the Tip of a Cut 35
D Effects of Anisotropy on the Tearing of Rubber 37
III Characteristic Energy of Tearing 40
A Extension of the Theory of Brittle Fracture to the- Theory
of Rubber 40
B Viscoelastic Mechanisms in Tearing 45
C Speed of Spontaneous rearing 46
IV Abrasion by Loose Particles or Aggregaies 48
ix
X CONTENTS
V Mechanism of Localized Failure? in Abrasion 51
VI Laboratory Abrasion of Rubber 54
A Abrasion and Friction 54
B Abrasion Patterns 58
C Abrasion and Slip 61
VII Road wear 63
3 Dynamic Properties of Filler-Loaded Rubbers by A R Payne 69
I Introduction 69
II Effect of Strain 70
A Variation of In-Phase and Ou i-of-Phase Shear Modulus with
Strain 70
B Variation of Structure Breakdown Effects by Special Com
pounding - 76
C Effect of Frequency on Struc cure Breakdown Curve 80
D Relationship Between G and (Go' — Gro') '• 81
E Applicability of Voigt Model to Structure Breakdown
Changes 84
F Energy Dependence of Structure 85
G Effect of Carbon Black Type on Modulus at Low Strains 87
H Effect of Temperature on the Dynamic Modulus at Low
Strains 88
I Analysis of G„' 92
J Carbon Black-Carbon Black Structure 101
K Effect of Static Strain on Dynamic Properties 105
L Conclusions to Part II 109
III Temperature-Frequency Dependence of Filler-Loaded Rubbers 109
A Method of Reduced Variabli s 110
B Master Curves Ill
C Ts, Tg, Relaxation and Retardation Spectra 114
4 Interactions between Elastomers and Reinforcing Fillers by
Gerard Kraus 125
I
I Introduction '125
II General Considerations 125
A Surface Energy Relationship in Filled Rubbers 125
B Physical Adsorption on Rein forcing Fillers 126
C The Chemistry of Carbon Black Surfaces 129
D Chemistry of Silica Surfaces 133
III Interactions of Polymers and Fillers 133
A Adsorption of Polymers from Solution 134
B Interactions of Fillers and V uvulcanized Rubbers in Bulk 139
C Equilibrium Modulus and Swelling of Vulcanizates 145
CONTENTS xi
5 The Nature of Polymer—Filler Attachments by John Rehner, Jr 153
I Introduction 153
II Significance of Swelling Measurements in Systems Containing
Fillers 156
III The Dual Tetrahedral Model 157
IV Application to SBR, Hevea, and Butyl 158
V Correlations with Vulcanizate Properties 160
VI Relationship of Polymer-Polymer to Polymer-Filler Attach
ments 167
VII Chemical Nature of Polymer-Filler Attachments and Active
Sites on Carbon Black Surfaces 169
VIII Summary 177
Appendix I Integration of Probability Equation When Filler
is Present 178
Appendix II Quantitative Development of Dual Tetrahedral
Model 179
Appendix III Stresses at the Polymer-Filler Interface 181
6 Microscopy in the Study of Elastomer Reinforcement by Pig
ment Fillers by William M Hess 187
I Introduction 187
II Particle Size and Shape of Fillers 188
III Dispersion 193
A Specimen Preparation by Frozen Sectioning 193
B Light Microscopy 195
C Microradiography 197
D Electron Microscopy 199
E Wetting Phenomena 205
IV Bonding - 211
A Replication Methods 211
B Tensile Techniques for Electron Microscopy 213
V Summary 222
7 Rheological Behavior of Filler-Reinforced Compounds by C C
McCabe 225
I Introduction 225
II Compounding Effects on Viscosity 226
III Viscosity Measurements 230
VI Capillary Rheometry 234
8 Chemical Interaction of Fillers and Rubbers During Cold
Milling by W F Watson 247
I Introduction 247
II Mechanochemical Reactions • 247
CONTENTS
III Carbon Gel 250
IV Effect of Filler Interaction in Physical Properties 257
9 Promoters of Filler Reinforcement by j O Harris and R W
Wise 261
I Introduction 261
II Early Work 261
III Promotion of Various Elastomers 262
A Butyl Rubber 262
B Chemical Promotion of SBR nnd Natural Rubber 269
VI Effects and Mechanisms of Promotion 274
10 Commercial Manufacture of Carbon Black by O Iv Austin 287
I Introduction 287
II The HAF Furnace Black Process 288
III The Channel Black Process 297
IV Thermal Process 300
V Carbon Black Conversion Oil 301
VI Carbon Black Formation 303
VII Product Quality Control 304
11 Latex Masterbatching by J II Carroll and R N Cooper 307
I Introduction 307
II History 307
III Process Descriptions 309
A Dispersant Type Black Slurry Masterbatches 309
B Dispersant-Free Black Slurry Masterbatches 311
IV Performance 313
V Product Improvements 314
VI Future Developments 315
12 Compounding with Carbon Black b\ Merlon L Studcbakcr 319
1 Introduction 319
IT General Remarks on Compounding 319
1 A Polymer Selection 320
B Choice of Curing System 320
C Choice of Carbon Black 321
D Other Compounding Ingredients 322
III Carbon Black Properties 323
A Particle Size 327
B Surface Area 32S
C Hydrogen Content, 329
D Oxygen Content 329
E Structure 330
CONTENTS xiii
IV Carbon Black-Rubber System— Processing 332
A Bound Rubber 333
B Rate of Incorporation of Carbon Black into Rubber and
Dispersion 335
^ C Mixing Temperature 337
D Mooney Viscosity 338
V E Extrusion Shrinkage 339
V The Effect of Carbon Black on Scorch and Vulcanization 342
A Scorch 343
P Vulcanization 344
VI Effects of Carbon Black on Pin jical Properties 346
A Modulus (Stiffness) Properties 346
B Tensile (Rupture) Properties 352
C D,ynamic Properties 353
D Chemical Properties 354
E Relationship between Carbon Black Type, Carbon Black
r - Loading, Hardness, and oi her Selected Physical Properties 355
F Notes ' 382
VII Effects of Carbon Black on Service Properties 387
A Tread Life 388
B Resistance to Oxidation 388
VIII Specific End Uses of Rubber Grade Carbon Black 390
13 Reinforcing Fine Particle Silicas and Silicates bv John W
Sellers and Frank E Toodner 405
I Introduction 405
II Chemical and Physical Properties, and Source of Commercially-
Available Pigments 406
III Methods of Manufacture 407
A Hydrated Silicas and Silicates 407
B Anhydrous Silicas and Silicates 415
C Silica Aerogel 416
IV Significance of Pigment Proper*ies to Performance 417
A Particle Size, Particle Size ] listribution, and Agglomeration 418
B Surface Area and Surface C hemistry 419
14 Properties of White Reinforcing Fillers in Elastomers by II
j Westlinning and II Fleischhaui r 425
I Introduction and 'Fields of Use 425
A Production 425
B Fields of Use 426
II Classification of White Reinl'oicing Fillers 427
A Identification of the Manufacturing Process 427
: B Statement of Chemical Composition 427
' C Identification of Serviceability 428
XIV CONTENTS
D Total Identification and Examples 428
III Processing 429
A A'lixing and Dispersion 429
B Extrusion and Calendering 430
C Hot Mixing 430
D Masterbatches 431
IV Compounding Recipes 431
A Softeners 433
B Accelerator and Sulfur 433
C Activators—Dispersing Ageni s 435
D DBA Value and Accelerator ] osage 443
E Zinc Oxide-Free Vulcanization 445
V White Reinforcing Fillers in Natural and Synthetic Rubber 445
A Vulcanizate Properties of White Reinforcing Fillers in
Natural and Synthetic Rubber (Except Silicone Rubber) 446
B Silicone Rubber 448
C Heat Buildup and Permanem Set 451
D Aging Behavior 451
E Frosting 456
VI Commercial White Fillers 488
15 Reinforcement of Rubber by Organic Fillers by Oliver W
Burke, Jr 491
I Introduction 491
II Nonreinforcing Resins 491
A Coumarone Indene Resins 492
B High-Styrene Resins 494
III Reinforcing Organic Fillers 496
A Phenoplasts 496
B Aminoplasts 502
C Protein Resins 502
D Lignin 503
E Vinyl Resins 510
F Vinylic Fillers 511
t
16 Reinforcement of Polyethylene bv Carbon Black by B B
Boonstra 529
I General Considerations 529
A Definition of Reinforcing Fillers 529
B Effect of Fillers in Plastics 530
II Crosslinking of Polyethylene 536
A Radiation and Chemical Crosslinking 536
B Effect of Chemical Crosslin Icing on Percentage and Mor
phology of Spherulites am I Poljrmer Properties 539
CONTENTS xv
III Carbon Black ia Crosslinked Polyethylene 541
A Chemical Crosslinking—Degree of Crystallinity 543
B Brittle Point and Physical Properties 545
C Electrical Properties 548
D Aging 548
IV Mechanism of Crosslinking and Reinforcement 551
A White Fillers in Crosslinked Polyei hylone 556
B Causes of Reinforcement 557
17 Antioxidant Properties of Carbon Black by W L Hawkins and
F H Winslow 563
I Introduction 563
II Carbon Black as a Light Screen 564
III Carbon Black as a Thermal Antioxidai it 567
A Carbon Black as an Antioxidant in Elastomers 568
B Carbon Black as an Antioxidant in Polvolefins 573
C The Effect of Polymer Morphology on the Antioxidant
Properties of Carbon Black 578
Appendix 583
Author Index 593
Subject Index 605 |
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Kraus, Gerard |
| author_GND | (DE-588)124578748 |
| author_facet | Kraus, Gerard |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Kraus, Gerard |
| author_variant | g k gk |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV002014057 |
| callnumber-first | T - Technology |
| callnumber-label | TS1892 |
| callnumber-raw | TS1892 |
| callnumber-search | TS1892 |
| callnumber-sort | TS 41892 |
| callnumber-subject | TS - Manufactures |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)300324 (DE-599)BVBBV002014057 |
| dewey-full | 678.23 |
| dewey-hundreds | 600 - Technology (Applied sciences) |
| dewey-ones | 678 - Elastomers and elastomer products |
| dewey-raw | 678.23 |
| dewey-search | 678.23 |
| dewey-sort | 3678.23 |
| dewey-tens | 670 - Manufacturing |
| discipline | Werkstoffwissenschaften / Fertigungstechnik |
| format | Book |
| fullrecord | <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><collection xmlns="http://www.loc.gov/MARC21/slim"><record><leader>00000nam a2200000 c 4500</leader><controlfield tag="001">BV002014057</controlfield><controlfield tag="003">DE-604</controlfield><controlfield tag="005">20241001</controlfield><controlfield tag="007">t</controlfield><controlfield tag="008">890928s1965 a||| |||| 00||| eng d</controlfield><datafield tag="035" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">(OCoLC)300324</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="035" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">(DE-599)BVBBV002014057</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="040" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">DE-604</subfield><subfield code="b">ger</subfield><subfield code="e">rda</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="041" ind1="0" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">eng</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="049" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">DE-91G</subfield><subfield code="a">DE-83</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="050" ind1=" " ind2="0"><subfield code="a">TS1892</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="082" ind1="0" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">678.23</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="100" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Kraus, Gerard</subfield><subfield code="e">Verfasser</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)124578748</subfield><subfield code="4">aut</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="245" ind1="1" ind2="0"><subfield code="a">Reinforcement of elastomers</subfield><subfield code="c">edited by Gerard Kraus (Research and Development Department Philips Petroleum Company, Bartlesville, Oklahoma)</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="264" ind1=" " ind2="1"><subfield code="a">New York ; London ; Sydney</subfield><subfield code="b">Interscience Publishers</subfield><subfield code="c">[1965]</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="264" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="c">© 1965</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="300" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">XV, 611 Seiten</subfield><subfield code="b">Illustrationen, Diagramme</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="336" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">txt</subfield><subfield code="2">rdacontent</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="337" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">n</subfield><subfield code="2">rdamedia</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="338" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">nc</subfield><subfield code="2">rdacarrier</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="490" ind1="0" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Polymer engineering and technology</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="500" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Literaturangaben</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1=" " ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Charges</subfield><subfield code="2">ram</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1=" " ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Élastomères</subfield><subfield code="2">ram</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="a">Elastomers</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="a">Fillers (Materials)</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="856" ind1="4" ind2="2"><subfield code="m">HEBIS Datenaustausch</subfield><subfield code="q">application/pdf</subfield><subfield code="u">http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=001314655&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA</subfield><subfield code="3">Inhaltsverzeichnis</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="940" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="q">TUB-nseb</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="943" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-001314655</subfield></datafield></record></collection> |
| id | DE-604.BV002014057 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-10-01T14:01:03Z |
| institution | BVB |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-001314655 |
| oclc_num | 300324 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-91G DE-BY-TUM DE-83 |
| owner_facet | DE-91G DE-BY-TUM DE-83 |
| physical | XV, 611 Seiten Illustrationen, Diagramme |
| psigel | TUB-nseb |
| publishDate | 1965 |
| publishDateSearch | 1965 |
| publishDateSort | 1965 |
| publisher | Interscience Publishers |
| record_format | marc |
| series2 | Polymer engineering and technology |
| spelling | Kraus, Gerard Verfasser (DE-588)124578748 aut Reinforcement of elastomers edited by Gerard Kraus (Research and Development Department Philips Petroleum Company, Bartlesville, Oklahoma) New York ; London ; Sydney Interscience Publishers [1965] © 1965 XV, 611 Seiten Illustrationen, Diagramme txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Polymer engineering and technology Literaturangaben Charges ram Élastomères ram Elastomers Fillers (Materials) HEBIS Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=001314655&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Kraus, Gerard Reinforcement of elastomers Charges ram Élastomères ram Elastomers Fillers (Materials) |
| title | Reinforcement of elastomers |
| title_auth | Reinforcement of elastomers |
| title_exact_search | Reinforcement of elastomers |
| title_full | Reinforcement of elastomers edited by Gerard Kraus (Research and Development Department Philips Petroleum Company, Bartlesville, Oklahoma) |
| title_fullStr | Reinforcement of elastomers edited by Gerard Kraus (Research and Development Department Philips Petroleum Company, Bartlesville, Oklahoma) |
| title_full_unstemmed | Reinforcement of elastomers edited by Gerard Kraus (Research and Development Department Philips Petroleum Company, Bartlesville, Oklahoma) |
| title_short | Reinforcement of elastomers |
| title_sort | reinforcement of elastomers |
| topic | Charges ram Élastomères ram Elastomers Fillers (Materials) |
| topic_facet | Charges Élastomères Elastomers Fillers (Materials) |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=001314655&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT krausgerard reinforcementofelastomers |