Principles of perception:
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
New York [u.a.]
Harper & Row
1969
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| Ausgabe: | 2. ed. |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | Literaturverz. S. 479 - 503 |
| Beschreibung: | XX, 518 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
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| 100 | 1 | |a Bartley, Samuel Howard |e Verfasser |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Principles of perception |c S. Howard Bartley |
| 250 | |a 2. ed. | ||
| 264 | 1 | |a New York [u.a.] |b Harper & Row |c 1969 | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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|---|---|
| adam_text | Titel: Principles of perception
Autor: Bartley, Samuel Howard
Jahr: 1969
Contents
PREFACE xix
1
Chapter One INTRODUCTION 3
Two Approaches to Dealing with Behavior 3
Perception and Sensation 4
The atomistic view 5
The indeterminate view 6
The separate-event view 6
The unitary view 6
Perception and Motor Response 9
Perception and Reflex Response 9
Perception and the Relation of the Organism to Its Surrounds 9
Definition of Perception 11
Classes of Perceptual Phenomena 12
Phenomenology 13
Stimulus and Impingement 14
A Caution on Usage of Terms 14
The Concept of Target 15
Communicating Reactions 16
A Limitation of Formal Experiments 17
The Plan of the Book 18
Summary 19
vii
viii Contents
Chapter Two THE DEVELOPMENT OF PERCEPTION 21
The Comparative Picture 22
Perception up and down the animal scale 22
Rearing animals in restricted kinds of illumination 25
Visual deprivation 26
The visual cliff 27
Reafference in the development of visually guided behavior 30
Primates 32
Human Ontogenetic Development 32
Human fetuses 32
Human subjects lacking visual form stimulation from birth 33
Human infants: Fantz 33
Human infants: Bower 34
Additional evidence for form discrimination in the
newborn 37
Human infants: visual cliff 38
Children 39
Jntersensory comparison tasks 39
Tactual localization and object size 42
Interpretation of the Development of Perception 43
Conclusions 46
Summary 47
2
Chapter Three VISUAL ACUITY AND
THE RETINAL IMAGE 51
Definition of the Visual Angle 52
Image Formation in the Eye 53
Visual Acuity Targets 57
Clinic targets 57
Laboratory targets 58
Factors Affecting Visual Acuity 63
Retinal mosaic 63
Pupil size 65
Age 66
Taper or blur of retinal image 66
Stray illumination in the eye 67
Perception of Edges 68
Eye Movement and the Retinal Image 72
Stabilizing the retinal image 72
Effects of eye movement on visual acuity 72
Body-Process Factors in Visual Acuity 74
Contents ix
Dynamic Visual Acuity 77
Visual Acuity and Perception of Brightness 79
Conclusions 79
Summary 80
Chapter Four ADAPTATION AND BRIGHTNESS
DISCRIMINATION 81
Stray Retinal Illumination ( Scattered Light ) 82
Luminance, Radiance, and Brightness 83
Photometry and Radiometry 85
The photometer 85
The radiometer 87
Sensitivity Range 88
Psychophysical methods 89
Measurement of thresholds 92
Photosensitive and Neural Elements in the Eye 94
Luminosity Characteristics for Various Animals 95
The Duplicity Theory 96
Adaptation 97
Dark adaptation 97
Lig/ii adaptation 98
Intensity Discrimination 99
Stimulus variables at threshold 99
Brightness discrimination and target diameter 100
Brightness contrast and induction 100
Spatial inhibition in the Limulus eye 102
Disinhibition 103
Disinhibition in the human eye 104
Intermittent Stimulation 104
Brightness enhancement 107
Neural mechanism for brightness enhancement 109
Summary 111
Chapter Five PERCEPTION OF COLOR 112
T/ie Stimulus 114
Fundamental stimulus variables 114
Color sources 115
CoZor /inters 116
Physical processes in photic radiation 117
Color Names, Specifications, and Mixtures 118
Number and names of colors 118
Color specification 119
Color mixture: subtractive and additive effects 122
x Contents
Color Phenomena 123
Afterimages 123
Color adaptation and conversion 125
Color contrast and induction 127
Relation of hue and saturation to intensity 128
Modes of color appearance 129
Properties of color 130
Theories of Color Vision 131
Studies on Body Mechanisms 132
Granifs work relating to color theory 132
DeValois work in the lateral geniculate body 133
Measurements on the characteristics of receptors 134
Defective Color Vision 134
Forms of color defect 134
Deuteranopia 135
Tests for color vision 135
Temporal Factors in Producing Color 136
Summary 138
3
Chapter Six PERCEPTUAL CONSTANCIES 141
Lightness or Whiteness Constancy 142
Illumination 142
Constancy and the perception of illumination 144
Shadows 145
Contributions of the perceiver 147
Size and Distance Constancy 147
Size constancy and great distance 148
Size perception in an unstructured field 150
The moon illusion 153
Hastorf s investigation 155
Summary 156
Shape Constancy 156
Regression to the real object 158
Further experiments 159
Perception of tilt 162
Invariance 163
Goodness of form 167
Operational aspects of perceiving shape 167
Color Constancy 168
General conditions of color attribution 168
The physical basis of color constancy 169
Physiological color mechanisms 169
Contents xi
Factors at the perceptual level 170
Adaptation level 171
Summary 172
Chapter Seven SPACE PERCEPTION 174
Monocular Vision 174
Vision as a space sense 175
Visual space at low levels of illumination 176
Learning versus immediacy in vision 176
Touch and kinesthesis as space senses 177
The point, or air, theory 178
The texture-gradient concept 179
Equivalence in stimulus situations 182
Binocular Vision 188
Diagrams to show binocular effects 189
Retinal disparity 190
Asymmetry in retinal images 193
Tilt in the third dimension 195
Stereoscopy 1%
Additional optical instruments 200
Vision with size lenses 202
Effect of instrumental magnification 207
Oculomotor mechanisms 209
Kinesthetic and vestibular factors in space perception 212
Summary 212
Chapter Eight PERCEPTION OF FIGURE AND FORM 214
Approaches to the Study of Figure and Form 214
Target versus stimulus 214
Outline, edge, and contour 216
Specification of target shape 216
Experimental Work 218
Mach s experiments 218
Border interactions 219
Shape of test field 220
Sharpness of focus 221
Discriminate differences in form 221
Detection of form in a complex field 222
Factors for and against perception of areas and edges 223
Form, intensity, and duration in the emergence of shape 226
Relation of form and brightness 229
xii Contents
Relation of form to phenomena obtained with stabilized
images 230
Perception of hidden figures: the roles of overlap and
context 231
Figural after-effects 232
Illusions 237
Summary 240
Chapter Nine PERCEPTION OF MOVEMENT 241
Visual Movement 242
Real movement 242
Acceleration versus motion 244
Direction of flow 245
Movement of perceived objects 247
Apparent movement 248
Perception of motion of revolving plane targets 256
Neurophysiological experiments 258
Tactual Movement 259
Bow movement 260
Active and passive tactile activity 261
Auditory Movement 262
Conclusions Hal
Summary 263
4
Chapter Ten HEARING 267
The Acoustic Stimulus 268
The Ear 268
Auditory Scaling 271
The decibel 111
Thesone 111
A scale for pitch in mels 273
Auditory Thresholds 274
Hearing loss 275
Threshold differences in onset 275
Pitch 275
Pitch and loudness 275
Pitch and duration 276
Pitch from complex wave forms 277
Loudness 279
Loudness and duration 279
Masking 279
Tonal Quality 281
Contents xiii
Tones, overtones, and timbre 281
Combination tones and beats 282
Consonance and dissonance 282
Volume 283
Tonal density 285
Brightness of tone 285
Intermittent Acoustic Stimulation 286
Theories of Hearing 288
Summary 291
Chapter Eleven AUDITORY PERCEPTION 292
Auditory Space Perception 292
Externalization of sound 292
Localization 293
Facial vision in auditory perception 302
Matching auditory and visual perspectives 304
Sounds as symbols 304
Speech Perception 306
Articulation 307
Phonetic alphabets 308
Recording and playback instruments 310
Some findings in speech perception 311
Proprioceptive elements in speech perception 313
A theory of speech perception 314
Summary 315
5
Chapter Twelve THE SENSES OF THE SKIN 319
The Structure of the Skin 319
Neural Pathways for the Skin Senses 321
Tfte nature of threshold cutaneous sensitivity 325
Methods of dissociating the cutaneous experiences 326
Comparisons Between Skin Sensations and Hearing 327
Toucft 329
Kinds of tactile experiences 329
WTuzt d tactual stimulus is 329
Tactual localization 333
T/ie fau effect 334
Warmth and Coldness 337
Stimulus conditions 337
Paradoxical results 337
The heat grill 339
Contact and radiant stimulation 339
xiv Contents
Thermal adaptation 340
Theories of temperature sensitivity 341
Detection of thermal conditions in the surrounds 342
Regulation of body temperature 343
Physical conditions and comfort 345
Pain 347
Electrical stimulation 347
Central pathways for pain 348
Are there two pains? 349
Special forms of pain 349
Summary 354
Chapter Thirteen MODALITIES FOR BODILY MOVEMENT,
POSTURE, AND MANIPULATION 355
Kinesthetic Activity 355
Classification of muscle,
tendon, and joint mechanisms 355
The Weber fraction 359
Kinesthesis and positioning movements 359
Kinesthesis and orientation 360
Tactual-kinesthetic perceptions of straightness 361
Touch and kinesthesis in size perception 361
Tension 362
Organic kinesthesis 364
Kinethesis and the feeling of well-being 364
The Vestibular Sense 365
Is there a vestibular sense? 365
The vestibular apparatus 367
Central pathways 368
Nystagmus 368
Investigations with the human centrifuge 370
Experiments with a wave machine 371
Motion sickness 373
Visual versus postural factors in perceiving verticality 374
Reflex activity 377
Summary 378
Chapter Fourteen TASTE AND SMELL PERCEPTIONS 379
Taste 380
Whdf is taste? 380
Resolving a dilemma 381
Taste receptors 382
Contents xv
Taste stimuli 384
Taste thresholds 385
Taste scales 388
Other psychophysical studies of taste 389
Foods, personality, and status 389
Smell 390
Smell receptors 390
Methodology 391
Classification of olfactory qualities 391
Interaction of olfactory stimuli 394
Conclusions 395
Summary 3%
6
Chapter Fifteen PERCEPTUAL LEARNING
AND CHANGE 399
Development and Adaptation in Space Perception 399
Jnverefora of tfte retinal image 400
TTie effect of prolonged wearing of size lenses 402
Learning and Adaptation in Figure and Form Perception 403
Reafference and exafference 403
Experiments with prisms 403
Two types of adaptation to an optically rotated field 407
The factor of felt position of body part in reaching
response 409
Visual adaptation when no part of the body is seen 410
Immediate perceptual correction 411
Eradication of confusion in perception 412
Learning in the perception of slant 413
Split-brain investigations 413
Perception in Sensory Deprivation 417
Summary 419
Chapter Sixteen STUDIES IN SOCIAL PERCEPTION 421
Classes of Assumptions in Social Perception 423
Bodily needs 424
Reward and punishment 425
The individual s value system 426
Perceived magnitude and value 427
Personality characteristics and autisms 430
Disturbing Stimuli and Two Orders of Response 433
Hypothetical Constructs Regarding Response 436
xvi Contents
Perception and Suggestion 442
Individual Differences: Social or Biological? 443
The Honi Phenomenon 445
Conclusions 446
Summary 446
Chapter Seventeen THE NATURE OF PERCEPTION 447
Relations Between Sense Modalities 448
Kinds of studies in interrelating the senses 449
Associative participation 450
Intersensory facilitation 451
Interrelation in the lover senses 452
Perceptual systems 453
The basic orienting system 454
The auditory system 455
The haptic system 456
The taste-smell system 456
The visual system 457
The system for seeking md maintaining bodily comfort 457
Modes of general orientation to the environment 458
Selectivity, Organization, and Maintenance: Attention 459
Attention, clarity, and vigilance 459
Attention and expectation 460
Characteristics of Response Behavior: Helson 461
The Phenomena of Perception: Allport 462
Concepts of Perception Arising from the Study of Brain
Function 462
Theories of Perception 465
Core-context theory 465
Texture-gradient theory 465
Cybernetic theory 466
Cell-assembly-phase-sequence theory 467
Adaptive-level theory 467
Motor-adjustment theory 468
Sensory-tonic field theory 468
Probabilistic-functional theory 469
Transactional theory 469
Directive-state theory 469
Hypothesis or expectancy theory 470
Gestalt theory 470
Topological field theory 471
Conclusions 471
Contents xvii
The Symbolic Nature of Perceiving 471
Symbols and signs 473
Symbolic response in animal behavior 474
Summary 475
References 479
Index of Authors 507
Index of Subjects 513
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| spelling | Bartley, Samuel Howard Verfasser aut Principles of perception S. Howard Bartley 2. ed. New York [u.a.] Harper & Row 1969 XX, 518 S. Ill., graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Literaturverz. S. 479 - 503 Perception Waarneming gtt Wahrnehmungspsychologie (DE-588)4079011-3 gnd rswk-swf (DE-588)4151278-9 Einführung gnd-content Wahrnehmungspsychologie (DE-588)4079011-3 s DE-604 HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=001249678&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Bartley, Samuel Howard Principles of perception Perception Waarneming gtt Wahrnehmungspsychologie (DE-588)4079011-3 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4079011-3 (DE-588)4151278-9 |
| title | Principles of perception |
| title_auth | Principles of perception |
| title_exact_search | Principles of perception |
| title_full | Principles of perception S. Howard Bartley |
| title_fullStr | Principles of perception S. Howard Bartley |
| title_full_unstemmed | Principles of perception S. Howard Bartley |
| title_short | Principles of perception |
| title_sort | principles of perception |
| topic | Perception Waarneming gtt Wahrnehmungspsychologie (DE-588)4079011-3 gnd |
| topic_facet | Perception Waarneming Wahrnehmungspsychologie Einführung |
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