Handbook of snow: principles, processes, management & use
Reference text, with sections on snow and the environment; snowfall and snowcover; snow and engineering; snow and recreation (skiing).
Gespeichert in:
| Format: | Buch |
|---|---|
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Toronto u.a.
Pergamon Press
1981
|
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Zusammenfassung: | Reference text, with sections on snow and the environment; snowfall and snowcover; snow and engineering; snow and recreation (skiing). |
| Beschreibung: | XX, 776 S. |
| ISBN: | 008025375X 0080253741 |
Internformat
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Handbook of snow |b principles, processes, management & use |c ed. by D. M. Gray... |
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| 520 | 3 | |a Reference text, with sections on snow and the environment; snowfall and snowcover; snow and engineering; snow and recreation (skiing). | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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| adam_text | HANDBOOK OF SNOW PRINCIPLES, PROCESSES, MANAGEMENT & USE EDITED BY D. M.
GRAY D. H. MALE DIVISION OF HYDROLOGY, UNIVERSITY OF SASKATCHEWAN,
SASKATOON, CANADA. PERGAMON PRESS TORONTO * OXFORD * NEW YORK * SYDNEY *
PARIS * FRANKFURT CONTENTS LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS PREFACE PARTI SNOW AND
THE ENVIRONMENT 1 SNOW AND LIVING THINGS SECTION 1: SNOW AND MAN - G.A.
MCKAY; SECTION 2: SNOW: PLANTS AND ANIMALS - W.P. ADAMS SNOW AND MAN
ADAPTING TO SNOW VULNERABILITY CONSTRUCTION TRANSPORTATION RESOURCE USE
SNOW: PLANTS AND ANIMALS FALLING, BLOWING AND INTERCEPTED SNOW SNOWCOVER
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS REFERENCES 2 SNOW AND CLIMATE - M.O. BERRY EFFECTS OF
SNOWCOVER ON THE ATMOSPHERE ENERGY BUDGET AIR MASS FORMATION AND WEATHER
SYSTEMS GLOBAL CLIMATE EFFECTS OF SNOWCOVER ON OTHER WEATHER ELEMENTS
SNOWCOVER AND THE LAYER BELOW THERMAL REGIME OF THE GROUND FROST AND
PERMAFROST LITERATURE CITED 3 SNOW AND AGRICULTURE - H. STEPPUHN SNOW
AND IRRIGATION SNOW, A SOURCE OF IRRIGATION WATER IRRIGATION WATER
SUPPLY FORECASTING VI CONTENTS SNOW AND IRRIGATION IN VARIOUS CLIMATIC
REGIONS 67 THE VALUE OF IRRIGATION 69 SNOW.AND WATER QUALITY 70 SNOW AND
FLOODS 74 SNOW AND DRYLAND CROPS 75 WATER REQUIREMENTS 75 SUMMERFALLOW
SOIL WATER FROM SNOW 79 WATER FROM SNOW FOR DRYLAND CROPS 81 SNOW
MANAGEMENT IN DRYLAND AREAS 83 SNOW MANAGEMENT PRACTICES 87 SNOW AND THE
CROP ENVIRONMENT 99 HEAT TRANSFER 100 SOIL TEMPERATURE 101 SNOW AND CROP
SURVIVAL 107 SNOW AND LIVESTOCK 111 SNOWSTORMS AND LIVESTOCK ON PASTURE
AND RAENGE 111 LIVESTOCK SHELTERS AND FEEDLOTS 112 SNOW AND MECHANICAL
DAMAGE 113 LITERATURE CITED 116 PART II SNOWFALL AND SNOWCOVER 127 4
SNOWFALL FORMATION - R.S. SCHEMENAUER, M.O. BERRY AND J.B. MAXWELL 129
INTRODUCTION 129 GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF THE METEOROLOGY OF PRECIPITATION
130 MOISTURE SOURCES 130 ATMOSPHERIC MOISTURE DISTRIBUTION 130 VERTICAL
MOTION 131 SYNOPTIC WEATHER SYSTEMS 133 TOPOGRAPHIE AND OROGRAPHIC
FACTORS 134 CLOUD AND PRECIPITATION PATTERNS 134 THE FORMATION OF SNOW
136 ICE NUCLEATION 137 GROWTH OF CRYSTALS BY VAPOR DEPOSITION 138 RIMING
OF SNOW CRYSTALS 139 AGGREGATION OF SNOW CRYSTALS 142 ARTIFICIAL
MODIFICATION OF SNOWFALL 142 PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF SNOW CRYSTALS
143 CONTENTS VII CLASSIFICATION OF SNOW CRYSTALS 143 SIZES, MASSES,
DENSITIES, TERMINAL VELOCITIES AND CONCENTRATION OF SNOW CRYSTALS 144
PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF SNOWFLAKES 146 ROLE OF SNOW IN THE REMOVAL
OF PARTICULATE MATTER FROM THE ATMOSPHERE 146 AREAL DISTRIBUTION OF
SNOWFALL 147 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ATMOSPHERIC PROCESSES AND OCCURRENCE
OF SNOW 147 EFFECTS OF MOISTURE AND PRECIPITATION MECHANISMS ON SNOWFALL
DISTRIBUTION 149 LITERATURE CITED 151 5 THE DISTRIBUTION OF SNOWCOVER -
G.A. MCKAY AND D.M. GRAY 153 INTRODUCTION 153 FACTORS CONTROLLING
SNOWCOVER DISTRIBUTION AND CHARACTERISTICS 154 T.EMPERATURE 154 WIND 154
ENERGY AND MOISTURE TRANSFER 159 PHYSIOGRAPHY 160 VEGETATIVE COVER 165
SNOWCOVER PATTERNS 168 GLOBAL 168 ZONAL 173 SIMULATION AND SYNTHESIS 182
PHYSICAL MODEIS 183 MATHEMATICAL, EMPIRICAL AND OTHER APPROACHES 183
LITERATURE CITED . 187 6 MEASUREMENT AND DATA ANALYSIS - B.E. GOODISON,
H.L. FERGUSON AND G.A. MCKAY 191 INTRODUCTION 191 POINT SNOWFALL
MEASUREMENT 192 SNOW RULER, SNOW BOARDS 192 LIMITED CAPACITY,
NON-RECORDING SNOW GAUGES 192 WEIGHING-TYPE PRECIPITATION GAUGES 195
PRECIPITATION STORAGE GAUGES 198 VISIBILITY ATTENUATION 199 TELEMETRY OF
POINT PRECIPITATION MEASUREMENTS 199 CONTENTS COMPARISON OF POINT
SNOWFALL MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES 200 LIMITATION OF RULER MEASUREMENTS 200
COMPARISON OF SNOW GAUGE MEASUREMENTS 203 EFFECT OF WIND ON GAUGE CATCH
205 AREAL MEASUREMENT OF SNOWFALL 210 PRECIPITATION NETWORK DESIGN 212
POINT MEASUREMENTS OF SNOWCOVER DEPTH 214 MEASUREMENT OF SNOW WATER
EQUIVALENT 215 GRAVIMETRIC MEASUREMENT 215 SNOW PILLOWS 215 RADIOISOTOPE
SNOW GAUGES 217 NATURAL GAMMA RADIATION: TERRESTRIAL SURVEY 219 SNOW
SURVEYING 220 PURPOSE OF SNOW SURVEYS 220 SNOW COURSE SELECTION AND
NETWORK DESIGN 220 SNOW SURVEY MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES 225 COMPARISON OF
GROUND BASED SNOWCOVER MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES 233 REMOTE SENSING OF
SNOWCOVER 235 AERIAL MARKERS, SNOWLINE FLIGHTS, AERIAL SURVEYS 237 1
NATURAL GAMMA RADIATION: AIRBORNE SURVEY 238 MICROWAVE SENSING OF
SNOWCOVER FROM AIRCRAFT 239 SATELLITE OBSERVATIONS OF SNOWCOVER _ 240
DATA ANALYSIS 243 DATA SOURCES 243 DATA QUALITY . 245 CONSISTENCY 245
ERRORS 247 REPRESENTATIVENESS OF MEASUREMENT AREA 248 FREQUENCY
DISTRIBUTIONS 248 VARIABILITY IN TIME 252 AREAL VARIABILITY 254
ESTIMATION 259 DESIGN VALUES 260 PRESENTATION OF DATA 261 LITERATURE
CITED 265 7 PHYSICS AND PROPERTIES OF SNOWCOVER - E.J. LANGHAM 275
PHYSICS 275 SNOW DEPOSITION 275 CONTENTS EVOLUTION OF THE SNOWCOVER THE
ROLE OF FREE ENERGY IN THE METAMORPHISM OF SNOW CLASSIFICATION OF THE
CRYSTALLINE NATURE OF THE SNOWPACK PROPERTIES OF DRY SNOW METAMORPHISM
AND BULK PROPERTIES THERMAL PROPERTIES MECHANICAL PROPERTIES FRICTIONAL
PROPERTIES CONSTITUTIVE EQUATIONS FOR SNOWAND THE PREDICTION OF FAILURE
312 ELECTRICAL, ELECTROMAGNETIC AND OPTICAL PROPERTIES 314 PROPERTIES OF
WET SNOW 324 EFFECTS OF LIQUID WATER IN THE SNOWPACK 324 THERMAL,
MECHANICAL AND ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES 326 CONTAMINATION OF THE SNOWPACK
327 LITERATURE CITED 329 8 SNOW DRIFTING - R.J. KIND 338 INTRODUCTION
338 CHARACTERISTICS OF THE WIND NEAR THE EARTH S SURFACE 339 BASIC WIND
STRUCTURE 339 WIND STRUCTURE NEAR SURFACE FEATURES 341 RELATIONSHIPS
BETWEEN WIND AND SNOW MOVEMENT 343 THRESHOLD CONDITIONS 343 MODES OF
TRANSPORT OF BLOWING SNOW 345 WIND VELOCITY PROFILES IN BLOWING-SNOW
CONDITIONS 347 RATE OF TRANSPORT OF SNOW BY WIND 350 SNOWDRIFT FORMATION
353 PRINCIPLES OF DRIFT-CONTROL DEVICES 354 MODEL SIMULATION OF SNOW
DRIFTING : 355 LITERATURE CITED 358 9 SNOWCOVER ABLATION AND RUNOFF -
D.H. MALE AND D.M. GRAY 360 INTRODUCTION 360 PHYSICS OF SNOWMELT 361
GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS 361 SHORT-WAVE (SOLAR) RADIATION 364 LONG-WAVE
RADIATION 381 CONVECTIVE AND LATENT ENERGY EXCHANGES 385 INTERNAL ENERGY
393 CONTENTS GROUND HEAT FLUX 395 RAIN ON SNOW 397 WATER MOVEMENT
THROUGH SNOW 398 SOIL INFILTRATION AND WATER TRANSMISSION 407
OPERATIONAL PROCEDURES FOR ESTIMATING SNOWCOVER RUNOFF - SOME COMMON
PRACTICES 416 INTRODUCTION 416 SNOWMELT AND TRANSMISSION THROUGH THE
SNOWCOVER 417 TIME DISTRIBUTION OF RUNOFF 424 LITERATURE CITED 430 10
SNOW AND ICE ON LAKES - W.P. ADAMS 437 INTRODUCTION 437 COMPONENTS OF
THE WINTER COVER OF LAKES 438 COLUMNAR (BLACK) ICE 438 LAKE SNOWCOVER
439 GRANULAER TYPES OF LAKE ICE 445 ROLES OF SNOW AND WHITE ICE IN SHEET
DEVELOPMENT 448 EFFECTS OF SNOW AND ICE COVER ON EXCHANGE PROCESSES TO A
LAKE AND ON ITS BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY ENERGY EXCHANGE GAS AND MASS
EXCHANGE VARIABILITY OF ICE SHEET STRENGTH ROLES OF LAKE SNOW AND ICE IN
THE HYDROLOGICAL CYCLE MEASUREMENT OF SNOW AND ICE ON LAKES
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS LITERATURE CITED 11 AVALANCHES - P.A . SCHAERER
INTRODUCTION THE START OF AVALANCHES EFFECT OF METAMORPHISM ON SNOWPACK
PROPERTIES SNOW STRENGTH SNOW CREEP FAILURE OF SNOW SLOPES STARTING ZONE
SUMMARY OF CONDITIONS AND THEIR EFFECTS ON AVALANCHE FORMATION MOVEMENT
OF AVALANCHES NATURE OF MOTION POWDER, DRY-FLOWING, WET-FLOWING AND
MIXED AVALANCHES CONTENTS SPEED 492 IMPACT PRESSURES 494 RUNOUT DISTANCE
495 CLASSIFICATION OF AVALANCHES 495 MORPHOLOGICAL 496 GENETIC 497
CLASSIFICATION BY MAGNITUDE 497 AVALANCHE HAZARDS 497 SURVIVAL CHANCES
498 IDENTIFICATION OF AVALANCHE HAZARDS 499 EVALUATING THE DAILY HAZARD
500 METHODS OF PROTECTION AND CONTROL 503 OBJECTIVES 503 LOCATION OF
STRUCTURES 504 MODIFICATION OF TERRAIN 506 SUPPORTING STRUCTURES 506
SNOW FENCES AND WIND BAFFLES 508 DEFLECTORS 508 RETARDING WORKS 512
PROTECTION BY FORESTS 512 USE OF EXPLOSIVES 513 OTHER TYPES OF SNOWCOVER
MODIFICATION 514 SAFETY MEASURES 515 LITERATURE CITED 516 PART III SNOW
AND ENGINEERING 519 12 TRAVEL OVER SNOW - K.M. ADAM 521 INTRODUCTION 521
OVERSNOW VEHICLES 523 DEVELOPMENT OF OVERSNOW VEHICLES 523 ENVIRONMENTAL
EFFECTS OF OVERSNOW VEHICLES 539 WINTER ROADS 541 TYPES 541 REQUIRED
PROPERTIES FOR TRAFFICABILITY 542 CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUES 545 COST OF
WINTER ROAD CONSTRUCTION 556 ICE BRIDGES 556 ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS OF
SNOW ROADS 558 LITERATURE CITED 559 XII CONTENTS 13 SNOW AND BUILDINGS -
D.W. BOYD, W.R. SCHRIEVER AND D.A. TAYLOR 562 INTRODUCTION 562 SNOW LOAD
ON THE GROUND 563 DEVELOPMENT OF LOADS FOR THE NATIONAL BUILDING CODE
563 EFFECT OF ELEVATION 565 URBAN EFFECT AND CLIMATIC CHANGE 566 SNOW ON
ROOFS 566 SNOW LOAD SURVEYS 568 THE STRUCTURE AND DENSITY OF SNOW ON
ROOFS 568 EFFECTS OF WIND ON SNOW ACCUMULATION 568 SOLAR RADIATION AND
HEAT LOSS 570 ROOF SLOPE AND TEXTURE 570 REDISTIBUTION DUE TO SLIDING
AND MELTING SNOW 571 SNOW REMOVAL 572 BASIC ROOF LOAD 572 DRIFT LOADS
573 LITERATURE CITED 578 14 CHEMICALS AND ABRASIVES FOR SNOW AND ICE
CONTROL - J. HODE KEYSER 580 INTRODUCTION 580 PROPERTIES OF DE-ICING
CHEMICALS 581 SODIUM CHLORIDE AND CALCIUM CHLORIDE 583 SODIUM CHLORIDE
AND CALCIUM CHLORIDE MIXTURES 587 ABRASIVES 589 FACTORS INFLUENCING THE
MELTING RATE OF SNOW AND ICE 590 PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF SNOW AND
ICE 590 TYPE OF CHEMICAL 592 STATE OF THE DE-ICING CHEMICAL 594
CONCENTRATION OF SALT 595 TIME OF SOLUTION 597 TEMPERATURE 599
RADIATION, WIND AND HUMIDITY - 599 TYPE OF ROAD SURFACE 600 TOPOGRAPHY
601 TRAFFIC 601 WIDTH AND TIME OF APPLICATION 601 COMBINED EFFECTS 602
EFFICIENT SNOW AND ICE CONTROL USING CHEMICALS 603 RATE OF APPLICATION
OF DE-ICING CHEMICALS 604 SIDE EFFECTS OF DE-ICING CHEMICALS 605
CONTENTS XIII ENVIRONMENTAL 605 EFFECTS OF SAH ON CONCRETE, BRIDGE DECKS
AND AUTOMOBILES 607 INHIBITORS 609 LITERATURE CITED 609 15 THERMAL
METHODS OF CONTROL - G.P. WILLIAMS 613 INTRODUCTION 613 HEATED PAVEMENTS
613 HEAT REQUIREMENTS 613 DESIGN HEAT LOADS 617 ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS 621
PIPE SYSTEMS 622 INFRARED SYSTEMS 623 MOBILE SNOW MELTERS 624 GENERAL
CHARACTERISTICS 624 TYPES 624 OPERATION 625 STATIONARY SNOW MELTERS 625
, GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS 625 COST FACTORS ^626 SPECIAL SNOW MELTING
SYSTEMS 627 ALTERNATIVE SOURCES OF HEAT 627 SPECIAL APPLICATIONS 628
LITERATURE CITED 628 16 DRIFT CONTROL - R.W. VERGE AND G.P. WILLIAMS 630
INTRODUCTION 630 BASIC PRINCIPLES 630 DRIFT CONTROL BY DESIGN AND LAYOUT
OF STRUCTURES 632 SNOW DRIFT CONTROL WITH SHELTER BELTS 635 SNOW FENCES
636 GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS 636 FENCE HEIGHT 640 DESIGN AND LOCATION 642
SPECIAL TYPES 644 OTHER CONSIDERATIONS 644 LITERATURE CITED 647 17 SNOW
REMOVAL EQUIPMENT - L.D. MINSK 648 INTRODUCTION 648 TYPES OF EQUIPMENT
648 XIV CONTENTS BLADE OR DISPLACEMENT PLOWS 650 ROTARY PLOWS
( SNOWBLOWERS ) 653 POWER BROOMS 653 HYBRID MACHINES 655 OPERATING
PRINCIPLES 656 DISPLACEMENT (BLADE) PLOWS 656 ROTARY PLOWS 661 IMPELLERS
662 CUTTERS 663 CAPACITY 664 PLOW CARRIERS 665 APPLICATIONS 666
EQUIPMENT EVALUATION 668 LITERATURE CITED 669 18 APPLICATIONS OF REMOVAL
AND CONTROL METHODS 671 SECTION 1: RAILWAYS - L.D. MINSK; SECTION 2:
HIGHWAYS - D.R. BROHM AND S. COHEN; SECTION 3: AIRPORTS - L.M.E. HAWKINS
RAILWAYS 671 HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT 671 REQUIREMENTS AND CONTROL METHODS
672 MAINLINE 672 YARDS AND TERMINALS 673 SWITCHES 674 GRADE CROSSINGS
676 TUNNELS AND SNOW SHEDS 676 MECHANIZED EQUIPMENT 677 ON-TRACK 677
OFF-TRACK 680 HIGHWAYS 681 HISTORICAL CHALLENGES 681 TRACTION
CONSIDERATIONS 683 SNOW TIRES AND STUDDED TIRES 684 TIRE CHAINS AND
OTHER REMOVABLE DEVICES 685 OTHER METHODS 686 RADIAL PLY TIRES 686
SUMMARY 686 MANAGEMENT OF SNOW REMOVAL AND ICE CONTROL 687 PERFORMANCE
RETURN FROM HIGHWAY SERVICE LEVEL 689 SNOW REMOVAL AND ICE CONTROL GUIDE
692 CONTENTS PRE-SEASON PREPARATION SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS SNOW REMOVAL
AND ICE CONTROL ON LARGE BRIDGES SNOW CONTROL AT COMPLEX INTERCHANGES
WHITE-OUT: HIGHWAY HAZARD ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS AIRPORTS REQUIREMENTS,
PRIORITIES, STANDARDS USE AND DESCRIPTION OF SNOW AND ICE CONTROL
MEASURES ABRASIVES APPLICATION OF SNOW AND ICE CONTROL EQUIPMENT
LITERATURE CITED PART IV SNOW AND RECREATION 19 SKIING - R. PERLA AND B.
GLENNE INTRODUCTION SNOW PARAMETERS SKIING AND SNOW METAMORPHISM SPECIAL
SURFACE CONDITIONS COMPACTION LOW FRICTION OF ICE AND SNOW RESISTANCE TO
SKI MOVEMENT SKI WAX DOWNHILL WAX GLIDER WAX CROSS-COUNTRY WAX KUESTER
BASE WAX SKIING DYNAMICS FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS LITERATURE CITED 20
MECHANICS OF SKIS - B. GLENNE 741 INTRODUCTION 741 SKI HISTORY 741 SKI
PERFORMANCE AND SKI PROPERTIES 744 XVI CONTENTS MODES OF CONSTRUCTION
748 GEOMETRIE FEATURES 750 ELASTIC PROPERTIES 754 DYNAMIC PROPERTIES 762
FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS 763 LITERATURE CITED 764 INDEX 767
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| id | DE-604.BV001076878 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T15:23:27Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 008025375X 0080253741 |
| language | English |
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| physical | XX, 776 S. |
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| publisher | Pergamon Press |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Handbook of snow principles, processes, management & use ed. by D. M. Gray... Toronto u.a. Pergamon Press 1981 XX, 776 S. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Reference text, with sections on snow and the environment; snowfall and snowcover; snow and engineering; snow and recreation (skiing). Neige Neige ram Neige, Mécanique de la Neige, Mécanique de la ram Snow Snow mechanics Schnee (DE-588)4133053-5 gnd rswk-swf Schnee (DE-588)4133053-5 s DE-604 Gray, Donald M. Sonstige oth HEBIS Datenaustausch Mainz application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=000650640&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Handbook of snow principles, processes, management & use Neige Neige ram Neige, Mécanique de la Neige, Mécanique de la ram Snow Snow mechanics Schnee (DE-588)4133053-5 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4133053-5 |
| title | Handbook of snow principles, processes, management & use |
| title_auth | Handbook of snow principles, processes, management & use |
| title_exact_search | Handbook of snow principles, processes, management & use |
| title_full | Handbook of snow principles, processes, management & use ed. by D. M. Gray... |
| title_fullStr | Handbook of snow principles, processes, management & use ed. by D. M. Gray... |
| title_full_unstemmed | Handbook of snow principles, processes, management & use ed. by D. M. Gray... |
| title_short | Handbook of snow |
| title_sort | handbook of snow principles processes management use |
| title_sub | principles, processes, management & use |
| topic | Neige Neige ram Neige, Mécanique de la Neige, Mécanique de la ram Snow Snow mechanics Schnee (DE-588)4133053-5 gnd |
| topic_facet | Neige Neige, Mécanique de la Snow Snow mechanics Schnee |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=000650640&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT graydonaldm handbookofsnowprinciplesprocessesmanagementuse |