Isotachophoresis: theory, instrumentation and applications
Gespeichert in:
| Hauptverfasser: | , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Amsterdam [u.a.]
Elsevier Scientific Publ. Co.
1976
|
| Schriftenreihe: | Journal of chromatography
Library ; 6 |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | XIV, 418 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 0444414304 |
Internformat
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| 100 | 1 | |a Everaerts, Frans M. |e Verfasser |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Isotachophoresis |b theory, instrumentation and applications |c Frans M. Everaerts ; Jo L. Beckers ; Theo P. E. M. Verheggen |
| 264 | 1 | |a Amsterdam [u.a.] |b Elsevier Scientific Publ. Co. |c 1976 | |
| 300 | |a XIV, 418 S. |b Ill., graph. Darst. | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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| adam_text | Contents
Preface..................................................................... XIII
1. Historical review........................................................... 1
Summary................................................................ 1
1. Historical review......................................................... 1
References............................................................... 4
THEORY
2. Principles of electrophoretic techniques.......................................... 7
Summary................................................................. 7
2.1. Introduction.......................................................... 7
2.2. Principle of zone electrophoresis........................................... 7
2.3. Principle of moving-boundary electrophoresis................................. 9
2.4. Principle of isotachophoresis.............................................. 13
2.4.1. Introduction..................................................... 13
2.4.2. Simplified model for isotachophoresis1.................................. 15
2.4.3. Concentration adaptation........................................... 18
2.4.4. Some isotachopherograms........................................... 20
2.5. Principle of isoelectric focusing............................................ 23
2.6. Discussion............................................................ 24
3. Concept of mobility......................................................... 27
Summary................................................................ 27
3.1. Introduction.......................................................... 27
3.2. Interpretation of electrophoretic migration................................... 27
3.3. Ionic mobility and ionic equivalent conductivity............................... 29
3.4. Effective ionic mobility.................................................. 31
3.4.1. Partial dissociation ................................................ 32
3.4.1.1. Protolysis ................................................ 33
3.4.1.2. Complex formation.......................................... 33
3.4.2. Relaxation and electrophoretic retardation.............................. 36
3.5. Determination of ionic mobilities.......................................... 37
3.5.1. Relationship between volume and ionic mobility......................... 37
3.5.2. Relationship between entropy and ionic mobility......................... 39
3.5.3. Discussion........................................................ 40
References............................................................... 40
4. Mathematical model for isotachophoresis......................................... 41
Summary................................................................ 41
4.1. Introduction.......................................................... 41
4.2. General equations...................................................... 43
4.2.1. Equilibrium equations.............................................. 45
4.2.2. Electroneutrality equations.......................................... 47
4.2.3. Mass balances for all ionic species..................................... 48
4.2.4. Modified Ohm s law................................................ 51
4.2.5. Parameters and equations........................................... 51
4.3. Mathematical model for the steady state in isotachophoresis ..................... 55
4.3.1. Concept of isotachophoretic separation................................. 55
4.3.2. Mathematical model of isotachophoresis................................ 58
4.3.2.1. Equilibrium equations....................................... 58
4.3.2.2. The isotachophoretic condition................................ 58
VII
VIII CONTENTS
4.3.2.3. Mass balance of the buffer.................................... 59
4.3.2.4. Principle of electroneutrality.................................. 60
4.3.2.5. Modified Ohm s law......................................... 61
4.3.3. Computer program for calculation of the steady state...................... 62
4.3.3.1. Computation procedure...................................... 62
4.3.3.2. Iteration procedure ......................................... 62
4.3.3.3. Discussion ................................................ 69
4.4. Validity of the isotachophoretic model...................................... 69
4.4.1. Introduction..................................................... 69
4.4.2. Influence of diffusion on the zone boundaries ........................... 74
4.4.3. Influence of axial and radial temperature differences...................... 75
4.4.4. Influence of activity coefficients ..................................... 76
4.5. Check of the isotachophoretic model....................................... 76
References............................................................... 81
5. Choice of electrolyte systems................................................. 83
Summary................................................................ 83
5.1. Introduction.......................................................... 83
5.1.1. General remarks .................................................. 84
5.2. Choice of the solvent ................................................... 84
5.2.1. Methanol as a solvent .............................................. 87
5.2.1.1. Comparative behaviour with water.............................. 87
5.2.1.2. Determination of pK values in methanolic solutions ................ 89
5.3. Choice of the buffering counter ionic species................................. 92
5.4. Choice of the pH of the leading electrolyte................................... 93
5.5. Choice of the terminating and leading ionic species............................. 96
5.6. Additions to the electrolyte solutions....................................... 99
5.6.1. Stabilizers....................................................... 99
5.6.2. Surface-active chemicals............................................ 99
5.6.3. Reference material^for identification and calibration of concentrations....... 99
5.6.4. Spacers and carriers................................................ ^
5.7. Discussion............................................................ 100
5.8. Examples ............................................................ 100
References............................................................... 113
INSTRUMENTATION
6. Detection systems.......................................................... 117
Summary................................................................ 117
6.1. Introduction.......................................................... 117
6.1.1. Universal detectors................................................ 118
6.1.2. Specific detectors................................................. 118
6.1.3. Combinations of universal and specific detectors ......................... 119
6.2. Thermometric recording................................................. 119
6.2.1. Introduction..................................................... 119
6.2.2. Construction..................................................... 119
6.2.3. Experimental.................................................... 125
6.2.4. Resolution ...................................................... 126
6.2.5. Conclusion....................................................... 129
6.3. High-frequency conductivity detection...................................... 130
6.3.1. Introduction..................................................... 130
6.3.2. Construction..................................................... 131
6.4. Conductivity detection.................................................. 133
6.4.1. Introduction..................................................... 133
CONTENTS IX
6.4.2. The d.c. method of resistance determination............................. 135
6.4.3. The d.c.-a.c. converter............................................. 140
6.4.4. The a.c. method of resistance determination............................. 143
6.4.5. Conductivity probe with equiplanar-mounted sensing electrodes ............. 143
6.5. UV absorption meter.................................................... 153
6.5.1. Introduction..................................................... 153
6.5.2. Construction of the UV source....................................... 155
6.5.3. UV detector in combination with a non-modulated UV source............... 159
6.5.4. UV detector in combination with a modulated UV source.................. 161
6.5.5. UV cell......................................................... 164
6.5.6. Experimental .................................................... 165
6.6. Additives to the electrolytes.............................................. 171
6.6.1. Introduction...................................................... 171
6.6.2. Effect of additives on the electroendosmotic flow......................... 171
6.6.3. Effect of additives on the micro-sensing electrodes........................ 174
6.6.4. Additives........................................................ 180
6.7. Coating of the micro-sensing electrodes...................................... 191
6.7.1. Introduction..................................................... 191
6.7.2. Experimental ................................................... 191
6.8. Detection limits ....................................................... 193
6.8.1. Introduction..................................................... 193
6.8.2. Experimental .................................................... 196
6.9. Conclusion........................................................... 199
References............................................................... 201
7. Instrumentation........................................................... 203
Summary................................................................ 203
7.1. Introduction.......................................................... 203
7.2. Injection systems....................................................... 203
7.2.1. Introduction..................................................... 203
7.2.2. Four-way tap..................................................... 204
7.2.3. Six-way valve..................................................... 205
7.2.4. Injection block................................................... 208
7.2.5. Simplified injection block........................................... 211
7.3. Counter electrode compartments .......................................... 211
7.3.1. Introduction..................................................... 211
7.3.2. Cylindrical counter electrode compartment ............................. 213
7.3.3. Counter electrode compartment with flat membrane....................... 215
7.4. Equipment ........................................................... 217
7.4.1. Introduction .................................................... 217
7.4.2. Narrow-bore tube surrounded with a water-jacket......................... 219
7.4.3. Narrow-bore tube thermostated with an aluminium block................... 221
7.4.4. Equipment with high-resolution detectors............................... 224
7.5. Counter flow of electrolyte............................................... 230
7.5.1. Introduction..................................................... 230
7.5.2. Counter flow with level regulation..................................... 231
7.5.3. Counter flow with light-dependent resistor regulation...................... 233
7.5.4. Counter flow with direct control on the pumping mechanism via the
power supply..................................................... 237
7.5.5. Counter flow with no regulation...................................... 238
7.5.6. Counter flow regulated by the current-stabilized power supply; the
membrane pump.................................................. 241
CONTENTS
APPLICATIONS
8. Introduction............................................................... 249
Summary................................................................ 249
8. Introduction............................................................ 249
9. Practical aspects............................................................ 253
Summary................................................................ 253
9.1. Introduction.......................................................... 253
9.2. Disturbances caused by hydrogen and hydroxyl ions............................ 253
9.2.1. Disturbances from the terminator zone in unbuffered systems............... 253
9.2.1.1. H,-M, boundary........................................... 254
9.2.1.2. M,-Mu boundary.......................................... 254
9.2.2. Disturbances from the leading zone in unbuffered systems.................. 257
9.2.3. Disturbances due to the presence of hydrogen and hydroxyl ions in buffered
systems......................................................... 260
9.3. Disturbances due to the presence of carbon dioxide............................ 263
9.4. Enforced isotachophoresis............................................... 264
9.4.1. Disc electrophoresis................................................ 265
9.5. Water as terminator..................................................... 267
9.6. Purification of the terminator............................................. 268
9.7. Conversion of data measured with different detectors........................... 270
References................................................................ 271
10. Quantitative aspects........................................................ 273
Summary............................................................... 273
10.1. Introduction......................................................... 273
10.2. Theoretical.......................................................... 274
10.3. Thermometric measurements ............................................ 275
10.3.1. Reproducibility................................................. 275
10.3.2. Calibration constant............................................. 275
10.4. Conductimetric measurements ........................................... 279
10.4.1. Reproducibility................................................. 279
10.4.2. Calibration constant............................................. 280
10.5. Conclusion........................................................... 281
References............................................................... 282
11. Separation of cationic species in aqueous solutions................................ 283
Summary................................................................ 283
11.1. Separation of cationic species in aqueous solutions using a thermocouple as detector . . 283
11.1.1. The system WHC1............................................... 285
11.1.2. The system WHIO 3.............................................. 286
11.1.3. The system WKAC............................................... 288
11.1.4. The system WKCAC............................................. 289
11.1.5. The system WKDIT.............................................. 293
11.2. Separation of cationic species in water and deuterium oxide using a conductivity
detector (a.c. method) and a UV absorption detector (256 nm)................... 293
12. Separation of anionic species in aqueous solutions................................. 295
Summary................................................................. 295
12.1. Separation of anionic species in aqueous solutions using a thermometric detector..... 295
12.1.1. Operational system histidine/histidine hydrochloride (pH 6)............... 295
12.1.2. Operational system imidazole/imidazole hydrochloride (pH 7)............. 296
12.2. Separation of anionic species in aqueous solutions using a conductivity detector (a.c.
method) and a UV absorption detector (256 nm)............................. 300
12.2.1. Introduction................................................... 300
CONTENTS XI
12.2.2. Applications................................................... 301
13. Amino acids, peptides and proteins............................................ 311
Summary................................................................ 311
13.1. Amino acids ......................................................... 311
13.1.1. Introduction.................................................... 311
13.1.2. Separation at low pH values in aqueous systems........................ 312
13.1.3. Separation at high pH values in aqueous systems........................ 312
13.1.4. Separation by use of complex formation.............................. 318
13.1.5. Separation in aqueous propanal solutions............................. 319
13.2. Separation of proteins in ampholyte gradients ............................... 322
13.2.1. Introduction................................................... 322
13.2.2. Experimental................................................... 325
13.3. Separation of small peptides............................................. 335
13.3.1. Introduction................................................... 335
13.3.2. Experimental .................................................. 336
References............................................................... 336
14. Separation of nucleotides in aqueous systems.................................... 337
Summary................................................................ 337
14.1. Introduction......................................................... 337
14.2. Separation using a thermometric detector................................... 337
14.3. Separation using a conductivity detector (a.c. method) and a UV absorption detector
(256 nm)............................................................ 342
15. Enzymatic reactions........................................................ 347
Summary................................................................ 347
15.1. Introduction......................................................... 347
15.2. Enzymatic conversion of glucose (fructose) into glucose-6-phosphate (fructoses-
phosphate) with hexokinase from yeast..................................... 348
15.3. Enzymatic conversion of pyruvate into lactate with lactate dehydrogenase from
pig heart............................................................ 355
References............................................................... 360
16. Separations in non-aqueous systems............................................. 361
Summary................................................................ 361
16.1. Introduction......................................................... 361
16.2. Separation of anionic species in methanol using a thermometric detector........... 362
16.3. Separation of cationic species in methanol using a thermometric detector............ 364
16.3.1. The operational system MHC1...................................... 365
16.3.2. The operational system MKAC..................................... 367
16.3.3. The operational system MTMAAC .................................. 373
16.4. Experiments in aqueous methanolic systems using a conductimetric detector
(a.c. method) and UV absorption detector (256 nm) ......................... 373
17. Counter flow of electrolyte.................................................. 375
Summary ............................................................... 375
17.1. Introduction......................................................... 375
17.2. Experimental......................................................... 378
17.3. Conclusion.......................................................... 384
References............................................................... 384
APPENDICES
A. Simplified model of moving-boundary electrophoresis for the measurement of effective
mobilities................................................................ 387
XII CONTENTS
A.I. introduction.......................................................... 387
A.2. Model of moving-boundary electrophoresis.................................. 387
A.2.1. Electroneutrality equations......................................... 388
A.2.2. Modified Ohm s law............................................... 388
A.2.3. Mass balances for all cationic species.................................. 388
A.3. Procedure of computation............................................... 389
A.4. Experimental......................................................... 390
A.5. Discussion............................................................ 392
References............................................................... 394
B. Diameter of the narrow-bore tube, applied for separation............................ 395
C. Literature................................................................ 397
Symbols and abbreviations..................................................... 409
Symbols................................................................. 409
Subscripts ............................................................... 410
Superscripts.............................................................. 411
Examples................................................................ 411
Abbreviations............................................................. 411
Subject index ............................................................... 413
|
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| author | Everaerts, Frans M. Beckers, Jo L. Verheggen, Theo P. E. M. |
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| dewey-ones | 543 - Analytical chemistry |
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| language | English |
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| oclc_num | 2332367 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 DE-19 DE-BY-UBM DE-M49 DE-BY-TUM DE-355 DE-BY-UBR DE-20 DE-83 DE-11 DE-188 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 DE-19 DE-BY-UBM DE-M49 DE-BY-TUM DE-355 DE-BY-UBR DE-20 DE-83 DE-11 DE-188 |
| physical | XIV, 418 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| psigel | TUB-nveb |
| publishDate | 1976 |
| publishDateSearch | 1976 |
| publishDateSort | 1976 |
| publisher | Elsevier Scientific Publ. Co. |
| record_format | marc |
| series | Journal of chromatography |
| series2 | Journal of chromatography : Library |
| spelling | Everaerts, Frans M. Verfasser aut Isotachophoresis theory, instrumentation and applications Frans M. Everaerts ; Jo L. Beckers ; Theo P. E. M. Verheggen Amsterdam [u.a.] Elsevier Scientific Publ. Co. 1976 XIV, 418 S. Ill., graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Journal of chromatography : Library 6 Capillaire verschijnselen gtt Elektroforese gtt Elektrolyten gtt Isotachoforese gtt Toepassingen gtt Électrophorèse Electrophoresis Elektrophorese (DE-588)4014373-9 gnd rswk-swf Isotachophorese (DE-588)4162565-1 gnd rswk-swf Elektrophorese (DE-588)4014373-9 s DE-604 Isotachophorese (DE-588)4162565-1 s Beckers, Jo L. Verfasser aut Verheggen, Theo P. E. M. Verfasser aut Journal of chromatography Library ; 6 (DE-604)BV035916693 6 HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=000579680&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Everaerts, Frans M. Beckers, Jo L. Verheggen, Theo P. E. M. Isotachophoresis theory, instrumentation and applications Journal of chromatography Capillaire verschijnselen gtt Elektroforese gtt Elektrolyten gtt Isotachoforese gtt Toepassingen gtt Électrophorèse Electrophoresis Elektrophorese (DE-588)4014373-9 gnd Isotachophorese (DE-588)4162565-1 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4014373-9 (DE-588)4162565-1 |
| title | Isotachophoresis theory, instrumentation and applications |
| title_auth | Isotachophoresis theory, instrumentation and applications |
| title_exact_search | Isotachophoresis theory, instrumentation and applications |
| title_full | Isotachophoresis theory, instrumentation and applications Frans M. Everaerts ; Jo L. Beckers ; Theo P. E. M. Verheggen |
| title_fullStr | Isotachophoresis theory, instrumentation and applications Frans M. Everaerts ; Jo L. Beckers ; Theo P. E. M. Verheggen |
| title_full_unstemmed | Isotachophoresis theory, instrumentation and applications Frans M. Everaerts ; Jo L. Beckers ; Theo P. E. M. Verheggen |
| title_short | Isotachophoresis |
| title_sort | isotachophoresis theory instrumentation and applications |
| title_sub | theory, instrumentation and applications |
| topic | Capillaire verschijnselen gtt Elektroforese gtt Elektrolyten gtt Isotachoforese gtt Toepassingen gtt Électrophorèse Electrophoresis Elektrophorese (DE-588)4014373-9 gnd Isotachophorese (DE-588)4162565-1 gnd |
| topic_facet | Capillaire verschijnselen Elektroforese Elektrolyten Isotachoforese Toepassingen Électrophorèse Electrophoresis Elektrophorese Isotachophorese |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=000579680&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV035916693 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT everaertsfransm isotachophoresistheoryinstrumentationandapplications AT beckersjol isotachophoresistheoryinstrumentationandapplications AT verheggentheopem isotachophoresistheoryinstrumentationandapplications |