Adaptive strategies and population ecology of northern grouse:
Gespeichert in:
Format: | Buch |
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Sprache: | English |
Veröffentlicht: |
Minneapolis
Univ. of Minnesota Pr.
1988
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Schlagworte: | |
Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
Beschreibung: | XXIII, 809 S. Ill., Kt. |
ISBN: | 0816614695 |
Internformat
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245 | 1 | 0 | |a Adaptive strategies and population ecology of northern grouse |c Arthur T. Bergerud ..., eds. |
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adam_text | Adaptive Strategies
and Population Ecology
of Northern Grouse
Arthur T Bergerud
and Michael W Gratson, Editors
A Wildlife Management Institutet-sponsored Book
Published by the
University of Minnesota Press Minneapolis
Contents
Authors vi
Preface vii
Acknowledgments xi
Part I Population Studies
FOREST GROUSE
Chapter 1 A Relation between Aggressive Behavior and Population
Dynamics in Blue Grouse
D H Mossop , 3
1 1 Introduction 3
1 2 Study areas and methodology 5
121 Population demography 5
122 Behavior 7
1 3 Demographic findings 7
1 4 Behavioral findings 9
141 Spontaneous behavior 9
142 Behavior in response to observer 10
143 Intraspecific behavior in census situation 12
144 Predator avoidance behavior 15
145 Behavior in the test arena 21
1 5 Discussion 21
1 51 Population trends 25
152 Aggressive behavior 25
153 Aggression and population dynamics 27
1 6 Summary 28
Chapter 2 Demography and Behavior of Ins*ular Blue Grouse Populations
A T Bergerud 29
2 1 Introduction 29
xiv CONTENTS
/
2 2 Description of study areas 31
2 3 Methods 31
2 4 Demography 35
241 Survival and dispersal of founders 35
242 Survival of progeny 39
243 Mechanisms of population change 43
2 5 Behavior 46
251 Behavior of the founders 46
252 Behavior of the hand-raised chicks 51
253 Behavior of the males 51
254 Behavior of female progeny 55
255 Behavior of progeny at capture sites 61
2 6 Discussion 65
261 Demography 65
262 Behavior in space and time 67
263 Fitness and densities 71
2 7 Summary 77
Chapter 3 Demography and Behavior of Ruffed Grouse in British Columbia
R G Davies and A T Bergerud 78
3 1 Introduction 78
3 2 Study area and methods 79
321 Demography 79
322 Behaviour indexes 82
3 3 Demographic Findings 83
331 Fluctuations in numbers and frequency of color morphs 83
332 Survival of juveniles and adults 88
333 Productivity 92
3 4 Aggressiveness and approachability of birds 98
341 Individual differences 98
342 Basis^of the differences in behavior 100
343 Behavioral differences in space and time 105
3 5 Discussion 108
351 Role of the extrinsic environment in population change 110
352 Behaviour as a factor in the density of grouse populations 117
353 Male competition and population densities 119
3 6 Summary 121
Chapter 4 Winter Arboreal Feeding Behavior of Ruffed Grouse in
East-Central Minnesota
R A Huempjher and J R Tester 122
CONTENTS xv
4 1 Introduction 122
4 2 Study area and methods 123
4 3 Results and discussion 125
431 Morning and evening budding 125
432 Factors affecting frequency 127
433 Tree canopy position • 128
434 Intensity of canopy, use 133
435 Roosting and budding in feeding trees 136
436 Environmental and behavioral factors 137
437 Variations in evening budding among winters 140
438 Duration of budding 140
439 Seasonal budding rates 142
4 3 10 Tree species and number used 142
4 3 11 Total food consumed 148
4 3 12 Aspen food requirements and availability 150
4 4 Conclusions 152
441 Foraging strategy * 153
4 5 Summary 155
STEPPE GROUSE
Chapter 5 Spatial Patterns, Movements, and Cover Selection by Sharp-tailed
Grouse
M W Gratson 158
5 1 Introduction 158
5 2 Study area 159
5 3 Methods 163
5 4 Results 164
541 Spatial patterns and dispersion of the sexes 164
542 Home range sizes 172
543 Daily movement patterns 174
544 Brood breakup and dispersal 175
545 Cover selection 178
546 Flocking 181
5 5 Discussion 184
551 Prelaying ranges and activities of females 184
552 Separation of cocks and hens during nesting 186
553 Hen desertion and dispersal of juveniles 187
554 Daily movements as a strategy 188
555 Winter flocking, snow-burroWing, and the use of wetlands 189
5 6 Summary 191
xvi CONTENTS
Chapter 6 Reproductive Ecology of Female Greater Prairie Chickens in
Minnesota
W D Svedarsky 193
6 1 Introduction 193
6 2 Study area 194
6 3 Methods 197
6 4 Results 200
641 Breeding chronology 201
642 Nesting chronology 202
643 Clutch size and fertility 202
644 Nesting success and renesting 203
645 Nest placement 204
646 Nest characteristics and success 206
647 Brood mortality factors 206
648 Female mortality factors 209
649 Movements 211
6 4 10 Home range 214
6 4 11 Habitat use and preference 219
6 5 Discussion 225
651 Courtship and breeding 225
652 Preincubation movements 226
653 Preincubation habitat use 227
654 Nesting 228
655 Brood movements, habitat use, and disturbance 230
656 Brood mortality 232
657 Female mortality 234
658 Broodless-female movements and habitat use 235
659 Population density and possible limiting factors 236
6 6 Summary 238
Chapter 7 Mate Choice by Female Sage Grouse
J E Hartzler and D A Jenni 240
7 1 Introduction 240
7 2 Study area and methods 241
7 3 Territorial establishment and mating success 243
731 Fidelity of males to arena and territories 243
732 Fidelity and return of hens 246
733 Nonrandom mating of cocks 248
734 Fidelity of cocks compared to mating success 248
7 4 Hen selection of mating centers or cocks 251
741 Hen clusters and mating centers 251
CONTENTS xvii
742 Strutting frequency compared to mating success 253
743 Agonistic behavior compared to mating success 255
7 5 Discussion 258
751 The site hypothesis for mating success 259
752 Male behavior and mating success 264
753 Conclusions 267
7 6 Summary 267
TUNDRA GROUSE
Chapter 8 Behavior of White-tailed Ptarmigan during the Breeding Season
R K Schmidt 270
8 1 Introduction 270
8 2 Study areas 271
8 3 Methods 273
8 4 Early territorial behavior 273
8 5 Territories and territorial maintenance 274
851 Establishment and defense 274
852 Size, occupancy, and distribution 280
8 6 Pair bonds 285
861 Establishment 285
862 Maintenance 288
863 Nesting period 289
8 7 The brood period 290
871 Dispersal from breeding areas 290
872 Brood ranges 293
873 Brood maintenance and defense 293
8 8 Male postbreeding flocks 296
881 Movements 296
882 Flock structure 296
883 Late-summer association with breeding areas 297
8 9 Summary 297
Chapter 9 Cyclic Population Changes and Some Related Events in Rock
Ptarmigan in Iceland
A Gardarsson 300
9 1 Introduction • - 300
9 2 Study areas 300
9 3 Methods - 302
9 4 Results and Discussion t 304
941 Breeding density 304
942 Adult mortality in summer 306
xviii CONTENTS
943 Production 306
944 Age ratios in the hunting season 308
945 Winter losses 310
946 The territorial stage 310
947 Territorial behavior and changes in numbers 316
948 An outline of behavior in flocks 318
949 Sex segregation in winter 321
9 4 10 Age-group segregation 323
9 4 11 Food 325
9 5 Summary 329
Chapter 10 Winter Survival and Breeding Strategies of Willow Ptarmigan
D H Mossop 330
10 1 Introduction 330
10 2 Study area 331
10 3 Methods 333
10 4 Numbers, breeding success, and mortality 334
10 5 The winter environment 337
10 5 1 Winter weather 337
10 5 2 Winter food survival and physical condition of birds 337
10 5 3 Abundance of predators 340
10 6 Ptarmigan survival strategies for the winter environment 345
10 6 1 Flock formation 345
10 6 2 Snow-roosting 345
10 6 3 Synchronized, crepuscular behavior 348
10 6 4 Migration 348
10 6 5 Sexual segregation 354
10 6 6 Synthesis of winter survival strategies 355
10 7 Spring spacing behavior and its effect on the population 355
10 7 1 The early return 356
10 7 2 Spring territoriality and social segregation 360
10 7 3 Mortality and condition of birds in waiting flocks 368
10 7 4 Test of the territorial self-regulation hypothesis 370
10 7 5 Cost-benefit trade-off in tactics for breeding 371
10 8 Conclusions , 372
10 8 1 Winter environment and ptarmigan mortality 372
10 8 2 Social segregation of the population 373
10 8 3 Population regulation
t 374
10 9 Summary 377
CONTENTS xix
Chapter 11 Demography of an Island Population of Willow Ptarmigan in
Northern Norway
5 Myrberget 379
11 1 Introduction 379
11 2 Study area 380
11 3 Materials and methods 381
11 3 1 Collection of population data 381
11 3 2 Definition of parameters 382
11 3 3 Estimates of plant production 383
11 3 4 Adult behavior 383
11 4 General features of population variations 384
11 4 1 Breeding population 384
11 4 2 Adult summer mortality 386
11 4 3 Production and autumn numbers 387
11 4 4 Winter losses 388
11 4 5 Synthesis of changes in numbers 388
11 5 Annual variations in production 392
11 5 1 Egg-laying date 393
11 5 2 Nesting failure 393
11 5 3 Clutch size 393
11 5 4 Loss of eggs 398
11 5 5 Failure of eggs to hatch 401
11 5 6 Chick mortality 401
11 5 7 Intercorrelation between productivity parameters 403
11 5 8 Comparison of ptarmigan production and plant growth 404
11 5 9 Hen behavior and production 404
11 5 10 Synthesis of productivity 406
11 6 Hypotheses to explain changes in production 408
11 6 1 Clutch-size variation 408
11 6 2 Predation 410
11 6 3 Environment of chicks 411
11 6 4 Intrinsic phenotypic quality 412
11 6 5 Intrinsic genotypic quality 412
11 6 6 Synthesis 413
11 7 Hypotheses to explain changes in breeding numbers 414
11 7 1 Winter food 414
11 7 2 Predation of adults 415
11 7 3 Spacing behavior 415
11 7 4 Juvenile production , 415
11 8 Summary 416
Introduction
Defining the assumptions
The model
Parameters of the simulation
Realism of the assumptions
Results
12 6 1 Basic factors
12 6 2 Other factors
12 6 3 Realism of the results
12 6 4 Falsification tests
Conclusions
Summary
/ xx CONTENTS
Part II Theory and Synthesis
Chapter 12 A Genetic Explanation for Ten-year Cycles of Grouse
R E Page and A T Bergerud 423
Chapter 13 Mating Systems in Grouse
A T Bergerud 439
13 1 Introduction 439
13 2 The monogamy model 440
13 2 1 Size of the prelaying range 440
13 2 2 Dispersion of males 444
13 2 3 Effective avian predators 445
13 2 4 Conspicuousness of males 447
13 2 5 Mortality of males 451
13 3 Female choice in the model 451
13 3 1 Differences among species 451
13 3 2 Female choice of conspicuous plumage 454
13 4 Food shortage and monogamy 457
13 5 The female view of the pair bond 458
13 6 The male view of the pair bond 460
13 7 Dispersed polygyny 461
13 8 Clumped polygyny 465
13 9 Summary f 470
Chapter 14 Survival and Breeding Strategies of Grouse
A T Bergerud and M W Gratson 473
14 1 Introduction • 474
14 2 Male advertising strategies 474
, CONTENTS xxi
14 2 1 Advertising displays 474
14 2 2 Fidelity as an advertising tactic 476
14 2 3 Advertising in the fall 477
14 2 4 Tactics of daily advertising 479
14 2 5 Advertising near females 482
14 2 6 Selection of safe advertising sites 489
14 3 Advertising tactics of yearling males 494
14 3 1 Early prospecting by juvenile males 495
14 3 2 Advertising in spring 496
14 3 3 Tactics for securing an advertising site 499
14 4 Female nesting strategies 503
14 4 1 Assessing predator abundance and nesting sites 506
14 4 2 Timing and inconspicuousness 511
14 4 3 Spacing and other behaviors to remain inconspicuous 517
14 4 4 Avoiding nest ambush 524
14 4 5 Philopatry of nesting females 526
14 4 6 Nest abandonment and renesting 527
14 5 The strategy of selecting a male for breeding 533
14 6 The strategy of improving chick survival 537
14 6 1 The trade-off: Optimal foraging versus antipredator tactics 537
14 6 2 Inconspicuousness of females and broods 542
14 6 3 Reducing interactions with predators 545
14 6 4 Defense of young against predation 546
14 7 Brood disbandment and migration 548
14 7 1 Brood disbandment 548
14 7 2 Fall migration 550
14 7 3 Movements between breeding seasons 555
14 8 Strategies for winter survival 555
14 8 1 Winter feeding tactics 556
14 8 2 Winter flocking 561
14 8 3 Winter roosting tactics 564
14 9 Polymorphic spacing strategy 567
14 10 Summary 575
Chapter 15 Population Ecology of North American Grouse
A T Bergerud 578
15 1 Introduction 578
15 2 Percentage of hens nesting 579
15 3 Clutch size in grouse t 581
15 3 1 Maternal condition and clutch size 582
15 3 2 Clutch size determined by chick survival 584
xxii CONTENTS
15 3 3 Clutch size determined by life span and predation risk
of eggs 586
15 4 Nesting success 592
15 4 1 Frequency of renesting 595
15 4 2 Annual variations in nesting success 599
15 4 3 Nesting success and densities 605
15 5 Mortality of chicks 609
15 5 1 Mortality rates 609
15 5 2 Mortality factors 610
15 5 3 Density-dependence of mortality 614
15 6 Mortality of juveniles and adults 615
15 6 1 Mortality factors 615
15 6 2 Mortality rates 616
15 6 3 Bimodalism of mortality rates 617
15 6 4 Mortality rates and reproductive risk 622
15 6 5 Differential mortality of males and females 624
15 6 6 Mortality and density 629
15 7 Theories of population change 634
15 7 1 Threshold-of-security 636
15 7 2 Winter bottleneck 636
15 7 3 Switch-over of predators 637
15 7 4 Territorial self-regulation 640
15 7 5 Breeding success drives numbers 645
15 8 The 10-year cycle in grouse 656
15 8 1 Frequency- and density-dependent selection 657
15 8 2 The single-locus, density-dependent model 665
15 8 3 The female-choice, density-dependent model 666
15 8 4 Relevance of the density-dependence model to charac-
teristics of cyclic populations 672
15 9 Limitation of breeding numbers 679
15 10 Summary 684
Chapter 16 Increasing the Numbers of Grouse
A T Bergerud 686
16 1 Introduction 686
16 2 Mechanisms of density 686
16 2 1 Nesting success and density 686
16 2 2 The concept of a stabilizing density 691
16 3 Control of hunting T 696
16 3 1 Compensation principle 696
CONTENTS xxiii
16 3 2 Is hunting mortality additive to overwinter natural
mortality? 697
16 3 3 Compensatory aspects of hunting 702
16 4 Control of food 703
16 4 1 Ruffed grouse and aspen buds 703
16 4 2 Prairie chickens and grain 705
16 4 3 Food is not limiting 708
16 5 Control of cover 711
16 5 1 Cover during the breeding season 711
16 5 2 Cover during winter 718
16 6 Predator control 718
16 6 1 Predator-control arguments 719
16 6 2 The return of prairie chickens in Wisconsin 722
16 7 Control of space 726
16 7 1 Size and uniformity of space 727
16 7 2 Females space away from males 727
16 7 3 The big new space 728
16 7 4 Space and grouse introductions 729
16 8 Successful management 730
16 9 Summary 731
References 735
Index 781
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spelling | Adaptive strategies and population ecology of northern grouse Arthur T. Bergerud ..., eds. Minneapolis Univ. of Minnesota Pr. 1988 XXIII, 809 S. Ill., Kt. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Adaptation (Biologie) Oiseaux - Populations Tétraonidés Adaptation (Biology) Bird populations Grouse Demökologie (DE-588)4149059-9 gnd rswk-swf Raufußhühner (DE-588)4177038-9 gnd rswk-swf (DE-588)4143413-4 Aufsatzsammlung gnd-content Raufußhühner (DE-588)4177038-9 s Demökologie (DE-588)4149059-9 s DE-604 Bergerud, Arthur T. Sonstige oth HEBIS Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=000518336&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
spellingShingle | Adaptive strategies and population ecology of northern grouse Adaptation (Biologie) Oiseaux - Populations Tétraonidés Adaptation (Biology) Bird populations Grouse Demökologie (DE-588)4149059-9 gnd Raufußhühner (DE-588)4177038-9 gnd |
subject_GND | (DE-588)4149059-9 (DE-588)4177038-9 (DE-588)4143413-4 |
title | Adaptive strategies and population ecology of northern grouse |
title_auth | Adaptive strategies and population ecology of northern grouse |
title_exact_search | Adaptive strategies and population ecology of northern grouse |
title_full | Adaptive strategies and population ecology of northern grouse Arthur T. Bergerud ..., eds. |
title_fullStr | Adaptive strategies and population ecology of northern grouse Arthur T. Bergerud ..., eds. |
title_full_unstemmed | Adaptive strategies and population ecology of northern grouse Arthur T. Bergerud ..., eds. |
title_short | Adaptive strategies and population ecology of northern grouse |
title_sort | adaptive strategies and population ecology of northern grouse |
topic | Adaptation (Biologie) Oiseaux - Populations Tétraonidés Adaptation (Biology) Bird populations Grouse Demökologie (DE-588)4149059-9 gnd Raufußhühner (DE-588)4177038-9 gnd |
topic_facet | Adaptation (Biologie) Oiseaux - Populations Tétraonidés Adaptation (Biology) Bird populations Grouse Demökologie Raufußhühner Aufsatzsammlung |
url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=000518336&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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