The battlefronts of Southern Africa:
Saved in:
| Main Author: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Book |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
New York u.a.
Africana Publ. Co.
1988
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| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Physical Description: | XXIX, 451 S. Kt. |
| ISBN: | 0841911355 0841911444 |
Staff View
MARC
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THE BATTLEFRONTS OF
SOUTHERN AFRICA
COLIN LEGUM
AFRICANA PUBLISfflNG COMPANY
a division of Holmes amp; Meier
New York / London
CONTENTS
ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS xiii
INTRODUCTION: xv
1948-1987: THE MAKING OF A CRISIS xv
Origins of the Crisis xvi
The African View of the Crisis xviii
The Western View of the Crisis xix
The Soviet-Bloc and Cuban Role xxiii
The Role of the Chinese People's Republic xxvi
The Future Outlook xxvii
1975-1976: HOW THE SEARCH FOR PEACEFUL
CHANGE FAILED 1
Overview 1
Pretoria Negotiations with Liberia 2
Pretoria Negotiations with Central African Republic 4
Pretoria Negotiations with Zambia 4
The Dar es Salaam Declaration 6
Stand of the Ivory Coast 9
The Victoria Falls Conference 11
1976-1977: THE YEAR OF THE WHIRLWIND 20
THE ROAD TO WAR: January-April 1976 22
The Ringmasters: Role of the Front-Line Presidents 26
The Performers: The Fighters and The Politicians 29
African National Council (ANC): The Rise and Fall and Rise of the
Bishop 30
The Zimbabwe African National Union (ZANU): (l)Eclipse of
Sithole 31
The Zimbabwe African National Union (2) The Emergence of Robert
Mugabe 33
Zimbabwe African People's Union: Joshua Nkomo—An Old Star
Rises Again 34
The Patriotic Front: A Marriage of Convenience 35
Zimbabwe Independence People's Army: The Guerillas' Internal
Struggles 36
THE DEFENDERS
(1) The Rhodesians; Who Will Stay? 38
(2) Where Will South Africa Stand? 39
BATTLEFRONTS OF SOUTHERN AFRICA
The Fourth Front: Angola's Neighbour, Namibia 42
The Interlocutor: Dr Kissinger's Diplomacy 44
THE KISSINGER SHUTTLE: 'GETTING OUT OF A BLOODY
MESS' 47
Round One: Dar es Salaam, 14-16 September 48
Round Two: Lusaka, 16-17 September 49
Round Three: Pretoria, 17-18 September 49
Round Four: Pretoria, 19-20 September 50
Round Five: Lusaka, 20-21 September 52
Round Six: Dar es Salaam, 21-22 September 52
Round Seven: Zaire, 22 September 53
The Diplomatic Snafu: Who Was Lying? 53
Climax and Anti-Climax: Smith Says 'Yes'; the Africans Give a
Qualified 'No' 55
The Road to Geneva: Britain's Reluctant Role in 1976 56
The Geneva Conference—In Which Chairman Mao Is Proved Right 57
Smith's New Strategy 58
Who Speaks for the Africans? 58
Proposals for a Transitional Government 59
What Role for Britain? 60
The End of Geneva 61
A New British Initiative: This Time Smith Says 'No', the Africans
Say 'Perhaps' 62
Britain's Proposals for a Transition Government 63
The Mercenary Factor in the Rhodesian Conflict 66
The International Trust Fund 67
Full Circle: Smith's Second UDI : 68
The Russians' Ringside Seat 69
1977-1978: ANGLO-AMERICAN COOPERATION AND A
NEW WESTERN INITIATIVE 74
THE THREE ARENAS OF CONFLICT: 77
(1) South Africa 77
(2) Rhodesia/Zimbabwe 79
(3) Namibia 85
The African Role in the Diplomatic Process 88
The Front-Line Presidents 88
The Role of Zambia 91
The Role of Other African States 92
The Role of the Patriotic Front 93
THE INTERNATIONAL DIMENSION OF THE SOUTHERN
AFRICAN CRISIS 94
American Policy 94
British Policy 97
vi
CONTENTS
European Policies 98
Soviet Union's Policy 98
The Cuban Policy 99
China's Policy 100
1978-1979: THE APPROACHING COLLAPSE OF WHITE
RESISTANCE IN RHODESIA 104
THE THREE ARENAS OF CONFLICT 106
1 Namibia 106
2 Zimbabwe-Rhodesia 109
3 South Africa 114
THE INTERNATIONAL DIMENSIONS OF THE SOUTHERN
AFRICAN CRISIS 116
The Role of the Western Powers 116
The Role of the Communist States 119
The Role of the African States 122
1979-1980: THE ROAD TO AND FROM LANCASTER
HOUSE 126
Prelude to Lusaka, May-July 1979 127
The Lusaka Commonwealth Conference, 1-7 August 1979 129
From Lusaka to Lancaster House, August 1979 131
THE LANCASTER HOUSE CONFERENCE, 10 September-21
December 1979 131
Lord Carrington's Role 131
The Role of the Front-Line Presidents 132
The Role of the Commonwealth 133
The Negotiating Process 133
The Legacy of Lancaster House 140
Rhodesia on the Eve of Independence 142
The Role of Gen Peter Walls 144
Zimbabwe-South Africa Relations 145
Namibia After Zimbabwe 146
INTERNATIONAL DIMENSIONS OF THE SOUTHERN AFRICA
CRISIS 149
The Western Role in Southern Africa 149
The Soviet and Cuban Role 150
China's Role 152
The Future 152
1980-1981: THE FAILURE OF DIPLOMACY AND
WEAPONS 155
The Different Elements of the Southern African Conflict 155
vii
BATTLEFRONTS OF SOUTHERN AFRICA
Constraints on the Behaviour of South Africa and its Neighbours 156
The Impending Collapse of the Southern African Political System 157
NAMIBIA: THE ROAD TO AND FROM GENEVA 158
Aspects of Collaborative Behaviour 158
Last Round of the UN Negotiations (January-November 1980) 159
The Democratic Turnhalle Alliance: A New Factor 162
The Geneva Conference (7-14 January 1981) 162
South Africa's Stand on Namibia 164
The Interests of Outside Powers 165
THE ANGOLA-SOUTH AFRICAN BORDER 166
Military Operations in Angola 166
How Far Will SA Go in Angola? 168
The Mozambique-South African Border 170
The Zimbabwe-South African Border 171
Waiting for Godot, or the $64,000 Question 172
1981-1982: DARKNESS AT THE END OF THE TUNNEL 176
THE AREAS OF ARMED CONFLICT 177
1 The Angolan-Namibia Front 177
Similarities of Regional Conflicts in the Middle East and Southern
Africa 178
Operation Protea: A Notch Closer to Conventional War 180
2 The Eastern, Northern and Western Front 181
3 The Internal Front 183
South Africa's Policy of Destabilizing its Neighbours 183
THE COURSE OF THE NEGOTIATIONS FOR A NAMIBIAN
SETTLEMENT 186
Reagan Joins the Negotiations, January-April 1981 186
Introduction of Linkage between a Settlement and Cuban Troop
Withdrawals, April-May 1981 189
The Clark Mission, June 1981 190
SA Escalates the War and Renewed Pressures for Sanctions, August-
September 1981 192
Hopes Rise for Agreement, September-October 1981 194
Collapse of the New Initiative, October-December 1981 197
Negotiations Again Break Down: The Issue of Elections, December
1981-March 1982 199
Breaking the Deadlock, January-June 1982 202
A New Climax: The New York Talks, July 1982 205
THE ROLE OF THE LOCAL ACTORS IN THE CONFLICT 207
Angola: The Pivotal Partner in the Negotiations 207
Unita: Waiting in the Wings 210
Zambia—President Kaunda's Approach to Pretoria 212
Zimbabwe and Mozambique: A Tight Alliance 212
The Front-Line States: Champions of Peaceful Negotiations 214
viii
CONTENTS
Southwest African People's Organization of Namibia (Swapo)—
Pretoria's Principal Antagonist in Namibia 215
Republic of South Africa: A Regional Power in Need of Friends 217
THE ROLE OF THE MAJOR FOREIGN ACTORS 221
The United States: Learning to Work with Its Allies 221
Western Europe and Canada: America's Troubled Allies 224
The Soviet Bloc: A World Power Unable to Help its Friends after
Independence 226
Cuba: Angola's Fighting Ally 227
The People's Republic of China: Maintaining a Low Profile 228
The United Nations: The Source of Legitimacy 228
Appendix -1: Text of Western Constitutional Proposals for an
Independent Namibia 229
Appendix 2: Swapo's Response to the Western Proposals 230
Appendix 3: The Position of the Frontline States, Nigeria, Kenya and
Swapo 232
1982-1983: THE DYNAMICS OF VIOLENCE 236
Parallels with the Middle East 238
Anatomy of Violence 239
THE DESTABILIZATION OF SOUTHERN AFRICA: AREAS OF
CONFLICT 243
Angola: The 'Two Koreas' Plan 245
Mozambique: The National Resistance Movement (MNR) 245
The Origins and Aims of the MNR 247
The South African Connection with the MNR- 248
Reasons for the Success of the Mozambican Rebels 249
Leadership of the Mozambican Rebels 251
Zimbabwe: A Second Unita in the Making? 252
Lesotho: SA's Most Vulnerable Neighbour 253
Botswana: A Gathering Place for Refugees • 255
Zambia: A President's Fears 255
The Seychelles: The Smoking Gun 256
NEGOTIATIONS FOR A NAMIBIAN SETTLEMENT 257
THE COURSE OF EVENTS—August 1982-June 1983 257
War on the Ground: Talk on the Sidelines (January to July 1983) 262
Role of the Local Actors in the Conflict 265
—Angola: Thirsting for Peace 265
SWAPO: Fearing a Sell-Out 266
—The Frontline States: Taking Their Lead from Angola 266
—Unita: Savimbi's Growing Shadow over Angola 267
—The Republic of South Africa: Pretoria has Everybody Guessing 268
ix
BATTLEFRONTS OF SOUTHERN AFRICA
THE ROLE OF THE MAJOR FOREIGN ACTORS 269
—The Western Contact Group: Friends but No Longer Partners 269
—The Soviet Bloc: A Leading Actor in a Minor Role 271
—Cuba: Only too Glad to Return Home 271
—China: Back in the Ring 272
1983-1984: PAX PRAETORIANA OR PAX AFRICANA? 275
THE COURSE OF EVENTS, June-December 1983 279
The Western Front—Angola and Namibia 279
The Lusaka Talks on Namibia, 10-12 May 1984 284
The Slow Pull-Out from Angola, May-July 1984 288
THE ROAD TO NKOMATI 289
The Nkomati Accord, 16 March 1984 294
African Reactions to the Nkomati Accord 295
—The African National Congress 295
—Other African Leaders 299
—Reactions from other Countries 300
Post-Nkomati Developments, March-June 1984 300
THE NORTHERN FRONT 301
Zimbabwe, Swaziland and Botswana 301
The Border with Lesotho 304
THE ROLE OF THE LOCAL ACTORS IN THE CRISIS 305
South Africa, the Regional Power 305
The Role of the Front-Line States 309
The Role of the Liberation Movements 312
The Role of Unita and the MNR 313
ROLE OF THE EXTERNAL POWERS 315
The Contact Group 315
Portugal's Role 316
The Role of the United States 316
The Role of the Soviet Bloc 319
The Role of Cuba 321
Appendix 1: Nkomati Accord 323
Appendix 2: President Machel's Speech at the Signing Ceremony 326
Appendix 3: President Botha's speech at the Signing Ceremony 328
Appendix 4: The Arusha Statement by the Front-Line States 330
1984-1985: SHIFT FROM THE PERIPHERY TO THE
VORTEX OF THE VIOLENT CONFRONTATION 333
THE COURSE OF EVENTS, July-December 1984 334
Continuing Search for Namibian Independence 334
Progress of the War in Namibia; Casualties and Cost 343
Progress of the War against Unita 345
CONTENTS
THE ROLE OF THE LOCAL ACTORS IN THE CRISIS 346
South Africa, the Regional Power 346
The Role of SWAPO 349
The Role of the African National Congress 349
Zimbabwe's Role 349
Botswana's Role 351
Lesotho's Role 353
Swaziland's Role 353
Mozambique's Role 354
FAILURE TO IMPLEMENT PRETORIA DECLARATION
BRINGS NKOMATI ACCORD TO VERGE OF COLLAPSE 358
Angola: Unita's Role 365
The Frontline States 367
ROLE OF THE EXTERNAL POWERS 367
The Role of the Contact Group 367
United States 368
Cuba's Role 369
The Role of China and North Korea 369
The Soviet Role 370
1985-1986: AN EMBATTLED SOUTH AFRICA FACES A
FUTURE OF INCREASING ISOLATION 374
Overview 374
The West Changes Course , 375
Impact of African Policies on the West 377
Impact of External Pressures on South Africa 377
The Situation in Southern Africa at the End of 1986 378
The International Campaign for Sanctions against South Africa 379
Impact of Sanctions on South Africa's Neighbours 382
Counter-Sanctions 383
The Disinvestment Campaign ' 384
THE COURSE OF EVENTS: 384
Namibia and Angola: The Diplomatic Front 384
Namibian-Angolan Fighting Front 388
Angola's Internal Military Front 389
The Mozambique Arena: Withering of the Nkomati Accord 395
THE AFRICAN ARENA 400
The Role of the FLS 402
Military Intervention in Southern Africa 403
The Role of FLS Members 403
—in Mozambique 406
—in Zimbabwe 407
—in Zambia 409
—in Botswana 410
xi
BATTLEFRONTS OF SOUTHERN AFRICA
—in Lesotho 411
—in Swaziland 411
—in Malawi 412
—in Tanzania 413
Other African Countries 413
—Role of Zaire 413
—Role of the OAU 414
—Role of South Africa 414
—South Africa and the West 415
—South Africa's Attitudes towards the Communist World 416
—South Africa's Policies of Destabilization 418
—Role of the African National Congress 418
—Role of Swapo 419
THE INTERNATIONAL ARENA 419
ROLE OF THE COMMONWEALTH OF NATIONS: 419
The Nassau Accord 419
The Eminent Persons Group 420
Sir Geoffrey Howe's Mission to Pretoria 425
The Commonwealth Mini-Summit in London 426
Britain's Role: the Domestic Debate 429
ROLE OF THE EUROPEAN ECONOMIC COMMUNITY 430
EEC-South Africa Trade 432
ROLE OF THE UNITED STATES 433
Sanctions vs Constructive Engagement 434
The Sanctions Campaign 436
US Policy towards SA 438
US policy in Anglola and Mozambique 441
ROLE OF THE SOVIET BLOC 443
ROLE OF CUBA 445
ROLE OF CHINA 445
ROLE OF THE NON-ALIGNED NATIONS 446
INDEXES
SUBJECT INDEX 449
NAME INDEX 450 |
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| callnumber-label | DT746 |
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| dewey-search | 327.68 |
| dewey-sort | 3327.68 |
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| discipline | Politologie |
| era | Geschichte 1975-1987 gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 1975-1987 |
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| geographic_facet | Südafrika (Staat) Africa, Southern Foreign relations 1975-1994 Africa, Southern Politics and government 1975-1994 Südafrika Kontinent |
| id | DE-604.BV000815947 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-11-21T13:01:04Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 0841911355 0841911444 |
| language | English |
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| publisher | Africana Publ. Co. |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Legum, Colin Verfasser aut The battlefronts of Southern Africa New York u.a. Africana Publ. Co. 1988 XXIX, 451 S. Kt. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Geschichte 1975-1987 gnd rswk-swf Außenpolitik Politik Apartheid South Africa Internationale Politik (DE-588)4072885-7 gnd rswk-swf Außenpolitik (DE-588)4003846-4 gnd rswk-swf Apartheid (DE-588)4002394-1 gnd rswk-swf Südafrika (Staat) Africa, Southern Foreign relations 1975-1994 Africa, Southern Politics and government 1975-1994 Südafrika Kontinent (DE-588)4058393-4 gnd rswk-swf Südafrika Kontinent (DE-588)4058393-4 g Außenpolitik (DE-588)4003846-4 s Geschichte 1975-1987 z DE-604 Internationale Politik (DE-588)4072885-7 s Apartheid (DE-588)4002394-1 s HEBIS Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=000511819&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Legum, Colin The battlefronts of Southern Africa Außenpolitik Politik Apartheid South Africa Internationale Politik (DE-588)4072885-7 gnd Außenpolitik (DE-588)4003846-4 gnd Apartheid (DE-588)4002394-1 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4072885-7 (DE-588)4003846-4 (DE-588)4002394-1 (DE-588)4058393-4 |
| title | The battlefronts of Southern Africa |
| title_auth | The battlefronts of Southern Africa |
| title_exact_search | The battlefronts of Southern Africa |
| title_full | The battlefronts of Southern Africa |
| title_fullStr | The battlefronts of Southern Africa |
| title_full_unstemmed | The battlefronts of Southern Africa |
| title_short | The battlefronts of Southern Africa |
| title_sort | the battlefronts of southern africa |
| topic | Außenpolitik Politik Apartheid South Africa Internationale Politik (DE-588)4072885-7 gnd Außenpolitik (DE-588)4003846-4 gnd Apartheid (DE-588)4002394-1 gnd |
| topic_facet | Außenpolitik Politik Apartheid South Africa Internationale Politik Apartheid Südafrika (Staat) Africa, Southern Foreign relations 1975-1994 Africa, Southern Politics and government 1975-1994 Südafrika Kontinent |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=000511819&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT legumcolin thebattlefrontsofsouthernafrica |