Passage through Armageddon: the Russians in war and revolution ; 1914 - 1918
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| 1. Verfasser: | |
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| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | Undetermined |
| Veröffentlicht: |
New York
Simon and Schuster
1986
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| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Register // Gemischte Register |
| Beschreibung: | 637 S. Ill. |
| ISBN: | 0671557092 |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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| adam_text | CONTENTS
Preface
11
PART ONE:
1914
Prologue
17
I. It Is a Wide Road That Leads to the War
41
II. The Fall Campaigns
60
HI. The War s First Winter
92
PART TWO:
1915
IV. The Road to Disaster
117
V. Russia s Great Retreat
136
VI. The Tsar Takes Command
164
VII. New
Ways of Politics
188
PART THREE:
1916
VIII.
The Roots of Upheaval
215
IX. The Brusilov Offensive
238
X. Dancing a Last Tango
261
XI. Is This Stupidity, or Is This Treason?
283
IO
CONTENTS
PART FOUR:
1917
XII.
Down with the Tsar!
31
5
XIII.
New Men and Old Policies
зФ
XIV.
To Keep the Swing from Going Over the Top
372
XV. Kerenskii Takes Charge
397
XVI.
Lenin Seizes Power
426
PART FIVE:
1918
XVII.
Birth Pangs
oř
a New Order
457
XVIII.
Peace and War
480
Epilogue
505
Notes
513
Works and Sources Cited
581
Index
615
Maps:
Rennenkampf s and Samsonov s Advances
65
Ivanov s
Advance
80
The Russian Front During the Great Retreat
126
Brusilov s Offensive
249
Petrograd 319
INDEX
accidents:
of children,
222—23
oř
workers,
224-25
Advice of an Onlooker (Lenin),
429
agriculture,
22-23, 92-93, 216-19
labor shortage in,
217
war s effects on,
217-19
Agriculture Ministry, Russian,
218, 219
air reconnaissance,
57, 155
Akhmatova, Anna,
271
Akselrod, Pavel,
23471
Albania,
183
Aleksandra
Feodorovna, Tsarina of Russia,
8
^ ^6
3> 4 4 5
^
Alekscev and,
162, 173-74
Andronikov and,
280
anti-Semitism of,
139
Bnisilov Offensive and,
247-48
coronation of,
48
Council of Ministers and,
197, 199, 200, 205,
210,211,286
execution of,
344, 510
as German empress,
137, 138
Guchkov and,
190, 291
husband s correspondence with,
29, 89,
in,
144, 161-63, 164, 166, 168, 169,
173-74,
l9ì>
197, 199, 205-6, 211, 212,
25O,
256, 289, 298, 301, 302-3, 322
husband s military command and,
159-63,
166, 167, 176
husband s significance to,
28-29, 162
insecurity and superstitiousness of,
29-31, 51,
97-100, 161-62
marriage of,
28
in Moscow,
48—49
Nikolai Nikolaevich and,
51, 166, 173-74
persecution complex of,
161-62
Polivanov and,
243, 286, 289-90
Protopopov s appointment and,
275-76,
298-300
Protopopov s dismissal and,
302, 303
public appearances avoided by,
97-98, 278
Rasputin and, see Rasputin, Grigorii
Rasputin s death and,
309-11
revolutionary predictions denied by,
311, 315,
316
in Revolution of
1905, 147
Sazonov s removal encouraged by,
295-96
son s illness and,
30-31, 98—100
Stavka
visited by,
170, 302
Stunner and,
211, 212, 243, 298, 301
in war effort,
97—100, 160
Aleksandrinskii Theater,
328-29, 442
Aleksandr
Mikhailovich, Grand Duke,
311
Aleksandr
Nevskii, Prince,
505
Aleksandrovskii Bridge,
323-24, 326-27, 332
Alekseev, Mikhail,
155, 162, 165, 240-41, 309
appointed chief of staff,
160
army rebuilt by,
179-82, 183, 242
background of,
171-72
Brusilov as replacement for,
407
Brusibv Offensive and,
243-44, 246-47, 248,
253, 254-55, 257
campaigns of
1917
and,
405, 407, 410,
411-13
cancer of,
172, 174, 509
615
біб
INDEX
Alekseev
(cont.
)
command functions fulfilled by,
160, 171-76,
183-86
coordinated ally plan proposed by,
183-84
diary of,
410
dictator plan of,
294-95, 296
February Revolution and,
327, 334-35
Ivanov
and,
78, 123, 124, 129-30
Komilov and,
412-13, 416, 424
Nicholas II and,
160, 169, 170, 174-76, 186,
294-95, 296, 301, 337-41
Nikolai Nikolaevich compared to,
178-79
in Novocherkassk,
508-9
organizational abilities of,
160, 171-72, 173
Provisional Government and,
353-54,
399-400, 402, 403, 413
Ruzskii replaced by,
123
self-effacement of,
160, 173
shock battalions as viewed by,
405
Soviet s meddling criticized by,
399-400
Aleksei, Tsarevich of Russia,
174, 339, 341
hemophilia of,
30-31, 98—100, 299, 342
at
Stavka,
170, 171
Aleksei Mikhailovich, Tsar of Russia,
164, 416
Alexander I, Tsar of Russia,
42, 45, 231
Alexander II, Tsar of Russia,
27, 231
Alexander III, Tsar of Russia,
20, 27-28, 32,
163, 232
Alexander Palace,
278, 344
Alix,
Princess of Hesse-Darmstadt, see
Aleksandra
Feodorovna, Tsarina of
Russia
All-Russian Central Committee for the
Organization of a Voluntary
Revolutionary Army,
405
АН
-Russian Committee for Salvation of the
Motherland and the Revolution,
462-63,
467, 481
All-Russian Congress of Peasant Deputies,
385-86
АН
-Russian Electoral Commission,
477
All-Russian Executive Committee of the Union
of Railway Workers (Vikzhel),
467-68,
470
All-Russian Extraordinary Commission to
Combat Counterrevolution and Sabo¬
tage, see Cheka
АН
-Russian Union of Municipalities,
104, 100,
191, 219, 260, 300
formation of,
102
national congresses of,
203-4,
3O&> 293
АН
-Russian Union of Zemstva for the Relief of
Sick and Wounded Soldiers,
190, 191,
300
boot shortage and,
104, 105
formation of,
102
grain purchases of,
219
medical work of,
102-3,
ll°
national congresses of,
203-4,
2°8> 293
rightist attack on,
209-10
Altman,
Nathan,
271
American Federation of Labor,
357-58
ammunition,
60
end of shortage of,
238, 240-41
estimated requirements for,
55-60
matching problems with,
61
shortages of,
56, 61, 89-91, 127, 128, 133,
137, 165-66
Amur (cruiser),
449
Andrei Vladimirovich, Grand Duke,
152-53,
167, 310
Andronikov, Prince Mikhail,
205, 207, 280
Anet,
Claude,
442
Angeli,
Norman,
19
Anglo-Russian Convention
(1907),
33η
antiaircraft weapons,
57, 155, 166
anti-Semitism,
138-43, 164, 167, 231-32, 264,
266, 279-80, 436
Black Hundreds and,
208
denunciations of,
141-42
of Nicholas II,
27, 139
pogroms and,
139, 231
Antonov-Ovseenko, Vladimir,
451-52, 466
Apollinaire, Guillaume,
270
April Crisis
(1917), 366-67, 378, 413
April Theses,
365
Arkhangelsk,
25, 134, 241, 243
armaments factories,
241
labor requirements of,
220
productivity decline in,
226
resources used by,
106
Armored Car Division,
332
army, Austro-Hungarian, see Austro-Hungarian
army
army, German, see German army
army, Russian, see Russian army
Army of the Caucasus, Nikolai Nikolaevich
assigned to,
160, 162
artillery,
26, 121, 132, 147, 166, 176
aristocratic bias in,
23—24, 53—54
of Brusilov,
240, 246, 247, 248—50, 251,
in campaigns of
1917, 408—9
of Mackensen,
125
of Peter and Paul Fortress,
449
Russian weakness in,
23-24
shortages of,
61
Artsybashev, Mikhail,
273, 274
Asia:
Russian empire in,
20
see also specific regions and countries
assassination,
413-14
of Sergei Aleksandrovich,
138, 413
of Stolypin,
100
as tool of Balkan nationalism,
35-36
Assumption Cathedral,
48, 49
Astrakahan,
182
Astrov, Nikolai,
209
Attila
the Hun,
27
Augustowo Forest, Russian retreat in,
119»
12°
Index
617
Aurora (cruiser),
446, 449
Austria-Hungary,
120-27,
4^2
in Alekseev s plan,
183
Brusilov Offensive and,
250-51
empire sought by,
34-35, 79
Germany as ally of,
32, 36
Italy s front against,
247
in peace negotiations,
485, 489—91, 493-95,
498
Plan No.
19
and,
52—53
Rumanian declaration of war against,
258
Russian rivalry with,
32
Serbia s rivalry with,
34—37, 79
in Triple Alliance,
33, 36
Austro-Hungarian army,
35, 50, 120—28
casualties of,
83
German bolstering of,
123—29
linguistic problems in,
122
mobilization of,
54, 122, 180
morale problems in,
124
officer corps decimated in,
122
see
aho
specific armies
Babushkin, Ivan,
230
Badaev, Aleksei,
108, 109
Badmaev, Zhamsaran ( Doctor ),
299
Baku,
226
balance of power,
18, 33—34, 39
Balkans,
79
political vacuum in,
34
pre-World War I tensions in,
34-35
Russian influence in,
32
start of World War I in,
34-37
see also specific countries
Baltic Fleet,
337, 478
Baltic Germans,
138
Baltic lands, Russia s tardy defense of,
130
Baranovichi:
E
vert s attack on,
253
Stavka
established at,
61-62
Barclay, Florence,
171, 244
Bark,
Petr,
142, 194-95
barracks, of workers,
222-23
Battalions of Death,
406-7, 413
bayonets,
60-61
Beatty, Bessie,
448
Beilis, Mendel,
139-40, 266
Beletskii, Stefan,
205, 206, 209, 280, 288
Belgium:
colonialism of,
18
German brutality in,
50
in Schlieffen Plan,
38
in World War I,
38, 50, 70, 86, 88
Beliaev, Mikhail,
87, 90, 145, 279, 287, 310
Beliakov, Nikolai,
486
Belyi, Andrei,
43-44, 264, 266-68, 273, 284
Bernatskii, Mikhail,
142
Berner Tagwach
(Swiss newspaper),
177
Bernhardi,
Friedrich von, 26
Bernstein, Eduard, 233
Beseier, Hans Hartwig
von, 154-55
Bezobrazov,
Aleksandr,
119, 124, 175, 255—56
Birzhevye
vedomosti
(The Stock Exchange
Gazette),
194, 288, 294, 299
Bismarck,
Otto von, 34
Bitsenko, Anastasiia,
486
Björkö,
Treaty of
(1005), 32-33
Black Hundreds,
207—8, 209
Black Hussars of Death,
406—7
Blagoveshchenskii, General,
75
Bleichman (American-Jewish anarchist),
391
Bliokh, Ivan,
218
Blok, Aleksandr,
20, 264-68, 271, 284, 373,
387, 396, 424
Belyi s correspondence with,
266, 268
poetry of,
264, 503
Bloody Sunday (Jan.
9, 1905), 21, 45, 47
twelfth anniversary of,
317—18
Blue Bridge,
447
Bobrinskii, Vladimir,
195
Bobrinskoi, Count Aleksei,
218
Bochkareva, Maria (Iashka),
406—7
Bogrov, Dmitrii,
229
Boisdeffre, General
Raoul François
Charles
le
Mouton de,
32
Bolimów, German
attack at,
118
Bolsheviks,
231, 233, 322, 361-65
Allies aid to,
501
Allies views on,
460, 481-82, 485, 488
arrests of,
108-9, 395
Central Committee of,
427-31, 434, 499-501
coercive measures used by,
473-75
emissaries sent to Germany by,
484-85
in factory committees,
377—78
at First All-Russian Congress,
387-90
German workers and,
481, 482, 491
Germany s aid to,
363-64, 395
government established by,
458, 461-62;
see
also Soviet of People s Commissars
July Days and,
391-95
Kerenskii-Komflov struggle as aid to,
422-25
Kerenskit s attempted crushing of,
419, 421
Lenin s shaping of,
426-31
Menshevik defense of,
444
Mensheviks conflict with,
231, 235-36, 432,
457-58
in Moscow,
468—71
peace overtures of,
458, 460-61, 480-503
propaganda of,
482-83, 487-88
secret police of,
430, 474-75, 507
Vikzhel s negotiations with,
467-68
war opposed by,
47
women and,
274
see also Great October Revolution
Bonch-Bruevich, Vladimir,
378, 390, 458-59,
461
boot shortage,
103-5
Boris Vladimirovich, Grand Duke,
278
borodachi (the bearded ones),
182
Borov
ikovskii (artist),
164
6i8
INDEX
Bosnia, Austrian presence in,
34, 35
bread,
374, 435, 472
lines for,
320, 374
worker demands for,
318, 321, 323
Brest-Litovsk,
148-49, 155, 156
Brest-Litovsk peace negotiations,
485-500,
502-3, 505
Allies and,
485, 488, 491-92
German delegation to,
489-90
German proposals in,
487-88
no war, no peace policy and,
496-500
Russian delegation to,
486-87, 490
self-determination and,
491—96
Brest-Litovsk Treaty
(1918), 499-503, 508
Russian losses and,
508
Briusov,
Valerii,
19, 263-64, 265, 268
Bromley Works,
109
Bronshtein, Lev, see Trotskii, Lev
Brooke, Rupert,
50
Brothers
Karamazov,
The (Dostoevskii),
262
Brüchmüller,
Colonel,
150
Brusilov, Aleksei,
24, 46, 78, 81-83,
9°> 1^3,
183
background of,
239-40
in Carpathian Mountains,
121, 123
daring of,
237, 239, 244, 246
Kornilov as replacement for,
414
on Nicholas II s command,
165, 169
Provisional Government and,
403, 405,
414
shock battalions organized by,
405—6
staff assembled by,
240
at
Stavka,
407-11, 414
Brusilov Offensive
(1916), 145, 174, 175, 187,
237, 238-60
communications problems in,
254
enemy losses in,
257
entrenchment systems in,
240, 246
Evert s failure in,
253-54
Evert s postponements and,
248, 253
German response to,
251—52
Guards Army in,
255—57
map of,
249
opening of,
247-50
secrecy of,
247-48
tarnishing of,
258-60
unconventional strategy in,
244-46
Brussels,
38
Bryant, Louise,
275, 442, 448, 466
Brzeżany,
409
Buchanan, Meriel,
98
Buchanan, Sir George,
47-48, 87, 90, 91, 178,
*57>
ЗОО,
320
on Kerenskii,
464, 468
Nicholas II and,
48, 49, 311
Provisional Government and,
357
Russian Revolution
(1917)
and,
368, 449
Stürmer
as viewed by,
296
Bucharest,
34, 258, 502
Budapest,
183, 252
Bukhara, Russian seizure of,
20
Bukharin, Nikolai,
427, 468, 478-79, 496-97,
501
Bukovina,
174, 251, 257, 417
Bulavin,
Kondratii,
380
Bulgaria,
258
in Alekseev s plan,
183
German support for,
182—83
in peace negotiations,
485, 490
Pless Convention and,
158, 182
in Second Balkan War,
34
Bülow,
Prince
Bernhard von, 33
Burdukov, Nikolai,
279
bureaucracy,
132-33, 191-92
Bureau of International Propaganda, Bolshevik,
482-83
Cabinet of National Defense, proposal for,
195-96
Canada, as arms supplier,
61
Carlotti, Ambassador,
357
Carpathian Mountains,
120-21, 123, 183, 412
Cartridge Works,
375
Catherine the Great, Empress of Russia,
144,
164, 194, 231, 283, 358
peasant rebellion and,
380, 381
cavalry, Russian,
52, 53-54
airborne observers vs.,
57
of Ruzskii,
81, 82
censorship,
269, 301, 318
Central Committee, Bolshevik,
427-31, 434,
499-501
February
18
meeting of
(1918), 499-500
October
10
meeting of
(1917), 429-31
Central Committee, RSDRP,
233, 235
Central Land Committee,
385
Central Powers,
39, 50, 79, 112, 124
Rumania and,
257—58
see also Austria-Hungary; Germany; Turkey
Central
Rada
(National Assembly of the
Ukraine),
390, 494, 501
Central War Industries Committee,
191-92,
195, 202
Champagne,
120, 176
Chantilly
Conference (Inter-Allied Conference)
(1915), 183-84, 185
Chapaev, Vasilii,
146
Charles
XII,
King of Sweden,
23
Cheka (Bolshevik security police),
430, 474-75»
507
Chekhov, Anton,
134-35
Chelnokov, Mikhail,
102, 316
chemicals,
105, 165
Cheremisov, General,
464
Chernov, Viktor,
45, 360-61, 369, 380, 415-
468, 475-76, 478
on restoration of army,
398—99
worker arrest of,
393-94
child labor,
107, 225
child rearing,
275
Index
619
children:
accidents and diseases suffered by,
222—23,
374
proletarian,
222—23, 224
China, laborers imported from,
107, 223—24
Chkheidze, Nikolai,
335-36, 361, 369
anti-Semitism denounced by,
141-42
Cholm,
84, 149, 494
Christ and Antichrist (Merezhkovskii),
263
Chulkov,
Georgii,
264
Churchill, Winston,
18, 135, 177—78, 185
City Council, Moscow,
469
City Council,
Petrograd, 450, 462
civil servants, strike of,
463
civil war, in Russia,
362, 366, 444, 465, 481,
508-11
Clausewitz,
Karl von, 50
clothing,
60, 93, 103
coal,
105-7, 109, 165, 508
Committee for Public Safety,
469—70
Committee for the People s Struggle Against
Counterrevolution,
423
Committee for the Defense of the Constituent
Assembly,
477
communication systems,
56-57, 63, 71, 72, 85
in Brusilov Offensive,
254
German tapping of,
77, 86
Hughes apparatus and,
338, 422, 483
Communists, see Bolsheviks
Congress of Berlin
(1878), 20, 34
Conrad
von Hötzendorff,
see
Hötzendorff,
Franz Conrad
von
Constantinople,
178, 358, 360
Constituent Assembly,
385, 443, 458, 475-79
Constitutional Democrats, see
Kadet
Party
Convent of Saint Martha and Saint Mary,
138
Corfu,
183
Cossacks,
164, 231, 318, 322, 348, 380-81, 419,
423, 448
in anti-Bolshevik forces,
464-65, 467, 468,
508
police charged by,
326
as sympathetic to workers,
323—27
cotton,
165
Council of Ministers, Russian,
104, 107, 136,
143, 152, 286-87
August
6
meeting of
(1915), 158-60
changes in,
192-93, 200-201, 205-6, 210-12
disputes of,
197-201
Nicholas H s assumption of military command
and,
159-60
resignation threats in,
199-200
Stavka
criticized by,
156
Council of People s Commissars,
452
Council of State,
196, 203
Council of the Empire,
139
Council of the Republic,
443-44
Courland,
491
Course of Lectures on Russian History
(Kliu-chevskii),
216
Crimean War,
25, 60, 147
Croatia,
35
Cross of St. George,
110, 112, 140, 169, 334
Czernin, Count
Ottokar,
486, 489-91, 493-95,
502
dairy products,
216, 222, 384
Dan,
Fedor,
236
Danilov, Iurii,
37, 57, 62, 85, 87-88, 121, 127,
137
on intelligentsia,
145—56
Plan No.
19
of,
52—53
Dankl, Vicktor
von, 79, 81
Danton,
Georges
J.,
429
Dardanelles,
358—59, 360
Davout, Marshal,
164
Dead Souls (Gogol),
285
Death of Ivan the Terrible, The (A. Tolstoi),
442
Declaration of Soldiers Rights, The (Order
No.
8), 404
Decree on Land
(1917), 458—59, 461
Decree on Peace
(1917), 460-61, 480, 485
Dehn,
Lili,
99
Deich,
Lev,
234л
Dembe fortress,
136
Denikin, Anton,
128, 137, 163, 409, 410, 411,
484
Kornilov as viewed by,
412
at
Stavka,
398, 399, 403
in White army,
509-10, 511
de Robień,
Count Louis,
323, 344, 436, 441-42,
443, 452-53, 506
on civil war,
510-11
diet,
60, 93
of peasants,
216, 384—85
of Workers, IO7,
221—22,
315
Dimitriev,
Radko,
125, 127, 175-76
Dinamo
factory,
377
diseases,
374, 480
childhood,
222—23, 374, 384
as peasant reality,
217
Dmitrii Pavlovich, Grand Duke,
306-11
exile of,
311
illegal arrest of,
309, 310
Dobrorolskii, Sergei,
38, 55, 278
Dobrovolskii, Nikolai,
310
Dobrudja,
258
Dombrowa coal mines,
107
Dom Muntzi
(literary salon),
263
Donbas
mines,
223, 225, 226, 380
Donets coalfields,
105, 106, 107, 109
Dontseva,
Tamara, 222
Dostœvskii, Fëdor M.,
99, 262
Dovedenkov,
Fëdor,
222
draft riots,
182
Dragomirov, Avraam,
403
Dukhonin, Nikolai,
464, 481, 483, 484
Duma (Russian National Assembly),
21, 100,
1Д2,
187, 283-87, 303
Ó2O
INDEX
Duma (Russian National Assembly)
(cont
)
anti-Semitism condemned in,
141-42
army investigated by,
397-98, 402
Bolshevik representatives in,
108-9
closing of (Sept.
16, 1915), 20
1
counterrevolution and,
335-36, 337-38,
348-49
Kadet
challenge in,
292-93, 294
mobilization of breadwinners and,
181-82
national unity promised by,
44, 46-47,
194-95
Nicholas II s attempted reconciliation with,
210-11
Nicholas II s relationship with,
169, 192-93,
283-85, 294-96, 301
Progressive Bloc in, see Progressive Bloc
Protopopov s appointment and,
299—300
Provisional Committee of, see Provisional
Committee
Provisional Government formed by,
350-51
public opinion and,
104
Purishkevich s speech to (Nov.
19, 1916),
303-4
Rasputin denounced in,
304
wartime role of,
190-202
Dvina
River, German crossing of,
418
Dvinsk,
151, 155, 409, 505
Bolshevik peace delegation assembled in,
486
fall of,
499
dvoevlastie (dual power),
354, 357
Dybenko, Pavel,
466
Dzerzhinskii,
Feliks,
430, 474—75
Dzhugashvili, Iosif, see Stalin, Iosif
Dzhunkovskii, Vladimir,
111, 207
eastern front:
OHL- commander debate over strategy for,
130-31
opening of,
50-51
see also specific battles and campaigns
Eastman, Max,
435
East Prussia Offensive
(1914), 54-58, 60-78
communication problems in,
56-57, 71, 72,
75
First Russian Army in,
55-58, 63-78
map of,
65
Second Russian Army in,
55-58, 63-65, 67,
69, 71-76
Economism,
233
economy, Russian:
agriculture and,
217-18
Germany linked with,
23
Ehrenburg,
Ilia,
269, 435
Eighth Army, German,
118—19
in East Prussia,
63-77
at
Osowieć,
155
Eighth Army, Russian,
81-84,
9O>
240
in
Brusüov
Offensive,
248-53
m
campaigns of
1917, 408, 413
in Carpathian Mountains,
121, 123-24
eight-hour day,
375-76, 386
Ekaterinburg,
344, 510
Ekaterinodar,
511
Eleventh Army, German,
130
in
Galícián
offensives,
125-29, 149
Eleventh Army, Russian,
123, 251
in campaigns of
1917, 407, 409, 410
nth Siberian Division, Russian,
150
Elisabeth, Empress of Russia,
110
Elisaveta Feodorovna, Grand Duchess,
48-49,
137-38, 277, 310
Emancipation of
1861, 22, 53, 220, 231
Emancipation of Labor Group,
234
Engels,
Friedrich,
437
England,
50, 124, 489, 501
in Alekseev s plan,
183-84
as arms supplier,
61, 134, 177, 241, 408
colonialism of,
18, 178
German weapons competition with,
19
mobilization in,
46, 54
port facilities of,
25
Provisional Government and,
356, 357
Russia compared to,
25, 46
Russian bitterness toward,
176-77
Russian coal imports from,
106
separate peace feared by,
177-78
Treaty of
Björkö
and,
33
in Triple Entente,
33
White armies and,
510
Wilhelm
II s views on,
27
entente
cordiale,
33η
En
ver
Pasha,
168
Erzerum,
Russian victory at,
283-85
Estonia,
409, 501
Evert, Aleksei,
79-81, 83
background of,
248
Brusibv Offensive and,
248, 252, 253-54,
257
every law has an exception,
277
Executive Committee for the Formation of
Revolutionary Battalions from Volunteers
in the Rear,
405-6
Extraordinary Commission of Inquiry,
423, 424
Extraordinary Seventh Congress of the Russian
Communist Party
(1917), 507, 508
Fackel, Die
(The Torch),
482
factory committees,
377-78
Falkenhayn, Erich
von, 86, 88, 118, 123-25,
129, 149
breakthrough plans of,
124—25, 127
French offensive urged by,
184-85, 186
at
Poznan
conference,
148
Serbian assault planned by,
158, 182-83
fatalism,
117, 118, 134, 143, 215
February Revolution
(1917), 2101^ 323-27, 369
army s role in,
330, 333, 334-35. 349-5°
Cossack role in,
323-27
counterrevolutionary thrust in,
335-36,
3Î7-38,
347-49
Index
621
Order No.
1.
of, 349-5O,
353, 357
Pavlovskii rebellion in,
330
start of,
326-27
Feodosia,
167
XV Corps, Russian, surrender of,
75—76
15th Infantry Division, Austro-Hungarian,
81
Fifth Army, Russian,
81, 84—87, 151, 402
in campaigns of
1917, 409
V Caucasus Corps, Russian,
128
V Corps, Russian,
81, 406
Finland,
364, 300, 425
peace negotiations and,
499, 501
First All-Russian Congress of Soviets of
Workers and Soldiers* Deputies
(1917),
387-90
First Army, Austro-Hungarian,
79, 84
First Army, Russian,
54, 84, 120, 401
in East Prussia Offensive,
55-58, 63-78
Gallwitz vs.,
149—50
I Caucasus Corps, Russian,
168
1
Corps, German,
66-69, 73-75» 77
I Corps, Russian,
255, 256
ist
Infantry Division, German,
67, 77
First Machine Gun Regiment,
389, 391
First
Petrograd
Conference of Factory and Mill
Committees,
377-78, 379
First Russian Women s Battalion of Death,
407
I Turkestan Corps, Russian,
150
Flakserman,
Galina,
429-31
Flakserman, Iurii,
430
flax,
165
Fofanova, Margarita,
428, 440, 445, 458
Fokke, Lieutenant Colonel,
486, 491, 498
food cooperatives,
221—22
food prices, increase in,
107, 112, 207, 208,
І19,
315, 373-74. 435
food shortages,
207-8, 219, 296-97, 316, 318,
З20,
373-74, 435, 506
Black Market and,
472
grain hoarding and,
219, 297, 385, 473-74
Lenin s coping with,
472-74
peace negotiations and,
493-95
40th Infantry Division, Russian,
68
48th Infantry Division, Russian,
412
Fourth Army, Austro-Hungarian,
81, 125, 149
Brusilov Offensive and,
250-51
Fourth Army, Russian,
79-80, 84-87, 149, 248
France,
124, 489, 501, 510
in Alekseev s plan,
183-84
as arms supplier, 6i,
134, 177, 241, 408
army of,
50, 54, 120
colonialism of, i8>
178
mobilization in,
54
Provisional Government and,
356, 357
as Russian ally,
32-33, 50-51
Russian bitterness toward,
176-77
Russian defeats of,
23, 25
Russian morale problems as viewed by,
239
in Schlieffen Plan,
38
Î ieparate
peace feared by,
* 77-78
socialists in,
358—59, 361
in Triple Entente,
33
vulnerability of,
50-51
Francis, David,
357
François,
Hermann
von, 66-69, 73—75, 77
Franco-Prussian War,
26
Frankenau, fighting at,
73
FrankoRusskii Factory,
440
Franz Ferdinand, Archduke of Austria,
assassination of,
35—36
Frederiks,
Count Vladimir
239, 280, 290, 333,
342
Fundamental Laws
(1906), 51,
210η
Futurists,
270, 271
Galicia,
78-88, 123, 124-29, 131, 251, 257, 417
German Eleventh Army in,
125-29, 149
Ivanov s advance in,
78—80, 83—85
Mackensen offensives in,
125—29, 148—50,
172, 176, 245
Gallwitz, Max
von, 149-51, 155
Gapon,
Georgii,
21
Gatchina,
464, 465, 468
General Staff, Austrian,
251
General Staff, French,
176, 184, 258, 368
General Staff, German,
76, 252, 423
General Staff, Russian,
25, 132-33, 136, 145,
176
budget disputes of,
52
mobilization efforts of,
37-38, 55, 146
morale problems of,
239
planning inadequacies of,
56-58, 61, 165
war fears of,
50
war plan gap of,
37
General Staff Gazette,
37
George, Prince of Greece,
28
George V, King of England,
178
German army,
50
mobilization of,
54, 180
see also High Command, German; specific
armies
Germany,
510
in Alekseev s plan,
183-84
Austro-Hungarian army bolstered by,
123-29
blockade of,
24-25
Bolshevik emissaries to,
484-85
Bolsheviks aided by,
363-64
breakthrough attempted by,
124-29, 149
Bulgaria supported by,
182-83
in campaigns of
1917, 409-10, 413, 418
civilizing mission of,
26-27
empire sought by,
18
England s weapons competition with,
19
France as enemy of,
26, 32, 38
in peace negotiations,
485-503
Plan No.
19
and,
52-53
Rasputin s links with,
99, 206-7
rumors of separate Russian peace with,
213,
177-78
Russian cooperation with,
32
б22
INDEX
Germany
(coni.
)
Russian dependence on,
23, 105
Russian military secrets sold to,
112-13
Russian ultimatum from,
39
Schlieffen Plan of,
38, 50
scorched-earth policy as advantageous to,
156
submarine warfare of,
489
transportation network of,
24
Treaty of
Björkö
and,
32-33
two-front war plans and,
32, 38
in Triple Alliance,
33, 36
war against Russians renewed by,
499
war preparations of,
24, 58
western front as priority of,
124
working class in,
481, 482, 491
World War
1
entered by,
38-40
Germany and the Next War
(Bernhardt), 26
Giesl, Baron,
36
Giliarovskii, Vladimir,
224
Gilliard, Pierre,
31, 45, 47
Gippius, Zinaida,
268
beauty of,
44, 262-63
observations of,
44, 91, 100, 143, 144, 266,
323, 329, 331, 353, 413, 445, 480-81,
506
glass-of-water theory of sex,
471-72
Gniła Lipa,
Battle of
(1914), 82-83
Gogol, Nikolai,
22, 277, 285
gold,
168, 207
Golitsyn, Prince Nikolai,
310
golodnyi khleb (famine bread),
216
Golovin, Nikolai,
54, 55, 149, 245
Gomberg, Captain,
441
Goremykin, Ivan,
46, 158, 189-90, 192, 193,
197-201, 215
Duma speeches of,
194, 196
imperial command accepted by,
159, 167,
199
Progressive Bloc and,
197-99, 291
removal of, 210-n,
283
Gorkii, Maksim,
142, 268-69,
27*. 355> 4°4,
405
on fraternizing with enemy,
402-3
on mass stupidity,
395-96, 307, 424
Gorlice,
124, 125, 129
Gorodishche, Evert s attack on,
253-54
grain,
92-93, 107, 218-19, 494
Bolshevik search for,
473-74
peasants hoarding of,
219, 297, 385, 473-74
Russian exports of,
22-23, 218-19
Grazhdanin (The Citizen),
279-80
Great Britain, see England
Great Illusion, The
(Angelí),
19
Great October Revolution
(1917), 428-53
air of unreality in,
441-44, 446
Bolshevik taking of Winter Palace in,
447—53
Kerenskii s paralysis of will in,
443
Military Revolutionary Committee in,
433,
436, 437-38, 441, 444, 446, 449, 452
in Moscow,
468—71
sense of tragi-comedy in,
441, 447-48
speed of events in,
444-45
Great Retreat,
151-63, 165, 167, 172, 175, 181,
187
Guards Army in,
255
map of Russian front during,
126
refugee problem in,
156-57, 158, 161, 177,
188
Greece, in Second Balkan War,
34
Grey, Sir Edward,
36
Grigorev, General,
151, 154
Grodno,
63, 71, 131, 155
Guards Army,
175, 255, 335
in Brusilov Offensive,
255-57
Reserve Cavalry of,
325
see also Special Army, Russian
Guchkov,
Aleksandr,
187, 100, 191, 203, 209,
215, 316
Alekseev s correspondence with,
399—400
heart attack of,
291, 294
Kerenskii s replacement of,
370-71, 397, 403
in Provisional Government,
353—54, 367, 368,
309-400, 402
at Pskov,
341-43
Gumbinnen, Battle of
(1914), 68-69, 90
gunpowder,
134
Gurko, Vasilii,
57, 58, 63, 66, 157, 201, 403
on Alekseev,
172
on Augustowo retreat,
119
at Inter-Allied Conference
(1917), 356
private war relief and,
101, 103
Samsonov as viewed by,
72
Stavka
in hands of,
309
Gutor, Aleksei,
414
Gvozdev, Sergei,
222
Hague Conference
(1899), 19
Hague Conference
(1007),
ł9
Haig, Sir Douglas,
132
Halgouët,
Vicomtesse du,
328
Halley
s
Comet,
265, 267
hemophilia,
30-31
Hertling, Count
Georg von, 493
High Command, German,
37, 50, 69, 70, 130,
242, 251,487
Austro-Hungarian army aided by,
83
Ludendorff and,
131-32, 408—99
High Command, Russian,
237, 239, 342
retreat plan gap of,
151-52
self-interest as motivation of,
239, 240
treason in,
137
Hindenburg, Paul
von, 69-77,
129~3°» 14^>
150-51, 158, 485, 489, 493
appointed commander-in-chief of combined
forces in east,
251—52
appointed commander-in-chief of German
forces in the east,
86
Brusilov Offensive and,
251, 252, 253,
259
courtly politeness of,
75-76
Index
623
military background
of,
70
Napoleon s advance as lesson for,
238
Nieman Army and,
130, 132, 151
Ninth Army and,
83-86
at Novo-Georgievsk,
155
pincer
tactics of,
71-^77, 118—21, 124
on Rumania,
257-58
Russians driven from Lodz by,
88, 91, 118
Hoffmann, Max
von, 63—64, 69, 71, 73, 85,
152, 156, 252, 500
in peace negotiations,
485, 487-88, 490-93,
495-96, 498, 499
war renewed by,
499, 502
Holy Devil, The (Illiodor),
279
hospitals:
private endowment of,
103
Washburn s visits to,
95
hospital trains,
102—3
Hotzendorff, Franz Conrad
von, 36, 79-85,
121-23,
125>
251
housing,
374
of peasants,
216-17
of workers,
222-23
Hughes apparatus,
338, 422, 483
humor,
143, 163
Iakhontov,
Arkadii,
156-59, 109, 200
Ianushkevich, Nikolai,
37, 38, 46, 50, 84, 129
anti-Semitism of,
141, 142, 143, 164, 167
appointed chief of staff,
52
inexperience of,
52
on peasant soldiers,
146, 147
replaced as chief of staff,
160
Ignatiev, Count Pavel,
288-89, 310
Ignatov,
V.l.
(Emancipation of Labor Group
member),
234η
Illiodor (monk),
279
illiteracy,
25, 93, 227
Imperial Gendarmes,
300, 399
Imperial Guards,
235
see also Guards Army
imperialism,
32
resource competition as motive for,
18
White Man s burden and,
17—18
see also specific countries
India,
33
industrial revolution,
20, 105, 220
industry, Russian,
105—6, 133—34, 508
armaments,
106, 220, 226, 241
loss of,
165
uneven development of,
133, 137
wartime mobilization of,
190-92, 201—3
infantry:
of Brusilov,
246, 252-53
garb and gear of,
60—61
weapons of,
55, 90
inflation,
207, 208, 216, 315-16, 373-75
wage increases and,
376-77
influenza epidemics,
217
tosterburg Gap,
64, 69, 74, 77
intelligentsia:
Apocalypse predicted by,
262-73
war as viewed by,
43—44, 145-46
Inter-Allied Conference
(Chantilly
Conference)
(1915), 183-84, 185
Inter-Allied Conference
(1917), 355, 356-57
International Women s Day
(1917), 320-23
loffe, Adolf,
486-88, 490-92, 498
Irina Aleksandrovna,
Grand Duchess, see
Iusupova, Princess
Irina
iron,
105-6, 165, 508
Iron Brigade, Russian,
128
Ironside, Sir Edmund,
62, 64
Iskra
(The Spark),
235
Italy,
25, 184, 241, 510
empire sought by,
18, 247
neutrality of,
40
Provisional Government and,
357
in Triple Alliance,
33
World War I entered by,
124, 247
Iusupov, Prince
Feliks,
275, 304—11
exile of,
311
illegal arrest of,
309, 310
Iusupova, Princess
Irina, 304, 306, 307
Iusupova, Princess Zinaida,
277
Ivangorod fortress,
130-31, 151
abandonment of,
154
Ivanov,
Nikolai I.,
90, 120-21, 123-32, 174
Alekseev valued by,
171—72
background of,
78
on desertions,
181
in
Galicia
and southern Poland,
78-80, 83—85
ordered to march on
Petrograd, 334-35
replacement of,
237, 240, 246
Ivanov,
Viacheslav,
264-65, 268
Ivanova, Ka
tia,
110
Ivanovo-
Voznesensk
textile center,
21«, 107,
189, 227
Ivan the Terrible, Tsar of Russia,
41, 48
izby
(peasant cottages),
216-17
Izhora Mill,
318
Izmatiovskii Guards,
394, 399
Izvestiia (The News),
358, 376, 387-88, 411,
417
Japan
.-
as arms supplier,
61, 90, 134
see also Russo-Japanese War
Jews,
138-45, 448
civil rights of,
142-43
in socialist movement,
231.-32, 236—37
in World War I,
140-42
see also anti-Semitism
Joffre, Joseph,
63, 120, 176, 184, 185
Josef II, Emperor of Austria,
164
Josef Ferdinand, Archduke of Austria-Hungary,
83, 250
Jovanović, Ljuba,
36
judicial reform of
1864, 277
July Days,
391-96, 423, 425
624
INDEX
Kadet
Party (Constitutional Democrats),
44, 47,
142, 187, 202, 384, 386, 462, 477
in Municipal Council elections
(1917), 387
newspaper
oř,
44, 144, 405
rebellion in,
292-93, 294
revolution predicted by,
317
sixth national congress of
(1916), 286, 292
Ukrainian secession crisis and,
391
Kaiurov (Bolshevik
metallist), 323-24
Kaledin, Aleksei,
416, 417, 508
Kalinin, Mikhail,
393
Kaluga,
103, 104
Kałusz,
409, 413
Kameney, Lev,
390, 431, 443
Lenin s disagreements with,
431, 434
in peace negotiations,
486
Karakhan, Lev,
486
Karbyshev, Dmitrii,
240
Karl, Archduke of Austria-Hungary,
251
Kazan,
380
depot explosion in,
418
Virgin of,
41
Keksgolmskii Guards,
449
Kerenskii,
Aleksandr,
193, 291, 317, 351,
397-425
anti-Bolshevik forces organized by,
463-65
Bolshevik overthrow of,
441—53
Council of the Republic and,
443—44
February Revolution and,
335-36
flights of,
446-47, 468, 481
German threat against
Petrograd
and,
432-33
Guchkov replaced by,
370-71, 397, 403
Komilov and,
414-17, 419—25
Lvov s warnings to,
420, 421—22
Moscow Conference and,
415—17
oratorical gifts of,
370-71, 404
Order No.
8
of,
404
in Provisional Committee,
336, 345, 346
in Provisional Government,
350-53, 354-55,
367-71» 386, 390-91, 395,
397-425
revolution predicted by,
346
war supported by,
47
Khabalov, Sergei,
322, 325, 3*7-3°, 333
Kharkov,
109
Bolshevik government in,
494
Khiva, Russian seizure of,
20
Khodynka Field, coronation tragedy at,
163,
328-29
Khostov,
Aleksandr,
295, 297, 298
Khvostov, Aleksei Nikolaevich,
205-9, 278—80,
286-88, 291
anti-Semitism of,
208
Rasputin s murder plotted by,
287-88
Rozen
salon and,
278-79
Kienthal,
international socialist conference at
(1916), 236
Kiev,
390-91
Soviet in,
427
Kievskaia
Mysl
(Kievan Thought),
292
Kirpichnikov, Sergeant,
331, 333
kitchen gardens,
374
Klembovskii, General,
411
Kliuchevskii, Vasilii,
216
Knights of St. George,
260
Knox, Sir Alfred,
25, 62, 87, 130, 163, 177,
373
on arms and supplies,
60, 90, 241, 243
on campaigns of
1917, 408, 409, 410
on
Galicien
offensive
(1915), 125, 127
on German breakthrough,
149
Guards Army and,
255, 256
on Polivanov,
290
Provisional Government and,
357
on Russian generals,
52, 66, 78, 81, 178
Russian retreat and,
156, 157
Russian soldiers criticized by,
147-48, 399,
402
Kokovtsev, Count Vladimir,
45, 100, 211, 260
Koliaba, Mitia,
98
Kollontai,
Aleksandra,
274-75, 460, 471, 501-2
Kollontai, Vladimir,
274
Komissarov,
M. S.,
287
Kommissarzhevskaia,
Vera, 265
Konovalov,
Aleksandr,
202, 293, 299, 446, 450,
451-52
Korea, laborers imported from,
107, 223—24
Kornilov, Lavr G.,
412—25, 509—10
appointed supreme
commander,
414
arrest of,
424
background of,
412
draconian orders of,
413, 417
enemy capture of,
412
heroism of,
412, 416
Kerenskii s betrayal of,
422-23
Lvov s visit to,
420-21
in march against
Petrograd, 419, 422, 423
at Moscow Conference,
415-19
in plot against Kerenskii,
419—24
Savinkov as ally of,
413-14
Kornilov rebellion,
423-24, 426—27, 509
Korolev, Misha,
110
Kossovo Plateau,
183
Kostroma,
109—10, 189
Kovno fortress,
63, 77, 84, 130, 131, 148
Grigorev s flight from,
151, 154
Kowel,
255, 256-57
Krakow,
84, 85
Kraśnik,
79
Krasnoe
Selo,
170, 171
Krasnov,
Petr,
464-68, 481
Kravchinskii, Sergei,
117
Kremlin Palace,
48-49
Bolshevik seizure of,
469, 471
deaths of Bolsheviks in,
469-70
Kresty Prison,
332, 335
Krivoi
Rog,
105, 226
Krivoshein,
Aleksandr,
112, 136, 137, 142, 195,
288
Aleksandra s criticism of,
162
cabinet changes urged by,
107, 198
Index
625
on desertions,
181
on Nicholas II s assumption of command,
160
replacement of,
200
on scorched-earth policy,
157, 158
Kronstadt, 336, 337
Kronstadt
Fortress Artillery,
335
Kronstadt
sailors:
in defense of Revolution,
466, 467
in February Revolution,
336
grain search of,
473
in Great October Revolution,
439, 444, 449,
450
Krupskaia, Nadezhda,
362, 363, 460, 461, 497,
507
Krylenko, Nikolai V.,
483-З4
Krymov,
Aleksandr,
419, 423-24, 464
Kühlman,
Baron Rikhard
von, 489—90, 492,
493, 502
Trotskii s negotiations with,
494-95
Kukhlëv,
Ivan,
222
Kurbskii, Prince,
48
Kuropatkin, Aleksei,
175, 239, 248, 252, 253,
254
Kutuzov, Mikhail I.,
41, 58, 152
Kuzmin, Mikhail,
264
Kuzmina-Karavaeva, Elizaveta,
266, 267
Kyrill Vkdimirovich, Grand Duke,
169
labor, see workers
Ladoga Canal,
243
Laguiche, General,
63
Lamsdorf, Count Vladimir,
33
land reform,
228-29,
361,
382-83, 385-86
Lenin s views on,
386, 458—59, 461
language of service,
122
latrines,
222-23, 3*8
Latvia,
499, 501
Lazovert, Dr.,
306, 307
leather,
105, 129, 165
Lechitskii, General,
54
Lemke,
Mikhail,
172—73, 174
Lena goldfields,
230
Lenin, Vladimir Ilich (Vladimir Ulianov),
173,
231-37» 274, 361-65, 426-53, 507
agrarian question and,
385-86
April Theses of,
365
armed action as viewed by,
388-90, 392,
427-31, 433, 440-41, 457
attempted murder of,
467, 478
background of,
232-33
battle for Moscow and,
470, 471
Bolshevik party as viewed by,
426
at Central Committee meeting (Oct.
10,
1917), 429-31
at Central Committee meeting (Feb.
18,
1918), 499-500
Constituent Assembly and,
476-79
fears of,
466
at Finland Station,
364
at First All-Russian Congress of Soviets,
387^0
in Fofanova s apartment,
428—29, 440-41,
445
German agent charge and,
394-95
glass-of-water theory denounced by,
471—72
July Days and,
392-95
Kerenskii s attempted arrest of,
425
Kornilov s attack on,
415, 421
Kornilov s failure and,
426—27
masses inspired by,
365
named chairman of the Soviet People s
Commissars,
461
on overwhelming superiority of force,
438,
439
peace negotiations and,
491, 492, 496-97,
499-503
reform as viewed by,
229—30
return of, to Russia,
363-64
revolutionary strengths of,
459
revolution predicted by,
362
at Second All-Russian Congress of Soviets,
459-62, 480, 481
at Seventh Congress of Communist Party,
507, 508
in Siberia,
231, 233
in Switzerland,
233, 362-63, 426
terror justified by,
475
Trotskii s importance to,
431—33
uncompromising nature of,
233—35,
42^,
434
Vikzhel s negotiations with,
468
war as viewed by,
361-62, 364, 365
writings of,
233-34, 427, 429» 443
Leopold, Prince of Bavaria,
130, 485
Lermontov,
Mikhail Y.,
318-20, 328-29
Letter to Comrades (Lenin),
443
Libau,
130, 165
libraries,
227-28
Liteinyi Arsenal,
331-32
literacy,
227-28
literary salons,
263, 264-65, 278-80
Lithuania,
129—30, 491
Kovno fortress in,
63, 77, 84, 130, 131, 148,
i5b
154
Lithuanian Guards Regiments,
331
Liverovskii,
Aleksandr,
452
Lloyd George, David,
150
Lockhart,
Bruce,
370, 468/2, 481-82
Lodz, 86-88, 91,
її
8, 165
Louvain,
50
Lublin,
130, 149, 165
Ludendorff, Erich,
69-77, 83-86, 130-32, 148,
150-51, 158, 485, 488, 489, 493, 495
Austro-Hungarian army and,
83
brilliance of,
70, 71
Brusilov Offensive and,
251, 252, 253
military background of,
69-^70
no war, no peace policy and,
498-99
overthrow of Russia predicted by,
238
б2б
INDEX
Ludendorff
{cont
)
pincer
tactics of,
71-77, 118-21, 124
rudeness
oř,
75
Lukomskii, Aleksandr,
415, 420, 421, 484,
509—10
Lunacharskü,
Anatolu,
458
Lutsk,
247, 250, 251
Luxembourg,
54
Lvov, Prince George Evgenevich,
102-3,
11O>
190, 191, 195, 204, 209, 336
in Provisional Government,
366, 367, 368,
369, 371, 384, 395
resignation of,
39;
Lvov, Vladimir,
420-24
Lwów,
129, 409
Russian capture of,
83
Lyck, fighting at,
119, 120
Lynch, Charles,
96
machine guns,
61, 133, 241, 329-30, 449
machine-tool manufacture,
165
Mackensen, August
von, 67-^9, 75, 85-87, 130,
ИЗ
at Brest-Litovsk,
155
casualties caused by,
144-45
in Galician offensives,
125-29, 148-50, 172,
176, 245
at
Poznan
conference,
148
Rumanian army and,
258
in Serbian attack,
182-83
Mackensen steamroller,
245
Mackensen Wedge, the,
69, 125-28, 149
Maiakovskii, Vladimir,
44, 270-73, 344
Makarov,
Aleksandr,
230, 310
Maldakov, Nikolai,
187л
Bolshevik deputies arrests and,
108
private war relief obstructed by,
101-2, 104
removal of,
192-93
Maklakov, Vasilii,
187, 193, 208-9,
301, 317,
417
Maliantovich, Pavel,
447, 448, 451
Manasevich-Manuilov, Ivan,
212, 280, 287, 297,
298, 300
Manchester
Guardian, 360
Manchuria,
56
Manikovskii, Aleksei,
202-3
Manus,
Ignatii,
279-80
Marchmont, A. W.,
171, 244
Maria Feodorovna, Dowager Empress of Russia,
21, 167
Maria Pavlovna, Grand Duchess,
42, 43
Aleksandra
and,
97, 98
in war effort,
95, 97, 98, 100
Mariinskii Palace,
335
Mariinskii Theater,
328
Markov, Nikolai,
195, 196, 484
in
Wbite
army,
509-10
marriage,
471
Kollontai s opposition to,
274-75
Martos,
General,
75-76
Martov, Iulii (Iulii Tsederbaum),
231-37, 444
background of,
231-32
exile of,
231, 232, 444
at Second All-Russian Congress of Soviets,
457-48
Marx, Karl,
232, 387, 428, 437
Masquerade
(Lermontov),
318-20, 328-29
Masurian Lakes, Battle of
(1914), 77, 188, 176
May Day celebrations,
47
Meierhold, Vsevolod, 320
Melgunov, Sergei,
463
Meller-Zakomelskii, Baron
Aleksandr,
66, 196,
209, 211
Mensheviks,
231, 348, 393»
4*9>
432-34»
443-44
April Theses criticized by,
365
Bolsheviks compromise with,
427
Bolsheviks conflict with,
231, 235-36, 432,
457-58
Bolsheviks defended by,
444
at First All-Russian Congress of Soviets,
388
at Second
АН
-Russian Congress of Soviets,
457-58
Merezhkovskii, Dmitrii,
262-63, 265, 268
Merriment (Gippius),
481
Meshcherskii, Prince,
279
metallisty (metalworkers),
220, 225, 226, 227,
230» 317» 323
decline in living standard of,
315-16
metel
(blizzard),
118—19
Miasoedov, Sergei,
112-13, 137, 193
Mickiewicz, Adam,
153
Mikhail Aleksandrovich, Grand Duke,
334, 339,
341, 342, 344-45, 346
Mikhailovskii Riding School,
467
Mikhailovskoe Artillery Academy,
393, 448, 467
Military Prison,
332
Military Revolutionary Committee, Moscow,
469
Military Revolutionary Committee,
Petrograd:
food uncovered by,
473
in Great October Revolution,
433, 436,
437-38, 441, 444, 446, 449, 452
military strategy:
conventional vs. unconventional,
244-46, 255
fortress defense as,
23, 53, 128, 130-32,
136-37, 151, 154-55
German breakthrough attempt as,
124-29
Plan No.
19
as,
52-53, 78
Revised Plan No.
19
as,
53, 54-55
Russian conservatism in,
23-24, 53, 131
Miliukov, Pavel,
45, 96, 142, 169, 195, 201,
266, 336, 386, 416
background of,
44
at Duma meeting (Feb.
9, 1916), 284-85
foreign tour of,
294
on government failings,
112, 187, 189
Kadet
rebellion and,
292-93
mass call for resignation of,
365-66
monarchy defended by,
346
national unity promised by,
44, 47
Index
627
in Novocherkassk,
509
private relief and,
101, 103
in Provisional Government,
353, 355-61,
365-69, 401
Provisional Government formed by,
350-51
Stürmer
attacked by,
300—301
Ukrainian secession crisis and,
391
on unorganized Russia,
290—91
Minin, Kuzma,
78
Minsk,
231
mitingovat ( to meetingify ),
372—73
Mlada Bosna
(Young Bosnia),
35
Mogilev:
Council of War in (April
15, 1916), 244
Stavka
transferred to,
161, 164-65
Moiseenko,
Petr,
221
Moldavia,
258
Molodechno,
155
Moltke,
Helmuth
von, 66, 70
Montenegro,
34
Motozóvá,
Madame,
416
mortars,
121, 154
Moscow,
103, 138
anti-German feeling in,
138
Bolsheviks vs. anti-Bolsheviks in,
468—71
City Council of,
469
eight-hour day instituted in,
376
fall of Romanov regime in,
336, 337
food and commodity costs in,
435-36
growth of labor force in,
220, 225
Napoleon driven from,
25
in Revolution of
1905, 21
strikes in,
109, 203
thieves meeting in
(1917), 372
as Third Rome,
117-18
Moscow Soviet of Workers and Soldiers
Deputies,
376, 382, 469
Bolsheviks as majority in,
425, 427
Moscow State Conference
(1917), 415—19
Moskovskie
vedomosti
(The Moscow Gazette),
mother curses,
349
Mukden, Battle of
(1905), 56, 175, 239
Murmansk,
243
Murmansk-Petrozavodsk railway,
243, 261
nagaikas (whips),
322, 323, 325-26, 432
Napoleon I, Emperor of France,
23, 25, 41, 45,
129, 147, 152, 238
Naroch Operation
(1915), 185-86
Narodnoe
delo
(The Peoples Causes),
418
Naryshkin family,
48
National Assembly, Russian, see Duma
National Assembly of the Ukraine (Central
Rada),
390, 494, 501
nationalism, in Balkans,
34-37
Nationalists,
195, 196
natural resources:
coal,
105-7, *<*?, 165, 508
German capture of,
165
industrial development and,
105-6
Russia s wealth of,
22—23
West s competition for,
18, 22
nemtsy (peasant word for foreigners),
46
Nevskii, Vladimir,
431
Nevskii Prospekt,
324, 329—30, 331, 366, 392,
393, 441, 442
Nevskii Shoe Factory, 37c
New Lessner Iron Foundry,
109
New York Times,
367
New York World,
17
Nicholas I, Tsar of Russia,
33, 118, 231, 318
Nicholas II, Tsar of Russia,
27-33, 89, 110—13,
abdication of,
28, 175, 335—45, 362-63, 381
Alekseev s interference from,
174, 175-76,
186
anti-Semitism of,
27, 139
army command assumed by,
150-63
authority of,
118
Bochkareva s petition to,
406
cabinet changes made by,
192-93, 200-201,
205-6, 210-12, 288, 289-90, 295-96,
298-99, 301-2, 310
cadets counseled by,
145
as commander of armed forces,
51, 150-87,
*43, 244
coronation of,
48, 163, 328—29
decline of army s loyalty to,
259-60, 330, 333
diary of,
28,
no,
344
domino playing of,
170, 171
Duma and,
169, 192—93, 210—11, 283-85,
294-96, 301
execution of,
344, 510
February Revolution and,
327-28, 333—37
generals criticized by,
254
Goremykin s advice to,
192, 199
Guards Army and,
255, 256
Khabalov s correspondence with,
327, 333
as Little Father,
42, 45, 48
loyalty criteria of,
161
Manifesto of,
190, 227
marriage of, see
Aleksandra Feodorovna,
Tsarina of Russia
Mikhail Aleksandrovich s influence on,
334
mobilization decision of,
37—38
in Moscow,
48—49, 110
national unity enjoyed by,
42—43, 46-47
opportunities for reconciliation and reform
squandered by,
197—201, 204—5
personal chancellery of,
277—78
Polivanov s removal and,
243
private war effort discouraged by,
101
Purishkevich s visit to,
303
Rasputin s death and,
309-11
reading habits of,
169, 171, 244
in Revolution of
1905, 21, 27,
і
47
Rodzianko s reports to,
316, 333-34
in Russo-Japanese War,
31-32
seclusion of
, 311
6zS
INDEX
Nicholas II, Tsar of Russia
(cont )
start of World War I announced by,
41-43
at
Stavka,
62,
no,
161-63, 164-65, 168-71,
173-76, 197, 200, 298, 303, 322, 327,
334
Stoly
pin s death and,
229
unassertiveness and ineptness of,
27-28, 29,
31-33, 45, 52, 160, 161, 167, 168^71,
174, 244, 344
Wilhelm
II and,
27
Niemen
Army,
130, 132, 151
Niessel, Henri
Α.,
484
Nikolaevskii Bridge,
446
Nikolaevskii Railroad Station,
446
Nikolai Mikhailovich, Grand Duke,
317
Nikolai Nikolaevich, Grand Duke,
51-52, 54,
55, 78, 151, 154
Baranovichi
Stavka
of,
61-62, 74, 155
Caucasus post of,
160, 162, 166-68
command changes made by,
78, 83-84, 175
command problems of,
124
Erzerum victory and,
284
in
Galicia
and southern Poland campaign,
79
German discovery of plans of,
85, 86
Nicholas
Iľs
reports from,
129
Rasputin and,
51, 166, 173-74
relieved of
Stavka
command,
159, 166,
178-79
retreat forbidden by,
128
special conference recommended by,
201
supply problems of,
89, 90, 103—4
Western diplomats and,
178-79
western offensive requested by,
120
Nilov,
Konstantin,
279
Ninth Army, German,
83-88
Ninth Army, Russian,
84, 85
in Brusilov Offensive,
251, 255, 257
Ninth Congress of Representatives of Trade and
Industry
(1915), 191
nitrates,
134
noncommissioned officers (NCO s),
146
No Needless Words,
394-95
Northwest Army Group,
54, 57, 62-64, 69»
71-78
Ruzskii named commander of,
83-84
Norway,
363
Novata xhizn
(New Life),
395-96, 429, 434,
477
Novocherkassk,
508-9, 510
Novoe vremia (New Times),
134, 177, 367, 417
Novo-Georgievsk fortress,
130-31, 148, 150, 151
fall of,
154-55
Obolenskaia, Princess,
279, 506
Obruchev, Nikolai,
32
Obukhov, Pavel,
486
Obukhov Mills,
439
October Manifesto
(1905), 190, 227
October Revolution, see Great October
Revolution
Octobrist Party,
190, 197
Odessa,
167
Offensive of
1916
on the Southwest Front,
see Brusilov Offensive
OHL
(Oberste
HeereS Leitung) (German
Supreme Headquarters),
124, 130-31,
148, 151
Okhrana (Russian secret police),
94, 108, 226,
280, 286, 287, 290, 295, 330, 362
Kerenskii and,
291
price increases and,
315
revolutionaries arrested by,
325, 328
revolution predicted by,
315, 316
Stolypin and,
228, 229
suicides reported by,
317
Olich,
Fedor,
486
On Compromises (Lenin),
427
108th Saratov Infantry Regiment, Russian,
68,
00
181st Infantry Regiment, Russian,
227
opolchenie (Home Guard),
55, 133, 151,
170-80, 181
Order No.
1, 349-50, 353»
357>
399,
4l8~x9
Order No.
8
( The Declaration of Soldiers
Rights ),
404
Osipov, Mitia, no
Osipova,
Daria,
98
Osowieć
fortress,
119, 131, 151, 155
ottepel (spring thaw),
216, 219, 383
Ottoman Empire, demise of,
34
Pale of Settlement,
138-39, 140, 143
Paléologue,
Maurice,
40-44, 87, 120, 176, 280,
300
aid for France sought by,
50
on
Aleksandra,
97
on Brusilov Offensive,
250
Duma and,
194, 195, 284, 285
February Revolution and,
328, 331
Goremykin and,
211
on Kerenskii,
370
on Kremlin,
49
on Manasevich-Manuilov,
212, 297
on New Year s Day
(1915), 110-11
Nicholas II and,
42, 110-11, 122, 152, 169,
201, 284, 285
Nikolai Nikolaevich and,
90, 120
on Polivanov,
200
Provisional Government and,
355-56, 357,
368
Rasputin and,
99
on revolution,
260, 312, 317, 320, 321, 323,
372
on Russian character,
99, 117
on Russian losses and problems,
90, 118, 143,
150
on Russian mobilization,
47
separate peace rumors and,
177, 178
on start of World War I,
40, 41
on
Stürmer, zu, 296
Index
629
Palitsyn,
Fedor,
52, 53, 152-53
Pares, Sir Bernard,
43, 51, 95, 206, 242, 246
shock battalions as viewed by,
405—6
Paris,
38, 50
Parviainen Works,
109
Pašić,
Nikola,
34, 36
Pasternak, Boris,
270
patriotism,
398
false, Lenin on,
361—62
Maiakovskii and,
270, 271-72
Russian,
41-44, 46—47, 112, 138
Pau,
Paul Marie
Cesare
Gerald,
178
Paustovskii,
Konstantin,
96, 113, 157, 158, 163,
266, 312
Revolution of
1917
and,
354, 369, 372-73,
47O»
471
villages tour of,
260, 261, 280, 281
Pavel Aleksandrovich, Grand Duke,
255, 256
Pavlovskii Guards,
330, 449, 452
Pavlovskii rebellion,
330
Pavlovskoe School,
467
peasants,
92-93, 216—21
concealed anger of,
380, 381
consumer goods purchased by,
219—20
Cossack leaders of,
231, 380-81
diet of,
216, 384-85
fatalism of,
117, 134, 143
grain hoarded by,
219, 297, 385,
473~74
health of,
217
land reform and,
228-29,
361,
382-83,
385-86, 458-59, 461
Lenin and,
385—86
mobilization of,
47—48, 93, 146—47
natural ties of,
216
in peace negotiations,
486-87
primitivism
and simplicity of,
381-82
Provisional Government and,
380-85
revolution and,
117, 144, 189, 228—29, 231,
361, 380-84
riots of,
220
seasonal patterns of,
383
self-mutilation of,
89
silence of,
45
Socialist Revolutionaries supported by,
476, 487
social mobility of,
53, 146
urban migration of,
210-21, 225-26
war as viewed by,
45-46, 93,
11a,
188-89
People s House, Trotskii s speech at (Oct.
22,
1917), 438-39
perélom
(sudden fracture of the established
order),
215—16
Peter and Paul Fortress,
433, 439, 449, 451,
452, 458
Petersburg (Belyi),
43, 266-67
Peter the Great, Tsar of Russia,
39, 41, 60, 138,
164, 169, 255, 263, 283, 380
Petrograd, 45-46, 104
anomalies of revolutionary life in,
506
anti-autocratic sentiments in,
344
army s occupation of,
329
barricades in,
326
Central Telegraph Office of,
444
City Council of,
450, 462
cynicism in,
215
draft riots in,
182
eight-hour day instituted in,
375—76
fear of German offensive against,
130
First All-Russian Congress of Soviets in,
387-90
food shortages in,
207, 318, 320, 323
German threat against,
432—33, 499
grim economic conditions in
(1917), 315-16
growth of labor force in,
220, 225, 226
industrial concentration in,
105-6
Inter-Allied Conference in
(1917), 355,
356-57
July Days in,
391-96
Kornilov in charge of garrison in,
413
Kornilov s march against,
419, 422, 423
Krasnov s advance on,
464—68, 481
Lenin s arrival in,
364
map of,
319
Municipal Council elections in
(1917), 387
peasant
іаЬот
drawn to,
220—21
revolutionary activity in,
317, 318—36, 347,
364-66
rightist Congress in
(1915), 209
robberies in,
507
Second All-Russian Congress of Soviets in,
457-62
strikes in,
108—10, 189, 203, 317, 318,
320-26, 463, 472
workers shot in,
329—30, 331
Petrograd
Cartridge Works,
332
Petrograd
Soviet Day (Oct.
22, 1917), 438
Petrograd
Soviet of Workers and Soldiers
Deputies,
224, 347-50, 382, 384
Alekseev s views on,
309—400
Bochkareva s visit to,
406
Bolsheviks as majority in,
425, 427, 433
Bolsheviks as minority in,
365
Bolshevik view of,
437
coalition government and,
367-69
Executive Committee of,
349-50, 351-53,
359-60, 361, 366-67, 380, 389, 393,
395, 401, 411, 415, 427, 433, 434
foreign policy and,
356, 357-61, 369-70
Kerenskii s manipulation of,
351-53
Kornilov s attack on,
41$
lack of army discipline and,
410-11
Trotskii s leadership in,
432-33, 436-40,
442-44
Petrograd
Soviet of Workers Deputies,
347-49
Executive Committee of,
348—50
Petrova, Valentina,
406-7
Petrozavodsk,
243
Philippe, Dr., see Vachot, Philippe
Plan No.
і
9, 52-53, 78
Plehve, Pavel,
81, 83, 84, 87, 120, 151, 155,
630
INDEX
Plehve, Viacheslav,
102, 287, 413
Plekhanov,
Georgii,
231, 233, 234-35» 236
Pleshkov, General,
176
Pless
Convention (1915), 158, 182
Podvoiskii,
Nikolai, 431, 448, 451, 466
pogroms,
139, 231
Poincaré,
Raymond,
36, 258
poison
gas, first use
oř,
118
Pokrovskü,
Mikhail,
490, 491
Poland,
46
coal mines in,
107
German capture of capital machinery in,
165
Jews in,
138
peace negotiations and,
491, 493
police:
Bolshevik deputies arrested by,
108
Cossacks charging of,
326
draft riots and,
182
Pavlovskii Guards vs.,
330
Rasputin observed by,
111
in Revolution of
1905, 228
in Revolution of
1917, 323-28, 330, 333
strikes broken by,
47, 109—10, 189, 321-22
workers shooting of,
326
see also Cheka, Okhrana
Polivanov, Aleksei,
152, 194, 195, 197, 199,
285,
288--90
Aleksandra s dislike of,
243, 286, 280-90
appointed war minister,
145
army rebuilt by,
145,146, 242-43, 246, 257, 297
diary of,
14;, 191
dismissal of,
286, 289-90
on Great Retreat,
158—59
officer training established by,
146
Polivanovtsy,
242, 255
population growth,
22, 217
port facilities,
25, 134, 243
Potemkin, Prince,
194
Potiiskii Regiment,
410
Pourtalès,
Count
Friedrich,
39-40, 447
art collection of,
39, 43
poverty, in industrial age,
19, 20
Poznan
conference
(1915), 131, 135, 148, 151
Pravda
(The Truth),
365, 374, 376, 378, 395,
492, 498
Pravitelstvennyi
vestník
(The Government
Herald),
108
Preobrazhenskii Guards,
255, 331, 394, 452
Presidium,
427, 459
Princip, Gavrilo,
35
prisoners, liberation of,
332
prisoners of war:
as agricultural workers,
218
as miners,
223, 226
Prittwitz
und Gaffron,
General,
64, 66-67, 69,
70
Progressists,
195
Progressive Bloc,
196-99, 201, 206,
2o8-ior
293-94, 335
weakening of,
285-86, 291
Prokopovich, Sergei,
447, 450, 462
proletarians, see workers
Pronin, Boris,
270-71
propaganda, Bolshevik,
482-83, 487-88
prostitution,
223, 224, 372-73, 435
mid-
1920s
study of,
47 г
Protopopov,
Aleksandr,
232, 275—76, 280, 281,
298-300
attempted dismissal of,
302, 303
diary of,
322
on eve of Revolution,
311—12
food shortage and,
316, 322
Purishkevich s criticism of,
304
Rasputin s ghost and,
310, 325
resignation demanded of,
335
in Revolution of
1917, 322, 323, 325, 327
Provisional Committee,
337, 341—43, 347
establishment of,
336
Mikhail Aleksandrovich s meeting with,
344-45
Provisional Government,
347
Allies recognition of,
356, 357
April Crisis and,
366-67
army and,
397-427
Bolshevik arrest of members of,
451—52
Bolshevik ultimatum to,
449
coalition cabinet formed in,
369
first cabinet of,
350
foreign policy of,
355-61, 369-70
formation of,
350-51
last stand of,
447—53
Lenin s views on,
363, 365
national debt of,
375
peasants and,
380-85
problems inherited by,
354-55
Soviet s coalition government with,
367—69,
386
Soviet Executive Committee s partial support
of,
353-54
Supreme Investigating Committee of,
280,
281, 328, 447
Ukrainian secession crisis and,
300-91
worker relations in,
373-80, 386-87
Przasnysz,
149-51
Przasnysz,
Battle of
(1915), 120
Przaznysz-Makow highway,
120
Przemyśl
fortress,
121, 123, 128—29,
*34» *37
Pskov,
337-44, 464, 499, 505
public opinion:
government of national confidence and,
190,
195, 196-97, 337-39
Nicholas II and,
159, 167, 174-75, 192-93,
201-3
Nikolai Nikolaevich and,
167
private relief and,
104
Purishkevich s low regard for,
303
Pugachev, Emelian,
144, 380-81
pugachëvshchina,
380-81
Pulkovo Heights, Battle of
(1917), 467-68
Purgatory (A. Tolstoi),
281
Index
631
Purishkevich,
Vladimir, 44, 153-54,
2^2,
285,
303-9, 416
anti-Bolshevik forces and,
463, 467
diary of,
305, 306, 308, 309
political fame of,
311
Rasputin and,
304-9
Putilov, Aleksei,
113, 202, 260, 416
Putilov Works,
226, 321-22, 326, 439, 440
Rabochii put (The Worker s Path),
443
Radom,
165
Radziwiłł,
Princess,
323, 331
railroads,
25, 74, 158, 408
Bolshevik control of,
446
hospital trains,
102-3
Murmansk-Petrozavodsk,
243, 261
natural resources and,
105
prerogatives and priorities of,
88-89, 107
in Russia vs. Germany,
24, 58, 88
supply lines and,
61, 73, 88-89
Vikzhel and,
467-68
Rakhia, Eino,
445
Rasputin, Grigorii,
97-100, 138, 216, 243,
276-78
accessibility of,
277-78
Aleksandra
introduced to,
31
Aleksandra s blind faith in,
98-99, 111-12,
144, 160-63,
!93,
281-82, 302, 305
Aleksandra s correspondence with,
279
Alekseev s avoidance of,
173
Aleksei s illness and,
31, 98-100
Andronikov visited by,
280
burial of,
311
as Christ,
277, 289, 302
German links of,
99, 206-7
ghost of,
310, 325
Khvostov and,
205, 206
Khvostov s murder plot against,
287-88
magnetism of,
99—100
murder of,
304—11
Nicholas
Iľs
assumption of military command
and,
160-63,
166
Nikolai Nikolaevich and,
51, 166, 173-74
political influence of,
285, 286-87,
29°>
298-99, 301, 302
Purishkevich s attack on,
304
Sabler
and,
193
salon connections of,
279
sexual excesses of,
31η,
99,
îoo,
in,
207,
276
Stürmer
and,
211, 212, 298, 301
Sukhomlinov s release and,
137
Rastrelli,
Bartolomeo,
110
Razi
η
,
Stenka,
380
Rech
(Kadet
newspaper),
44, 144, 405
Red Guards,
366, 378-79, 391, 424
in defense of Revolution,
466, 467, 468
in Great October Revolution,
439, 440, 444,
445, 447, 449, 451
in Moscow,
470-71
revival of,
423
White armies vs.,
510-11
Reed, John,
434-35, 436, 44°.
441» 442>
445,
450, 480
propaganda woik of,
482-83
at Second All-Russian Congress of Soviets,
458, 459, 460
reforms:
judicial
(1864), 277
land,
228-29, 361, 382-83, 385-86, 458-59,
461
after Revolution of 190s,
21, 193, 197,
228-30, 269
refugees,
156-57, 158, 161, 177, 188, 218, 374
Regimental University,
399
religion, science s undermining of,
19
Rennenkampf,
Pavel,
54, 64-78
background of,
64-66
Hindenburg s views on,
76, 77
retreat of,
77, 78
Samsonov compared to,
72—73
strategy deficiencies of,
69, 71, 72—73
Zhilinskii s feud with,
54, 63
Reval
Battalion of Death,
407
Revised Plan No.
19, 53, 54-55
Revisionism,
233
Revue
de
France,
178
Riabushinskii, Pavel,
191, 194, 202, 203, 291,
376-77
rifles,
55, 61, 106, 241
shortages of,
89-91, 121-22, 129, 133—34,
165
Riga,
130, 151, 155, 252
fall of,
417, 418, 419, 432
roads,
73, 158
in Russia vs. Germany,
24
robberies,
507
Robins, Richard,
481-82
Rodichev,
Fëdor,
416
Rodzianko, Mikhail,
37, 46, 96, 300, 336, 432
abdication of tsar and,
338—39, 341
alarmism of,
201-2
Alekseev s dictator plan and,
295
Bochkareva s petitioning of,
406
Bolshevik deputies arrest and,
108
in counterrevolution,
338
disarmament order of,
349
Duma closing and (Sept.
16, 1915), 201
at Duma meeting (Feb.
9, 1916), 284—85
Goremykin s New Year s letter from
(1916),
210—
її
on Polivanov s dismissal,
290
private war relief and,
101, 102, 104
Provisional Government and,
350
Purishkevich admonished by,
304
revolutionary predictions of,
316, 333—34
Stavka
visited by,
103-4
war effort urged by,
190-91, 195
in White army,
509
Romanov family, tricentennial of,
98
632
INDEX
Romanovskii,
General,
484, 509-10
Rostov-on-the-Don,
182, 508
rotten triangle, the,
336
Rozanov, Vasilii,
264-65
Rozen,
Baroness Evgeniia,
278-89
RSDRP, see Russian Social Democratic
Workers Party
Rukhlov, Sergei,
140-41, 142
Rumania,
412
army of,
258
in Second Balkan War,
34
World War I entered by,
124, 257-58
Russia:
Bolshevik government established in,
458,
461-62;
see also Soviet of People s
Commissars
civil war in,
362, 366, 444, 465, 481, 508—11
Provisional Government of, see Provisional
Government
as state without a name,
346-47
Russia, Imperial:
anti-German feeling in,
43, 45—46, 137—38,
206-7, 208
Apocalypse predicted in,
262-73
contrasts of,
22, 49
discipline problems in,
397-412, 417-19
economic, political, and military deficiencies
of,
23-25, 38
empire sought by,
18, 20, 32, 34, 178,
358-59
exports of,
22-23, 105-6, 218-19
foreign debt of,
218
foreign policy of, see specific countries
industrial revolution in,
20, 105
manpower reserves of,
22, 132, 133, 144-45,
177, 179, 242
mystical significance of,
22, 117-18
national security of,
32
poetic prophecy in,
19-20
political role envisioned for,
22
scalane
vulnerability of,
24-25, 106, 219,
358-59
self-sufficiency of,
22—23
Size Of,
22, 23
supply lines of,
61, 73, 85
supply problems of,
85, 80-91, 103-7, 121-22
in Triple Entente,
33
as unprepared for war,
23—25, 38, 54-59, 106
World War I entered by,
37-42
Russian army,
51-59
abdication of tsar and,
339—41
airplanes of,
57, 155, 241
Alekseev s rebuilding of,
179—82, 183, 242
anti-Semitism in,
140—42
aristocrats vs. plebians in,
53—54, 246
Artillery Department of,
132, 133
black humor of,
143, 163
bureaucratic problems in,
132-33
casualties in,
74-75, 77-78, 83, 89, 129,
144-45, 180, 480
corruption in,
93
desertions in,
147, 181, 182, 242, 398, 407,
413, 489
in February Revolution,
330, 333, 334-35,
349-5°
in fraternization with enemy,
402-3
Great Retreat of, see Great Retreat
Kerenskii s efforts at restoration of,
371,
390-91,
4O4-5»
4°7-8
mobilization of,
37-39, 47-48, 49-50, 54-55,
93, 106, 109, 179-82
mobilization problems of,
25, 132, 133,
145-46
morale of,
112, 143, 158, 163, 182, 183,
238-39, 240, 246, 250-60, 398, 402, 409
officer casualties in,
89, 145—46, 259
officer training in,
146
Old Guard in,
52, 53-54
as peasant army,
25
Polivanov s training of,
145, 146, 242-43,
246, 257, 297
Provisional Government and,
397—425
random destruction practiced by,
156, 165
revolutionary dissent crushed by,
21, 27, 42, 45
self-mutilations in,
89, 94
shock battalions organized in,
405-6
social mobility provided by,
53, 146
soldiers committees in,
399—400
surrenders of,
136-37, 138
tsarist loyalty of,
21, 42, 147, 240
tsarist loyalty questioned by,
259-60, 330,
333
victory rejected by,
409-10
women in,
406-7
see also General Staff, Russian; High
Command, Russian;
Stavka;
specific
armies and divisions
Russian character,
134-35
Knox s views on,
399
Paleologue s views on,
09, 117
Russian Joint-Stock Company of Artillery
Factories,
202
Russian language, Revolution s effect on,
372
Russian Orthodoxy,
89, 118, 224
Russian Revolution
(1905), 21, 27, 45, 47, 147,
228
Jews in,
139
Semenovskii Guards in,
328
Trotskii in,
431—32
Russian Revolution
(1917), 11, 109
anarchy in,
368, 379-80, 391-96
anti-Bolshevik forces in,
462-71, 481
April Crisis in,
366-67, 378, 413
defense of,
348-50, 462, 466, 470, 474-79,
500-501
Duma vs. Soviet in,
347-54
dvoevlastie as curse of,
354
equality as goal of,
471
foreign views of,
357-58
July Days in,
391-96, 423, 425
Index
63З
Kerenskii-Kornilov
altering of,
422-24,
426—27
Lenin s perception of crucial point in,
426-28
predictions of,
113, 167, 260, 272—73,
311-12, 315-17»
3χ8
real vs. theoretical defenses in,
348—50
roots of,
215-37
sources of authority in,
347—54;
see also
Petrograd
Soviet of Workers and
Soldiers Deputies; Provisional
Government
workers gains in,
375—76
see also February Revolution; Great October
Revolution
Russian Revolution in Pictures, The,
483
Russian Social Democratic Workers Party
(RSDRP),
230-31, 233-35
Bolshevik-Menshevik split in,
235
Second Congress of
(1903), 234-35
Russian Society for the Care of Refugees of the
Orthodox Faith,
209
Russkaia
mysl
(Russian Thought),
266-67
Russkie
vedomosti
(The Russian Gazette),
292
Russkii invalid (newspaper),
132
Russkoe znamia (The Russian Standard),
109
Russo-Japanese War,
20-21, 31-32, 33, 51, 52,
262
Alekseev in,
172
Battle of Mukden in,
56, 175, 239
Ivanov
in,
78
size of front in,
56
surgery in,
96
World War I influenced by,
55-56
Zhilinskii in,
62-63
Russo-Turkish War,
248
Ruzskii, Nikolai,
81-88, 123, 172, 337-42
Rzhevskii, Boris,
278-79, 287
Sabler,
Vladimir,
193
Sablin, Nikolai,
279
Sadoul,
Jacques,
481-82
St. George Battalion,
334
St. Petersburg,
37-43, 45-46
anti-German feeling in,
43, 45-46
Bolsheviks in,
274
German embassy in,
43
name change of,
45—46
proletarian discontent in,
21
revolutionary activities in,
232-33
Salonika,
183
Saltykov-Shchedrin, Mikhail,
220
Samarin,
Aleksandr,
143, 162
Samarkand, Russian seizure of,
20
Samoilo,
Aleksandr,
490, 499
Samsonov,
Aleksandr
V.,
54
background of,
72
communication problems of,
56-57, 72
in East Prussia offensive,
56-57, 64, 65, 67,
69, 71-76, 78
suicide of,
76
Sanin (Artsybashev),
273, 274
Saninism,
273
Sarajevo,
35
Savage Division, Russian,
419, 422, 423, 464
Savinkov, Boris,
413—14, 415, 419—21
Sazonov, Sergei,
36-39, 46, 51, 87, 194-95»
200-201, 285, 286
German ultimatum received by,
39
mobilization encouraged by,
37-38
Nicholas II s decision to command and,
159-60
Progressive Bloc and,
198—99
removal of,
295-96
on rifle shortage,
121—22
on Turkey,
168
Scheffer, General,
87-88
Schlieffen, Count Alfred
von, 38
Schlieffen Plan,
38, 50, 70
Scholtz,
Friedrich von, 73
Schwarz, Aleksei, 154
science, dichotomies posed by,
18-19
scorched-earth policy,
152, 156-58, 161
Second All-Russian Congress of Soviets
(1917),
428, 445,
457-62>
480» 481
Second Army, Austro-Hungarian,
121
Second Army, Russian,
54, 85-87
in East Prussia offensive (Aug.
1914), 55-58,
63-65, 67, 69, 71-76
in Naroch Operation,
185—86
women in,
406
Second Balkan War,
34
II Corps, Russian,
75, 255-56
2nd
Infantry Division, German,
67, 77
self-determination,
491-96
Semenovskii Guards,
328, 394
Serbia,
32, 158
army of,
182—83
Austria s rivalry with,
34-37, 79
Austria s ultimatum to,
36, 79
German-Bulgarian attack on
(1915), 182-83
in Second Balkan War,
34
serb,
emancipation of,
22, 53, 220, 231
Sergei Aleksandrovich, Grand Duke,
138, 413
Sestroetsk Weapons Plant,
377
Sevastopol,
25, 167, 196
XVII
Corps, German,
68, 75, 77, 85
Seventh Army, Austro-Hungarian,
251
Seventh Army, Russian,
400-401
in Brusilov Offensive,
251, 255, 257
in campaign of
1917, 355, 408, 409
sexual liberation,
273-74, 471-72
Shcheglovitov, Ivan,
193
Shcherbatov, Prince Nikolai,
160, 162, 198, 199,
204-6
shell crises,
56, 61, 90, 137, 201
shell production, increase in,
203
Shingarev, Andrei,
204, 217, 286, 369, 384—85
Shklovskii, Viktor,
272, 273, 333, 354
Shliapnikov,
Aleksandr,
322, 327
shock battalions,
405*6, 435
INDEX
Shreider, Grigorii,
450, 462
Shulgin, Vasilii,
196, 262, 277, 301, 317, 336
February Revolution and,
336
in formation of Provisional Government,
as monarchist,
346
at Pskov,
341-43
Shuvaev, Dmitrii,
290, 294, 310
Siberia, revolutionaries exiled to,
231, 232, 233
Siberian Corps, Russian,
85-88
Siberian Railway,
196
Sievers, Rudolf,
119, 120
Silesia,
85-88
Silver Dove, The (Belyi),
266
Simanovich,
Aron,
280
Simbirsk (Ulianovsk),
232
Sixth Army, Russian,
55
VI Corps, Austro-Hungarian,
81
VI Corps, Russian,
75
Sixth Military Engineers Battalion, Russian,
331. 446
Slovenia,
35
Smolny
і
Institute,
436-37, 440, 444, 445-46,
457- 458
Smyslov, Vania,
110
sobomost (feeling of -eligious unity),
43
Socialist Revolutionary Party,
45, 361, 365, 385,
393, 427, 443
Battle Organization of,
413
Constituent Assembly and,
476-79
at First All-Russian Congress of Soviets,
388
Lenin s use of land reforms of,
458, 461
at Second All-Russian Congress of Soviets,
457-58
socialists, socialism,
230-37
international movement of,
235-36, 357-60
in Municipal Council elections
(1917), 387
peasants and,
117
war supported by,
47, 362, 364
social mobility:
literary accomplishments and,
268-69
military service and,
53, 146
Society for Fighting Against Inflation,
209
Sokolnikov, Grigorii,
502, 505
Sokolov,
Boris,
478, 479
Soldat
(The Soldier),
443
soldiers committees,
399-400
soldiers rights,
403, 410, 418—19
soldier-worker relations,
401—2
Solovev, Vladimir,
262, 267
Somme
offensive,
184, 186, 247, 252
Sotsial-Demokrat (newspaper),
470
Soviet of People s Commissars (Sovnarkom),
461-62, 471-74, 500-501
Allies and,
481, 485
Dukhonin and,
483
wealth confiscated by,
472
Soviets,
335-36
congresses of,
387-90, 457-62, 480, 481
first organization of,
21
see also
Petrograd
Soviet of Workers and
Soldiers Deputies; Moscow Soviet of
Workers and Soldiers Deputies
Special Army, Russian,
257, 413
Special Conference on National Defense,
202-3,
243
Special Council on State Defense,
296
Stalin, Iosif (Iosif Dzhugashvili),
236, 392, 476,
483, 496
Stallüponen,
Battle of
(1914), 66
Stanislawów,
409
starets (holy man),
99
Starov, Ivan,
283
Stashkov, Roman,
487
Stavka
(Russian Supreme Headquarters),
74,
84-88, 161, 168-76, 281-82, 446
Alekseev given command of,
160
battle lead assumed by,
84
established at Baranovichi,
61-62
Brusilov in command of,
407-11, 414
campaigns of
1915
and,
119, 121—24, 128-31,
148, 151, 154-55
casualty estimates of,
145
Council of Ministers criticism of,
156
Council of War at (mid-April
1916), 237,
253
daily life at,
62, 169—71
Denikin in command of,
398, 399, 403
Dukhonin in command of,
481, 483, 484
Gurko in command of,
309
Kerenskii and,
463-64
Kornilov in command of,
414, 415
Krylenko in command of,
483-84
Nicholas II at,
62, 110, 161-65, 168-71,
173-76, 197, 200, 298, 303, 322, 327,
334
Nicholas I I s abandonment of,
337
Nikolai Nikolaevich relieved of command of,
159, 166, 178-79
order, counter-order, disorder of,
124, 175
Paléologue s
visits to,
90
Rodzianko s visit to,
103-4
scorched-earth policy of,
156—58
staffing of,
51-52
transferred to
Mogilëv, i6ï,
164-65
steel,
105-6, 508
Stefan
Batory,
King of Poland,
164
Stetinin Factory,
323
Stock Exchange, Moscow,
299
Stolypin,
Petr,
ico,
228-29, 287, 288
Stray Dog (cabaret),
270-71, 281
strikes, 2i,
47, 94, 379
of civil servants,
463
in Moscow,
109, 203
in
Petrograd, 108-10, 189, 203, 317, 318,
320-26, 463, 472
Stürmer,
Boris Vladimirovich,
211-12, 215, 216,
243, 285-89, 294-98
appointed minister of foreign affairs,
295-9°
appointed minister of internal affairs,
288
Index
635
dictatorship of,
295-98
Duma addressed by,
285-86
food crisis and,
296-97
Miliukov s charges against,
300-301
submarine warfare,
489
suicide,
76, 317
Sukhanov, Nikolai,
330, 335, 353, 358, 365,
379-80, 390, 429
on army,
401, 405
on defense of revolution,
348
in Great October Revolution,
444
July Days and,
394
on Kerenskii,
352
at Soviet congresses,
388, 459
on Trotskii,
433, 438
sukhariki (dried husks of bread),
320
Sukhomlinov, Vladimir,
37, 40, 51, 90, 129,
167, 190
army funds misused by,
23-24
army reforms advocated by,
23-24, 53, 54
evacuation plans gap and,
165
Knox as viewed by,
62
Miasoedov as favorite of,
112—13
Miasoedov scandal and,
193
treason charges against,
137, 297, 300
unheeded warnings of,
23—24, 165
Sukhotin, Captain,
306, 307
surgery,
96
Susanin, Ivan, 78
Suvorov,
Aleksandr,
25, 60, 246
Sweden,
23, 363
Switzerland,
43
Lenin s exile in,
233, 362-63, 426
Symbolists,
268, 269, 273
Szawli,
130, 151, 165
Tannenberg,
Battle of
(1914), 71-76, 118, 176
tanning,
105, 151, 165
Tarnopol,
417, 418
Tarnów,
123, 124, 125, 129
Taurida Palace,
46, 194, 195, 283-84, 335-36,
З48,
351, 393
Constituent Assembly meetings in,
477—79
Tbilisi-Kars-Sarykamysh railway,
168
technology, pros and cons of,
18—19
Ten Days That Shook the World (Reed),
435
Tennyson, Alfred, Lord,
60
Tenth Army, German,
118-19, 130, 151
Tenth Army, Russian,
84, 118-19, 407, 410
Tereshchenko, Mikhail,
369, 390—91, 411, 450
Territory of the Don,
508—9
terrorism,
48-49, 229, 413—14, 475
see also assassination
Third Army, Austro-Hungarian,
81—83,
125
Third Army, Russian,
81-84,
123~29»
г4&
in Brusilov Offensive,
255
casualties in,
144
Mackensen s
Galicien
offensives vs.,
125—29,
149, 175-76
retreat of,
128—29
Third Army, Turkish,
168
III Caucasus Corps, Russian,
85, 128
III Cavalry Corps, Russian,
419, 422
III Corps, Russian,
464
Thirteenth Army, Russian,
149
31st Infantry Battalion, Russian,
140
35th Infantry Division, German,
68
36th Infantry Division, German,
68
Thornton Factory,
222
Time of Troubles,
380
Times (London),
95, 246
Tolstoi, Aleksei,
280-81, 442 .
Tolstoi, Lev N.,
58, 92, 152, 265, 269, 272,
441
Tomaszew, Battle of
(Komarów)
(1914), 81
Tower
(Ivanov
salon),
264—65, 270, 284
transportation,
24-25, 57—58
see also railroads; roads
Trans-Siberian Railroad,
20, 406
Transylvania,
258
treason:
Bolsheviks and,
443
Jews accused of,
140-41
Russian fear of,
137-38, 140—41, 206—7
Trekhgornaia Mill,
221, 222
trench warfare,
54, 74-75, 89, 127
in Brusilov Offensive,
240, 246, 250
gas shells in,
96
Trentino,
247
Ттероу,
Aleksandr,
301-3, 310, 323
Trieste,
247
Triple Alliance,
33
Triple Entente,
33, 124, 183, 257
Trotskii, Lev (Lev Bronshtein),
323, 361, 379,
389, 390
background of,
236-37, 431-32
as chairman of
Petrograd
Soviet,
432—34,
436-40,
442~44
Constituent Assembly and,
475
exile of,
236-37
in February Revolution,
324, 325
German agent charges and,
482
in Great October Revolution,
429—34,
436-40, 442-44
July Days and,
391, 393-94, 395
no war, no peace policy of,
496—500
October
9
resolution of
(1917), 432-34
at October
10
meeting
(1917), 429-31
oratorical powers of,
393-94, 433, 438-39
in peace negotiations,
481-82, 485—86,
488-98
as people s commissar for foreign affairs,
461-62, 463, 481-82, 485-86, 488-98,
500-502
resignation of,
502
at Second All-Russian Congress,
457-59
Vikzhel s negotiations with,
468
Trudoviks,
193
tryn-travizm ( What the hell, who cares? ),
273,
INDEX
Tsarskoe Selo,
ïio-ii,
139, 171, 278, 337, 344
Ivanov
at,
334-35
Krasnov at,
465-66
Tscderbautn, Iulii, see Martov, Iulii
Tsentrobalt,
466
Tseretelli, Irakli,
359-60, 361, 366, 386, 478-79
in coalition government,
369, 390-91
Tsindel Cotton Mill,
221
Turkey,
34, 510
in Alekseev s plan,
183
Central Powers joined by,
112, 167-68, 219
German strategy borrowed by,
168
in peace negotiations,
485, 490
Russian victory against,
283-85
Twelfth Army, German,
120, 130, 149-50
Twelfth Army, Russian,
120, 149-50, 176, 418
12th Cavalry Division, Russian,
82
XII
Corps, Austro-Hungarian,
82
Twelve, The
(Blok),
503
twentieth century, social and moral climate at
start of,
17-20
XXIII
Corps, Russian,
74, 75
XXV
Corps, Russian,
413
25th Infantry Division, Russian,
68
27th Infantry Division, Russian,
68
28th Infantry Division, Russian,
67-68
Tyrol,
247
Ujedinjenje ili Smrt
(Unification or Death),
35
Ukraine:
Germans in,
510
peace negotiations and,
493-95, 501
secession crisis in,
390-91
Ulianov,
Aleksandr,
232
Ulianov, Vladimir, see Lenin, Vladimir Ilich
Uniate
Christians,
89
Union of Textile Workers,
274
Union of the Russian People,
139, 195, 304
United States,
489, 501
as arms supplier,
61, 90, 134, 241, 408
as boot supplier,
105
empire sought by,
18
labor in,
357-58
Provisional Government and,
357
White armies and,
510
Universal Military Service,
179, 180
urban life:
promises vs. reality of,
220
as symbol of Apocalypse,
263-64
Uritskii, Mikhail,
430, 477
Usdau, German breakthrough at,
74-75
Utro
Rossii (Russia s Morning),
109, 191, 193,
195-96
Uvarovka,
182
Uzbeks,
261
Vachot, Philippe (Dr. Philippe),
30, 98, 144, 162
values, industrial revolution s effect on,
20
Verderevskii, Admiral,
450
Verdun, German offensive at,
184-85, 186, 252
Vtdov Dan (Festival of St. Vitus),
35
Vikzhel (All-Russian Executive Committee of
the Union of Railway Workers),
467-68,
470
Vilno,
130, 151,
155-56
Virgin of Kazan,
41
Vishnevskii, Vsevolod,
95
Vladimirskoe School,
467
Vladivostok,
25, 134, 243
vodka,
223, 224, 230
Voina
i Mir
(War and the World)
(Maiakovskii),
272-73
Volga (right-wing newspaper),
140
Volochisk,
407
Volunteer Army,
509-10
Volynskii Guards Regiment,
329, 331
Vorwärts
(newspaper),
489
Vrubel, Mikhail,
265-66
Vyborg Fortress Artillery,
335
Vyrubova, Anna,
30-31, 138, 160, 162, 205,
280, 287
military medicine and,
95—96, 97
near death of,
111
Rasputin introduced to
Aleksandra
by,
31
wages,
109, 189, 220, 225, 318
inflation and,
376-77
war:
inevitability of,
26—27
risks of, at start of twentieth century,
18,
19—20
Russian preparedness for,
22-23
War and Peace (Tolstoi),
58, 152, 272
War Council of Front Commanders,
174
War Ministry, Russian,
90, 145, 201—2, 251
disputes in,
23
supply problems in,
24, 105, 196
wounded and,
102
War Office, British,
134
Warsaw,
93, 130, 148, 151-54.
l65
battle for,
85
Warsaw Station, Bolshevik taking of,
446
Washbum, Stanley,
95
weapons:
antiaircraft,
57, 155, 166
competition in,
19
as deterrent to war,
19
end of shortage of,
238, 240-41
of infantry,
60-6
1
revolution in
(1866-1914), 25-26, 52-53
Russian advantage in,
23
Russian importing of,
61, 90, 203, 241, 408
Russian inadequacies in,
23-24, 55—56, 60-61
shortages of,
89-91, 121-22, 129, 133—34,
137» 165-66, 238
Weinstein,
G. E.,
139
What Is to Be Done? (Lenin),
233—34
White armies:
Allies aid to,
510
organization of,
173, 509-11
Index
637
White Man s burden,
17-18
Wilhelm
I, Kaiser of Germany,
33
Wilhelm
II, Kaiser of Germany,
112, 358, 481
arrogance and bellicosity of,
26—27, 36
Hindenburg and,
70
neurotic sensitivity of,
27
Nicholas II and,
27
at Novo-Georgievsk,
155
at
Poznań
conference
(1915), 131, 135, 148,
151
Russian ultimatum of,
39
Treaty of
Björkö
and,
32-33
two-front war feared by,
32
Williams, Albert Rhys,
442, 450, 480, 482-83
Wilson, Woodrow,
492
Winter Palace,
283, 344
Bolshevik taking of,
447-53, 457
Lvov-Kerenskii meetings at,
420, 421-22
Nicholas Hall in,
41—42, 46
wine cellar of,
450, 452-53
Witte,
Count Sergei,
33, 287, 294
women:
in agriculture,
217
on bread lines,
320
as bulwark of religious life,
224
in draft riots,
182
as laborers,
107, 224, 225-26, 321, 375
in peace negotiations,
486
in Revolution of
1917, 323, 325, 327
sexual liberation of,
273-75
in World War I,
406-7
Women s Battalion of Death,
406-7
Women s Shock Battalion,
447—48
Women s Transit Prison,
332
worker control,
378—79
workers,
107-10, 220-37
child,
107, 225
conditions of
(1917), 373-^75
demand for,
93-94, 107, 225
discontent of,
20-21, 42, 45, 47
eight-hour day demanded by,
375-76
factory committees organized by,
377
female,
107, 224, 225-26, 321, 375
housing of,
222-23
imported,
107, 223—24
increase in work day of,
91, 93, 107, 225
international, Russian Revolution and,
357—58
literacy of,
227-28
living standard of,
107-8, 315-16, 373-74
in mines,
223—24
morality of,
230
peasant origins of,
220—21, 225—26
revenge of,
379-80
revolutionary consciousness developed in,
227-30
shortages of,
217-18
skilled vs. unskilled,
226
soldiers relations with,
401—2
wages of,
108, 189, 220, 225, 318, 376—77
war criticized by,
189, 318
war supported by,
47, 94, 107-8, 189
see also strikes
workers militias,
378-79
World War I:
armistice in,
485, 487-88, 499
Bolshevik peace efforts in,
458, 460-61,
480-503
events leading to,
34-40
fall campaigns in
(1914), 60-91
first winter in,
92—113
Lenin s views on,
361-62, 364, 365
military strategy in, see military strategy
neutrality in,
40, 363
Russian-German trading in,
23
secret diplomacy in,
460, 481, 496-97
socialist response to,
236
weapons innovations in,
118
see also specific armies, battles, campaigns,
and countries
wounded,
94—103
aristocrats role in care of,
95, 97-101
private aid to,
101—3
Wrangel, Peter,
511
yellow labor,
107, 223-24
Yellow Peril,
262, 263, 267
Zalts, Baron,
79, 81, 248
Zandina (peasant woman),
100
Zasulich, Vera, 234
Zborów,
409
zem-gussary
(Zemstvo
hussars),
210
zemliaki (peasants from same village or district),
221
Zemskii
Sobor
(Assembly of the Land),
283
Zemstvo
Union, see All-Russian Union of
Zemstvo
for the Relief of Sick and
Wounded Soldiers
Zhilinskii,
lakov,
58
communication problems of,
71, 72, 75
in East Prussia offensive,
62-64, 69, 71-78
at Inter-Allied Conference,
184, 185
manpower wasted by,
63, 71
military background of,
62-63
Rennenkampf s feud with,
54, 63
replacement of,
83-84, 123
Samsonov compared to,
72-73
Zimmerwald,
international socialist conference
at
(1915), 236
zinc,
165
Zinoveva-Annibal,
Lidia,
264
Zinoviev,
Gregoru,
389, 431, 434, 443
Zlóta Lipa,
Battle of
(1914), 81-82
Znamenskaia Square,
324-25, 326-27, 329, 331
r
t I
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Lincoln, W. Bruce |
| author_facet | Lincoln, W. Bruce |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Lincoln, W. Bruce |
| author_variant | w b l wb wbl |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV000572773 |
| classification_rvk | NP 4410 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)159869934 (DE-599)BVBBV000572773 |
| discipline | Geschichte |
| format | Book |
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| geographic | Russland (DE-588)4076899-5 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Russland |
| id | DE-604.BV000572773 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T15:15:53Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 0671557092 |
| language | Undetermined |
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| physical | 637 S. Ill. |
| psigel | BSBWK1 |
| publishDate | 1986 |
| publishDateSearch | 1986 |
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| publisher | Simon and Schuster |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Lincoln, W. Bruce Verfasser aut Passage through Armageddon the Russians in war and revolution ; 1914 - 1918 W. Bruce Lincoln New York Simon and Schuster 1986 637 S. Ill. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Oktoberrevolution (DE-588)4043429-1 gnd rswk-swf Erster Weltkrieg (DE-588)4079163-4 gnd rswk-swf Russland (DE-588)4076899-5 gnd rswk-swf Russland (DE-588)4076899-5 g Erster Weltkrieg (DE-588)4079163-4 s DE-604 Oktoberrevolution (DE-588)4043429-1 s Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=000353330&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=000353330&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Register // Gemischte Register |
| spellingShingle | Lincoln, W. Bruce Passage through Armageddon the Russians in war and revolution ; 1914 - 1918 Oktoberrevolution (DE-588)4043429-1 gnd Erster Weltkrieg (DE-588)4079163-4 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4043429-1 (DE-588)4079163-4 (DE-588)4076899-5 |
| title | Passage through Armageddon the Russians in war and revolution ; 1914 - 1918 |
| title_auth | Passage through Armageddon the Russians in war and revolution ; 1914 - 1918 |
| title_exact_search | Passage through Armageddon the Russians in war and revolution ; 1914 - 1918 |
| title_full | Passage through Armageddon the Russians in war and revolution ; 1914 - 1918 W. Bruce Lincoln |
| title_fullStr | Passage through Armageddon the Russians in war and revolution ; 1914 - 1918 W. Bruce Lincoln |
| title_full_unstemmed | Passage through Armageddon the Russians in war and revolution ; 1914 - 1918 W. Bruce Lincoln |
| title_short | Passage through Armageddon |
| title_sort | passage through armageddon the russians in war and revolution 1914 1918 |
| title_sub | the Russians in war and revolution ; 1914 - 1918 |
| topic | Oktoberrevolution (DE-588)4043429-1 gnd Erster Weltkrieg (DE-588)4079163-4 gnd |
| topic_facet | Oktoberrevolution Erster Weltkrieg Russland |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=000353330&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=000353330&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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