Animal learning and cognition:
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
New York
Knopf
1985
|
| Ausgabe: | 1. ed. |
| Schriftenreihe: | Alfred A. Knopf series in psychology
|
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | XXI, 419 S. Ill. |
| ISBN: | 0394330420 |
Internformat
MARC
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804114952345092096 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | Animal Learning
and
Cognition
CHARLES F JTLAHERTY
RUTGERS UNIVERSITY
ALFRED A KNOPF • NEW YORK
Contents
CHAPTER
CHAPTER 2
CHAPTER
The Study of Learning in Animals 1
Introduction—Learning in the Context of Evolution 2
Adaptation and Evolution 2
Learning, Adaptation, and Natural Selection 4
The Experimental Study of Learning 7
Definition of Learning 7
Some Research Principles 8
Independent and Dependent Variables 9
The Generality of Learning 10
Why Study Learning in Animals? 11
Habituation and Sensitization 14
Habituation 15
Examples of Habituation 16
The Neural Basis of Habituation in Aplysia 20
Some Complexities 22
Sensitization 24
Favlovian Conditioning I: Introduction and Basic
Phenomena 30
Introduction and Historical Background 31
Empiricism and Nativism 31
Reflexes 32
Examples of Pavlovian Conditioning 33
Elements of Conditioning 35
The Unconditioned Stimulus and
Unconditional Response 35
The Conditioned Stimulus 36
The Conditioned Response 38
Basic Conditioning Phenomena 40
Acquisition 40
Extinction and Related Phenomena 43
Generalization 44
Discrimination 47
xviii Contents
CHAPTER
CHAPTER
CHAPTER 6
Pavlovian Conditioning II: Expansion of the
Paradigm and Parameters of Conditioning 51
Expansion of the Basic Pavlovian Paradigm 52
Directed Behavior 52
Conditioned Food Aversion 55
Parameters of Conditioning 59
Temporal Factors 60
Characteristics of the US 71
Characteristics of the CS 74
Intermittent CS, US Pairings 77
Intertrial Interval 81
Pavlovian Conditioning III: Selected Topics 83
Inhibition 84
Definition and Examples of Inhibition 84
Conditions that Do and Do Not Produce Inhibition 88
Summary 94
Second Order Conditioning 95
Sensory Preconditioning 97
Conditioned Drug Effects 100
Conditioned Tolerance 100
Other Conditioned Drug Effects 104
Brain Mechanisms and Conditioning 106
Cortical Mechanisms 106
The Limbic System 106
The Midbrain and Brain Stem 108
Other Research 108
Pavlovian Conditioning IV: Theoretical Analysis
and Practical Relevance 111
Contiguity and Contingency 112
Blocking 112
Contingency 115
Summary and Conclusions 123
Cognitive Interpretation of Pavlovian Conditioning 123
Introduction 123
Responding is Not Necessary for Conditioning 124
Behaviorally Silent Conditioning 126
Performance Factors 127
CS and US Representation 128
Response Generation 129
Summary 131
Preparatory Response Interpretation of
Conditioning 131
Formal Models of Conditioning 134
The Wagner-Rescorla Model 134
Contents xix
The Pearce-Hall Model 13
Relevance of Pavlovian Conditioning Research 143
CHAPTER 7 Instrumental Learning I: Introduction and Effects
of Deprivation, Reward Magnitude, and Reward
Delay 147
Introduction 148
Examples of Instrumental Learning 148
The Law of Effect 150
Shaping 152
Pavlovian Directed Behaviors and Instrumental
Learning 152
Extinction 156
Reward Variables 156
Deprivation State 156
Reward Magnitude 160
Delay of Reward 165
CHAPTER O Instrumental Learning II: Schedule of
Reinforcement 172
Introduction 173
Discrete Trials Experiments 174
Frustration Theory 175
Sequential Theory 179
Reinforcement Level 183
Steady State Behavior 184
Continuous Reinforcement 186
Fixed Ratio 186
Variable Ratio 188
Fixed Interval 189
Variable Interval 192
Differential Reinforcement for Rate 193
CHAPTER Q Instrumental Learning III: Aversive
Conditioning 197
Introduction 198
Conditioned Suppression 199
Escape Behavior 202
Avoidance Learning 203
Avoidance Tasks and Results 204
Theoretical Interpretations of Avoidance Behavior 209
Extinction of Avoidance Responding 216
Punishment 218
Variables that Influence the Effectiveness
of Punishment 218
Learned Helplessness 223
xx Contents
CHAPTER 1O
CHAPTER 1 1
CHAPTER
CHAPTER
The Interference Effect 223
Interpretations of the Interference Effect 225
Possible Human Relevance 230
Instrumental Learning IV: Generalization,
Discrimination, and Attention 234
Generalization 235
Generalization and Discrimination 239
Examples of Discrimination Learning 240
Influence of Discrimination Training
on Generalization 242
Selective Attention 256
Spence s Theory of Discrimination Learning 256
Alternative Theories of Discrimination Learning 257
Evidence Favoring an Attention Concept 259
Instrumental Learning V: Selected Topics 269
Conditioned Reinforcement 270
Measurement of Conditioned Reinforcement 271
Applications 273
Choice Behavior 274
Maze Learning—Early Studies 274
Recent Maze Studies 276
Choice Involving Operant Schedules 277
Foraging 285
Field Studies 285
Laboratory Studies 289
Associative Analysis of Instrumental Learning 301
Introduction 302
Procedural Comparison with Pavlovian
Conditioning 302
Associative Structure of Instrumental Learning 305
Effectiveness of Response-Reinforcer Contingency 305
Response-Reinforcer Associations 306
Other Associative Structures 313
Alternative Interpretations of Instrumental
Behavior 318
Cognitive Processes in Animals
Introduction 322
Expectancy and Anticipation 324
Cognitive Maps 325
Concepts and Rules 327
Learning Set 327
Matching to Sample 331
Contents xxi
Natural Concept Learning 332
Serial Pattern Learning 333
Memory 334
Associative Memory and Memory of Associations 336
Active and Inactive Memory 336
Spatial and Temporal Memory 338 •
Working Memory 339
Summary 342
Inference 342
Transitive Inference 342
Reasoning 343
Language 345
Self-Awareness 346
CHAPTER 1 4 General and Specific Principles of Learning 349
Introduction 350
Programmed Learning 351
Imprinting 351
Bird Song 354
Summary of Programmed Learning 355
Conditioned Taste Aversions 355
General Overview 356
Selective Associations 356
Long Delay Learning 358
Potentiation 359
Summary 360
Differential Reinforceability of Responses 360
Misbehavior 362
Summary and Conclusions 364
References 367
Author Index 405
Subject Index 415
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
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| dewey-sort | 3591.5 11 |
| dewey-tens | 590 - Animals |
| discipline | Biologie |
| edition | 1. ed. |
| format | Book |
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| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T15:14:53Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 0394330420 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-000308961 |
| oclc_num | 11261958 |
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| owner | DE-12 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 |
| physical | XXI, 419 S. Ill. |
| publishDate | 1985 |
| publishDateSearch | 1985 |
| publishDateSort | 1985 |
| publisher | Knopf |
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| series2 | Alfred A. Knopf series in psychology |
| spelling | Flaherty, Charles F. Verfasser aut Animal learning and cognition 1. ed. New York Knopf 1985 XXI, 419 S. Ill. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Alfred A. Knopf series in psychology Behavior, Animal Cognition Cognition in animals Learning Learning in animals Kognitives Verhalten (DE-588)4335758-1 gnd rswk-swf Lernen (DE-588)4035408-8 gnd rswk-swf Tiere (DE-588)4060087-7 gnd rswk-swf Tiere (DE-588)4060087-7 s Lernen (DE-588)4035408-8 s DE-604 Kognitives Verhalten (DE-588)4335758-1 s HEBIS Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=000308961&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Flaherty, Charles F. Animal learning and cognition Behavior, Animal Cognition Cognition in animals Learning Learning in animals Kognitives Verhalten (DE-588)4335758-1 gnd Lernen (DE-588)4035408-8 gnd Tiere (DE-588)4060087-7 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4335758-1 (DE-588)4035408-8 (DE-588)4060087-7 |
| title | Animal learning and cognition |
| title_auth | Animal learning and cognition |
| title_exact_search | Animal learning and cognition |
| title_full | Animal learning and cognition |
| title_fullStr | Animal learning and cognition |
| title_full_unstemmed | Animal learning and cognition |
| title_short | Animal learning and cognition |
| title_sort | animal learning and cognition |
| topic | Behavior, Animal Cognition Cognition in animals Learning Learning in animals Kognitives Verhalten (DE-588)4335758-1 gnd Lernen (DE-588)4035408-8 gnd Tiere (DE-588)4060087-7 gnd |
| topic_facet | Behavior, Animal Cognition Cognition in animals Learning Learning in animals Kognitives Verhalten Lernen Tiere |
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