The Fijian language:
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
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| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Honolulu
Univ. of Hawaii Pr.
1985
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| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | XXXI, 688 S. Kt. |
| ISBN: | 0824810058 |
Internformat
MARC
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| 100 | 1 | |a Schütz, Albert J. |d 1936-2020 |e Verfasser |0 (DE-588)120165279 |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a The Fijian language |
| 264 | 1 | |a Honolulu |b Univ. of Hawaii Pr. |c 1985 | |
| 300 | |a XXXI, 688 S. |b Kt. | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 650 | 7 | |a Fidji (langue) - Grammaire |2 ram | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Fidjien (Langue) - Grammaire | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Grammatik | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Fijian language |x Grammar | |
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| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Grammatik |0 (DE-588)4021806-5 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804114882935652352 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | PREFACE xxiv
Purpose xxiv
Methodology xxv
Acknowledgraents xxviii
Pacific Collections Consulted xxix
Abbreviations xxix
SECTIOM I BACKGROUND 1
1 DISCOVERY 3
1.1 Introduction 3
1.2 Prelude to discovery 3
1.3 Contact 5
1.4 Explorers, traders, a missionary in flight, and the
first philologists 6
1.5 Interpreters 14
1.6 Place names and personal names 15
1.7 Summary 15
2 ORTHOGRAPHY 18
3 THE SOCIOLOGY OF SPELLING: EXTERNAL IMPRESSIONS 27
4 THE SOCIOLOGY OP SPELLING: INFERNAL PROBLEMS 35
4.1 Word division 35
4.1.1 I- nouns 35
4.1.2 Subject pronouns : words or phrases? 36
4.1.3 Forms with gä 37
4.1.4 CompoundS 37
4.2 The use of w and y 39
4.3 The use of the apostrophe 40
4.3.1 The putative lost a 40
4.3.2 Other noncontractions 41
4.3.3 Some real contractions 41
4.3.4 The apostrophe: a summary 42
4.4 Long vowels versus vowel sequences 42
4.5 Variant spellings and pronunciations of loanwords 43
4.5.1 P and £ vs. v 43
vii
4.5.1.1 P in borrowings from English 43
4.5.1.2 P in borrowings from English 44
4.5.2 Jvs. ji vs. ti and di 45
4.5.2.1 introducing z 46
4.5.3 Reintroducing h 47
4.5.4 Spellings that disrupt the accent pattern and the
canonical form of syllables 47
4.5.5 Miscellaneous problems with borrowings 49
4.6 The use of hyphens and capital letters within a
word 50
4.7 Features of the sound System not reflected in
the orthography 51
4.7.1 Vowel length 51
4.7.2 Measure division 51
4.7.3 Phrase accent 52
4.8 Summary 52
5 PRELUDE T0 THE GRÄMMAR: THE TONGUES OF MEN AND ANGELS 55
5.1 Cargill 55
5.2 Haie 57
5.3 Dialectal Babel: the problem of language diversity 59
5.4 Standardization 65
5.5 Hazlewood and his colleagues: the grammar and
dictionary as a cooperative enterprise 66
SECTION II SENTENCES AND VERB PHRASES 73
6 SENTENCE TYPES 75
6.1 Sentences: a semantic approach 75
6.2 Sentence types 75
6.3 VP types 77
6.3.1 Active 76
6.3.2 Stative 78
6.3.3 Existential 78
6.3.4 Identifying 79
6.4 Juxtaposed NPs (NP + NP) 79
6.4.1 A cava and o cex 80
6.5 Phrase order and intonational features 81
6.5.1 Intonation as a guide to grammatical structure and
neaning 81
6.6 NP sentences 81
6.7 Summary 83
6.8 Discussion 83
6.8.1 Existential and identifying VPs 83
6.8.2 Subjects and predicates? 85
6.8.3 A reanalysis of subject 87
viii
7 CLASSIFICATION OF MORPHEMES 91
7.1 Root vs. marker 91
7.1.1 The gray areas of norpheme claasification 93
7.2 Discussion 94
7.2.1 Root vb. marker 94
7.2.2 Noun vs. verb 95
8 VERB CLASSIFICATION I: EXISTENTIALS, ACTIVES, AMD STATIVES 100
8.1 Existential verbs 100
8.1.1 TÜCO, tu 100
8.1.2 E + numeral 101
8.2 The active-stative Opposition 102
8,2.1 A functional criterion 103
.,3 Problems with the classification 104
8.4 Summary 107
9 VERB CLASSIFICATION II: ONE- AND TWO-BEPERENT VERBS 109
9.1 One-referent verbs 110
9.1.1 AI verbs 110
9.1.2 Sl verbs 111
9.2 Two-referent verbs 112
9.2.1 A2 verbs 112
9.2.2 S2 verbs 113
9.3 Summary 115
10 VERB CLASSIFICATION III: SEMANTICS 117
10.1 Verbs referring to motion 117
10.2 Verbs referring to emission or projection 117
10.3 Verbs referring to processes 118
10.4 Verbs referring to states of mind 118
10.5 Verbs referring to judgment 120
10.6 Verbs referring to skills 120
10.7 Miscellaneous verbs 121
11 VERB CLASSIFICATION IV: HISTORY AND DISCUSSION 123
11.1 Cargill 123
11.2 Hazlewood 123
11.3 Churchward 124
11.4 Milner 126
11.5 Wilson and Pawley 126
11.6 Arms 127
11.7 The active-stative Opposition 129
ix
12 TRANSITIVITY *32
12.1 The transitive suffixes 133
12.2 Different transitive suf fixes with the same verb 134
12.3 The meanings of the -caki forms 134
12.3.1 Reason 135
12.3.2 Means or accompaniment 137
12.3.3 Intensive 139
12.3.4 Lexical change 140
12.3.5 General transitivizer 141
12.3.6 Duration 143
12.3.7 Dispersive movement; -yaki 144
12.4 Constructions without the transitive auffix 145
12.4.1 The gunu-yaqona construction 145
12.4.2 The viri na polo construction 149
12.4.2.1 Discussion 151
52.S Summary 152
13 TRANSITIVITY: HISTORY AND DISCUSSION 156
13.1 Definitions of transitivity 156
13.2 The meaning (?) of -C- 158
13.3 Suffix or part of stem? 159
13.4 -CA vs. -CI 160
13.5 The various functions of -Caki 160
13.5.1 The independence of vaka- and -taki 160
13 .5.2 The meaning of the -Caki forms 162
13.6 Transitivity as focus? 164
13.6.1 A definition of focus 164
13.6.2 Proposais for Fijian 164
13.6.3 An evaluation of the proposals 165
13.6.4 Arguments against focus as a gramnatical
category for Fijian 166
13.6.5 Summary 169
14 VERB DERIVATION, OR HOW VERBS CHANGE CIASSES 172
14.1 A2 — S2 173
14.2 A2 — S2 (LSB-) 174
14.3 Stative to active 174
14.3.1 S2 + C-a — A2 174
14.3.2 S2 + reduplication — A2 175
14.3.3 S2 + modifier — A2 176
14.3.4 VeT- + S2 — A2 176
14.4 Sl — A2 176
14.5 Prefixes that delete the actor 177
14.5.1 The distinction among statives 179
14.6 A prefix that deletes the goal ISO
14.7 Discussion 181
14.7.1 Reduplication as a means of providing
contrasting forms 181
14.7.2 Discussion: ta-, ca-, etc. 181
5C
15 VERB AFFIXES: VAKA- 186
15.l Causative 187
15.1.1 Sl — S2 188
15.1.2 S2 — S2 189
15.1.3 S2 — A2 189
15.1.4 Causatives with the object signaled and expressed
S1 — A2) 190
15.1.5 AI — A2 191
15.l.6 A2 remains A2, but with a change of roles 192
15.l.7 Some Special kinds of causatives 193
15.1.8 Causatives: a summary 193
15.2 Frequentive / Distributive / Intensive 193
15.3 Statives indicating manner and time 195
15.3.1 N vaka-N 195
15.3.2 v vaka-N 196
15.3.3 V vaka-V (Stative) 196
15.4 Possessing N or characterized by N 197
15.5 Pretend, perfonn as a gante 198
15.6 Vaka- and grammatical ambiguity 198
15.7 Discussion: vaka- 199
15.7.1 Previous treatments 199
16 VERB AFFIXES: VBT- / VI- 203
16.1 Reciprocal, mutual— Active1 203
16.1.1 Types of verbs 204
16.1.2 Expressing an object 205
16.2 Reciprocal, mutual—Stative 206
16.2.1 Kin terms and other relationships 206
16.2.2 Spatial and distance relationships 207
16.3 General, formalized vel- forms 207
16.3.1 General, formalized—verbs of motion 208
16.3.2 General, formalized: other active verbs 208
16.4 Discussion 210
16.4.1 Previous treatments 210
16.4.2 Classifying reciprocals 213
17 VERB AFFIXES: VIA-, VIAVIA-, TÄMA- AND OTHERS 215
17.1 Desiderative: via- 215
17.2 Impression: viavia- 217
17.3 Negative: tawa-, tabu- 217
17.3.1 Tawa- 217
17 .3.2 Tabu- 218
17.4 The Stative prefixes 218
17.4.1 Iäü- 218
17.4.2 Ma- _ 219
17.5 Artificial or created circumstances: -ta- 220
17.6 More -tä- forms 221
17.7 Sa- 221
xx
17.8 SSI- 221
17.9 Stative suffixs -(C)a (with or without
reduplication) 221
17.10 Distributive counter: yä- 222
17.11 Discuseion 223
17.11.1 Via-, viavia- 223
17.11.2 Stative prefixes 223
18 VERB REDUPLICATION 225
18.1 To indicate repetition, frequency, or
Prolongation 226
18.2 To allow an S2 verb to be used actively without
signaling or expressing the object 227
18.3 To form Sl from a variety of roots (with -(C)a) 228
18.4 To allow certain verbs to modify nouns 229
18.5 To indicate collections, groups 229
18.6 Pretense, aimlessness (with vaka-) 230
18.6.1 Vaka-, -tä-, and partial reduplication 231
18.7 Verb modification through reduplication 231
18.8 Partial reduplication: discontinuous, dispersive 232
18.9 To form Sl verbs from S2 verbs 233
18.10 To indicate a partitive sense 233
18.11 To indicate aimless action 233
18.12 Miscellaneous changes through reduplication 233
18.12.1 Semantic changes 233
18.12.2 Ambiguity, and some efforts to avoid it 234
18.13 The formal manifestations of reduplication 235
18.13.1 Restrictions 235
18.13.2 Derived forms 236
18.13.3 Compounds 238
18.14 Reduplication of markers 239
18.15 Reduplication of person-number markers,
including possessives 241
18.16 Reduplication of borrowed words 241
18.17 Discussion 241
18.17.1 Reduplication in general 241
18.17.2 Sl verbs formed from reduplication + (C)a 243
19 COHPOUND VERBS 246
19.1 Formal classification 247
19.1.1 Markers of transitivity following the
construction 247
19.1.2 Markers of transitivity after each root 248
19.1.3 Markers of transitivity and other markers 248
19.2 The semantics of compound verbs 249
19.3 Discussion 249
xii
20 SUBJECTS AND OBJECTS 250
20.1 Person 251
20.2 Number 251
20.3 Inclusive-exclusive 251
20.4 Forms of respect 251
20.5 Referents: human or nonhuman? 252
20.6 Morphological analysis 253
20.7 (K)o- 254
20.8 Morphophonemic changes 254
20.9 Phonological Variation 254
20.10 Person-number markers and names 255
20.11 classification according to person 256
20.11.1 First person, second person, and proper noun 256
20.11.2 Third person 256
20.12 Discussion: underlying i object marker? 256
20.13 Discussion: human vs. nonhuman referents 257
21 VERB PHRASE MARKERS PRECEDING THE HEAD 260
21.1 Subjects 260
21.2 Tense 260
21.2.1 Past tense (PT): 1 260
21.2.2 Future tense (FT): na 261
21.3 Aspect (ASP) 262
21.3.1 Contrast (past): sä 262
21.3.2 Contrast (future): se 263
21.3.3 Order change 264
21.3.4 Discussion 264
21.4 Sequence 265
21.4.1 Onmarked sequence: qäT 265
21.4.1.1 Order of markers 266
21.4.2 Marked sequence: mani 266
21.5 Iteration: baci 267
21.6 Habitual: däü 268
21.7 Initiation (INI): tel 269
21.8 Tentative (TEN): bäü 269
21.9 Individuality (IND): dui, yä- 271
21.9.1 Dui 271
21.9.2 *5- 272
21.10 Extreme, excess (EXT): rui 272
21.11 Dlü 272
21.12 Proximity, readiness (PRX): vakaräü 272
21.13 Limits of an action/State 273
21.13.1 Origin (ORG): tekivü 273
21.13.2 Completion (ULT): tini 274
21.14 Directional (DIR) 275
21.14.1 Preverbal mSS. 275
21.14.2 LäT 276
21.14.2.1 IÄIj 277
21.14.2.2 LäT, 277
21.15 Appearance (APR): raxrax 278
xiii
22 VERB PHRASE MARKERS AFTER THE HEAD 280
22.1 Objects 280
22.2 Direction (DIR) 280
22.2.1 Cake upward 280
22.2.2 Sdbu downward 281
22.2.3 Tani 1away, differenf 282
22.3 Concomitant (CNC): vata 282
22.3.1 koso 283
22.4 Completive aspect: oti 283
22.5 Potential (POT): rawa 284
22.5.1 The difference between rawa ni V and V rawa 284
22.5.2 Täüaada 285
22.6 Limitation (LIM): wale, bau, bulu 285
22.7 Inclusion (INC): kece, taücoko 286
22.7.1 Kece all 286
22.7.2 Täücoko wholly, completely 287
22.7.3 Duadua alone 287
22.7.4 Täudua, täürua, etc. 287
22.7.5 Soti/sö (Intensifier) 287
22.7.6 Discussion 288
22.8 Intensive (INT): sara 290
22.9 Iteration (ITR): tale 291
22.10 Respectful address (RES): saka 292
22.11 Continuative aspect (CNT): tiko, tu, koto, nö, toka,
voll 293
22.11.1 Tiko 294
22.11.2 Tu 294
22.11.3 Toka 295
22.11.4 Koto (nö) 297
22.11.4.1 Nö 297
22.11.5 Voli roundabout 297
22.12 Initiation (INI): beka, mada, bagi 298
22.12.1 Moderative: beka 298
22 .12.2 Mada 299
22.12.3 Expectation: bagi 300
22.12.4 Gona aforementioned (AFM) 300
22.13 Limitation (LIM): gä, lä 301
22 .13 .1 öä with other markers: tale gä, wale gä, and
¦ada gä 301
12.13.1.l Tale gä also 302
22.13.1.2 Wale gä only 302
22.13.1.3 Mada gä just 302
22.13.2 Lä 303
22.13.3 Discussion 303
22.14 Direction (DIR) 303
22.14.1 Mäa 303
22.14.2 Yani (toward a point established by context) 305
22.14.3 Discussion: the reference point for VP
directional markers 3O7
xiv
SECTION III: NOUN PHRASES 309
23 THE NOUN PHRASE: SEMANTICS AND CLASSIFICATION 311
23.1 The semantic function of the NP 311
23.2 Noun and NP classification 314
23.2.1 Integral and partitive nouns 314
23.2.2 Common vs. proper 314
23.2.2.1 Place names 315
23.2.2.2 Personal names 315
23.2.3 Primary vs. secondary 316
23.3 Semantic and grammatical mismatches 317
23.4 The structure of the basic NP 317
24 NP ARTICLES 320
24.1 O: Proper article 320
24.1.1 O vs. ko 320
24.1.2 Nouns that can take either na or o, or both 321
24.1.3 Proper nouns as part of the VP 322
24.1.4 I: Proper object marker 323
24.1.5 Proper NPs in a Special use beyond personal names 323
24.2 Ha: Definite article 323
24.2.1 Definiteness based on sentence structure 324
24.2.2 Definiteness based on semantics 324
24.3 Indefinite constructions 325
24.4 Generalization: dealing with the requirements 328
of discourse
24.5 The analysis of a text with respect to definite¬
ness, indefiniteness, and generality 330
24.6 Ha vs. a 332
24.7 Optional omission of na before possessives 333
24.8 Summary 333
24.9 Discussion 334
25 NP FUNCTION MARKERS 338
25.1 Ablative NPs 339
25.1.1 Types of nouns that occur in common ablative
phrases 339
25.1.1.1 Time 339
25.1.1.2 Space 339
25.1.1.3 Time and space 340
25.1.1.4 Means or Instrument 341
25.1.1.5 Material, contents 343
25.1.1.6 Metaphorical space or time 343
25.1.1.7 Ambiguity 343
25.1.2 Function of ablative NPs 343
25.1.2.1 Locatives 344
25.1.2.1.1 E 344
25.1.2.1.2 HS 344
25.1.2.1.3 Locative NPs as comment 345
xv
25.1.2.2 Directional NPs 346
25.1.2.2.1 I (ki) 346
25.1.2.2.1.1 I VS. ki 347
25.1.2.2.2 KäT 348
25.1.2.2.2.1 Ablative mal vs. postverbal max 348
25.1.2.3 VST 349
25.1.2.3.1 HäT vex and ki veT 349
25.1.2.4 Contractions of the ablative markers 350
25.1.3 Discussion: ablative NPs 352
25.1.3.1 Are locative and directional dependent on the
semantics of the verb? 352
25.1.3.2 The function of ablative NPs 353
25.2 Comitative NPs 353
25.2.1 Discussions how rnany entities involved? 354
25.2.2 Contraction of kex + third person Singular:
kaya 354
25.2.3 Discussion 354
25.3 Proper accusative NPs 355
25.4 Vocative: i, 355
25.5 Attributive possessive 356
26 NP GRAMMATICAL MODIFIERS 358
26.1 Discourse marker: gona aforementioned 358
26.2 Limitation: wale gä 359
26.3 Inclusion 360
26.3.1 Kece all 360
26.3.2 Täücoko all, wholly, completely 360
26.3.3 Soti (so) 361
26.4 Intensifier: sara 361
26.5 Iteration: tale, tale gä 361
26.6 Moderative, dubitative: beka 362
26.7 Limitation: gä 362
27 NOÜN AFPIXATION 364
27.1 Collective, distributive: veT- 364
27.1.1 Discussion: vei- as plural 365
27.2 Individuality: dui- 366
27.3 Reduplication of noun roots 366
27.3.1 Form 366
27.3.2 Semantic categories 367
28 NOMINALIZATION 369
28.1 Derived nominalization: i- nouns 369
28.1.1 Reduplication of i- forms 371
28.1.2 I- nouns from derived verbs 371
28.1.3 I- nouns: a semantic view 372
28.1.3.1 Another source for i- nouns? 374
28.2 Direct nominalization: verbs used as nouns 374
28.2.1 The function of direct nominalization 375
xvi
29 PERSONAL DEICTIC NOUNS 378
29.1 Deictic locative nouns 378
29.2 Personal locatives used as phrases 378
29.2.1 Ayä 379
29.3 Time 379
29.4 Personal locatives in the NP + NP construction 381
29.5 The optional o 382
29.5.1 Oyä vb. koyä 382
SECTION IV OPERATIONS 383
30 OPERATIONSs SPECIPICATION 385
30.1 Subject and object specification 386
30.1.1 Pormal manifestations 38g
30.1.2 Levels of specificity 388
3..1,2.1 Implicit 388
30.1.2.2 Signaled 388
30.1.2.3 Expressed 389
30.1.2.4 Specified 390
30.1.3 Proper NPs as objects 393
30.1.4 How many referents? 394
30.1.5 Ambiguity? 394
30.2 Specification of person-number markers in second-
ary NPs 396
30.3 Possessive specification 397
30.3.1 Limitations on specification of possessives 398
30.3.2 Contrast between two similar construction types 398
30.3.3 Translationese and its effect on the possession
specification construction 399
30.3.4 Discussion: specification of possessed forms 399
30.4 Multiple specification 400
30.5 Summary: specificity 402
30.6 Discussion 403
31 VERB MODIFICATION 406
31.1 Verb + (vaka-) Stative 406
31.1.1 Simple adverbs 406
31.1.2 Derived adverbs 408
31.1.2.1 Statives 408
31.1.2.2 Deictic locatives 409
31.1.2.3 Numerais (including interrogative) 409
31.1.2.4 Nouns (including interrogative) 409
31.2 Verb + noun 411
31.3 Verb + ablative NP 411
31.4 Verb + subordinate VP 411
412
32 NOUN HODIFICATION
32.1 Types of semantic attribution 412
32.2 Formal types of modification 414
32.3 Nouns modified by verbs 415
32.3.1 Integral noun stative 415
32.3.2 Partitive noun i + Stative 415
32.3.3 Noun (partitive noun Stative) 4l6
32.3.4 Noun (partitive noun + i + Stative of extent) 416
32.3.5 Noun (S2 N) 4*7
32.3.6 Series of modifiers 417
32.3.7 Noun active verb 418
32.3.8 Noun däü-active verb 418
32.3.9 Noun VP 419
32.3.10 Discussion 421
32.3.10.1 Whence the ka? 421
32.4 Noun modified by nouns or related forms 422
32.4.1 Noun noun 422
32.4.2 Noun (integral N + Sl) 423
32.4.3 Noun vaka- form 424
32.4.4 Noun (ni + noun) 424
32.5 Discussion 424
33 SUBORDINATION 426
33.1 Hi 426
33.1.1 Ni phrases that specify 427
33.1.1.1 Object specification 427
33.1.1.2 Subject specification 428
33.1.1.2.1 Idiomatic use of ni phrases 428
33.1.1.3 Layering of ni phrases 429
33.1.2 Hi phrases that modify 429
33.1.2.1 Hi phrases that indicate cause 430
33.1.2.2 The meaning of modifying ni phrases 431
33.1.3 Horphophonemic changes 433
33.1.4 Ka ni 433
33.1.5 The intonation of ni phrases 433
33.1.6 Structural differences between types of ni
phrases 434
33.2 MB 434
33.2.1 Me vafcä 436
33.2.2 Morphophonemic changes 437
33.3 Ke 437
33.3.1 Relationships outside the sentence 437
33.3.2 Ke marking both phrases 438
33.3.3 KevaJd 438
33.3.4 Morphophonemic changes 439
33.4 S¥ 439
33.4.1 Types of verbs in the independent phrase 439
33.4.2 Semantic relationship between se and the
independent VP 440
rviii
33.4.3 Question words in sä phrases 441
33.4.4 Morphophonemic changes 442
33.5 De 442
33.5.1 Adversative vs. subjunctive 443
.3.5,2 Morphophonemic changes 444
34 POSSESSION 445
34.1 The semantics of possession 446
34.1.1 Different relationships between the referents of
the possessor and the possessed 446
34.1.2 Alienable vs. inalienable 447
34.1.3 Definiteness 448
34.2 Alienable possession 448
34.2.1 Alienable possessive markers 449
34.2.1.1 Ke- 450
34.2.1.2 Ke-j 450
34.2.1.3 NÖ- 451
34.2.1.4 NX 451
34.2.1.4.1 Purpose or function 451
34.2.1.4.2 Semantic narrowing 452
34.2.1.4.3 Layering of ni phrases 453
34.2.1.4.4 Some semantic problems 455
34.2.1.4.5 Nominalization with ni phrases 456
34.2.1.4.6 Attribution outside the ni phrase 457
34.2.1.4.7 Discussion: ni phrases as common 458
34.3 Inalienable possession 458
34.3.1 Person-number markers 458
34.3.2 I4 458
34.3.3 Ke-, 459
34.3.3.1 Problems with the analysis 461
34.4 Semantic and formal mismatches 463
34.5 The use of possessives as nouns 463
34.6 Reduplication of possessive forms 465
34.7 Discussion: possession 465
34.7.1 Possession as attribution 465
34.7.2 Possession as a manifestation of gender? 465
35 CO0RDINATI0N AND SÜMMARY OF OPERATIONS 467
35.1 Coordination 467
35.1.1 Ka (a) 467
35.1.2 Se 469
35.1.3 ia 469
35.2 Summary of operations 469
SECTION V PHONOLOGY 471
36 LINKS BETWEEN THE GRAMMAR AND PHONOLOGY 473
36.1 Measures 474
36.2 The relationship of accent to morphology-syntax 475
xix
36.3 Formal and functional classification of morphemes 475
36.3.1 classification according to form
(phonological) 475
36.3.2 classification according to function
(grammatical) 475
36.4 Combining fonns 477
36.4.1 Particlo + base 477
36.4.2 Base + particle 478
36.4.3 Base + particle + base 478
36.4.4 Base -I- base 479
36.4.5 Particle + particle 480
36.4.6 Summary 481
36.5 The effect of complementary or opposing
tendencies 481
36.6 Discussion: words? 482
36.6.1 Definitions of word 482
36.6.2 Accent shift 483
36.6.3 Minimum free forms 484
36.6.4 Summary 484
37 PHONOLOGICAL UNITS 486
37.1 Phonological units and their characteristics 487
37.2 Phonological sentences 487
37.3 Phonological phrases 488
37.4 Measures 489
37.5 Syllables 491
37.5.1 Types of syllables 491
37.6 Phonemes 492
37.6.1 Vowels 492
37.6.1.1 Short accented syllables 492
37.6.1.2 Long accented syllables 493
37.6.1.3 ünaccented syllables 493
37.6.1.4 Summary 494
37.6.2 Consonants 494
37.7 Discussion: Phonological units 495
37.7.1 Accent and prosody, and their place in the
System 496
37.7.2 Summary 497
38 PHONOLOGICAL SENTENCES 501
38.1 Phonetic details 501
38.1.1 Match between intonation portions and measures 504
38.1.2 Intonational segmentation of shorter sentences 504
38.1.3 Step vs. glide 5O5
38.2 Pormal and functional classification 506
38.2.1 Terminal phrases 5O6
38.2.1.1 Falling phrases 506
xx
38.2.1.1.1 Special characteristics of questions vith
question words 506
38.2.1.2 Rising phrases 506
38.2.1.2.1 Vocatives 508
38.2.2 Nontenninal phrases 508
38.2.2.1 Series intonation 509
39 INTONATION AND ITS GRAMMATICAL CORRELATES 511
39.1 Sentences consisting of two phrases 511
39.1.1 Embedding of phonological phrases 513
39.2 Phonological sentences consisting of more than
two phrases 514
39.2.1 Hierarchical structure 515
39.3 Summary 518
40 PHONOLOGICAL PHRASES 520
40.1 Phrase boundaries 520
40.2 The contrastive function of phrase peaks 520
40.3 Discussion: phonological phrases and sentences as
contrastive units 522
41 MEASURES 524
41.1 Detennining measure boundaries 524
41.2 Movement toward CVCV—the Optimum measure 525
41.3 Movement toward CV—the Optimum syllable 526
41.4 How many syllables? 527
41.5 Shortening by reducing the number of measures 527
41.6 Vowel shortening within the phrase 528
41.7 Vowel shortening across phrase boundaries 529
41.8 Diphthongization 530
41.9 Vowel sequences across morpheme boundaries 531
41.10 /ao/ and /oe/ 532
41.11 The development of the concept 533
42 SYLLABLES 536
42.1 The problem with syllables 536
42.2 Clues that point toward the validity of syllables 536
42.3 Natural syllables 537
42.4 The Pijian syllable from a historical perspective 538
42.4.1 The phonetic syllable: syllabication based on
auditory impression 538
42.4.2 The phonological syllable: syllabication based on
underlying structure 539
42.4.3 Summary of the orthodox position 540
ni
43 PHONETIC CHARACTERISTICS OF VOWELS AND THEIR EFPECT ON
PHONOLOGICAL DECISIONS 542
43.1 Vowel assimllation 542
43.1.1 The influence of accent on vowel quality and
length 543
43.1.2 Vowel assimilation in diphthongs 544
43.1.3 A note on different degrees of noncontrastive
vowel length 545
43.2 Semivowels? An alternate analysis of vowel
nuclei 545
44 THE CONSONANT SYSTEM 548
44.1 /p/ [p] 548
44.2 /t/ [t] 548
44.3 /k/ [k] 549
44.4 /r/ [f] — [f] 549
44.5 /b d q/ [mb nd ng] 549
44.5.1 Voicing: a functional approach to Fijian /b/,
/d/, /q/, and /dr/ 550
44.6 /dr/ [nf] — [nf] 552
44.7 /f/ [f] 552
44.8 /S/ [s] 552
44.9 /v/ [ß] 552
44.10 /c/ [ö] 553
44.11 /m/ [m] 553
44.12 /n/ [n] 553
44.13 /g/ [n] 553
44.14 /!/ [1] 553
44.15 /y/ [?] — [y] 553
44.16 /w/ [w] 554
44.16.1 Discussion: y and w: vowels, semivowels, or
consonants? 554
44.16.1.1 The problem with y 555
44.16.1.2 W 558
44.17 Restrictions on consonants in successive
syllables 559
44.18 Discussion: the consonant System 559
44.18.1 Economy? c59
44.18.2 Phonetic symmetry 559
APPENDIX: THE EAKLY WORD LISTS ,e,
PLATES ,,_
617
BIBLIOGRAPHY
623
INDEX
673
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Schütz, Albert J. 1936-2020 |
| author_GND | (DE-588)120165279 |
| author_facet | Schütz, Albert J. 1936-2020 |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Schütz, Albert J. 1936-2020 |
| author_variant | a j s aj ajs |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV000422277 |
| callnumber-first | P - Language and Literature |
| callnumber-label | PL6235 |
| callnumber-raw | PL6235.1 |
| callnumber-search | PL6235.1 |
| callnumber-sort | PL 46235.1 |
| callnumber-subject | PL - Eastern Asia, Africa, Oceania |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)12262060 (DE-599)BVBBV000422277 |
| dewey-full | 499/.5 |
| dewey-hundreds | 400 - Language |
| dewey-ones | 499 - Austronesian & other languages |
| dewey-raw | 499/.5 |
| dewey-search | 499/.5 |
| dewey-sort | 3499 15 |
| dewey-tens | 490 - Other languages |
| discipline | Außereuropäische Sprachen und Literaturen |
| format | Book |
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| id | DE-604.BV000422277 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T15:13:47Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 0824810058 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-000261008 |
| oclc_num | 12262060 |
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| physical | XXXI, 688 S. Kt. |
| publishDate | 1985 |
| publishDateSearch | 1985 |
| publishDateSort | 1985 |
| publisher | Univ. of Hawaii Pr. |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Schütz, Albert J. 1936-2020 Verfasser (DE-588)120165279 aut The Fijian language Honolulu Univ. of Hawaii Pr. 1985 XXXI, 688 S. Kt. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Fidji (langue) - Grammaire ram Fidjien (Langue) - Grammaire Grammatik Fijian language Grammar Fidschi-Sprache (DE-588)4154315-4 gnd rswk-swf Grammatik (DE-588)4021806-5 gnd rswk-swf Fidschi-Sprache (DE-588)4154315-4 s DE-604 Grammatik (DE-588)4021806-5 s HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=000261008&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Schütz, Albert J. 1936-2020 The Fijian language Fidji (langue) - Grammaire ram Fidjien (Langue) - Grammaire Grammatik Fijian language Grammar Fidschi-Sprache (DE-588)4154315-4 gnd Grammatik (DE-588)4021806-5 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4154315-4 (DE-588)4021806-5 |
| title | The Fijian language |
| title_auth | The Fijian language |
| title_exact_search | The Fijian language |
| title_full | The Fijian language |
| title_fullStr | The Fijian language |
| title_full_unstemmed | The Fijian language |
| title_short | The Fijian language |
| title_sort | the fijian language |
| topic | Fidji (langue) - Grammaire ram Fidjien (Langue) - Grammaire Grammatik Fijian language Grammar Fidschi-Sprache (DE-588)4154315-4 gnd Grammatik (DE-588)4021806-5 gnd |
| topic_facet | Fidji (langue) - Grammaire Fidjien (Langue) - Grammaire Grammatik Fijian language Grammar Fidschi-Sprache |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=000261008&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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