The NLRB and managerial discretion: plant closings, relocations, subcontracting, and automation
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Philadelphia, Pa.
Industrial Research Unit, Wharton School, Univ. of Pennsylvania
1983
|
| Schriftenreihe: | Labor relations and public policy series
24 |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | XII, 368 S. |
| ISBN: | 0895460386 |
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LABOR RELATIONS AND PUBLIC POLICY SERIES
No 24
THE NLRB AND
MANAGERIAL DISCRETION:
PLANT CLOSINGS, RELOCATIONS,
SUBCONTRACTING, AND
AUTOMATION
by
PHILIP A MISCIMAKRA
F I H 14 (
INSTITtn FOR ARBEITS-, WIRTSCHAFT-,
UNDZI /ILRECHT
M) t:Arbeiisrecht
an der Jo lann Wolfgang Goethe-UniversftSf
lonckcr isroaniage 31/VI
6)00FrankfurtamMain
INDUSTRIAL RESEARCH UNIT
The Wharton School, Vance Hall/CS
University of Pennsyh ania
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
U S A
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PAGE
FOREWORD iii
PREFACE v
CHAPTER
I INTRODUCTION 1
II SUBCONTRACTING, AUTOMATION, AND
TECHNOLOGICAL CHANGE 5
The Duty to Bargain: Section 8(a)(5) 8
Section 8(a)(5) Generally 10
Per Se Violations and Evidence of Bad Faith 11
Mandatory Subjects of Bargaining 13
Decision-versus Effects-Bargaining 16
Summary 20
Subcontracting as a Mandatory Subject of Bargaining 21
t
Historical Background: Early Subcontracting Cases 22
The Supreme Court s Fibreboard Decision 26
Questions After Fibreboard : 32
The Significant Adverse Impact Requirement 34
Work Performed by Unit Employees 37
Type of Impact Required 43
Immediacy of Impact 46
Mitigating Factors 50
Unilateral Change and the Dynamic Status Quo 52
Unilateral Changes versus Bargaining
Upon Request 53
Varying in Kind or Degree from an
Established Practice 56
vii
viii • Table of Contents
CHAPTER PAGE
Temporary Subcontracting and Subcontracting
During Strikes 60
Alteration of an Employer s Basic Operation 61
Subcontracting Accompanied by a Restructuring
of the Businesss 62
Changes in Capital Investment 66
Work Transfers, Job Classifications, and
Jurisdictional Disputes 69
Subcontracting as a Midterm Contract Modification 71
The Waiver of Bargaining Rights 72
Express Waiver: Contractual Provisions 73
Management Rights Clauses • 75
Zipper Clauses 76
Implied Waiver: Bargaining Con met 78
Waiver by Inaction 83
Fait Accompli or Opportunitv to Bargain 84
Union Knowledge 85
Failure to Request Bargaining 87
Automation, Technological Change, and the
Duty to Bargain 89
Unlawful Discrimination and Interference with Protected Rights:
Sections 8(a)(3) and 8(a)(1) 94
Sections 8(a)(3) and 8(a)(1) Generally 95
Section 8(a)(3): Basic Elements f Unlawful Conduct 98
Objective Discrimination 98
To Encourage or Discourage Union Membership^ 100
Scope: Protected Employees 101
Table of Contents ix
CHAPTER PAGE
Section 8(a)(3), Antiunion Animus, and the
Role of Intent 102
The Wright Line Decision 105
Proving Employer Motivation:
Evidentiary Requirements 108
Inherently Destructive Conduct: Great Dane 110
Direct and Circumstantial Evidence of Intent 113
Summary 115
Subcontracting and Section 8(a)(3) 117
The Darlington Decision and Subcontracting 117
Subcontracting as Inherently Desti uctive Conduct 119
Recurring Section 8(a)(3) Issues 123
Mixed Motive and Pretext Cases 123
Work Transfer 125
Automation as Unlawful Discrimination 126
Concluding Remarks 1 130
III PLANT CLOSINGS, LIQUIDATIONS, AND SALES 133
Plant Closings and the Duty to Bargain 134
Complete Closings: Termination of an Entire Business 135
Partial Closings and the Continuing Enterprise 139
t
The Board s Traditional Approach: Ozark Trailers 140
Confusion Among the Circuits 144
The Supreme Court s First National
Maintenance Decision 147
Sale of a Business 155
Duties Incident to Effects-Bargaining 158
Effects-Bargaining: The Traditional View , ,159
First National Maintenance and Effects-Bargaining 162
X
CHAPTER
Table of Contents
PAGE
Plant Closings and Unlawful Discrimination 167
The Darlington Decision and Section 8(a)(3) 168
Complete Closings: The Absolute Right 171
Partial Closings and Potential Future Benefits 172
Darlington s Chilling Test in Application 173
Employer Interest in Future Benefits 174
Relationship to Remaining Business 175
The Role of Purpose 177
Sale of a Facility: Successor Obligations 181
Sham Transactions: The Alter Ego Doctrine 181
The Duty to Arbitrate 183
Contract Carryover and the Duty to Bargain 186
The Duty to Remedy a Predecessor s Unfair
Labor Practices 189
Successorship Clauses and Contract Language 190
Concluding Remarks 191
IV PLANT RELOCATIONS 193
Plant Relocations and Section 8(a)(5) 195
Relocations and Decision-Bargaining 197
Scope of the Enterprise and Commitment of Capital 199
Significant Adverse Impact 200
Sham Bargaining: Relocations, Disclosure,
and Notice 200
Section 8(d) and Midterm Contract Modifications 204
Relocations and Effects-Bargaining 216
Transfer Rights as a Subject of Bargaining 217
Union Recognition and Contract Application
at the New Facility 219
Table of Contents xi
CHAPTER PAGE
Bargaining Unit Accretion 220
Election, Certification, and Contract Bar Rules 223
Election and Certification Bar Rules 226
Contract Bar Rules 228
Attendant Unfair Labor Practices 230
Relocations and Section 8(a)(3) 233
Relocations and Problems of Identification 233
The Role of Employer Intent 236
Circumstantial Evidence Pertaining to Motive 236
Inherently Destructive Conduct and Mixed
Motive Situations 240
Relocations, Section 8(a)(3), and Employee Transfer
Rights 246
Employer Free Speech: Predictions of Closing
or Relocation 252 t
Threshold Requirements 254
Section 8(c) and the Gissel Decision 256
Concluding Remarks 260
V MANAGEMENT RIGHTS AND ARBITRATION 263
Substantive Arbitrability 265
Procedural and Substantive Arbitrability 267
Procedural Arbitrability 268
The Steelworkers Trilogy and
Substantive Arbitrability 269
Contractual Exclusions from Arbitration 272
The Duty to Arbitrate in the Absence of a Contract 276
The Successor s Duty to Arbitrate 277
The Duty to Arbitrate Under an Expired Contract 282
xii Table of Contents
CHAPTER PAGE
NLRB Deferral to Arbitration 283
Concurrent Jurisdiction: The Board, the Courts,
and Arbitration 284
Deferral to an Arbitration Award:
The Spielberg Doctrine 286
Fair and Regular Proceedings 288
Agreement to Be Bound by the Award 289
Repugnancy to the Act 290
Arbitrator s Consideration of Unfair Labor
Practice Issues 291
Deferral to Pending Arbitration: Dubo 298
Deferral to Prospective Arbitration:
The Collyer Doctrine 300
Expansion of the Collyer Doctrine 302
Contraction of the Collyer Doctrine 304
t
Status Quo Injunctive Relief 306
Boys Markets: A Judicial Exception :o Norris-LaGuardia 309
Injunctive Relief Against Employers 314
The Early Cases: Greyhound Lint s and Lever Brothers 3 1 5
Equitable Considerations 320
Substantive Arbitrability 321
Irreparable Harm 324
Likelihood of Success 331
Balance of Hardships 337
Concluding Remarks 341
VI CONCLUSION 345
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| title_short | The NLRB and managerial discretion |
| title_sort | the nlrb and managerial discretion plant closings relocations subcontracting and automation |
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| topic | États-Unis - National Labor Relations Board United States. National Labor Relations Board Droits de la direction - États-Unis Négociations collectives - États-Unis Pratiques restrictives en relations industrielles - Etats-Unis Collective bargaining United States Management rights United States Restrictive practices in labor relations United States Sozialpartnerschaft (DE-588)4270137-5 gnd Unternehmensrecht (DE-588)4078611-0 gnd |
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