The world in the crucible: 1914 - 1919
Gespeichert in:
| Hauptverfasser: | , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
New York u.a.
Harper & Row
1984
|
| Ausgabe: | 1. ed. |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Register // Gemischte Register |
| Beschreibung: | XVII, 553 S. Ill., Kt. |
| ISBN: | 0060152680 |
Internformat
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a The world in the crucible |b 1914 - 1919 |c by Bernadotte E. Schmitt and Harold C. Vedeler |
| 250 | |a 1. ed. | ||
| 264 | 1 | |a New York u.a. |b Harper & Row |c 1984 | |
| 300 | |a XVII, 553 S. |b Ill., Kt. | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 648 | 4 | |a Geschichte 1900-2000 | |
| 648 | 7 | |a Geschichte 1914-1919 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Geschichte | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Weltkrieg (1914-1918) | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Revolutions |z Europe |x History |y 20th century | |
| 650 | 4 | |a World War, 1914-1918 | |
| 650 | 4 | |a World War, 1914-1918 |x Influence | |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Erster Weltkrieg |0 (DE-588)4079163-4 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 651 | 4 | |a Europa | |
| 651 | 4 | |a Europe |x History |y 1871-1918 | |
| 651 | 4 | |a Europe |x History |y 1918-1945 | |
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| 689 | 0 | 1 | |a Erster Weltkrieg |0 (DE-588)4079163-4 |D s |
| 689 | 0 | 2 | |a Geschichte 1914-1919 |A z |
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| 689 | 1 | 0 | |a Erster Weltkrieg |0 (DE-588)4079163-4 |D s |
| 689 | 1 | |5 DE-604 | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Vedeler, Harold C. |e Verfasser |4 aut | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804114697521201152 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | CONTENTS
Preface
xv
Chapter I The Plunge into War
1
ι
The Intensifying Dynamics of the European Situation;
2
The
World in Crisis;
3
The Alignment of States;
4
The Never-Ending
Question
Chapter II Forces and Plans in Total War
24
1
The World Upheaval;
2
The Balance of Forces;
3
Strategic
Plans
Chapter HI The War of Plans
41
1
The Defeat of Blitzkrieg;
2
The Aftermath of
Marne;
3
The
Clash
oí
Continental Empires;
4
Failure of the Plans
Chapter IV Strategy in the Balance
70
1
The Strategic Dilemma;
2
Siege Warfare in the West;
3
The
Drive of the German Bloc in the East
Chapter V The Peripheral War
92
1
The Struggle for the Southern Flank;
2
Turkey in the Periph¬
eral War;
3
The Dardanelles Disaster;
4
The Fight at Sea
Chapter VI The War of Desperation
124
1
Verdun;
2
The
Somme;
3
Jutland;
4
The Russian Revival;
5
The Southern Theater
Chapter
VII
The War of Crisis
і
66
ι
The French Crisis;
2
The Passchendaele Tragedy;
3
The Capo-
retto Debacle;
4
The Russian Dropout
vii
viii CONTENTS
Chapter
VIII
CRISIS AT SEA AND AMERICAN INVOLVEMENT 2OO
ι
The
Handelskrieg; 2
The Maritime Crisis;
3
The Entry of the
United States into European Affairs
Chapter IX The War of Decision
257
1
The German Drives;
2
The Counteroffensive of the Allies;
3
The Collapse of Germany s Allies;
4
The End of the War
Chapter X The Revolution in Warfare
296
1
Technological Warfare;
2
Political Warfare;
3
Economic War¬
fare
Chapter XI The February Revolution in Russia
324
1
Roads to Revolution;
2
The Struggle over Constitutional Mon¬
archy;
3
Thunder on the Left;
4
The Overthrow of the Tsarist
State;
5
The Struggle for Control of the Revolution
Chapter
XII
The October Revolution in Russia
з
49
ι
The Radical Challenge;
2
The Search for Political Stability;
3
The Bolshevik Conquest of Power;
4
The Shaping of the Soviet
State
Chapter
XIII
THE REVOLUTION IN GERMANY
376
1
The October Revolution;
2
The Mass Revolution;
3
The Fight
over the Course of the Revolution;
4
The Defeat of the Radical
Left
Chapter
XIV
The Slavic Revolutions in Eastern
Europe
402
1
The Formation of National Programs and Organizations;
2
The Radicalization of the Political Movements;
3
The March
Toward National Independence;
4
The Triumph of the Slavic
Revolutions
Chapter XV THE ARRESTED REVOLUTIONS IN EASTERN
Europe
422
1
The Revolution Without Nationalism in Austria;
2
From Rev¬
olution to Counterrevolution in Hungary;
3
The Defeat of the
National Revolution in the Ukraine
Chapter
XVI
The Baltic Revolutions
437
1
The Estonian Revolution;
2
The Latvian Revolution;
3
The
Lithuanian Revolution;
4
The Finnish Revolution
CONTENTS ix
Chapter
XVII
The World Reshaped
455
1
Economic and Social Change;
2
The New International Order;
3
The War and the Western Mind
Bibliographical Essay
489
Index
519
INDEX
Illustrations are referred to by illustration number not by page number.
Abadan island,
102
Achí Baba,
111
Adriatic Sea,
12, 93, 99, 119;
Allied
blockade of,
123;
islands promised to
Italy,
12, 94;
Italo-Serbian rivalry in,
94, 156«, 407, 411-412, 419, 468;
U-boat bases in,
242
Aegean fleet, Anglo-French,
105-106,
108, 283
Aegean Islands,
99, 472
Aerial photography,
301
Afghanistan,
313
Africa: Allied mandates and protectorates
in,
472-473;
German political strategy
in,
313;
Italian ambitions in,
94, 472
African troops,
282
Agamemnon,
HMS,
284
Agriculture: Bolshevik collectivization,
368-369, 431;
war,
318;
war
adjustments in Britain,
319;
war
decrease in Austria-Hungary,
322;
war
effects for postwar period,
455
Air forces: British,
31, 135, 239, 262,
267, 277, 282, 302-303;
French,
30,
175;
German,
33, 135, 282, 302.
See
also Aviation, military; Planes, combat
Air raids,
301-303, 309
Airships,
33, 239, 302
Aisne River,
36, 51, 52, 168, 169,
171-172, 261, 266, 272
Albania*. Italian ambitions in,
93» 94, 98;
Italians in,
98, 156, 276
and n; Italians
expelled from,
462;
Serb occupation,
94, 97
Albatross fighter plane,
135
Alekseev, General Michael V.,
90, 340
Aleppo,
282
Alexander, King of Yugoslavia,
418
Alexandra, Tsarina,
90, 324, 331, 332,
333
Algeciras conference,
244
Allenby, General Sir Edmund,
170,
280-282, 283, 302
Allied Air Force,
302
Allied casualties: battle of the
Marne,
68;
First Ypres,
55;
at Gallipoli,
115;
in
1915
fall offensive,
81;
by end of
1915,
82;
at
Somme,
136;
Third Ypres,
180
Allied Maritime Transport Council,
320
Allied Supreme Council,
444.
See also
Supreme War Council
Allies, the,
12, 21, 64, 137-138;
antisubmarine warfare of,
31, 238-243,
273-274, 304, 305;
armistice with
Austria-Hungary,
278-279
and n;
armistice with Germany,
294-295;
in
Balkans campaigns,
97, 155-157,
274-276;
and Baltic nationalities,
439,
444, 446-448, 449, 452, 453-454;
blockade of and by, see Blockades;
British interests subordinated to France,
73, 76, 115, 116, 131;
Chantilly
conferences,
(1915) 124, 127, 131,
147, (1916) 167-168, 184, 188;
in
Constantinople,
284;
crisis year of
1917, 166, 186-188, 240;
eastern vs.
western strategy debate,
72-73;
economic cooperation,
320;
Foch
in
high command,
259-260, 266, 277;
frictions of
1915, 94, 97;
Greece and,
15-16, 97, 98, 107, 109, 156-157,
199;
Hungarian policy of,
279
and n,
428, 429, 431-432;
intervention against
Bolsheviks,
413
and n,
439, 473;
Italy
joins,
12, 92-95;
Italy a liability for,
186, 188;
Japanese agreement
(1917),
468, 469;
joined by Romania,
13, 92,
128, 151-152, 155, 157;
Mideast aims
and initiatives,
160-163, 468-469;
military superiority,
28, 130, 265; 1914
Marne
victory,
49-51, 63-64; 1915
spring offensive,
77-79; 1915
fail
519
52O
INDEX
Allies
(conťd)
offensive,
80-81; 1917
strategy,
168,
176-178; 1917
Western offensives,
169-173, 178-183; 1918
Balkans and
Italian offensives,
274-278; 1918
Western offensives,
175, 264-268, 269,
270-272;
Polish policy of,
419-420,
433;
prearmistice agreement,
289-293,
469;
propaganda activities of,
310
and
n,
311, 314, 376, 411, 412, 416, 468;
reaction to peace moves of
1916—18,
464, 467;
reaction to Russian
revolution,
192-193, 194, 349-350;
Rome conference
(1917), 168;
Russian
and Romanian defection from,
17, 166,
186, 188-189, 192, 197-199;
secret
commitments by,
468-469
(see also
London, treaty of; Sykes-Picot
agreement); separate peace feelers to
Austria,
464-465, 467;
shipping losses,
238, 240-241, 242, 273, 304;
and Slav
nationalities,
403, 408, 410-414, 417,
419-420;
total population figure,
28;
Turkey and,
14-15, 98, 100, 102;
U.S.
partiality toward,
245-246, 250, 251;
U.S. war cooperation,
253-254, 255;
Versailles peace treaty,
468—471,
474-475;
worry about Bolshevism,
467,
468, 470, 473-474.
See also France;
Great Britain; Italy; Russia; Triple
Entente; United States
Alsace-Lorraine,
42, 257, 293, 294, 467,
470
Aiverdes, Paul,
482
American Expeditionary Forces,
253-254,
261, 265, 270, 271, 293-294;
statistics,
253-254
Amiens,
44, 259, 262;
battle of,
267-268,
285
Amman,
282
Amphibious warfare,
114, 305-306.
See
also Gallipoli
Amusements, democratization of,
461, 462
Anatolia,
101, 472
Ancre
River,
131, 135
Andràssy,
Count Julius,
278
Anglo-Japanese alliance
(1902, 1911), 3,
16
Anglo-Persian Oil Company,
102
Anglo-Portuguese alliance,
16
Annexationists, German,
377, 415, 441,
442
Anschluss,
426;
prohibition of,
471, 472
Antisubmarine measures,
31, 238-243,
254, 273-274, 304, 305
Antoine,
General,
176, 178, 179
Antwerp,
41, 45, 294, 300;
fall of,
53
Anzacs,
107;
at GalHpoli beachhead,
110,
111-113,
U4,
115
AOK
(Armeeoberkommando,
Austria),
43«, 60
Arabian peninsula,
161
Arabic,
SS,
202, 248-249
Arabs,
102, 163-165, 280-282;
Allied
commitments to,
468, 469;
Allied
mandates over,
472-473;
British
exploitation of discontent,
163-165,
281, 314;
British policy ambiguities,
285;
Hejaz kingdom,
165, 472;
nationalism,
14, 162, 163, 281-282;
revolt against Turkey,
153, 161, 163,
164-165, 166, 280, 281, 284, 314;
seeds of Jewish conflict,
285;
Sykes-Picot agreement and,
285,
468-469
Ardennes,
44;
in French Plan
XVII, 38,
43
Argonne forest,
55, 80;
AEF in,
254,
271, 294
Aristocratic privilege,
4, 20, 62, 68, 306,
325;
decline,
364, 458-459
Armenia(ns),
14, 283, 472;
massacres,
309
Armentieres, 260
Armistice: Austrian,
278—279
and n; of
Brest-Litovsk,
197;
Bulgarian,
274, 276;
German quest for,
272, 274, 287,
288-293, 379;
German, terms of,
293—295
(see also Prearmistice
agreement); Hungarian,
279
and n,
428, 429;
of Riga
(1919), 444;
Romanian,
198;
with Turkey,
284
Armored cars,
300-301
Arms race, Anglo-German, An,
5,6, 18
Army League (U.S.),
252
Arras,
55, 78, 80, 134, 168, 169,
258-259;
battle of
(1917), 170;
The
Road from Arras to
Барайте,
illus.
71
Artillery,
62, 82, 297-299;
Austrian,
33,
41;
British,
31, 132, 178, 179;
French,
INDEX
521
Artillery
(conťd)
ЗО,
31, 175;
French 75-mm gun,
29,
30, 297;
French 400-mm gun,
133;
German,
30, 32, 77, 126, 179, 196,
297;
German howitzers,
30, 32, 44;
German hurricane bombardment,
183,
184, 196, 257-258, 259, 300;
Italian
bombarda,
154;
rolling (creeping)
barrage,
129, 135, 298-299
Art of World War I,
478, 480-482
Artois,
52, 80, 178;
Joffre s winter
1914
attack,
55, 70, 77;
second battle, spring
1915, 76, 77, 78-79;
third battle, fall
1915, 80
Asiago,
277
Asia Minor,
101, 472;
Italian aims in,
94
Asquith government, Britain,
116, 137
Athens,
157
Atlantic Concentration,
320
Atlantic Ocean, convoy system,
241, 304
Atrocities, charges and countercharges,
309
Attlee, Sir Clement,
115
Attrition strategy,
83, 134, 136-137
A ufilutu ng
auf der Stelle, 125, 128,
129-130
Aurora, the,
360
Australian troops: in Mideast,
104, 282;
at
Gallipoli,
107, 115
{see also Anzacs); in
France,
171, 178, 262, 267, 269
Austria (German),
422-427;
Communist
uprisings subdued,
399, 401, 402, 423,
424, 425;
constitution of
1920, 426;
democratic republic formed,
423-427;
peace treaty,
423-424, 426, 462,
471-472;
prohibition of Anschluss,
426,
471, 472;
socialist reforms,
402, 425
Austria-Hungary (Dual Empire),
19,
20-21, 402-403, 411;
Allied political
and propaganda activities against,
314,
411, 412, 416;
in arms race,
6;
authoritarian rule,
18, 19, 402;
in
balance of power scheme,
1-3;
Bulgaria
and,
12, 13-14;
and Caporetto,
185,
188;
collapse of,
263, 276-279, 287,
314, 402;
Czech independence
movement in,
403-404, 409, 410, 414,
416-417;
decline,
2, 6, 18, 64;
dissolution of,
263, 278-279, 402, 411,
412, 415, 416-419, 422, 423, 433,
462;
food shortages,
263, 277, 314,
322, 455;
and Fourteen Points,
278;
German blank check to
(1914), 7,
8-10;
as German coalition partner,
60,
64, 185;
Italy and,
11-12, 93, 94;
Italian war declaration on,
12, 95;
member of Dual Alliance,
3, 8-Ю,
278;
member of Triple Alliance,
3;
and
Mitteleuropa
concept,
322-323;
nationality problems,
2, 6, 9, 13, 18,
19, 21, 33, 59, 64, 84, 277-278, 314,
402-403, 408-411, 414-419; 1914
strategic plan of,
37-38, 58; 1914
Galícián
campaign,
58, 59-61; 1914
Serbian campaign debacle,
58—59;
1914-15
Carpathian winter campaign,
76;
in
1915
eastern campaigns,
83-84,
85-86, 88-89, 91; 1915
warfare against
Italy,
95-96; 1915
Serbian campaign,
96-98; 1916
Isonzó
battles,
184, 185;
in I9I6 Romanian campaign,
159-160;
1916
Trentino
offensive,
148, 150,
152, 154-155
and n;
1918
Trentino
offensive,
262;
peace bids of
1917-18,
153, 268, 278, 410, 416, 464-465;
and
Polish independence movement,
404-405, 409-410, 419;
in prewar
crises,
6-7; Reichs
rat meeting of May
1917, 408-409;
Romania and,
12-13;
separate armistice,
278—279, 287;
separate peace issue,
60, 64, 153, 268,
278, 464-465, 467;
South Slav
independence movement in,
407-408,
409, 414, 417-419;
subversive and
propaganda activities of,
311-312, 313;
technological lag of,
2, 34;
Turkey and,
15, 98;
Ukrainian minority of,
406-407, 409;
war economy,
322;
war
fatigue,
124, 127,
I66,
167, 184.
See
also Austro-Serbian conflict; Central
Powers
Austrian army,
33-34, 423, 424;
casualties of
1914
(Serbia,
Galicia),
59;
casualties of
1915
(Carpathia),
85;
casualties of
1916, 149, 153;
casualties
of
1918
in
Trentino,
262;
ethnic
disintegration of,
33, 59, 60, 84, 150,
195, 263, 277-278, 314;
Polish troops
in,
405-406;
subordinated to German
command,
153;
on verge of collapse,
522
INDEX
Austrian army (cont d)
149-150, 153, 154, 262-263,
276-279, 314;
weaponry,
33, 41
Austro-Serbian conflict,
6-10, 11, 17;
German attempts at localization of,
9-Ю, 34;
ultimatum,
7, 8, 17;
war
declaration,
7
Autocracy: monarchic,
18, 21, 306, 408;
monarchic, in Austria-Hungary,
18, 19,
402;
monarchic, in Germany,
18
and n,
376, 385;
monarchic, German, Wilson s
demand for end of,
290, 292, 314,
381, 385;
monarchic, in Russia,
18,
189, 190, 324-325, 329-331, 334,
371;
of Soviet state,
366, 371-374
Auxiliary Service Law (Germany),
320
Aviation, military,
34, 135, 397;
technology of,
301-303.
See also Air
forces; Planes, combat
Bacon, Admiral,
105«
Bagdad,
162, 163, 166;
fall of,
280, 282
Bagdad railway,
14, 101
Bairnsfather, Bruce, Old Bill, illus.
18
Baker, Newton D.,
255
Baku oilfields,
104, 282, 283
Balance of power, in Europe,
1-5, 20-21,
22, 26, 243, 463
Balfour, Lord Arthur James,
147
Balfour Declaration,
284-285
Balkans,
17, 37, 60, 71, 72, 75, 113,
115, 150,
map
158, 199;
Allied
expeditionary force,
97, 155-157;
Austro-Russian rivalry,
6-7, 8—9,
12-14;
Central Power campaigns in,
56,
58-59, 90, 92, 95, 96-98, 159-160;
I talo-
Austrian rivalry,
11;
Italo-Serbian
rivalry,
94, 156«, 407, 419;
ItaloRussian differences,
93; 1917
fighting,
196; 1918
fighting,
274-276;
postwar border adjustments,
279,
420-421, 471-472;
war belligerent
alignments,
12-16, 86, 92, 96, 128,
151-152, 155, 199
Balkan Wars,
6-7, 9, 12, 13, 99, 275
Baltic barons,
437, 439, 440, 441-442,
443
Baltic countries: revolutions of,
437^454;
separation from Russia,
438-440, 443,
444, 448-449, 454;
termination of
German influence,
439, 443-444,
448-449, 453.
See also Estonia; Finland;
Latvia; Lithuania
Baltic
Landeswehr, 442, 443
Baltic Sea,
117, 119, 147, 330, 452;
British blockade,
305, 447
Banat,
279, 420-421
Bapaume,
135;
The Road from Arras to
Bapaume, illus.
71
Barbusse,
Henri,
457, 480, 482
Baruch, Bernard M.,
255
Basra,
102, 163
Battle of Frontiers
(1914), 44
Battles, number of,
296
Battleships: dreadnought,
18, 31;
predreadnought,
31;
U.S.,
254
Bauer, Gustav, 379
Bauer, Colonel Max,
286«
Bavaria: Eisner revolution in,
383-384,
385, 389, 397;
second and third
(communist) revolutions
(1919),
397-399, 425;
separatism,
383
Bavarian People s party,
384
Bayonets,
34, 175
B case of Austrian strategy,
37-38
Beatty, Admiral Sir David,
121, 122, 139,
140-141, 145, 146-147
Beaumont,
135
Bebel, August,
26
Beck, Captain
Ludwig, 285«
Beisan,
282
Belgian army,
32, 34, 53, 55, 176, 178,
260, 271
Belgium,
467;
in armistice terms,
294;
in
French strategic plans,
38—39;
German
invasion of,
8, 41-42, 64, 308, 309;
German occupation,
53, 66, 68,
321-322, 457;
indemnification of,
378;
in Schlieffen plan,
35, 36, 297;
U-boat
bases in,
177, 242
Belgrade,
407;
bombardment of,
7;
Austrian seizure, then loss of,
58-59
Belleau Wood, AEF at,
254, 261
Belligerents, number of,
296
Belorussia,
90
Below, General Fritz
von, 132, 133, 134,
185
Benedict XV, Pope,
465
Beneš, Eduard,
404
Berchtold, Count Leopold,
7, 9, 17
INDEX
523
Bergson, Henri,
38
Berlin,
37, 389;
Communist
agitation in,
395-396, 397;
November
1918
revolution,
382, 383, 385-386,
387-388;
peace term protest, illus.
96;
putchist disorders, Dec.
1918, 394;
uprising of Jan.
1919, 389, 395-396,
illus.
90;
Workers and Soldiers
Councils of,
389, 391-393, 394;
war
enthusiasm of
1914,
illus.
1
Berlin Secession artists,
481
Bermondt, Colonel Paul,
444, 448
Bessarabia,
420, 433
Bethmann Hollweg, Theobald
von, 5, 7,
8, 10-11, 17, 20, 72, 75, 83, 118, 308,
322, 415«, 476,
illus.
4;
peace note of
Dec.
1916, 204, 464,
illus.
21;
and
U-boat warfare,
200, 201, 202-203,
204, 237
Bielefeld t,
Bruno, Die Geflüchteten,
illus.
60
Bismarck,
Fürst Otto von, 376;
Reich
of,
321
Black Sea,
15, 159, 161;
German-Turkish
control of,
99-100;
reopened,
284
Blitzkrieg,
35, 125;
failure of,
43, 51, 52,
55, 61-62;
of future,
301
Bloch, Jan,
69«
Blockades,
146, 147, 273-274, 316-318;
Allied, of Central Powers,
70, 74, 75,
92, 117, 118-119, 123, 137,
I66,
200,
246-247, 294,
ЗОЗя,
304-305, 309,
317, 320, 321, 447, 471;
Allied, of
Soviet Russia,
447, 473;
Allied,
planning for,
39, 40;
German, of
Britain,
71, 92, 122-123, 200,
201-204, 238-243, 247-248;
of Russia,
317, 330
Blok,
Alexander,
484-485, 486
Blunden,
Edmund,
483
Bohemia, Germans of,
424, 426.
See also
Sudetenland
Bolshevik Provisional Workers and
Peasants Government of the Ukraine,
435
Bolsheviks, Bolshevism,
463, 474;
activities in Austria,
423, 425;
agitation
in Italy,
184, 185;
Big Four concern
with, at Paris peace conference,
467,
468, 470, 473-474;
in Estonia,
438,
439;
in Finland,
451;
in Germany,
198;
German resistance to,
388, 389,
395-399, 400;
in Hungary,
425, 427,
429-432;
in Latvia,
439, 441, 443-444;
in Lithuania,
446-447, 448
Bolsheviks, Russian,
189, 192, 194, 195,
316, 327-329, 333-337, 343, 345,
370, 434;
ascendancy of,
196-198, 346,
348, 350-353, 356-359;
attempts to
overthrow Provisional Government,
349, 352-353;
membership rise,
354;
in peace parley of
1918, 197-198, 465;
PoW indoctrination by,
458;
revolution,
197, 282, 313, 343, 344, 357,
359-366, 438, 441, 450, 460;
Sixth
Congress of,
353, 354;
and Western
help to White Russians,
413, 473-
See
also Communism
Bombing, air,
301-303, 309
Bordeaux, French government move to,
46
Boris III, King of Bulgaria,
276
Borkum,
117
Bosnia,
6;
and Herzegovina,
418
Bourgeois-democratic revolutions,
328,
341, 344, 365, 388, 389, 390, 400,
450
Bourgeoisie,
459-460;
absence in
Ukraine,
436;
elimination in Russia,
364, 458;
of postwar Germany,
400
Bratianu, I. C,
157
Bremen,
389;
Communist dictatorship in,
397
Breslau,
the,
99-Ю0,
119
Brest-Litovsk,
88, 89;
armistice of,
197;
peace treaty,
198, 363, 370, 415, 438,
439, 441, 446, 452;
treaty renounced,
292-295;
Ukrainian treaty,
197, 198,
434
Briand,
Aristide,
81, 126, 169
Briey basin,
68
Brinkmanship diplomacy, prewar,
5
and n,
22
British Admiralty,
31, 53, 105-106, 108,
111,
117, 119, 121, 139, 144, 145,
146-147, 177, 240-241
and
я,
302
British armies,
30-31;
in Balkans,
156,
275-276;
BEF
in battle of
Marne,
48,
49, 51;
BEF
in Flanders,
52-54, 55;
BEF
reorganized and reinforced
524
INDEX
British armies (cont d)
(1914-15), 77;
casualties at First Ypres,
55;
casualties by end of
1915, 82;
casualties of
Somme
offensive,
133,
136;
casualties spring
1918, 261;
casualties of Third Ypres
(Passchendaele),
180;
casualties, ratio of
male population,
458«;
command,
77,
81, 259-260;
diversionary attack at
Arras
(1917), 170-171;
divisions sent
to Italy,
180, 183, 188, 277;
First,
(1915) 77, (1917) 170;
Fifth,
(1917)
171, 178-179, (1918) 258-259;
Fourth,
(1916) 132, (1918) 267;
New
Armies,
77, 131, 132, 137, 138;
in
1915
campaigns,
76, 77-79, 80-81;
1917
morale damage,
181;
in
1918,
258-261, 265, 267-268, 270, 271;
number mobilized,
296;
Second
(1917),
178;
Tank Corps,
183;
Territorial
forces,
30, 77, 131, 132;
Third,
(1915)
77, (1917) 170, 182-183;
at Third
Ypres (Passchendaele),
178-182;
weaponry,
31, 77, 133, 300, 302-303
British Empire,
11, 39, 102;
war
participation,
296.
See also Australian
troops; Canadian troops; Indian troops;
New Zealand troops
British Expeditionary Force
(BEF),
30,
39, 43-46, 48, 73, 77.
See also British
armies
British Ministry of Munitions,
80
British Royal Navy,
119.
See
aho
Grand
Fleet; Mediterranean Fleet
Bronsart
von Schellendorf,
Colonel Fritz,
101
Broodseinde,
179
Brooke, Rupert,
477-478
Broquet,
Léon,
drawing by, illus.
23
Brotfrieden, 197
Bruchmüüer,
Colonel
Georg,
196, 258,
259
Bruges,
53;
U-boat base at,
242
Brunswick,
385;
Communist dictatorship,
397
Brusilov, General
Α. Α.,
128, 136,
148-152, 154, 157, 159, 184, 188
Brussels,
36;
German occupation of,
41,
45
Bryan, William Jennings,
250, 464
Bucharest: German seizure of,
159; 1913
treaty of (Balkans crisis),
12, 13, 15,
430; 1918
peace treaty of,
198, 294
Budapest,
263, 427—429;
proclamation of
Hungarian Soviet Republic in, illus.
91;
Romanian threat and occupation
(1919), 431,432
Bukharin, Nikolai,
370, 373
Bukovina,
83, 149, 151, 196;
Romanian
acquisition of,
420—421, 433;
Ukrainians of,
406, 433
Bulgaria,
9, 12-13, 15, 37, 86, 98, 157,
199, 311;
joins war,
14, 92, 96-97;
in
1916
Balkans warfare,
155-156, 159,
274-276;
surrender,
272, 274-276,
277, 288;
treaty of Neuilly
(1919),
462, 471-472
Bulgarian army,
274—276;
casualties,
275
Bullitt, William C,
473
Bülow,
Prince
Bernhard von, 93, 94
Bülow,
General
Karl von, 43, 45-46,
48-49, 63
Bundesrat
(Germany),
380
Bunin, Ivan, 484
Bureaucracy,
459;
German, unreformed,
390;
Soviet,
374
and n
Burian
von
Rajecz, Count
Stephan von,
278
Büttner, Erich, 481; Triumph
of
War, illus.
67
Byng, General Sir Julian, 182, 259
Cable censorship, British,
307
Cadorna, General
Luigi,
95, 148,
154-155, 156«, 185-186, 188
Calais, 53
Cambrai:
offensive
of
1917, 181,
182-183, 184;
British capture of
1918,
271
Canadian troops, in France,
77, 78, 123,
135, 170, 180, 267
Cantigny, AEF capture of,
254
Capitulations, abolition of,
15, 99, 472
Caporetto,
166, 180, 183, 184, 185-186,
188, 257, 258
Carden,
Admiral Sackville H.,
106
Carol I, King of Romania,
13
Carpathians,
61, 76, 195; 1915
campaign,
83-84, 85; 1916
campaign,
148, 149,
151, 157, 159
INDEX
525
Carpatho-Ukraine,
406, 433
Carriers,
first use of,
305-306
Carson, Sir Edmund,
147
Carso plateau,
95, 155
Casement, Sir Roger,
312, 313
Caspian Sea,
283
Castelnau, General
Edouard de, 81
Casualties: Allied, by end of
1915, 82;
Austrian, in Serbia and
Galicia,
59;
Austrian of
1916, 149, 153;
Austrian,
in
Trentino offensive
of
1918, 262;
in
Brusilov campaign
(1916), 151;
in
Carpathian campaign of
1915, 84;
Chemin des
Dames
(1917), 172«;
at
end of
1914, 68;
First Ypres,
55;
Franco-Prussian War,
296;
French total
by mid-1917,
173;
at Gallipoli,
115;
German East Front of
1916, 153;
Italian, in
Isonzó
battles,
96, 184;
Italian of
1916, 154;
Italian, by
1917,
184;
in
Marne
battle, 68y
1915
Western
Front fall offensive,
81;
in
1918
offensives,
261, 263, 266;
ratio to male
population,
458«;
Russian at
Tannenberg, 57;
Russian of
1915, 91;
Somme
(1916), 133, 136, 296;
Third
Ypres (Passchendaele),
180;
total
number killed,
24, 296;
total number
wounded,
296;
at Verdun
(1916), 129
Cattaro, U-boat base at,
242
Caucasus,
90, 102, 104, 105, 115, 160,
161, 162, 282, 344
Cavalry,
34, 62, 63;
Allied vs. Central
Power division strength,
28;
Austrian,
33;
British,
30;
British, in Mideast,
282;
French,
29;
German,
32;
Russian,
28
Cavell, Edith,
309
Censorship,
306-307
Center Party (Germany),
19, 288, 292,
293, 377, 400, 445
Central Council of the Workers and
Soldiers Councils (Germany),
392,
393, 395, 396
Central Powers,
5, 9-Ю, 12, 465;
armistice and peace with Russia and
Romania,
197-199;
Balkan allies of,
12-15, 96;
Balkans campaign of
1915,
96-98;
Balkans warfare of
1916,
155-156, 159-160;
blockade of and by,
see Blockades; coalition campaigns on
Eastern Front,
56, 58, 60-62, 64,
83-86, 88-90, 148-151, 152-153;
coalition problems of
1916, 152-153,
154-155;
coalition warfare in Italy
(Caporetto),
185;
collapse of,
274-295;
crisis year of
1917, 166, 257;
disagreement over peace bid,
278, 287;
eastern vs. western strategy debate,
73-75, 83;
encirclement of,
70, 75;
Greece and,
15, 97, 156-157, 199;
Italy and,
12, 93, 94-95;
joined by
Bulgaria,
12, 92, 96-97;
joined by
Turkey,
14-15, 92, 98-100;
after
Marne
defeat,
51, 64;
Mideast aims and
initiatives of,
160-162;
military
inferiority to Allies, at outset of war,
28, 34, 130; 1917
strategies,
168-169,
185;
peace appeal of
1916, 464;
peace
moves of
1917-18, 464-466;
and
Polish questions,
405-406, 409, 415;
propaganda efforts and intrigues in
U.S.,
311-312;
reaction to Russian
revolution,
192-193;
Southern Army
of,
84;
total population figure,
28;
and
Ukraine,
197, 198, 434-435.
See also
Austria-Hungary; Bulgaria; Dual
Alliance; Germany; Triple Alliance;
Turkey
Cèsis,
battle of,
443
Chalons,
264
Champagne,
262;
first battle
(1914), 55,
70, 77;
second battle
(1915), 76, 77,
80
Channel Fleet, British,
119
Chantille conferences: of
1915, 124, 127,
131, 147;
of
1916, 167-168, 184, 188
Charleroi
after the Battle
(Paulus),
Ніш.
63
Château-Thierry, AEF
at,
254, 261
Cheka, 372-373, 374
Chemin des Dames:
1917 offensive, 166,
169, 171-173; 1917
German
counterattack,
176; 1918
German
attack,
261-262
Chernov, Viktor,
334-335, 346
China,
16, 469, 472-473
Chkheidze,
N.
S.,
340
Chlorine gas,
78
Christian Social party (Austria),
423, 426
ChunukBair,
109, 110,
111
Churches, Christian, and war,
477, 479
52Ó
INDEX
Churchill, Winston, An, 5n, In,
23, 27,
141, 167, 269;
at Admiralty,
53, 117;
eastern and peripheral strategy
advocate,
72, 117;
and Gallipoli,
105
and n,
108,
111,
113 ,
removed from
Admiralty, 111,
117;
on submarine
warfare,
238;
on Third Ypres,
180
Class conflict,
21, 26, 189
Class structure,
4, 20, 68;
changes,
458-460
Clausewitz doctrine,
25
Clemenceau,
Georges,
79, 167, 261, 279,
474,
¿Hus.
12;
and Slav national
movements,
412;
and Turkish armistice,
284;
at Versailles conference,
467,
illus.
94
Coal,
317, 322, 330;
German crisis of
1916-17, 321;
northern France,
68,
318;
trade convoys,
240, 241;
wartime
production decline,
455
Colonialism,
472—473.
See also Imperialism
Comintern (Third International),
336,
374-375, 398, 430«
Commerce-raiders, German,
71, 120, 303.
See also U-boat warfare
Committee for Struggle with
Counterrevolution,
357
Communism,
335, 359;
determinism,
365;
war (Russia),
368
and n,
369, 371,
374;
world,
374-375
Communist International. See Comintern
Communist Manifesto,
335
Communist parties: Austrian,
399, 401,
402, 423, 424-425;
Finnish,
453;
German,
393, 395-399;
German, in
Bavaria,
397-399;
Hungarian,
429-431, 432;
Lithuanian,
446-447;
Russian,
370-374
Compiègne,
47, 262, 293;
April
1917
conference at,
169-170
and
«
Congress of Councils of National
Economy, All-Russian,
368
Congress of Oppressed Nationalities,
412
Congress of Soviets, All-Russian,
353,
358, 360, 361, 363, 366-367, 368;
central executive committee,
367
Congress of Poland,
404, 409, 410
Conrad
von Hötzendorf,
Count Franz,
37,
59,60,62,75,83-84,85,89,152,
167;
and Balkans campaign,
98;
Italian
campaigns of,
85, 95, 150, 154-155
and n,
186
Conservative party (Britain),
460
Conservatives (Germany),
18, 293, 377,
387
Constantine,
King of Greece,
15,
156-157, 199;
deposed,
276«
Constantinople,
73, 105, 114, 283, 472;
Central Power controlled route to,
74,
97, 100-101;
defense of,
101, 280;
occupation by Allies,
284;
Russian
claims to,
94;
Treaties of
(1914), 14-15
Constituent Assembly (Germany),
391,
392
Constituent Assembly (Russia),
344, 357,
358, 364-365, 366, 370, 371
Constitutional monarchy: in Germany,
268, 272, 288-290, 376, 379-380;
Russian struggle for,
324, 326-327,
329-333, 340
Continental System, Napoleonic,
316, 322
Convoy system,
240-242, 273, 304;
for
troop transports,
123, 240;
U.S. Navy
involvement,
254
Corfu,
97, 418;
Declaration of,
411, 412«
Corinth,
Lovis,
481
Cossacks,
191, 329, 338, 351, 352, 355,
363
Council for the Baltic States,
442
Council of National Defense (U.S.),
253,
255
Council of People s Commissars
(Germany),
387, 389, 390-392, 393,
394-395;
Bavaria,
398-399
Council (Soviet) of People s Commissars
(Sovnarkom),
361, 363, 364, 366, 368,
370, 372, 450
Courland,
85, 86, 88, 438, 440, 441,
442;
liberation of,
443
Cracow,
84, 85, 409, 419
Cradock, Admiral Sir Christopher,
120
Creeping (rolling) barrage,
129, 135,
298-299
Crişane,
420
Crises, political, of
1905-14, 5-6, 23
Croats,
278, 407, 408, 411, 414, 418
Crown Council (Germany),
237, 268, 286
Cruisers,
31-32, 140-146;
U.S.,
254
Cruiser warfare,
119, 120-122, 202, 203,
204, 238, 248, 249, 304
INDEX
527
Currencies,
455, 456
Czechoslovakia,
432, 470;
genesis of,
403-404, 413-414, 416-417;
German
minority in,
417, 424;
recognized,
414,
417
Czechoslovak legion,
410, 413-414
Czechoslovak National Council,
404, 410,
412-413, 416;
defacto
belligerent,
414
Czechs,
416;
army contingent in Russia,
198, 404, 410, 413-414;
army formed
in Italy,
412-413;
in Austrian armed
forces,
33-34, 195;
national movement,
403-404, 409, 410, 412-414
Czech Union,
404
Czernin, Count Ferdinand,
464«,
465-466
Czernowitz,
90, 149, 196
Dalmaţia:
Allied promises to Italy,
94,
419, 468;
Croats of,
407;
Yugoslav
aims in,
411, 419
Damascus,
164, 281, 282
D Annunzio, Gabriele,
95, 188, 487
Danube River,
96, 159
Danzig, Free City of,
471
Dardanelles,
74, 76, 85, 92, 98, 105-117,
119, 120, 137, 284;
Anglo-French
naval action at,
105, 106, 108-109,
116;
submarines at,
305, 306.
See also
Gallipoli; Straits, the
Dardanelles Commission,
115
Dardanelles Committee, 111,
113
Declaration of Corfu,
411, 412»
Declaration of Geneva,
418
Declaration of London,
247
Declaration of Rights of the Toiling and
Exploited People,
367
Declaration of Soldiers Rights,
192
Defensive warfare,
30, 35, 51, 68-69, 70,
297-298;
Allied arguments lost in favor
of offense (turn of
1916/17), 137-138,
167-168;
defense in depth,
298;
German underestimate of,
54, 297;
German use of,
79, 80, 82, 131,
168-169, 258;
Pétain s
switch to,
174-175;
use by British,
258
De
Gaulle, Charles,
26
De Haviland
planes,
132
Delbrück, Hans,
4«
Demobilization,
457
Democracy,
4, 21, 306, 459-462,
474—475;
Anglo-American liberal
concept, at Versailles,
463, 470, 471,
474;
in Austria,
423-427;
Baltic
revolutions,
437-449, 453;
in Germany,
272, 288, 292, 388, 393, 400-401;
pressures on Versailles peacemaking,
467-468;
Russian hopes,
190, 326,
330-331, 338, 341;
Russian reforms of
1917, 343-344;
Russian revolution s
negation of,
351-353, 358, 364-365,
371;
shortlived in Hungary,
427-429,
433;
Slav revolutions,
402, 408, 412;
Wilsonian principle,
291, 292, 315
Democratic Bloc (Latvia),
441, 442
Democratic centralism of Lenin,
328
Democratic party (Germany),
384, 400
Democratic peace,
190, 192, 194-195,
334-336, 349
Denikin, Anton,
363
Denmark,
465;
volunteers in Baltic,
439,
451
Depth charges,
242, 304
Dera,
281
De Robeck,
Admiral John
M.,
106, 108
Desertions: French army in
1917, 173,
186;
German army in
1918, 263;
Italian army in
1917, 185, 186;
of Slavs
from Austrian army,
59, 60, 150, 277
Destroyers,
32, 239;
U.S.,
254;
U.S. aid
to Britain,
240
Deutsch,
Julius,
424, 425
Devambez, André, Le charbon,
t Hus.
54
Diaz, General Armando,
188, 262, 277
Dictatorship of the proletariat,
353,
364, 366, 371, 398
Directory, Ukrainian,
433-434, 435
Dirigibles,
33, 239, 302
Disarmament, German unilateral,
471
Dix,
Otto,
481-482;
The War IV/
5:
Bombing of Lens,
Mus.
1Ъ
Djemal Pasha,
14
Dmowski, Roman,
404, 405, 409, 420
Dniester River,
149, 195
Dobruja,
157, 159, 275
Dodecanese Islands,
94, 472
Dogger Bank, battle at,
122, 140«
Dolcbstoss legend,
286, 294«
Domergue, Jean Gabriel,
Nuit blanche,
Mus.
55
5 28
INDEX
Doorn,
William
II
in
exile at,
387
DouHens, conference at,
259
Dover, Straits of,
119, 242, 273, 304
Dreadnought ships,
18, 31, 119, 138
Dual Alliance,
3, 8-Ю, 278.
See also
Central Powers
Dual Empire. See Austria-Hungary
Dukla
Pass,
61
Duma (Russia),
189-190, 326, 327«,
331-332, 333, 337, 338, 339-340,
342, 348;
Provisional Committee of,
340, 341, 342
Dunajec
River,
59, 60-61, 83
Duncan, Isadora,
477
Dunkirk,
53, 261
Durazzo,
98
Dürer, Albrecht,
482
Dvina
River, 147, 440
Dvinsk,
147
Dyarchy, rejection of,
341-342
and
я
Eastern Europe: national movements of,
403-416;
national revolutions of,
402,
416-421, 422, 437-454;
social change
in,
459
Eastern Front,
55, 72,
map
87, 298;
Austrian strategic plans,
37-38, 55, 58;
German strategic plans,
37, 55, 83;
in
1914, 46, 54, 55-62; 1915
campaigns,
83-86, 88-91; 1916
Brusilov offensive,
128, 136, 148-152, 157; 1916
Russian
diversionary offensives,
147-148,
150-152; 1917
campaigns,
195-196;
Russian planning,
40, 56, 59, 83
Eastern vs. western strategies,
72-75;
British easterners,
72, 117, 168;
German debate,
54, 62, 83, 152
East Karelia,
454
East Prussia,
37, 40, 84;
Memel
separated
from,
447;
Moltke s transfer of troops
to,
45, 65;
refugees,
458,
¡Hus.
60;
Russian threat to,
56-58, 61, 83, 84-85
Ebert, Fritz,
386-388, 389-392, 394-395,
396, 399, 401,
Mus.
89
Economic warfare,
296, 306, 316-323.
See
also Blockades
Economy, European postwar,
455—457
Education, changes in,
461
Education Act (Britain,
1918), 461
Egypt,
102-104, 115, 281, 284, 313;
British protectorate,
472
Eichhorn,
Emil,
395
Eisner, Kurt,
383-384, 397
Eliot,
T. S.,
479, 485-486
Emden, the,
120
Encirclement, German fear of,
3, 9, 10,
22
English Channel,
146
Entente. See Triple Entente
Enver Pasha,
14, 98-99, 100, 101, 102,
104, 108, 115, 161, 162, 282, 284
Epernay,
264
Epinal-Toul-Nancy sector
(1914), 43
Epirus,
156, 276«
Erzberger, Matthias,
293, 294, 445-446
Erzurum (fortress),
104, 161
Esenin, Sergey,
484
Estonia,
437-440, 443;
autonomy decree
(1917), 437;
Bolsheviks of,
438,
439-440;
declaration of independence
(1918), 438;
German occupation,
438—439;
international recognition,
439, 444;
Treaty of Riga,
439
Estonian Soviet Republic,
438, 439
Ethnic unity, principle of,
94, 445, 475
Euphrates River,
102, 161, 282
Europe: death of old order,
26, 458-459,
462-463;
disunity of socialist and labor
movements in,
375;
effects of World
War I on,
26, 455-462;
traditional
balance of power,
1-5, 20-21, 22, 243,
463;
U.S. involvement in,
243-245,
250-256, 463
Evan-Thomas, Admiral H.,
139, 141
Faivre, Jules Abel, poster by, illus.
35
Falkenhayn, General Erich
von, 51-52,
54-55, 74-75
and n,
76, 269,
illus.
5;
and battle of the
Somme,
128, 133,
136;
and battle of Verdun,
74, 75, 125,
127, 128, 129-130, 201, 202, 203;
limited war aims,
71, 90, 98;
in Mideast
theater,
116, 280;
missed
opportunities charge against,
75, 89;
and
1914
eastern campaign,
60, 62, 74;
and
1915
eastern campaigns,
85, 86,
88-90;
and
1915
Balkans campaign,
85,
89, 90, 95, 96, 97-98; 1916
strategic
INDEX
529
Falkenhayn (cont d)
plan of (Aufilutung),
124-125,128,
129-130, 237;
relieved from command,
128, 134, 152, 202;
Romanian
conquest,
159-160;
and U-boat warfare,
74, 125, 201, 202, 203, 237;
view of
Italian campaigns,
154—155;
western
strategy advocate,
62, 74, 83, 89;
and
Ypres,
53-54, 71, 74
Falkland Islands, naval battle of,
120
Fascism, in Italy,
95, 487
Fayolle, General
Emile,
132, 134, 188
Federation of Labor Unions of Finland,
450
Feisal, Emir,
164, 280-281, 282
Ferdinand, King of Bulgaria,
13, 275,
276
Feudalism, remnants of,
18, 21
Finances, postwar,
456
Finland,
437, 449-454;
background
history,
449;
declaration of
independence,
450;
Estonia aided by,
439;
German links to,
449, 451, 452,
453;
international recognition of,
450,
453-454;
Red Guard vs. White Corps
civil war,
450—453;
Red regime,
450-451, 453
Fisher, Sir John,
39, 106,
111,
117, 122
Fiume,
93-94;
yielded to Italy,
264
Flagg,
James Montgomery, recruitment
poster by, illus.
34
Flamethrowers,
126, 298
Flanders,
52-53, 131; 1914
battle of,
53-54, 55, 70; 1917
summer offensive
in,
176-182, 184; 1918
German
offensive,
260-261, 266; 1918
Allied
counteroffensive,
271;
U-boat bases in,
177, 203, 242, 273
Flemish separatism,
314
Foch,
Marshal Ferdinand,
30, 38, 47, 49,
53, 54-55, 76, 299,
illus,
8;
armistice
terms,
293;
chief of general staff,
173,
188, 253;
in command of Allies in
West,
259-262, 264, 265, 266-267,
270, 272, 277, 294;
warns against
Third Ypres,
177
Fokker
monoplane,
126, 132
Food shortages,
318, 455;
avoided in
Britain,
319;
Austria,
263, 277, 314,
322, 455;
France,
174;
Germany,
137,
263, 314, 321, 322, 455;
Russia,
189,
337-338, 350, 369
Ford, Ford Madox,
482
Foringer, A. E., poster by, illus.
40
Fort Douaumont,
126, 127, 129
Fortress guns,
297, 298
Fort Vaux,
128, 129
Fourteen Points,
252, 276, 278, 410,
416, 465;
as basis for peace settlement,
288, 289, 291-292, 466, 469
France,
Anatole,
477
France: in arms race,
6;
in balance of
power scheme,
1-3;
and Baltic national
movements,
439, 444, 448, 450, 454;
in battle of Verdun,
126-127, 129-130;
Briand government,
81, 126, 169;
Chemin des
Dames offensive
(1917),
166, 169, 171-173;
Clemenceau
government,
167, 474;
near collapse
after
Chemin des
Dames,
166, 172;
Czechoslovak troops in,
410;
Czechoslovakia recognized by,
417;
domination of Allied strategy by,
73,
76, 115, 116, 131, 168, 169;
early war
reverses,
42—44;
economic effects of
war,
457;
in Entente,
3, 5, 10;
Italy
and,
93—94;
Japanese agreement of
1917, 469;
Marne
counteroffensive,
47-48
and n,
49-51;
mobilization,
8,
41; 1915
spring offensive criticized,
79-80; 1916
change of high command,
124, 167;
North in German hands,
68,
76, 318, 322, 457;
offensive vs.
defensive schools of thought,
30, 38,
82;
Polish exiles and troops in,
410,
414, 415, 419;
postwar national debt,
456;
in prearm
ističe
negotiations,
290,
293;
press policy,
307;
in prewar crises,
6—7;
propaganda activities,
308, 310,
311;
protectorates and mandates,
472;
question of separate peace,
113;
refugees,
457,
illus.
56;
Ribot
government,
169;
and Slav national
movements,
412-413, 414, 419;
and
Somme
campaign,
124, 127, 130, 131,
133, 136, 138;
sphere of influence in
Mideast,
285, 468-469;
strategic Plan
XVII, 38-39, 42, 43;
strategy debate,
5
ЗО
INDEX
France (cont
d)
turn of
1914-15, 72-73;
Turkey and,
14, 98;
Versailles search for security,
470-471;
war economy,
318, 320;
war
fatigue,
130, 166, 167.
See also Allies;
French armies; Western Front
Franchet d Esperey, General Louis,
47,
274, 276, 279
Franco-German War of
1870-71, 28, 51,
296
Franz-Ferdinand, Archduke of Austria,
6
Franz-Joseph, Emperor,
9, 19,
illus.
6;
obsequies for, illus.
28
Free Corps,
389, 396, 399, 400, 401,
457;
Iron Division of, Latvia,
443, 444,
448
French, Field Marshal Sir John,
44, 45,
63, 77«. 80;
recall of,
81
French air force,
30
French armies,
29-30, 34;
in Balkans,
155-156, 274-276;
casualties by end of
1914, 68;
casualties by end of
1915,
82-83;
casualties at Verdun,
129, 130;
casualties in spring of
1918, 261;
casualties, ratio to male population,
458
n; casualty total by mid-1917,
173;
Chemin des
Dames casualties,
172«;
divisions sent to Italy,
188, 277;
Fifth
(1914), 42, 43-47, 49;
First,
(1914)
42, (1917) 176, 178;
Fourth
(1914),
42, 43, 47;
intelligence services,
38, 47,
63;
in
1915, 77, 78-79, 80; 1916
morale problems,
127, 130; 1917
crisis of confidence and mutinies in,
172-173
and n,
174;
in
1918,
258-261, 265, 267, 271, 272;
Ninth
(1914), 47, 49;
number mobilized,
296;
participation at Gallipoli,
106, 107,
110—111;
Pétain s revitalization
of,
174-176, 180, 181;
poilus
grievances,
173-174, 175-176;
Second,
(1914) 42,
(1916) 126, 128;
Sixth,
(1914) 44,
46-49, 63, (1916) 132;
Tenth
(1916),
134;
Third
(1914), 42, 43;
weaponry,
29, 30, 31, 77, 133, 174-175
French navy, in Mediterranean,
123, 157;
in Dardanelles campaign,
106
Friedrich,
Archduke of Austria,
59
Frisian islands,
117
Fuel shortages,
455;
France,
318;
Germany,
321, 322;
Russia,
189, 330,
337, 350.
See also Coal; Oil
Fuller, J.
F. C,
35, 183, 299, 301
Gaba
Tebe,
ПО
Galicia,
37-38, 40, 58, 95;
eastern,
Ukrainians of,
406, 407, 420, 433;
1914
campaigns in,
59-60, 61; 1915
campaigns in,
83, 84, 86, 88, 89-90,
405; 1916
Brusilov campaign,
150,
151, 154; 1917
German campaign,
196;
occupation and refugees,
457—458;
oil,
60, 86, 150;
Polish claim
recognized,
420, 433;
Polish
independence movement of,
404—405,
409, 419;
Polish-Ukrainian rivalry,
406,
420, 433
Galliéni,
General Joseph,
47, 48«, 81
Gallipoli,
81, 96, 104, 105-117;
amphibious operations,
106—108,
109-111, 114;
Anzac-Suvla attacks,
111-113;
casualties at,
115;
defense of,
101, 109-110, 112, 116-117;
evacuation,
113, 114
Gallwitz,
General Max
von, 88, 89, 96,
134
Gas warfare,
71, 78, 82, 126, 128, 185,
299, 300, 305, 309
Gaza,
280
Gefecbtskehrtwendung maneuver,
142
General Congress of the Workers and
Soldiers Councils of Germany,
392-393, 395
General Ukrainian Council,
407
Geneva,
464;
Declaration of,
418
George V, King,
181,
illus.
8
Georgette attack,
260
German armies,
29, 32—33;
casualties,
First
Marne,
68;
casualties, First Ypres,
55;
casualties by end of
1914, 68;
casualties in West, fall of
1915, 81;
casualties in East,
1916, 153;
casualties
of
Somme,
136;
casualties of Verdun,
129, 130;
casualties of Third Ypres
(
Passchend
aele),
180;
casualties of
1918
spring offensive,
261, 263, 266;
desertions,
263;
deterioration of
1918,
261, 266-267, 268, 269-270;
INDEX
531
German armies
(conťd)
disintegration,
293-294;
diversion of
troops to Italian front,
180, 185;
Eastern occupation burden,
198-199;
Eighteenth
(1918), 259;
Eighth
(1914),
45, 56, 61;
Fifth,
(1914) 42, 45, 47,
49, (1916) 125-126, 129;
First,
(1914)
42, 43-49, 63, (1916) 134;
Fourth
(1914), 42, 45, 47, 49, 53;
intelligence
services,
33, 45, 57, 63;
in
1915
in
West,
76-77, 78-79, 80-81, 82, 83;
in
1916
Balkans campaign,
155, 156,
159-160; 1916
morale problems,
136;
in
1916
on Eastern Front,
148, 150,
151;
in
1917
on Eastern and Balkans
fronts,
196;
Ninth,
(1914) 60, 61,
(1916) 159;
number mobilized,
296;
Polish troop recruitment for,
405, 406,
409;
remaining strength in fall of
1918,
269, 271-272;
return home,
386, 391;
Second,
(1914) 42, 43-49, 63, (1916)
132, 134;
against Serbia,
96;
Seventh
(1914), 42-43, 45, 47;
Sixth
(1914),
42-43, 45, 47, 52;
Third
(1914), 42,
44, 45, 47, 49;
weaponry,
30, 31, 32,
65, 76-77, 299-300, 302;
working
with Social Democrats against
Bolshevism,
389, 394-395, 396-397,
399, 400, 401.
See also
Oberkommando
Ost; OHL
German Bight,
119, 273
German Democratic party,
384, 400
German fleet,
31-32, 65, 294;
ships in
Turkish navy,
99.
See also High Seas
Fleet
German revolution of
1918, 314,
376-388, 400-401, 402, 460, 462;
abdication of kaiser,
294, 381, 382,
384, 385-387;
background of,
376-378;
basic seeds of,
130, 137, 146,
268, 376;
Bolshevism resisted,
388,
389, 395-399, 400;
fears and danger of
counterrevolution,
390, 392, 394, 400;
Free Corps terrorism,
396, 399, 400;
lack of socialization,
400;
November, of
the masses,
291, 294, 381-388;
October,
378-381, 382;
political party
alignments in,
380-381, 382-388,
390-400;
Socialist internecine struggle
for parliamentary vs.
conciliar
system,
388-393, 397-399, 400-401;
uprising
of sailors and workers (Kiel),
294,
381-382;
workers and soldiers
councils,
382, 383-385, 387, 388-389,
391-393, 397, 399, 401
German White Book,
308
Germany,
20-21, 22, 376-401;
Allied
propaganda in,
314, 376;
armistice
sought by,
272, 274, 278, 287,
288-293, 379;
armistice note exchange
with U.S.,
289-293, 380;
armistice
terms,
294—295;
in arms race,
4«, 5, 6;
and Austro-Italian differences,
93, 94;
and Austro-Serbian conflict,
7-10, 34;
autocratic rule,
18
and n,
290, 314,
376;
Auxiliary Service Law,
320;
in
balance of power scheme,
1—3, 20—21,
22;
and Baltic nationalities,
437,
438-439, 440, 441-442, 443-444,
445_446,
447, 448-449;
Baltic region
influence ended,
439, 443-444,
448-449, 453;
black day of August
8,
1917, 268, 274, 285-286;
blockade of
and by, see Blockades; blockade of
minds,
315;
brinkmanship diplomacy
before
1914, 5
and n; collapse and
revolution,
291, 293-294, 314
{see also
German revolution of
1918);
constitution of
1918, 380;
decision for
war,
7-8
and n; declarations of war by,
8, 308—309;
differences with Austria on
conduct of war,
58, 60, 64;
dilemma of
two-front war,
35, 54, 61-62, 71-72,
74;
dualism (East-West) in war
direction,
62, 152, 204;
eastern vs.
western strategy debate,
54, 62, 72,
73—75, 83, 152;
economic and
technological ascendancy,
2, 3, 4, 22;
fear of encirclement,
3, 9, 10, 22;
Finnish links of,
449, 450, 451, 452,
453, 454;
food shortages,
137, 263,
314, 321, 322, 455;
high command
changes,
51, 54, 124, 128, 134, 152,
167, 204, 272-273, 290;
Italian
declaration of war on,
95;
Japanese
declaration of war on,
8, 16;
lack of
unity in Bismarckian Reich
(particularism),
321, 381, 383-384;
532
INDEX
Germany (cont d)
manpower problems,
320, 322;
Max
von
Baden cabinet,
272, 288-289,
290-291, 293, 376, 379-380,
385-386, 400;
member of Dual
Alliance,
3, 8-10;
member of Triple
Alliance,
3;
military establishment,
65-66, 68, 273, 376-377;
military
state s demise,
268, 287-290, 378,
379-380;
military mission in Persia,
162, 313;
military mission in Turkey,
14, 99, 161, 162;
miscalculations,
major, summarized,
237, 270;
miscalculations re British entry into war,
9-11, 34;
mistakes of early war,
43-44,
45, 46-47, 48-49, 51, 54, 63-68;
Mitteleuropa
movement,
74, 315,
322-323, 415
and n; mobilization of,
8, 41, 308;
from monarchy to republic,
294, 385-387;
naval armaments,
5, 7,
31, 139;
naval strategy,
117-119,
138-139, 146
(see also U-boat warfare);
news manipulation,
307; 1914
Eastern
Front campaigns,
56-58, 60-62; 1915
Eastern Front campaigns,
83-86, 88—90,
91; 1918
offensive in West,
130, 180,
181, 186, 197, 257-262, 263-264,
300,
ЗП;
parliamentary government,
268, 272, 288-290, 376, 377,
379-381, 385;
peace proposal of Dec.
1916, 137, 204, 464,
illus.
21;
peace
resolutions, see Reichstag; and Polish
question,
405-406, 409, 415
and n;
political parties of,
288, 292, 377,
380-388;
postwar economy,
455, 456;
postwar inflation,
456;
in prewar crises,
6-7;
propaganda activities of,
308,
311-312, 337;
relations with U.S.,
245-246, 247-250, 252;
Romania and,
12-13;
and Russian February
revolution,
192-193; Scheidemann
government,
399, 474;
separate peace
with Russia (Brest-Litovsk),
197-198,
294-295, 438, 441, 452;
separate peace
with Romania,
198, 199, 275;
social
change,
459;
Socialist government,
294,
376, 386-397, 400-401;
stab-in-the-back and unbeaten army
myths,
286, 289, 294
and n,
315;
strategic plan of
1914, 35-37
(see also
SchliefFen plan); strategic policy debate,
turn of
1914-15, 71-72;
strategy in
West,
19П,
168-169;
subversive
activities abroad,
193, 312-314, 337,
350;
transport and coal crisis of
1916-17, 321;
Turkey and,
14-15,
98-101, 160-161, 311;
Ukraine and,
197, 198, 434-435;
Versailles
counterproposals by,
475;
Versailles
treaty provisions,
456, 470-471;
Versailles treaty territorial losses,
420,
447, 470-471;
war economy,
316, 318,
320-322;
war guilt question,
308
and
n,
309, 470, 471;
war objective of total
victory,
67, 71;
war production,
321;
war weariness,
127, 128, 130,
136-137, 167, 263, 268-269;
women s
suffrage,
377, 382, 390, 460,
illus.
51;
and World War II,
25, 475;
Zimmermann
telegram,
312.
See also
Central Powers; German armies;
Weimar Republic
Ghent,
53
GHQ (General Headquarters, British),
43«
Giant bomber,
302
Gide, André,
25-26, 483
Gioii
tti, Giovanni,
93, 94-95
Goeben, the,
99-100, 119
Golden Horn,
99, 284
Goltz, General
Rüdiger von der,
443-444,451
Goodenough, Commodore
W.
E. E.,
140-141
Goremykin, Ivan,
331, 332
Gorizia,
95, 154, 155;
Allied promise to
Italy,
94
Gorlice
campaign
(1915), 78, 85-86
Gosplan,
370
Gosse,
Edmund,
310«, 483
Gotha bomber,
302
Gough, General Sir Hubert,
178-179,
258-259
GQG (Grand
Quartier
Générai,
French),
43«
Gradisca,
Allied promise to Italy,
94
Grand Fleet, British,
31, 32, 37, 40, 117,
118, 119, 120-123, 296, 304;
in battle
of Jutland,
139-145;
construction,
139,
145;
magazine explosions,
140«, 145;
INDEX
533
Grand Fleet
(conťd)
organization,
139, HO, 145-146;
shell
inferiority,
145;
tactics,
139-140
Grandmaison,
Loyzeau
de, 30, 38, 42
Graves, Robert,
137, 483
Great Britain: ambiguities of Palestine
policy,
284-285;
antisubmarine war,
238-243, 273-274, 304, 305;
Arab
nationalism used by,
163-165, 281,
314;
arms race, An,
5;
in balance of
power scheme,
1-3, 5;
and Baltic
national movements,
439, 442, 443,
444, 446, 448, 454;
blockade of and
by, see Blockades; cable monopoly and
censorship,
307;
Defense of the Realm
Act,
306;
economic defense measures,
239, 242, 319-320;
Education Act
(1918), 461;
in Entente,
3, 5, 10;
food
supply,
238, 316, 319;
industrial
preeminence lost to Germany,
2;
her
interests subordinated to France,
73, 76,
115, 116, 131, 168, 169;
intervention
in Caucasus and northern Persia,
283;
Italy and,
93—94, 468;
Japanese alliance,
3, 16, 468, 469;
Khaki election in,
463,
467;
Mideast aims of,
160, 161, 162,
199, 281, 283-285, 468-469, 473;
and
Mideast war,
102-104, 280-283, 284;
naval strategy,
117, 139, 146-147;
naval supremacy,
31, 117, 118, 121,
139, 147, 243, 246;
naval supremacy
challenged,
5, 7, 11; 1914
mediation
offer,
9; 1915
cabinet crisis, 111,
117;
1915
coalition government,
80; 1916
cabinet crisis,
137; 1916
coalition
government,
124, 137, 460;
peace
mood,
137, 167, 465;
peripheral
strategy (Dardanelles),
105-109,
114—117;
political party realignment,
460;
Portuguese alliance,
16;
possibility
of neutrality,
10
and
«,11
and n;
postwar national debt,
456;
in
prearmistice negotiations,
290, 293;
press policy,
307;
in prewar crises,
6—7;
propaganda activities of,
308, 310, 311;
protectorates and mandates,
472;
shell
scandal of
1915, 80;
shipping losses,
166, 238, 240, 273;
and Slav national
movements,
410, 412-413, 414, 419;
social change,
459;
and
Somme
campaign,
124, 127, 131-138;
strategic
plans of
1914, 39;
strategy debate, turn
of
1914-15, 72-73;
and Third Ypres
(Passchendaele),
176-182;
Turkey and,
98, 99;
ultimatum to Germany, and
declaration of war,
8, 34, 308;
U.S.
relations with,
243, 246-247, 312;
war
economy,
316, 318, 319;
war taxation,
319, 459;
women s suffrage,
460-461,
illus.
49.
See also Allies; British armies;
British Empire; Grand Fleet
Great Poland,
409
Greece,
9, 15-16, 97, 98, 99, 156;
Gallipoli participation offered by,
107,
109;
infringements of neutrality of,
155, 156-157;
joins war,
199, 274;
Thrace ceded to,
472;
treaty of
Sèvres
gains of,
472
Greek army,
274, 275-276
Greek navy, French seizure of,
157
Grenfell, Julian, Into Battle,
477
Grey, Sir Edward,
9, 243, 250
Grignotage,
83
and
я
Grodno,
85, 89
Groener,
General William,
273, 285«-
286«, 386, 387, 389, 395, 400
Grosz,
George,
481, 482;
Explosion, illus.
76;
Fit for Active Service,
482,
illus.
74;
Germany, a Winter s Tale,
482,
illus.
75
Guillaumat, General
Adolphe,
274
Guise, battle at
(1914), 45-46
and
η
Gumbinnen, battle of,
56, 58
Habsburg
Dynasty,
18, 19, 263, 402,
416,433
Haifa railway,
281, 282
Haig, General Douglas,
77
and n,
79,
80-81, 113, 168, 169, 181, 183, 299,
302,
illus.
8;
armistice terms,
293; 1916
Somme
offensive of,
124, 131, 135,
136-138; 1917
Flanders offensive
(Third Ypres, Passchendaele campaign),
177-182;
in
1918, 258-259, 260, 262,
267-268, 270
Haleb
Pascha, 164
Halévy,
Elie,
27
Hall, James
Norman,
487
Hall,
Admiral Sir
William,
312
Hamel,
capture of,
262
5 34
INDEX
Hamilton,
General
Ian,
107
and n,
108,
109-110,
111,
112-113, 116,476
Handelskrieg, 200-203, 303-305
Handley Page bomber,
302
Hankey, Maurice, Lord,
27, 240
Hartley,
Marsden,
Portrait of a German
Officer, illus.
79
Hasek, Jaroslav,
482
Hassam, Childe,
Allies Day, illus.
80
Hasse,
Hugo,
387
Hejaz, the,
101, 161, 164-165;
recognition of,
472
Hejaz railway,
280-281
Helgoland Bight,
118, 121, 146
Helles,
Cape,
110,
111,
113, 114
Helsinki, Red Guard regime in,
451
Hentsch, Lt. Colonel Richard,
48-49
and
n,
64, 96
Herron,
George David,
466
Hertling, Count
Georg von, 288, 378,
379, 380, 465-466
Herstein,
Α. Ε.,
481
Hermánate,
Ukrainian,
433, 434-435
High-explosive shells,
30, 31, 297,
298-299
High Seas Fleet, German,
31, 37, 117,
118, 119, 121-122, 138-139,
146-147, 303«,
in battle of Jutland,
139-145;
construction,
139, 140«, 145;
morale problems,
146;
mutiny of
sailors,
381-382;
organization,
140,
145;
as support for U-boat campaign,
147, 238, 305;
tactics,
139-140
Hindenburg, General Paul
von, 56—57,
60, 61, 400,
illus.
7;
and armistice,
272, 285-286, 288;
commander-in-chief
on Eastern Front,
62, 75
and n.
88, 89;
High Command,
128, 134, 136, 152,
167, 204, 320-321;
and
1918
offensive,
257, 266;
quoted, on Allied
warfare,
138«. 183;
resignation offered,
273;
and U-boat warfare,
201, 204
Hindenburg line,
134, 169, 171;
broken
at
Cambrai,
182, 271, 288
Hintze, Admiral Paul
von, 263«.
288-289, 378, 379
Hipper, Admiral
Franz von, 121-122,
139, 140-143, 145
Hitler, Adolf,
315, 375, 487,
illus.
19
Hoffmann, Johannes,
398-399
Hoffmann, General Max,
57, 61, 75«, 78»,
88, 152, 155«, 286«
Hohenzollern
dynasty,
387
Holland,
36, 387;
neutrality of,
16
Holtzendorff, Henning von, 203, 204,
237, 238
Holwein, Ludwig,
poster by, illus.
39
Hoover, Herbert,
473
Hopkins, Gerard Manley,
479
Horn Reef,
139, 144, 145
Horthy,
Admiral Nicholas,
277, 422, 431,
432-433
House, Colonel Edward M.,
244, 247,
250, 291, 293,464
House-Grey memorandum
(1916), 250
Howitzers,
30, 32, 33, 41, 44, 53
Hoyos,
Count Alexander,
7, 8-9
Hungarian National Council,
427-428
Hungary: Allied policy toward,
428, 429,
430, 431-432;
armistice,
279
and n,
428;
democratic revolution in,
427-429;
disaffection from Austria,
263;
invasion threat by Serbia,
94;
Magyar oligarchy of,
427-428;
Magyarization policy,
13, 19;
neutrality
declared,
279;
postwar boundaries,
428,
432;
Romanian invasion of,
279, 399,
431-432;
Russian army threat to
(1915), 84;
Russian invasion
(1916),
150, 157;
as separate state,
277, 279,
416, 422, 427;
separation of Slovakia
from,
417, 432, 433;
social reforms,
430-431;
Soviet Republic of,
398, 399,
402, 422, 425, 427, 430
and n,
431-432,
illus.
91;
treaty of Trianon
(1920), 432, 471-472;
White terror
(revisionist regime),
422, 427, 433
Hussein Ibn
Ali, 163-165;
King,
280-281
Hydrophone, on ships,
242
Imbros, island of,
305
Imperialism,
2, 20, 161, 162, 167, 334,
472-473
Imperialism, the Highest Stage of Capitalism
(Lenin),
337
Independent Air Force (IAF),
302
Independent Socialists (Germany),
377«,
380, 381, 382, 383-384, 385, 387-388,
390-393, 394-398
and n,
401
INDEX
535
India,
102, 162, 283, 313
Indian
troops: in France,
53, 123;
in
Mid-east,
102, 104, 162, 282
Industrialization,
1-2, 3, 20;
acceleration
by war,
27, 318;
extension to warfare,
25, 34, 62, 65-66
Industrial Mobilization Plan (U.S.),
24
and
«
Industry: nationalization, Russia,
363-364,
368, 370, 373:
postwar situation of,
455;
war,
318-319, 321
Infantry: Allied vs. Central Power division
strength,
28;
Austrian,
33;
British,
30;
French,
29, 34;
German,
32;
Russian,
28
Inflation,
322;
cartoon, illus.
52;
curbed in
Britain,
319;
postwar,
456, 459, 461;
in
Russia,
189, 350, 364, 369, 456
Ingenohl, Admiral
Friedrich
von, 121-122
Intelligence: British naval,
121-122, 139,
144, 145, 242, 312;
French,
38, 47,
63;
German,
33, 45, 57, 63;
Russian
radio messages intercepted,
57, 59, 61.
See also Reconnaissance
Inter-Allied Commission on Political
Warfare,
412
Inter-Allied Food Council,
320
Inter-Allied Munitions Council,
320
Inter-Allied Propaganda Commission,
310
International, the,
335, 374;
Second,
336,
374;
Third (Comintern),
336, 374-375,
398, 430«
Internationalism,
19, 334-336
International Socialist Bureau,
336
International Socialist Committee,
336
International trade,
455, 456
Iraq,
472
Irish rebellion
(1916), 312, 313
Iron Division of Free Corps,
443, 444,
448
Iron ore,
68, 119, 318, 322
Islam Holy War, against Entente,
102,
163, 165,313
Isonzó
River,
86, 92, 93, 95;
eleven
battles of,
95-96, 154, 155
and n,
184;
12th battle (Caporetto),
185
Istria,
Allied promise to Italy,
94
Italian army,
95;
in Balkans,
156
and n,
276;
bonzo
battles casualties,
96, 184;
paralysis,
186;
Second
(1917), 185;
total casualties by
1917, 184;
Trentino
casualties,
154;
war weariness,
184
Italian fleet,
123
Italy,
74, 85, 128;
Adriatic rivalry with
South Slavs,
94, 156«, 407, 412, 419,
468;
ambitions in Albania,
93, 94, 98,
276
and n,
462;
cabinet crisis of
1915,
94-95;
Caporetto disaster,
180, 183,
184, 185-186, 188;
early war
neutrality,
11-12, 13, 51, 92-94;
entry
into war,
12, 92-95;
Isonzó
front,
86,
92, 95-96, 154, 155
and n,
184;
Libyan and Dodecanese dominion,
472;
Lloyd George s proposal for offensive in
(1917), 168, 177, 181;
nationalists,
95,
188, 311; 1916
war initiatives,
153,
154, 155; 1918
offensive in,
277-278;
Orlando government,
188, 412, 474;
in
prearmistice negotiations,
290;
propaganda efforts of Allies in,
311,
314, 412;
a second-rate power,
2;
socialists of,
184, 311;
treaty of London
(1915), 12, 94, 407, 419, 468;
treaty
of Rapallo with Yugoslavia
(1920),
462;
Trentino
(Tyrolean) front,
95,
148, 150, 152, 154-155
and n,
186,
262;
in Triple Alliance,
3, 11;
turns
into liability for Allies,
186, 188;
war
fatigue,
124, 167, 184;
war spoils,
277,
279, 472;
war theater, map
187
Ivanov,
General Nicholas,
59
Izvestiya,
Jade River,
119, 139, 144
Jaeger battalion (Finnish),
449, 451, 452
Jaffa,
280
Jagow, Gottlieb
von, 201
Janina,
156
Japan,
3, 16, 244;
Allied agreement with
(1917), 468, 469;
declaration of war,
8,
16;
imperialist designs on China,
469,
473;
world trade ascendancy of,
456
Jassy,
160
Jaszi, Oscar,
428
Jaurès, Jean,
26
Jellicoe, Admiral John R.,
105«, 106,
117, 139-140, 141-145, 146, 239,
240-241
and n,
296, 303«
Jerusalem,
102, 280
Jewish state in Palestine,
285, 472
53б
INDEX
Jidda,
164
Joffe,
Adolf,
391
Joffre,
Marshal Joseph
Césaire,
38, 53, 66«,
73, 83«, 97, 113, 130, 148, 167, 172,
173,
Шиѕ.
8;
criticisms of,
79, 81; 1914
Plan
XVII, 42, 43; 1914
Marne
and
Flanders battles,
44, 47-48
and n,
49,
52, 174; 1914
winter attacks,
55, 70;
1915
campaigns,
76, 79-80;
Somme
offensive plan,
124, 127;
and Verdun,
126, 127-128, 154
Jonas,
Lucien, Théâtre
Verdun, illus.
24
Jordan,
281-282
Jutland, battle of,
114, 122, 137,
138-146, 147, 203;
tonnage losses,
144-145
Kadets (Constitutional Democrats,
Russia),
326, 327, 331-333, 341, 345,
347, 348, 351, 353, 356, 358, 364,
365-366, 370, 434
Kannengiesser, Colonel Hans,
112
Karl, Emperor,
152, 167, 277, 278, 408,
416;
abdication,
423;
king of Hungary,
427
Károlyi,
Michael,
279, 427-428, 429
Kaunas,
447
Kavalla,
156
Kemat,
Mustapha,
110, 112, 117, 472
Kerensky, Alexander,
192, 195, 338, 340,
341, 342, 346, 347, 352, 353-358,
360, 361-362, 364,
illus.
86
Kerensky offensive,
195-196, 352
Keynes, John Maynard,
474
Khaki election, Britain,
463, 467
Kiaochow,
16
Kiel mutiny,
294, 381
Kienthal
conference and manifesto,
336
Kiev: German occupation of,
198, 435;
Polish army at,
435;
Red Army capture
of,
435;
Ukrainians of,
407, 433, 435
Kirchner, Ernst Ludwig, 481;
Self-Portrait
as Soldier,
481,
illus.
11
Kitchener, Lord Horatio Herbert,
45, 70,
80, 81, 163, 299;
and Dardanelles
campaign,
105, 107
and n,
109, 113,
116;
New Armies of,
77, 131, 132,
134
Kite balloons,
301, 306
Kleinkrieg,
naval,
118-119, 121
Kluck,
Generai
AJexander
von, 43-46,
47-49, 63
Knox, General,
85, 151
Kokoschka,
Oskar,
481;
Knight Errant,
481,
illus.
78
Kolchak, Alexander,
473
Kornilov, General Lavr,
195, 355-356,
363
Kornilov affair,
354, 355-356, 357, 362
Korošec,
Anton,
418
Kovel,
149, 150, 151
Kovno,
88, 89
Kraśnik,
battle of
(1914), 59
Krayn, Hugo,
481;
Hunger, illus.
66
Kronstadt
sailors,
356;
revolt of,
352
Kronstadt
Soviet,
350, 351
Kühlmann,
Richard
von, 263
and n,
285,
288, 466
Kun, Béla,
425, 429, 431, 432
Kurdistan, Kurds,
14, 472
Kut-el-Amara,
162-163
La Bassée,
260;
canal,
79, 80
Labor movement,
4, 293, 319, 320-321,
459-460;
disunity in Europe,
375;
in
Finland,
450;
in Germany, 377n,
378,
382, 387-388, 390, 395-396, 401;
in
Hungary,
430;
in Russia,
328, 329,
343-344, 363, 373
Labor party (Britain),
460, 465
La Fère,
258
Lammasch, Heinrich, 466
Land warfare,
297-301
Lanrezac, General Charles,
43-44, 45-46,
47
Landsowne, Lord Henry,
137, 465
Lansing, Robert,
249, 414
Laon,
134
Latgale,
441, 444
Latvia,
437, 440-444, 447, 448;
autonomy issue,
344, 441;
Bolsheviks,
439, 441, 443-444;
German
occupation,
90, 440, 443-444;
independence declaration,
442-443;
international recognition of,
442, 443,
444;
Soviet Republic of,
443
Latvian Refugee Aid Committee,
440,
441
Latvian Rifles,
440, 441
Latzko, Andreas,
480
INDEX
537
Lausanne, 409, 445, 447;
treaty of
(1923), 462, 472
Law, Andrew
Bonar,
113, 177, 467
Lawrence, D. H.,
483, 485
Lawrence,
T. E.
(of Arabia),
281
and n,
487
League of Czechoslovak Societies,
404
League of Nations,
245, 250-251, 315,
471, 474;
mandate system,
472, 473,
475;
Reichstag support for,
288, 378
League to Enforce Peace,
251
Léandre, C,
Ils ne passeront pas!, illus.
25
Lebanon,
164, 472
Lebel rifle,
30
Lee-Enfield rifle,
30
Leete, Alfred, recruitment poster by, illus.
32
Léger,
Fernand,
The Trench Diggers, illus.
15
Lemnos,
island of,
107, 108, 109, 284
Lenin, Vladimir Hitch,
26, 198, 313, 315,
346, 352-354, 356, 359, 366, 374«,
382, 430«, 441,
illus.
85
A; April
Theses,
346;
personality cult,
373;
political thought,
327-329, 334-337,
351, 353, 358-359, 366, 371;
role in
October revolution,
359-361, 365;
Sovnarkom chairman,
361, 364;
and
world communism,
374
Leninism,
474
Lens,
80;
coal mines,
68;
The Bombing of
Lens
(Dix),
illus.
73
Levine,
Eugen, 398
Lewis,
С.
Day,
479
Liberalism, liberals,
4, 26, 293
Liberal party (Britain),
460
Libya,
94;
Italian dominion,
472
Liebknecht, Karl, 387, 394, 395, 396
Liège,
36, 41
Liepãja,
443
Lille,
53, 77
Liman
von
Sanders, General Otto,
14, 99,
101, 106, 109-110, 112, 116, 280, 282
Literature of World War I,
477-480,
482-486
Lithuania,
85, 86, 90, 437, 444-449;
autonomy-to-independence movement,
445-446;
Communist regime,
446-447,
448;
conflicting international interests
in,
448;
German occupation of,
85, 86,
90, 445-446, 447;
German vs. Russian
division of,
444;
independence
proclamations,
446, 448;
independence
recognized,
448;
Memel
acquired by,
447;
Polish interests in,
444, 447, 448;
Vilna
lost,
447;
Vilna
regained,
448
Lithuanian Information Bureau,
445, 447
Lithuanian Relief Committee,
445
Littoral,
12
Livestock, effects of war on,
455
Livonia,
438-439, 441
Lloyd George, David,
22
and n,
27, 113,
illus.
11 ;
convoy decision of,
241
and n;
eastern/peripheral strategy advocate,
72, 168, 177;
prime minister,
137, 147,
162-163, 167-168, 169, 181, 188,
258, 280, 460;
proposal for Italian
campaign,
168, 177, 181;
on
self-government,
410;
Siberian
intervention,
413»;
Third Ypres
opposed by,
177-178, 180, 181;
and
Turkish armistice,
284;
at Versailles
conference,
467,
illus.
94;
war aims
speech of,
465
Lodz,
61
Lombard plain, Austrian threat to,
154
London: Czech exiles in,
404;
Declaration
of,
247;
Estonian exiles in,
439;
Latvian
exiles in,
441;
treaty of
(1915,
Allies
and Italy),
12, 94, 407, 411, 419, 468;
war enthusiasm in
1914,
illus.
2
Loos, unwanted battle of,
80-81
Lorraine: AEF sector,
253;
fortresses of,
35, 36, 43;
French offensive
(1914),
38, 42, 43;
German counteroffensive,
37, 42-43, 63, 64.
See also
Alsace-Lorraine
Lossberg,
General Fritz
von, 265, 269
Louvain, University of,
309
Łowicz,
61
Lublin,
59, 88, 89;
Austrian-sponsored
government in,
405, 419-420
Ludendorff, General Erich,
41, 56-57, 60,
166, 178, 183, 298, 415,
illus.
7;
and
Caporetto,
186;
at eastern command,
75
and n,
85, 88, 89;
High Command, and
part of military establishment,
128, 134,
135, 136, 152, 153, 156, 170, 197,
204, 320, 376-377, 378; Nebenregierung
of,
377-378;
nervous collapse,
264,
INDEX
Ludendorff (conťd)
265-266, 269-270, 272, 286, 288;
1918
offensives of,
130, 181, 186,
257-258
and n,
259-262, 263-264,
300, 379;
and Polish troop recruitment,
406, 409;
relief from command,
272-273, 290, 380, 386;
seeks
scapegoats for defeat,
286, 378;
slow to
acknowledge defeat,
268, 269, 270,
272, 278, 285-290, 291, 379-380;
and
U-boat warfare,
201, 204
Lusitânia,
SS,
202, 248, 249, 252, 309
Lutsk,
149, 150, 151
Luxembourg, German invasion of,
41
Luxemburg, Rosa,
324, 395-396
Lvov, Prince George,
341, 347
Lvov (Lemberg),
59, 86, 151, 195, 196;
Ukrainian meeting at,
406, 433
Lyddite,
32
Lys
valley,
260
Macedonian front,
199, 274-276
Machine gun,
62, 297, 300;
on planes,
301
Mackensen, General August
von, 85, 88,
89,96, 159, 196
McMahon, Sir Henry,
164
Mafia, Czech,
403-404
Malinov, Alexander,
275
Malmaison,
172, 176
Malraux, André,
486
Manchuria,
469
Mandate system,
472-473, 475
Mandelstam,
Osip,
484
Mangin,
General Charles,
129, 262, 265
Mannerheim, Carl Gustav, 451
Manning, Frederick,
482
Manpower shortages,
318-319, 320, 322;
use of PoWs,
458
Maramureş,
420
March, General Peyton C,
255, 260
Maritime warfare, rules of,
245, 246-249,
252
Mark H-2 horned mine,
242, 304
Marne,
battle of the,
29, 41, 42«, 43, 46«,
47-51, 55, 63-64, 66-68, 114, 125, 130,
illus.
23;
casualties,
68
Marne,
second battle of: German advance,
261, 264;
Allied counteroffensive,
265-266
Marxism, in Russia,
327-328, 335
Masaryk,
Thomas G.,
403-404, 410, 411,
414, 417, 418
Masurian lakes,
61;
battle of,
57, 83
Materiel, battle of (Falkenhayn strategy),
125-126
Maubeuge,
39, 43, 45, 271
Maude, General F. S.,
163
Maunoury, General Michel Joseph,
44,
46, 47, 48, 49, 63
Mauzan, Luciano, poster by, illus.
38
Max, Prince of Baden,
272, 289,
290-291, 293, 376, 379-380,
385-387, 388, 400, 446
Mayakovsky, Vladimir,
484, 485
Mayer,
Emile,
35
Mecca,
163, 164
Mediation efforts of
1914, 9, 17, 464
Medina,
164, 281
Mediterranean Expeditionary Force (MEF),
109
Mediterranean Fleet, British,
119, 123
Mediterranean Sea,
123, 273;
convoys,
241, 304; Handelskrieg in, 202, 203
Meinecke, Friedrich, 307
Meinl,
Julius,
466
Memel
district,
85, 447
Mensdorff, Count Albert,
464-465
Mesopotamia,
101, 102, 104, 115, 161,
162-163, 282-283, 472;
British sphere
of influence,
285
Mesopotamian Expeditionary Force,
283
Menin Road Ridge,
179;
The
Meniti
Road
(Nash), illus,
70
Mensheviks,
327-328, 329, 333, 335,
340, 345, 346-347, 356, 361;
and
NEP,
369, 371
Messines
Ridge,
53;
battle of,
178
Metz, 293, 294;
in French Plan
XVII, 38,
43;
as fulcrum of German advance,
35,
42
Meuse,
125-126, 127, 128, 130, 269
Meuse-Argonne battle,
254, 271, 288
Mexico,
312
Mezières,
271
Michael, Grand Duke of Russia,
340-341,
342
Michael offensive,
259-260
Michel, General
Augustin Edouard,
38-39
Middle class,
459-460.
See also Bourgeoisie
INDEX
539
Mideast: Allied mandates in,
472-473;
British interests in,
160, 161, 162, 199,
281, 283-285, 468-469;
French
interest in,
285, 268-269;
Jewish-Arab
conflict, seeds of,
285;
Sykes-Picot
agreement,
285, 468-469;
war in,
101-102,
map
103, 104-105, 153, 160,
280-283, 284.
See also Arabs
Militarism,
470;
central and eastern
Europe,
18, 19, 20;
postwar German,
315, 389-390, 400;
Schlieffen plan as
case of,
64
Military establishments,
18, 28, 62-63;
German,
65-66, 68, 273, 276-377;
German, denouement of,
268,
287-290, 378, 379-380;
leaders of,
62-63;
Wilson s condition of ending of,
289-290, 314
Military necessity, concept of,
18;
surrender to,
64, 67, 308
Military Revolutionary Committee
(Bolshevik),
359-360
Military strength, Allied powers,
28, 130,
265
Miliukov, Paul
N.. 326, 331, 332-333,
341, 345-347
Millerand, Alexandre, 79, 81
Milne, Admiral Sir Archibald Berkeley,
120
Milner, Alfred,
177
Minimal group Balkans,
37-38
Mining operations: antisubmarine,
242,
304;
at
Messines
Ridge,
178;
in Straits,
100, 106
Mitteleuropa, 74, 315, 322-323, 415
and
n,
Al A
Mitteleuropa (Naumann), 322
Mobilization statistics,
296
Moldavia,
160
Moltke, General
Helmuth
von, 10«, 35
and
η, ΑΊ
-49, 56-57, 60, 63-64, 130;
modifies Schlieffen plan,
36-37, 42-43,
45-47, 64;
relief from command,
51,
54
Monarchism. See Autocracy, monarchic;
Constitutional monarchy
Monash, General Sir John,
262, 267
Monastir,
156, 275
Mongolia,
469
Monroe, James,
251
and
η
Montague, C. E.,
480
Montdidier,
254, 260
Monte Grappa,
277
Montenegro,
37, 97, 98, 419, 457
Mopp,
Maximilian, The World War, illus.
3
Moravia,
417;
Germans of,
424, 426
Moreau, L.,
Après la victoire,
illus.
68
Morhange-Sarrebourg,
42-43
Moroccan crises,
6—7
Morocco, British protectorate,
472
Moscow,
342, 370;
capital moved to,
363;
Comintern HQ,
336, 374;
October
revolution in,
362;
treaty of (Lithuania
1920), 448
Moscow Soviet,
357, 359
Moslems. See Islam Holy War
Most-favored nation status,
471
Mosul,
283
Motor transport,
33, 34, 300-301
Mottram, R. H.,
482
Müller,
Admiral
Georg
Alexander
von,
118
Multinationalism: Austria-Hungary,
2, 6,
9, 13, 18, 19, 33, 402;
East European,
20, 21, 402;
Ottoman Empire,
14
Munich,
389;
Eisler uprising (Nov.
1918),
383-384;
second and third (communist)
revolutions
(1919), 397-399
Munitions,
31, 68, 76-77, 132;
Allied
superiority in
1918, 270;
Austrian
shortages,
263;
English shell scandal of
1915, 80;
exhausted at
Marne
and
Ypres,
52, 55;
German update by
spring of
1915, 76;
Pétain s
anticipation
of increased production,
174-175;
Russian shortage of,
91;
statistics,
296
Murmansk,
415, 452
Mussolini,
Benito, 95, 188, 311, 375
Namur,
36, 41, 294
Nancy,
42, 43
Napoleon Bonaparte,
316, 322
Napoleon III, Emperor,
294
Napoleonic Wars,
27, 296, 316
Narew
Army (Russian),
56-57
Narew
River,
57, 88
Narva River,
198
Nash, Paul,
480-481;
The Menin Road,
481,
illus.
70;
We Are Making a New
World,
481,
illus.
69
54O
INDEX
Nasbe Slovo
(Our Word),
335
Nation, The,
292
National Assembly (of Austria),
426
National Assembly (Weimar),
390,
392-393, 397, 399-400, 401
National Council of Slovenes, Croats, and
Serbs,
417-418
National debts,
456
National Democratic party (Poland),
404,
405,409, 410, 419,420
Nationalism,
4, 19-20, 21, 25, 26, 59,
402-421, 487;
Allied support of
movements,
403, 408, 410-414, 417,
41ÇM20,
439, 444, 446-448, 449;
Asian movements,
472;
Czech
movement,
403-404, 409, 410,
412-414, 416-417;
economic, postwar,
457;
ethnic groups in Austria-Hungary,
2, 6, 9, 13, 18, 19, 21, 33, 59, 64, 84,
277-278, 314, 402-411, 414-420;
exile leaders,
409-411, 412-413, 414,
416, 419, 439, 441;
Estonian,
437-440;
Finnish,
437, 449-454;
German,
resurgence,
475;
in Hungary,
433;
Italian movement,
95, 188, 311;
Latvian,
437, 440-444;
Lithuanian,
437,
444-449;
Polish movement,
404-406,
409-410, 414, 415, 419-420;
revolutions of Eastern Europe,
402,
416-421, 422, 437-454;
role in
Versailles peace,
463, 467, 469, 474;
in
Russia,
313;
South Slav movement,
407-408,409,411-412,414,
417-419;
Ukrainian,
406-407, 409,
433-436
Nationalization, of Russian industries,
363-364, 368, 370, 373
National Security League (U.S.),
252
National Union of Workers (Poland),
405
Naumann, Friedrich, 322, 323«
Navalism,
2, 18, 20;
Anglo-German
rivalry,
5, 7, 11,31
Naval strategy,
304;
British,
117, 139,
146-147;
German,
117-119, 138-139,
146
Naval warfare,
70, 73, 92, 202, 203-204,
237;
Dardanelles action,
105-106,
108-109, 116, 305-306;
guns,
145,
296, 298; 1914-1915, 119-122; 1916,
Jutland battle,
138-147, 202, 203-204,
237;
stalemate,
147, 238.
See also
Blockades; Submarines; U-boat warfare
Navy League (U.S.),
252
Nazi Germany,
400, 487.
See also Third
Reich
Neuilly, treaty of
(1919), 462;
terms,
471-472
Neutral rights, U.S. defense of,
245,
246-250
Neutral shipping,
246-248, 316-317;
British blockade and,
246-247, 317;
British control over,
317;
convoy
protection,
241-242;
submarine
warfare,
200, 201, 202, 247-248, 317;
tonnage losses,
238, 241, 248, 317
Neuve Chapelle,
77, 79
Nevinson,
C. R.
W.,
480-481;
The
Machine Gun,
i Hus.
72;
The Road from
Arras to
Варанте,
481,
i Hus.
71
New Armies, Kitchener s,
77, 131, 132,
137, 138
New Economic Policy
(NEP),
Soviet
Russia,
369, 370, 371
News reporting, war,
306-307
New Zealand troops: in France,
178;
at
Gallipoli,
107, 112
{see also Anzacs); in
Mid-east,
104, 282
Nicholas II, Tsar,
17, 18«, 90, 100, 189,
324, 330-331, 332-333, 338-339,
illus.
10;
abdication,
340;
arrest and
execution,
342
Nicholas, Grand Duke of Russia,
90
and
n,
105, 162, 333,
illus.
10
Nicolson, Harold,
474
Niemann,
Major Alfred,
286»
Niemen
Army (Russian),
56-57
Nieuport,
52, 55;
sluices opened,
53
Nieuport planes,
132
Nish,
96-97
Nivelle,
General Robert,
128, 129, 130,
167-168, 169, 171-173, 176, 180, 258
Nordhoff,
Charles,
487
Normandy,
1944
invasion of,
302, 306
Northcliffe, Lord Alfred Charles,
80
North Sea,
5, 31, 37, 40, 92, 117,
118-119, 120-123, 138, 274;
stalemate,
70, 146-147
Norway,
242;
shipping losses,
317;
volunteers in Finland,
451
Noske, Gustav, 395, 396-397, 399, 400
INDEX
541
Novogeorgievsk,
89
Noyon,
52, 53, 55, 262
Oberkommando Ost
(German eastern
command),
62, 75, 83, 84, 85, 88, 89,
152
Occupied territories,
457-458;
economic
exploitation of,
321;
return of,
291,
293, 294
October Manifesto
(1905), 324, 326-327«
Octobrist party (Russia),
326-327, 331,
341, 351,434
Odessa,
40;
Austrian occupation of,
198;
Turkish-German raid on,
100
Odessa Army (Russian),
86
Offense
à outrance,
38, 62, 68, 168
Offensive warfare,
30, 34-35, 38, 62, 65,
68, 70, 76, 82, 124-125, 137-138,
147, 167-168, 177, 257, 297-300;
Allied surprise, tank-supported,
262,
265, 267, 300;
German penetration
tactics (hurricane bombardment and
assault troops),
183, 184, 196, 257,
266, 300, 301;
offense in depth,
257,
300-301
OHL
(Oberste Heeresleitung,
German),
43
and n,
48, 54, 60, 61, 75, 85, 89,
96, 136, 204, 237, 261, 273, 287, 290,
376, 379-380
Oil: Galician fields,
60, 86, 150;
Mideast,
102,
І04,
160, 282, 283, 284;
of
Ploesti,
159, 160, 322
Oligarchies, ruling,
4, 18, 20, 427-428
Orkney Islands,
242
Orlando,
Vittorio E.,
188, 412, 467, 474
Ostend,
53;
U-boat base,
177, 242
Otranto, Straits of,
123, 242
Ottoman Empire,
14, 100, 163-165, 166,
462, 468, 472.
See also Turkey
Ourcq River,
48;
AEF at,
254
Owen, Wilfred,
24«, 478, 479-480, 481,
482, 483
Pacific islands, German,
469, 473
Pacifist-defeatist agitation: in France,
173,
174;
in Italy,
184;
in Russia,
190-194,
196-197, 334
Pacifist-internationalists,
19, 334, 336
Paderewski,
Ignace,
409, 420
Padua, armistice at
(1918), 279
Page, Walter Hines,
239
Painlevé, Paul,
169, 170«, 172
and
«,
188
Palestine,
104, 115, 161, 280-282, 283,
469, 472;
Balfour Declaration,
285
Pan-Germans,
292, 377, 415
Pan-Islam,
102, 162, 163, 165, 313
Paris,
125;
armistice celebration in, illus.
92;
Czech exiles in,
404;
defense of,
44, 45, 49, 259-260, 266;
German
1918
march toward,
261;
Latvian exiles
in,
441;
Polish exiles in,
409-410;
Schlieffen plan and
1914
German
advance on,
36, 44, 46, 49, 66
Paris peace conference,
419, 447, 467,
469-471, 473, 474;
session, illus.
93.
See also Versailles, treaty of
Parliamentary government,
402;
achieved
in Germany,
268, 272, 288-290, 376,
377, 379-381, 385, 399;
in Austria,
422, 426;
vs.
conciliar
system, in
Germany,
388-395, 397-399,
400-401;
in Czechoslovakia,
417;
in
Lithuania,
445-446;
in Poland,
420;
vs.
Soviet
(conciliar)
system, in Russia,
364-366;
unrealized in Russia,
348,
358, 364-365;
in Yugoslavia,
411
Pašić,
Nikola,
407, 408«, 411, 418
Passchendaele campaign
(1917), 176,
178-182, 258, 270;
Passchendaele I
and II,
180
Pasternak, Boris,
484, 485
Patton,
General George,
265
Paulus,
Pierre,
Charleroi
après la bataille,
illus.
6Ъ
Peace,
166, 167, 463-476;
Bolshevik call
for,
192, 194, 334-336, 345, 351, 361,
465;
democratic peace demands of
1917
Soviet,
190, 194-195, 345-346,
349;
German Dec.
1916
proposal,
137,
204, 464;
German Reichstag resolution
(July
1917), 285, 377, 400, 465;
German Reichstag resolution (Sept.
1918), 288, 289, 293, 377-378;
Lansdowne memorandum,
137, 465;
1917-18
moves of Central Powers,
464-466;
terms, Wilson s concern,
251-252, 289, 408, 464, 465-466;
U.S. initiatives,
204, 237, 244, 245,
250-251, 408, 464, 465-466;
without
542
INDEX
Peace
(conťd)
annexations or indemnities,
192, 194,
334, 336, 349, 361;
without victory,
251, 335, 408, 464.
See also Separate
peace possibilities
Peace treaties,
462;
of Brest-Litovsk
(1918), 198, 363, 370, 415, 438, 439,
441, 446, 452;
Brest-Litovsk treaty
renounced,
294-295;
of Bucharest
(1918), 198;
Bucharest treaty
renounced,
294;
of Lausanne (Turkey,
1923), 462, 472;
of Neuilly (Bulgaria,
1919), 462, 471-472;
of St. Germain
(Austria,
1919), 462;
St. Germain
terms,
423-424, 471-472;
of Sevres
(Turkey,
1920), 462, 471, 472;
of
Trianon (Hungary,
1920), 432,
471-472.
See also Moscow, treaty of;
Riga (several treaties); Tartu, treaties
of; Versailles, treaty of
Peasantry,
459;
Russian revolution and,
343, 361, 363, 368-369
and n,
370
Pentarchy,
1-3, 21, 243;
demise of,
462-463
People s Commissars. See Council of
People s Commissars
People s party (Poland),
405, 420
Péronne,
259
Pershing, General John J.,
253-254
Persia,
160, 161, 162-163, 282, 283,
284, 313;
British interests in,
160, 162,
283;
German mission in,
162, 313
Persian Gulf,
102, 160
Pétain,
General Henri Philippe,
125,
127-128, 167, 262, 264, 265, 272,
298,
illus,
9;
active defense strategy of,
174-1 75,
182;
commander-in-chief,
north and northeast,
172-173
and n.
174-175, 253, 258-259, 260;
revitalization of army by,
174-176,
180, 181, 266;
warns against Third
Ypres,
177
Peter the Great, Tsar,
440
Petlyura, Simon,
435
Petrograd
(St. Petersburg),
40, 90, 363,
370;
February revolution in,
189-194,
338-340,
illus.
83;
July Days coup
attempt,
352,
illus.
84;
October
revolution in,
359-361;
strike of
1914,
329
Petrograd
Soviet,
189-190, 193, 340,
341-342, 343-344, 356, 361, 366;
Bolshevik ascendancy and control,
351,
357, 358-359
Petsamo corridor,
454
Phosphene gas,
128
Piave River,
186, 188, 262, 276, 277
Picardy,
52
Pilsudski,
Jozef,
405, 406, 409, 410, 419,
420
Planes, combat,
34, 82, 175, 262, 265,
270, 297, 301-303, 305-306;
bombers,
301-302, 303;
British
De Haviland,
132;
British Handley Page,
302;
fighters,
301, 302, 303;
formation
flying,
301;
German Albatross,
135;
German
Fokker,
126, 132;
German
Giant,
302;
German Gotha,
302;
reconnaissance,
31, 301;
statistics on
engine, speed, range, altitude,
303;
U.S. lag in,
255
Plan
XVII
(French,
1914), 38, 42, 43
Ploesti oil fields,
159, 160
Plumer,
General Sir Hubert ( Daddy ),
178, 179-180, 182, 188
Poelcappelle,
179-180
Poetry of World War I,
477-480,
483-484, 485-486
Pohl,
Admiral Hugo
von, 122, 138
Poilus,
172-176,
illus.
14-16
Poincaré,
Raymond,
170«, 194,
illus.
8
Pola,
277;
U-boat base at,
242
Poland,
37, 40, 322, 344;
Allied
recognition of,
420;
anti-Bolshevik,
435, 444, 447, 448;
boundaries issues,
420, 433, 447, 448, 470-471;
Cracow
resolution,
409;
German aims in,
405-406, 415
and n; independence and
union movements,
404-406, 409-410,
414, 419-420;
Latvia aided by,
444;
liberation of,
419-420;
Lithuanian
interests of,
444, 447, 448;
in
Mitteleuropa
scheme,
415
and n;
occupied areas,
457-458;
partitions of,
404, 440;
postwar,
391, 455;
question
of kingdom of,
404, 405, 406;
regency
government,
409, 410, 415
and n,
419;
revolutionary rival groups,
409-410,
419-420;
Russian vs. Austrian solutions
for,
404-405;
Ukraine aided by,
435;
INDEX
543
Poland
(conťd)
war deprivations,
455;
warfare in,
54,
59, 60-61, 86, 88-89, 90, 405.
See also
Galicia
Poles: in Austrian army,
405^406;
vs.
Ukrainians,
406, 420, 433
Polish-American organizations,
410
Polish army: in France,
410, 414, 415,
419;
Ludendorffs call for,
405, 406,
409
Polish Military Organization (POW),
405,
406, 409, 410, 419
Polish National Committee,
409, 414,
419-420, 447;
Allied recognition of, as
autonomous co-belligerent,
419
Polish Socialist party
(PPS),
405, 410,
419, 420
Politburo (Soviet Communist party),
373
Political warfare,
296, 306-316, 412
Polygon Wood,
179
Popolo d Italia,
311
Population statistics: comparison of Allies
to Central Powers,
28;
dead of World
War I,
24, 458
and n; shift in age and
sex ratios, due to war,
458
and
η
Portsmouth, treaty of,
244
Portugal,
16;
troops in France,
260
Potsdam meeting, July
1914, 7, 8, 17, 18
Pottner,
Emil,
481
Poulbot,
Francisque,
lithograph by, illus.
56
Pound, Ezra,
485
Poznan
(Posen),
61, 415, 420, 471
Prague,
403^04, 417
Pravda.
329, 334, 343, 352
Prearmistice agreement,
293, 294-295,
469, 470, 471, 475;
note exchange,
289-293
Prešov,
Ukrainian assembly at,
433
Press, control of,
306-307
Preventive war, concept of,
20
Prinkipo, island of,
473
Pripet marches,
148
Prisoners of war,
457;
statistics,
458;
treatment of,
458
Prittwitz, General Max
von, 56
Prize regulations, in naval warfare,
202,
239, 304, 305
Progressive Bloc (Russia),
331-333, 339,
348
Progressive parties: in Germany,
288,
292, 377, 384, 400;
in Russia,
327,
331
Proletarian revolution,
328, 344, 353,
359, 364;
in Hungary,
430
and n,
431-433
Propaganda activities,
308-309, 310-312,
314-315
and n,
Ò76,
411, 412, 416,
468, 487;
samples of, illus.
29-31
Protective Corps (Finland),
451
Protectorates, institution of,
472
Proust, Marcel,
183
Prussia,
1, 386, 387, 392, 395;
aristocracy
and military tradition,
65, 68;
Polish
areas of,
410, 420, 471
Pruth River,
149
Przemyśl
(fortress),
59, 61, 84, 86
Publishing,
484, 487
Q-ships,
239
Qurna,
102
RADA
(Ukrainian National Council),
197, 198, 433-434, 435
Radek, Karl,
327
Radical party (Hungary),
428
Radio,
310, 462.
See also Wireless
communication
Radoslavov, Vasil,
13, 275
Raemaekers, Louis, cartoons by, illus.
64-65
Raiders, German naval,
118, 119-120.
iff
also Commerce raiders; U-boat warfare
Rapallo: Conference of
(Nov
1917), 188;
treaty of
(1920,
Italy/Yugoslavia),
462
Rapid-firing arms,
297-298
Rasputin, Grigori,
324, 331, 333
Rawlinson, General Sir Henry,
132, 133,
138, 267
R case of Austrian strategy,
37-38
Read, Herbert,
477
Reconnaissance, air,
301, 306;
early
Allied advantage,
30, 47;
German lag
in,
33
Recruitment posters, illus,
Ъ2-ЪЛ
Red Army,
148, 372, 374;
in Baltic lands,
439, 443-444, 446-447, 448;
in
Ukraine,
435
Red Army, of Hungary,
431
Red Army, of Munich,
398, 399
544
INDEX
Red Cross,
330, 458;
poster, illus.
40
Red Gazette (Hungarian newspaper),
429
Red Guard, Finnish,
451
Red Guard, of Vienna,
423, 424
Red Guard, Russian,
351, 357, 360, 362,
434;
in Finland,
452, 453
Redlich,
Joseph,
402, 476
Refugees, war,
457-458,
illus.
59-62
Reichsrat
(Austria-Hungary),
404, 406,
408-409, 414, 422
Reichstag (Germany),
201, 204, 237,
263, 272, 308, 320, 378-379, 386,
445,
illus.
27;
building, illus.
88;
calls
for kaiser s abdication,
385;
early war
changes in,
18—19;
interparty
committee,
377-378, 380, 385;
league
of nations supported by,
288, 378;
1918
constitution,
380;
peace resolution
of July
1917, 285, 377, 400, 465;
peace and reform resolution of Sept.
1918, 288, 289, 293, 377-378;
Weimar coalition of parties in,
400
Reichswehr, 389
Reims,
55, 80, 168, 171-172, 264, 309
Remarque, Erich,
482
Renn, Ludwig
(pseudonym),
482
Rennenkampf,
General Paul
Edler von,
56-57, 58, 63
Renner,
Karl,
422
Reparations,
291, 294, 468, 471
Reparations commission,
471
Representation of the People Act (Britain,
1918), 460
Reserve Officer Training Corps (U.S.),
253
Revolution,
26, 167, 314, 324, 474;
from
above vs. below,
326, 329-333, 378,
381;
bourgeois-democratic,
328, 341,
344, 388, 389, 390, 400, 450;
democratic,
326, 343-344, 365, 402,
437, 475;
democratic, in Austria,
422-427;
democratic, in Estonia,
437-440;
democratic, in Finland,
453;
democratic, in Latvia,
441-444;
democratic, in Lithuania,
445-449;
democratic, short-lived in Hungary,
427-429, 433;
democratic, lost in
Russia,
351-353, 358, 364-365, 371;
inevitability argued,
4, 19;
national,
eastern Europe,
402, 416-421, 422,
437-454;
proletarian,
328, 344, 353,
359, 364, 430
and n,
431-433;
socialist,
328, 341, 344, 365, 402, 437;
socialist, in Austria,
402, 425-426;
socialist (Bolshevik), in Hungary,
402,
429-432;
socialist, unrealized in
Germany,
400-401;
Ukrainian, defeat
of,
409, 433-436.
See also German
revolution of
1918;
Russian revolution
Revolutionary Central Council (Finland),
450
Rhineland,
270, 383;
Versailles
provisions,
293, 294, 468, 470
Ribot,
Alexandre, 169
Riezler, Kurt,
5, 415«
Rifles,
62, 297;
British (Lee-Enfield),
30,
44;
French (Lebel),
30;
Russian
shortage of,
91
Riga,
90, 147, 441, 442, 443;
German
capture
oí,
184, 185, 196, 257, 258,
440;
liberation and armistice of
(1919),
443, 444; 1918
treaty
(Estonia-Germany),
439; 1920
treaties
(Latvia-Germany, Latvia-Russia),
444;
1921
treaty (Poland-Russia),
420
Rilke, Rainer
Maria,
477, 478, 483-484
Ritter,
Gerhard,
64
Rivers, Larry, History of the Russian
Revolution, illus.
82
Robertson, General Sir William,
77
and n,
82, 113-114, 177, 180, 181, 188, 258
Rodziano, M. V.,
338, 339, 340
Rolland, Romain, 477, 484, 486
Rolling (creeping) barrage,
129, 135,
298-299
Romain,
Jules,
482
Romania,
9, 12-13, 37, 86, 101, 147;
enters war,
13,92, 128, 151-152, 155,
157;
invasion of Hungary by,
279;
invasion of Soviet Hungary by,
399,
431-432; 1916-17
conquest by Central
Powers,
136, 159-160; 1917
front,
160, 195-196;
occupation and refugees,
457-458;
oil,
159, 160, 322;
postwar
economy,
455;
separate peace,
166,
186, 198, 199, 257, 275;
reentry into
war,
276, 279;
territorial gains,
279,
420-421, 433, 470;
and Ukrainian
minority,
433
Romanov dynasty,
342
INDEX
545
Rome: Allied conference in (Jan.
1917),
168;
pact of Congress of Oppressed
Nationalities,
412
Roosevelt, Theodore,
244
Rosenberg, Isaac,
478, 479-480
Rote Fabne (newspaper),
398
Royal Air Force (RAF),
262, 277, 282,
302-303
Royal Flying Corps (RFC),
31, 132, 302
Royal Naval Air Service,
31
Royal Navy Division,
107
Ruhr industrialists,
390
Rupprecht, Crown Prince of Bavaria,
42,
134, 264, 291
Russia,
19, 137-138, 324-375;
in arms
race,
6;
autocratic tsarism,
18, 189,
190, 324-325, 329-331, 334, 371;
in
balance of power scheme,
1—3;
Balkan
interests of,
7, 9, 12-14, 17, 93;
Black
Sea ports raided by Turkish-German
navy,
100;
blockade of,
317, 330, 447,
473;
Bulgaria and,
13;
constitutional
monarchy struggle,
324, 326-327,
329-333, 340;
court camarilla,
90, 189,
324-325;
cut off at Straits,
99, 102,
120, 330;
Czech army contingent in,
198, 404, 410, 413-414;
and
Czechoslovak aspirations,
404;
and
Dardanelles campaign,
105, 107, 117;
democratic reforms of
1917, 343-344;
economic problems,
189, 317, 330,
337-338, 350;
economic reforms,
363-364, 368-370;
end of monarchy,
340-342;
Entente member,
3, 5, 10;
Entente defection of,
17, 166, 186,
188-189, 192, 197-199;
food shortages
and riots,
189, 337-339, 350, 369;
foreign policy conflicts of
1917,
193-194, 344-348, 349;
geographic
separation from Western Allies,
102,
147, 155, 317, 330;
Greece and,
16;
industrial-technological lag,
2, 29, 325;
mobilization of,
7-8, 17, 41, 308;
municipal councils and zemstvos,
327,
330, 331, 343, 362; 1914
strategic
plans,
40, 56, 59; 1914
campaigns,
56-58, 59-62, 64;
in
1915
campaigns,
83-86, 88-91; 1915
campaign damage
to,
90-91, 331; 1916
Brusilov
offensive,
148-152; 1916
diversionary
offensives,
147-148, 150-152; 1917
Kerensky offensive,
195-196, 352;
occupation and refugees,
457-458;
pacifist-defeatists in,
190-194, 196-197,
334;
and Persia,
160, 161-162, 313;
Polish independence movement in,
404,
405;
PoW treatment in,
458;
in prewar
crises,
7;
propaganda deficiency,
310
and n; under Provisional Government,
189-196, 334, 341-358, 360, 365,
434, 437, 440-441, 449-450;
Provisional Government coalition
cabinets,
194, 347-348, 353-354,
357-358;
revolutionaries,
192,
327-329, 333-338, 340;
Romania and,
12-13, 101;
Romanian campaign
burden on,
157, 159-160;
separate
peace question,
74, 75, 86, 193, 345;
separate peace
(
Brest-Litovsk),
166,
197-198, 257, 294-295, 363, 370,
438, 439, 441, 446;
in Serbian crisis,
7-9, 17, 19, 329;
social structure,
325,
458;
social reform,
363—364;
subversive
efforts of Central Powers in,
193, 313,
337, 350;
suppression of Ukrainians in,
407, 435;
Turkey and,
14-15, 98, 100;
war aims declaration of April
1917,
193-194, 346;
war fatigue,
124, 167,
184, 333, 349-350;
war guilt question,
308.
See also Allies; Bolsheviks; Russian
revolution; Soviet(s); Soviet state;
Soviet Union
Russian armies,
28-29;
antiwar mood in,
153, 189, 192;
casualties at
Tannen
berg,
57;
casualties of
1915
Carpathian campaign,
84;
casualties of
1915
Gorlice
campaign,
86;
casualties,
PoW statistics for
1915, 91;
casualties
of
1916, 151;
deterioration of,
188-189, 190-192, 196-197, 337,
354;
effect of
1915
campaigns on,
90-91;
fraternization with German
soldiers,
193;
hamstrung by inflexible
conservatism,
28, 91, 148;
ill-supplied,
29, 91, 330-331;
in Kerensky offensive,
195-196;
in Kornilov affair,
355-356;
Latvian Rifles in,
440;
mutinies,
189,
196, 337, 338-339;
Narew
(2nd)
army,
56-57;
Niemen
(1st)
army,
56-57;
in
1916, 147-152, 153, 159-160;
number
INDEX
Russian armies (cont d)
mobilized,
296;
Odessa army,
86;
Soviet influence over,
190-191,
344-345;
Soviet Orders No.
1
and
2,
190, 345; Tannenberg
defeat,
46,
56-58;
Tenth army,
84-85
Russian revolution,
26, 167, 243, 324,
402, 462;
abdication of tsar,
340;
anticipated in
1905
revolt,
324, 365;
background of,
324-338;
and Baltic
nationalities,
437-438, 440-441, 448,
449-450;
civil war period of,
362, 363,
365, 368
and n,
Ò69-Ò1Ò,
473-474;
and counterrevolutionaries,
190,
354-356, 357-359, 361, 363, 364,
366, 371, 372-373;
February,
189-194, 338-348, 365, 437, 440,
449,
illus.
83;
July Days coup attempt,
352,
illus.
84;
October (Bolshevik),
197,282, 313, 343,344, 357,
359-366, 438, 441, 450, 460;
peasantry and,
343, 361, 363, 368-369
and n,
370;
political parties of,
326-328, 331-333, 364-366, 370-371;
reforms,
343-344, 363-364, 368-370;
and Slav nationalities,
408, 410, 415,
416;
Ukrainian
RADA
and,
197, 198,
433-434.
See also Soviet state
Russian Ukraine,
406-407
Russo-Japanese War
(1904-5), 3, 244
Saar
district,
38,470-471
Sacred Way,
126, 129
St. Germain, treaty of
(1919), 462;
terms,
423-424, 471-472
St. Mihiel salient,
52, 55, 78, 253, 254,
269, 270
St. Omer,
261
Saint Petersburg. See
Petrograd
St.
Quentin,
134, 258;
French capture,
271
Salandra, Antonio,
92, 93, 94-95, 154
Salonika: Allied base at,
92, 97, 113, 155,
157, 280;
Bulgarian surrender signed,
276
Samsonov, General Alexander V.,
56-57,
58, 63
San River,
61, 86, 88
Sarajevo, assassination of,
6, 8, 9, 10, 25
Sarrail, General Maurice,
97, 155, 156,
199, 274
Sassoon, Siegfried,
137, 478, 479, 482,
483
Sazonov, Sergei,
17, 19, 93, 326, 329, 332
Scandinavian nations,
119;
neutrality,
16;
recognition of Finland,
450;
shipping
protected from U-boats,
241, 242;
U.S.
peace efforts supported by,
464;
volunteer aid to Baltic lands,
439, 451
Scapa
Flow,
40, 139
Scheer,
Admiral
Reinhard, 138-139,
140-145, 238, 304
Scheidemann, Philipp, 379, 385,
386-387, 392, 396,
illus.
89;
chancellor,
399, 474
Scheldt River,
271, 272
Schlieffen, Count Alfred
von, 35
and n,
36, 63, 258«
Schlieffen plan,
35
and
«-36, 38, 42, 51,
237, 264;
failure of,
63-68;
military
flaws of,
65—67;
Moltke modifications,
36-37, 42, 45-47, 64;
pursued by
Falkenhayn,
52;
political liabilities of,
64,67
Schulenburg,
Count
von der, 285«
Sciences,
487
Scott, Georges:
ĽEclopé
(The Cripple), illus.
16;
poster by, illus.
36
Scutari,
276
and
n
Sedan,
271, 294; 1870
casualties,
296
Self-determination principles,
474—475;
British assurance to Arabs,
285, 468,
469;
eastern European national
movements for,
408, 410, 412,
437-438, 441-442, 445-446;
Lioyd
George s support for,
410;
Russian
revolutionary goal,
192, 194, 335, 344,
346, 349, 367;
in Versailles talks, vs.
French desire for security,
470;
violated
by Allies in secret agreements,
94, 468;
Wilsonian,
94, 256, 278, 315, 410,
474-475
Separate peace possibilities,
71-72,
466-467, 468;
for Austria,
60, 64, 153,
464-465, 467;
Austrian bid for,
268,
278, 287;
Bulgarian,
276, 288;
for
France,
113;
for Romania,
166
(see also
Bucharest,
1918
peace treaty of); for
INDEX
547
Separate
peace possibilities
(conťd)
Russia,
74, 75, 86, 166, 193, 345
{see
also Brest-Litovsk, peace treaty of);
Turkish bid for,
283;
for Ukraine,
197,
198, 434
Serbia,
6, 11, 13, 19, 85, 89, 93, 96,
199, 275, 278, 279;
action in Albania,
94;
army of,
32, 155-156;
Austrian
strategy against,
37, 75, 96;
Austrian
ultimatum and declaration of war,
7,
8-Ю, 17, 329;
and creation of
Yugoslavia,
407, 411, 418;
Italian
rivalry in Adriatic,
94, 156«, 407,
411-412, 419;
national movement and
exile government,
407-408; 1914
campaign against,
58-59; 1915
conquest of,
96-98, 100-101, 113;
occupation and refugees,
457,
illus.
59;
postwar economy,
455
Sereth River,
160
Seton-Watson,
Roben
W.,
407
Sèvres,
treaty of
(1920), 462, 472
Shantung,
469, 473
Shaw, George Bernard,
485
Shell scandal of
1915, 80
Shipping,
456;
Allied losses,
238,
240-241, 242, 273, 304, 318;
British
losses,
166, 238, 240, 273;
replacement,
242, 273.
See also Convoy
system; Neutral shipping
Siberia: Allied intervention for White
Russia,
413;
Czech legion in,
410,
413-414
Siege warfare,
35, 69, 70-71, 297;
in
West,
75-83, 124-138, 178
Siegfried line,
134, 169
Silent war,
4
and n,
5-7, 22
Silesia,
60, 61, 383, 471
Sims, Admiral William S.,
239, 240, 241,
254
Sixte
of Bourbon Parma, Prince,
464
Skagerrak,
138.
See also Jutland, battle of
Skoplje,
96
Skoropadsky,
Hetman
General Paul,
434-435
Skradi Legen
salient,
274
Slavs,
19, 21, 402-403;
defection from
Austrian armies,
59, 60, 195, 277-278;
national movements,
403-420;
revolutions,
402, 416-421, 422.
See also
Croats; Czechoslovakia; Czechs; Poland;
Poles; Serbia; Slovaks; Slovenes;
Ukraine; Yugoslavia
Slovak National Council,
417
Slovaks,
404, 414, 416-417;
separation
from Hungary, and Czech union,
417,
432, 433
Slovak Soviet Republic,
432
Slovenes,
278, 407, 409, 411, 414,
417-418
Smuts, Jan,
431, 464
Social change,
458-461
Social conflict,
26, 189;
prewar,
4, 20, 21
Social Democracy,
335
Social Democratic Labor party (Russia),
327.
See also Bolsheviks; Mensheviks
Social Democratic parties: Austrian,
402,
422-427;
Finnish,
450, 451, 453;
Hungarian,
428-431, 432;
Russian,
335, 337;
Ukrainian,
434
Social Democratic party (Majority
Socialists, Germany),
19, 201, 237,
288, 308, 321, 376, 377
and n,
378,
380-387, 424, 445, 460;
in cabinet,
379, 385, 386;
government of,
386-397, 400-401;
in Munich,
384,
397-398, 399;
in Weimar coalition,
399-400, 460
Socialism, socialists,
4, 26, 293, 306, 323,
335-337, 349, 408;
of Austria,
399,
401, 402;
Austrian reforms,
425;
European, disunity,
375;
in France,
335;
in Germany,
263, 292, 294, 323, 335,
380-388, 401;
German moderates
(Majority Socialists),
377«, 380-387,
388-401;
German radicals,
380,
381-382, 383, 387-388, 391-393,
394-399, 400-401;
in Hungary,
402,
429-431;
Hungarian reforms,
430-431;
in Italy,
184, 311;
Polish,
405, 409,
410, 420;
Russian,
189, 190, 313, 324,
327-329, 333-338, 347, 460;
Russian
extremists,
336, 351, 362
(see also
Bolsheviks); Russian moderates,
194,
347-348, 351-352, 354, 356-358,
360, 361, 362-363, 364, 365-366,
371;
in Slav revolutions,
402;
war,
27,
318
548
INDEX
Socialist
parties:
Hungary,
430;
Poland,
405,410,419,420
Socialist state, in Russia,
367-370
Social Revolutionaries (SRs, Russia),
327,
334-335, 345, 356, 360, 361, 363,
364,370-371
Social Revolutionaries, Ukrainian,
434
Soissons,
55, 168, 169, 171-172, 261,
262, 265-266;
AEF at,
254;
fall of
(1914), 46
Sokol,
Czech,
403
Soldiers, alienation of,
457.
See also
Poilus;
Tommy, British
Solzhenitsyn, Alexander,
57«
Somme,
269;
battle of
1916, 124, 127,
128, 131-138, 150, 152, 298, 478;
casualties,
133, 136, 296;
German
1918
offensive,
259-261;
third battle
(1918
Allied offensive),
267-268
Sonnino, Sidney,
93, 94, 156«
Souchon, Admiral
Wilhelm,
99, 100, 106,
119-120
Southern Army, of Central Powers,
84
South Slav Committee,
407, 408«, 411,
418
South Slavs,
19, 93-94, 407-408, 409,
411-412, 414, 416, 417-419.
See also
Croats; Serbia; Slovenes; Yugoslavia
South Tyrol: Allied promise to Italy,
12,
94, 468;
ceded to Italy,
472
Sovereignty of small nations,
315
Soviet Orders No.
1
and
2, 190, 345
Soviet Republics: Estonian,
438, 439;
Hungarian,
398, 399, 402, 422, 425,
427, 430
and n,
431-432;
Latvian,
443;
Slovak,
432;
Ukrainian,
434
Soviet(s),
189-192, 193-195, 196-197,
340, 341-342, 343-348, 349-353;
Bolshevik ascendancy in,
350-351, 353,
356-359;
Bolshevik takeover validated
by,
360, 361-362;
Bolshevik utilization
for state system,
362-367, 371;
control
of army by,
190-191, 344-345;
cooperation with Provisional
Government,
191-192, 194-195, 334,
341, 344, 347-348;
conflict over war
aims,
193-194, 345-348;
local and
regional,
367;
in
1905, 324.
See also
Congress of Soviets;
Kronstadt
Soviet;
Moscow Soviet;
Petrograd
Soviet
Soviet state,
343, 357, 361, 364,
366-375;
agrarian policy,
361,
368-369;
autocracy,
371-374;
concentration camps,
372, 373;
constitutional development,
366-367;
constitution of
1918, 371;
court system,
372-373, 374;
labor controlled by,
372, 373;
nationalization of industry,
363-364, 368, 370, 373;
one-party
state, and terror regime,
328-329,
370-371, 372, 373-374;
totalitarian
bureaucracy,
374
and n; trade
monopoly of,
369-370
Soviet Union,
367, 473-474;
and Baltic
nationalities,
437, 438, 439-440,
443-444, 446-447, 448-449, 450-453;
economic isolation of,
456, 457;
elimination of aristocracy and
bourgeoisie,
364, 458;
Polish border
settlement,
420;
postwar economy,
455,
456;
and Soviet Hungary,
430«, 431;
and Western help to White Russians,
413;
writers of,
484-485.
See also
Bolsheviks; Russian revolution
Sovnarkom. See Council of People s
Commissars
Spa, imperial meetings
(1918), 268, 272,
278, 286-287, 288, 379;
abdication,
385-387
Spain, neutrality of,
16
Spartacists (Germany),
377«, 380, 381,
382, 383, 387-388, 389, 392-393, 394;
Communist party formed by,
393, 395;
uprising of
1919, 389, 395-396, 401
Spears, Sir Edward,
170«, 172«
Spee, Count Maximilian
von, 120
Spengler,
Oswald,
486
Šrobár, Vávro,
417
Stab-in-the-back legend,
286, 294
and
«,
315,465«
Stalemate,
55, 69, 70-71, 75-83, 124,
136, 183, 297-298;
at sea,
147, 238
Stalin, Josef,
361
State and Revolution (Lenin),
359
Stavka
(Russian high command),
43«, 61,
88-89, 90
and n,
152, 188, 192, 194,
197, 355, 362
Steed, Wickam,
407
Steinlen, Théophile:
refugee etchings of,
Ulm. 61-62;
Un poilu à Pétain, illus.
14
INDEX
549
Stolypin,
Petr,
326, 327, 329
Stopford,
General
Sir Frederick,
112
Straits, the,
71, 73, 105-108, 115-116;
closed to Allied shipping,
99, 120, 330;
German cruisers at,
99-100, 120;
mining of,
100, 106;
reopened,
284;
Russian claims to,
94;
treaties of
Sèvres
and Lausanne,
472.
See also
Constantinople; Dardanelles
Strasbourg,
293
Strategies, strategic plans,
309;
of
attrition,
83, 134, 136-137;
early
disregard for technology,
297;
naval,
117-119, 138-139, 146-147;
of
1914,
34-40, 41; 1914,
failure of,
62-69;
1914
Austrian,
37-38; 1914
British,
39-40; 1914
French,
38-39; 1914
German,
34—37
{see also Schlieffen
plan);
1914
Russian,
40; 1916,
of
Falkenhayn
(Aufblutung), 124-125, 128,
129-130, 237;
for
1917, 168-169,
176-178; 1917,
Petain s switch to
active defense,
174-175, 182; 1917-18
German penetration tactics (hurricane
bombardment and special assault
troops),
183, 184, 196, 257, 266, 300,
301; 1918
Allied surprise attacks with
tanks,
262, 265, 267, 300;
peripheral,
92, 105, 114-117, 147, 168, 177;
three major German miscalculations,
237;
western vs. eastern,
62, 72-75,
113, 114, 117.
See
aho
Defensive
warfare; Offensive warfare
Straussenburg,
Arz
von, 278
Strikes: in France,
173-174;
in Germany,
268, 378, 385-386, 397, 399;
in Italy,
185, 186;
in Russia,
329, 337-338,
350;
of soldiers,
173-174, 186, 190,
195, 263, 268
Struma River, 156, 275
Stumm,
Baron Ferdinand
von, 10«
Submarine hunters,
239
Submarines,
31, 32, 92, 118, 119, 297,
303-305;
British,
305.
See also
Antisubmarine warfare; U-boat warfare
Sudan, British protectorate,
472
Sudetenland, 424, 426, 471-472
Suez Canal,
102-104, 115, 160, 161
Suffrage, universal,
402, 460-461;
in
Austria,
423;
in Britain,
460-461;
fight
for, illus.
49-50;
in Finland,
449;
in
Germany,
377, 382, 390, 460,
illus.
51;
in Poland,
420;
in Russia,
344
Sukhanov,
N.
N.,
339, 340
Supreme Economic Council (Soviet
Russia),
368
Supreme War Council, Allied,
188, 258,
274, 277, 279, 293,410
Sussex,
SS,
203, 248-249;
ultimatum,
249,
252
SuvlaBay,
111-113, 114, 305
Svinhufrud, P. E.,
450
Sweden,
119, 147;
volunteer aid to
Estonia,
439;
volunteer aid to Finland,
451
Switzerland: neutrality of,
16;
peace
efforts supported by,
464, 466
Sykes, Sir Percy,
162
Sykes-Picot agreement
(1916), 285,
468-469
Syria,
101, 102, 161, 164, 280-281, 472;
French sphere of influence,
285
Szögyeny,
Count Laszlo,
7
Tagliamento River,
186
Tallinn,
439-440
Tanks,
167, 170-171, 175, 266, 270,
301;
aircraft cooperation,
302;
in Allied
surprise attacks of
1918, 262, 265, 267,
300;
failure of full use of,
299-300,
305;
introduction of,
71, 83, 135, 297,
299;
Mark IV, illus.
20;
in offensive of
Cambrai
(1917), 182-183;
U.S. lag in,
255
Tannenberg,
battle of
(1914), 46, 56-58
Tarnopol,
85, 196
Tarnów,
86
Tartu, treaties of
(1920), 440, 454
Taryba (Lithuania),
445-446
Taxation,
459, 461;
in Britain,
319, 459
Technology of war,
25, 34, 62, 65-66,
70, 71, 77, 296-305, 486
Tereshchenko, Michael,
347
Territorial forces, British,
30, 77, 131,
132
Thaer, Colonel
Albrecht von, 285«
Thiepval salient,
135
Third Reich,
302, 303, 315, 426
Thirty Years War,
27
Thrace, acquisition by Greece,
472
55O
INDEX
Tigris River, 102, 163, 282, 283
Tilsit
peace,
198
Tirpitz,
Admiral
Alfred von, 10«, 11, 37,
118, 119, 146, 200-201, 202;
western
strategy advocate,
74
Tisza,
Count Stephen,
8, 427
Tolstoy, Leo, War and Peace,
483
Tomlinson, H. M.,
482
Tommy, British,
Mus.
17-18
Toul,
43
Townshend, Sir Charles,
162
Trades Union Congress (January
1918),
410
Trade unions. See Labor movement
Transcaucasus,
101;
Union of,
283
Transjordan, 280-281, 472
Transportation: effects
oí
war on,
456;
German crisis of
1916—17, 321;
Russian
problems,
189, 330
Transylvania,
13, 157, 159, 279;
Romanian acquisition of,
420-421, 472
Trebizond,
161
Trench mortars,
298
Trench warfare,
51, 52, 55, 70, 76, 77,
79, 80;
fortifications,
298;
Somme,
131
Trent,277
Trentino,
93, 95;
Austrian offensives in,
148, 150, 152, 154-155
and n,
186,
262
Trianon, treaty of
(1920), 432;
terms,
471-472
Trieste,
155;
Allied promise to Italy,
94;
settlement,
419
Triple Alliance,
3, 8—10;
Italy s defection
from,
11-12, 92-95
Triple Entente,
3, 5, 8, 10, 21, 22, 64,
65, 71, 90;
friction of
1915, 94;
German fear of,
3, 9, 10, 22;
Italy and,
12, 92-95;
Turkey and,
14-15, 16, 98,
100, 102.
See also Allies, the
Troop convoys,
123, 240
Trotsky, Leon,
197, 335, 354, 357, 358,
366, 372, 374«, 484,
Mus. 85B;
role in
October revolution,
359-361, 365
Trumbić,
Ante,
407, 408, 411, 418
Tunis, British protectorate,
472
Turkestan,
344
Turkey (Ottoman Empire),
9, 12, 13,
14-15, 86, 92, 96, 98-117, 157, 311;
Allied front considered against,
72, 73;
Arab revolt against,
153, 161, 163,
164-165, 280, 281, 282, 284;
armistice,
284;
Astatic,
160-165,
280-285;
Central Power route to,
74,
97, 100-101, 113, 155;
Constantinople
treaties with Central Powers,
14-15;
duality of her policy,
14, 98;
enters
war,
15, 92, 100, 102;
Gallipoli
survived by,
113, 114-116;
German
military mission to,
14, 99, 101, 161;
initial neutrality,
15, 98-100;
military
reverses of
1917-18, 280-283;
Ottoman Empire disintegration,
163-165, 166, 462, 468, 472;
Pan-Islamic ambition toward Persia,
162-163;
PoW treatment in,
458;
and
regime of capitulations,
15, 99, 472;
separate peace bid,
283;
treaty of
Lausanne
(1923), 462, 472;
treaty of
Sèvres
(1920), 462, 472;
Young Turks,
14, 283
Turkish armies,
14, 99, 101-102, 280,
282;
casualties at Gallipoli,
115;
Fifth,
108-109;
First,
101;
Fourth,
102, 104;
at
Kut,
163;
in
1916, 151, 155,
161-162;
Second,
101, 161;
Sixth,
162,
163;
Third,
101, 104, 161
Turkish (-German) navy,
99-100
Twenty-One Demands (Japan, on China),
469
Twenty-one points, Comintern,
374
Two-front war, German predicament,
35,
54,61-62, 71-72, 74
Tyrol,
11, 12, 152, 155.
See also South
Tyrol;
Trentino
U-boat warfare,
17, 32, 71, 74, 92,
122-123, 147, 200-204, 237-243,
247-249, 303-305, 379;
Adriatic bases,
242;
Allied countermeasures,
238-243,
273-274, 304, 305;
Belgian coast bases,
177, 242, 273;
in
1915, 122-123, 200,
201-202, 240, 248;
in
1916, 146, 200,
202-204, 210, 249;
in
1917, 146, 200,
204, 237, 238-240, 242, 252;
number
of U-boats,
200;
number of U-boats
sunk,
241, 274, 304;
unrestricted,
17,
123, 125, 146, 167, 200-202,
203-204, 237, 247-249, 252, 305,
309;
U.S. ultimatum,
249, 252
INDEX
551
Udine,
277
Ukraine,
Ukrainians,
344, 363, 420, 422,
433-436; Brest-Litovsk
peace with,
197,
198, 434;
Directory of,
433-434, 435;
German occupation as granary,
197,
198, 322, 434-435;
in
Habsburg
empire,
406, 409, 416, 433;
Hetmanate
of,
433, 434-435;
Polish aid to,
435;
Republic (Western),
433-434;
Soviet
takeover of,
435
Ukrainian Bolshevik party,
435
Ukrainian Central Council,
433
Ukrainian National Council,
406, 433
Ukrainian National Union,
435
Ukrainian Soviet Republic,
434
Ulmanis,
Kãrlis,
444
Unbeaten army legend,
289, 294
Unconditional surrender,
272, 290;
Bulgaria,
276
Unemployment, postwar,
456
Union for the Liberation of the Ukraine,
406-407
United Party of Independence (Hungary),
428
United States,
3, 10, 71, 243-256;
anti-Germanism in,
290;
economic role
in war,
245-246, 318;
Espionage and
Sedition Acts,
306;
food supply,
320;
Germany and,
245-246, 247-250, 252,
311—312;
isolationism vs. European
involvement,
243-245, 250-252,
255-256, 463;
National Defense Act,
253;
National Selective Service Act,
253;
neutral rights defended by,
245,
246-250;
neutrality,
16-17, 244-245,
250-252, 315«; 1918
election in,
463,
467;
partiality toward Allies,
245-246,
250, 251;
peace efforts,
204, 237, 244,
245, 250-251, 408, 464, 465-466;
prearmistice note exchange with
Germany,
289-293;
press policy,
307;
propaganda activities of,
310, 314;
propaganda activities of belligerents in,
311-312;
reaction to
Zimmermann
telegram,
312;
recognition of
Czechoslovakia by,
417;
recognition of
Finland,
454;
relationship with Britain,
243, 246-247, 312;
Shipping Act,
253;
Siberian intervention against Bolsheviks,
413
and n; and Slav national
movements,
410, 412, 414, 419;
and
submarine warfare,
200, 201, 202, 203,
204, 237, 247-250;
war entry of,
17,
166, 239, 240, 243, 252, 253, 314,
315
and n; war production,
254-255;
wartime agencies,
255;
world trade
ascendancy of,
456
U.S. Army,
253, 255.
See also American
Expeditionary Forces
U.S. National Guard,
253
U.S. Navy,
253, 254
U.S. Shipping Board,
255
Unruh,
Fritz
von, 480
Upper Silesia,
60, 61, 471
Vaasa,
451
Valona,
93, 98, 276«;
Allied promise to
Italy,
94
Vardar
River,
156, 274
Vatican, peace efforts by,
464, 465
Venezia,
188, 277
Venizelos, Eleutherios,
15-16, 97, 107,
156-157, 199, 274
Verdun,
36, 44, 47, 52, 55, 125, 176,
294;
battle of
(1916), 74, 75, 124,
125-130, 131, 136, 137, 147, 150,
152, 154, 201, 202, 203, 298, 478,
illus.
24;
casualties,
129
Versailles, treaty of
(1919), 462,
470-471, 473, 474,
illus.
94;
disarmament provision for Germany,
471;
economic sanctions,
456, 471;
failures of,
474, 475-476;
limitations
on, by prior secret agreements,
468-469, 473;
Memel,
447;
nationalist
pressures on,
467, 469;
Polish border
questions,
391, 420, 471;
public
opinion pressures on,
467-468;
territorial terms,
420, 447, 470-471;
war crimes issue,
309-310, 470;
war
guilt issue,
309, 467, 470, 471
Vesle
River,
261, 266;
AEF at,
254
Vicenza,
186
Vienna,
402, 423, 425-426;
Congress of
1814-15, 467
Viipuri (Vyborg),
452, 453
Villalobar, Marquis
de,
465
Vilna,
88, 89, 147, 445-446, 447;
Polish
vs. Lithuanian claims,
447, 448
Vimy Ridge,
170
552
INDEX
Vistula,
56, 61, 86
Vittorio Veneto,
277
Viviani, Rene,
81
Vladimírov,
Г.,
poster
by,
illus.
37
Vladivostok,
410, 413-414
Volhynia,
149-150, 151, 155
Volkswehr
(Austria),
423, 424-425
Vorwärts
(newspaper),
394, 395
WAACs
(British Women s Army Auxiliary
Corps),
460,
iilus.
46
Wailachia,
159, 160
Waltz, Jean Jacques, woodcut by, illus.
30
Wangenheim, Hans von, 14
War, as instrument of policy,
19-20, 22
War Cabinet (British),
163, 168, 169,
177-178, 181, 240
War Committee (Britain),
81-82, 113-114
War Committee (France),
169
War communism,
368
and n,
369, 371,
374
War Council (Britain),
72, 105, 106,
111
War crimes charges,
309-310, 470
War Department (U.S.),
255
War enthusiasm,
1914, 476-477,
illus.
1-2
War guilt issue,
308-309, 467, 470, 471
War Industries Board (U.S.),
255
War Industry Committees (Russia),
330,
338
War loans,
456;
posters, illus.
35-38,
44-45
War of attrition,
83, 134, 136-137, 147,
173
War Office (Britain),
81-82, 163
War Office (Germany),
320
War of lost opportunities,
75
and n,
89
War of movement,
34-35, 51, 53, 69,
257, 260, 297.
See also Blitzkrieg
War of position (and stalemate),
35, 53,
55, 69, 70-71, 147, 172, 183, 297;
problem of breakthrough battle,
82-83,
125, 131, 148-149, 183, 298, 299,
300
War production,
318-319;
in Germany,
321
War Raw Materials Agency (Germany),
320
Warsaw,
59, 60, 61, 88;
fall of
(1915),
89;
German-sponsored government,
405, 410, 415, 419-420; 1918
demonstrations,
419
War socialism
(Zwangswirtschaft), 27, 318
Weaponry, modern,
30, 32, 33, 34, 44,
62, 77, 126, 133, 135, 309;
defensive
power of,
30, 35, 70, 297;
miscalculations in use of,
65-66, 299,
305;
tactical combination,
297,
305-306;
technology,
25, 71, 296-305.
See also Artillery; Planes, combat; Tanks
Weimar Republic,
292, 380, 387,
399-401, 460, 475;
bureaucracy and
civil service unreformed,
390, 401;
coalition of parties,
400;
constitutional
development,
389-393, 399-400;
constitution of,
380, 393, 400;
demilitarization,
393, 395, 400, 471;
National Assembly,
390, 397, 399-400;
rebirth of militarism,
315, 389-390,
400;
revisionism,
400-401, 427
Weir, J. Alden, Knitting for Soldiers, illus.
8l
Wejh,
164, 281
Wels, Otto, 394
Western Front, map
50, 51, 55, 72, 73,
114, 116, 117, 296, 297;
British troop
commitments to,
39;
French Plan
XVII,
38-39, 42, 43;
in
1914, 41-55, 63-67;
in
1915, 76-83; 1916
campaigns,
124-138, 152; 1917
offensives,
169,
171-173, 176-183; 1917
strategies,
168-169, 174-176; 1918
German
offensive,
130, 180, 181, 186, 197,
257-262, 263-264, 300, 311; 1918
offensives of Allies,
175, 264-268, 269,
270-272, 293-294;
problem of
breakthrough battle,
82-83, 125, 131,
148-149, 183, 298, 299, 300;
Schlieffen plan,
35
and n,
36-37, 38,
42, 45-47, 63-68;
stalemate,
55, 70,
82-83, 124, 125, 136, 172, 183, 260,
297-298.
See also Casualties; Flanders;
Somme;
Verdun; Ypres
Western Ukrainian Republic,
433
Western vs. eastern strategies,
72-75,
113, 114, 117;
of Germany,
54, 62, 83,
152
White Protective Corps (Finland),
451
White Russians,
413, 473;
in Baltic lands,
439, 444, 447-448, 449, 454
INDEX
553
Widenmann, Captain,
4«
Wilhelm,
Crown Prince of Prussia,
125,
201, 261, 264, 285«, 385, 386
Wilhelmshaven,
sailors mutiny at,
381
William II, Kaiser,
25, 51, 88, 128, 376,
470,
illus.
7;
abdication of,
294, 381,
382, 384, 385-387;
and armistice,
272-273, 278, 286, 288, 379;
cartoon,
illus.
26;
and Emperor Karl s peace bid,
278;
exile at
Doorn,
387;
government
change signed,
288, 379;
Ludendorff
dismissed by,
380;
and naval strategy,
118, 121, 122, 139;
role in start of
war,
7, 8-9, 11, 17;
and U-boat
warfare,
201, 202, 237
Wilson, General Sir Henry,
77«, 113, 258
Wilson, Woodrow,
255-256, 284,
314-315, 381, 385, 418, 463,
illus.
13;
and armistice,
272, 288, 289-293, 380,
475;
diplomatic efforts before entry into
war,
204, 244-247, 249-251, 464;
east
European national movements and,
278,
408, 410,413«, 414,415, 416;
Fourteen Points of,
252, 292, 410, 465,
469
{see also Fourteen Points); Four
Principles, Five Ends, and Five
Particulars,
466, 469;
and League of
Nations,
245, 250-251;
mediation
effort of
1914, 464;
position toward
Austria,
278, 410, 416;
and Shantung
issue,
473;
Siberian intervention,
413«;
his terms-of-peace concern,
251-252,
289, 408, 464, 465-466;
and Versailles
treaty,
467, 469, 473, 474-475,
illus.
94
Wilsonism,
463, 465-466, 469, 474-475
Wireless communication,
34, 297, 306;
on
airplanes,
301;
German naval,
intercepted,
121-122, 139;
Russian,
intercepted,
57, 59, 61
Witte,
Count Sergei,
326
Wittgenstein,
Ludwig, 487
Women,
458;
dress,
461, 462;
emancipation progress,
460-461;
reforms in Soviet Russia,
344, 364;
role
in war,
319,
illus.
43, 46-48;
social
freedom,
461;
suffragettes, illus.
49-51
(see also Suffrage, universal); in work
force,
319, 459-460,
illus.
45, 48
Working classes,
459-460.
See also Labor
movement
World War I: final chain of events leading
to,
7-10, 17-18;
inevitability argued,
17-23;
institutional factors in start of,
17-23;
loss of life, see Casualties;
material cost of,
296;
number of
belligerents and battles,
296;
personal
factor in start of,
7, 17, 22;
responsibility for,
17-23, 308-309,
464, 467, 470, 471;
three stages of,
6;
triple nature of,
7
World War II,
25, 27, 51, 302, 303, 306,
314,419,426,475
WRENS (British Women s Royal Naval
Service),
460,
illus.
47
Yanushkevich, General
N.
N.,
29
Yemen,
101
Young Turks,
14, 283
Ypres,
260, 271;
First battle of
(1914),
53-54, 55, 61, 71, 75; 1914
casualties,
55;
Second battle of
(1915), 78;
Third
battle of
(1917), 176, 178-182;
casualties,
180
Yser canal,
176, 179
Yudenich, General
N.
N.,
104, 161-162
Yugoslavia,
93;
genesis of,
407, 411, 414,
417-418;
treaty of Rapallo with Italy,
462
Zagreb National Council,
417-418
Zamyatin, Evgeny,
484, 485
Zeebrugge,
53;
U-boat base,
177, 242
Zemstvos,
327, 330, 331, 343, 458
Zeppelin, Count Ferdinand
von, 33
Zeppelins. See Airships
Zimmermann,
Arthur,
237
Zimmermann
telegram,
312
Zimmerwald
movement,
336, 345
Zinoviev, Grigori,
352, 359
Zionist movement,
285
Zita,
Empress of Austria,
464
Zwa ngs Wirtschaft, 318
Zweig,
Arnold,
482
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Schmitt, Bernadotte Everly 1886-1969 Vedeler, Harold C. |
| author_GND | (DE-588)115551514 |
| author_facet | Schmitt, Bernadotte Everly 1886-1969 Vedeler, Harold C. |
| author_role | aut aut |
| author_sort | Schmitt, Bernadotte Everly 1886-1969 |
| author_variant | b e s be bes h c v hc hcv |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV000235128 |
| callnumber-first | D - World History |
| callnumber-label | D521 |
| callnumber-raw | D521 |
| callnumber-search | D521 |
| callnumber-sort | D 3521 |
| callnumber-subject | D - General History |
| classification_rvk | NP 4420 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)10020308 (DE-599)BVBBV000235128 |
| dewey-full | 940.3 |
| dewey-hundreds | 900 - History & geography |
| dewey-ones | 940 - History of Europe |
| dewey-raw | 940.3 |
| dewey-search | 940.3 |
| dewey-sort | 3940.3 |
| dewey-tens | 940 - History of Europe |
| discipline | Geschichte |
| edition | 1. ed. |
| era | Geschichte 1900-2000 Geschichte 1914-1919 gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 1900-2000 Geschichte 1914-1919 |
| format | Book |
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| geographic | Europa Europe History 1871-1918 Europe History 1918-1945 Europa (DE-588)4015701-5 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Europa Europe History 1871-1918 Europe History 1918-1945 |
| id | DE-604.BV000235128 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T15:10:50Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 0060152680 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-000140926 |
| oclc_num | 10020308 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 DE-739 DE-188 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 DE-739 DE-188 |
| physical | XVII, 553 S. Ill., Kt. |
| psigel | BSBWK1 |
| publishDate | 1984 |
| publishDateSearch | 1984 |
| publishDateSort | 1984 |
| publisher | Harper & Row |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Schmitt, Bernadotte Everly 1886-1969 Verfasser (DE-588)115551514 aut The world in the crucible 1914 - 1919 by Bernadotte E. Schmitt and Harold C. Vedeler 1. ed. New York u.a. Harper & Row 1984 XVII, 553 S. Ill., Kt. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Geschichte 1900-2000 Geschichte 1914-1919 gnd rswk-swf Geschichte Weltkrieg (1914-1918) Revolutions Europe History 20th century World War, 1914-1918 World War, 1914-1918 Influence Erster Weltkrieg (DE-588)4079163-4 gnd rswk-swf Europa Europe History 1871-1918 Europe History 1918-1945 Europa (DE-588)4015701-5 gnd rswk-swf Europa (DE-588)4015701-5 g Erster Weltkrieg (DE-588)4079163-4 s Geschichte 1914-1919 z DE-604 Vedeler, Harold C. Verfasser aut Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=000140926&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=000140926&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Register // Gemischte Register |
| spellingShingle | Schmitt, Bernadotte Everly 1886-1969 Vedeler, Harold C. The world in the crucible 1914 - 1919 Geschichte Weltkrieg (1914-1918) Revolutions Europe History 20th century World War, 1914-1918 World War, 1914-1918 Influence Erster Weltkrieg (DE-588)4079163-4 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4079163-4 (DE-588)4015701-5 |
| title | The world in the crucible 1914 - 1919 |
| title_auth | The world in the crucible 1914 - 1919 |
| title_exact_search | The world in the crucible 1914 - 1919 |
| title_full | The world in the crucible 1914 - 1919 by Bernadotte E. Schmitt and Harold C. Vedeler |
| title_fullStr | The world in the crucible 1914 - 1919 by Bernadotte E. Schmitt and Harold C. Vedeler |
| title_full_unstemmed | The world in the crucible 1914 - 1919 by Bernadotte E. Schmitt and Harold C. Vedeler |
| title_short | The world in the crucible |
| title_sort | the world in the crucible 1914 1919 |
| title_sub | 1914 - 1919 |
| topic | Geschichte Weltkrieg (1914-1918) Revolutions Europe History 20th century World War, 1914-1918 World War, 1914-1918 Influence Erster Weltkrieg (DE-588)4079163-4 gnd |
| topic_facet | Geschichte Weltkrieg (1914-1918) Revolutions Europe History 20th century World War, 1914-1918 World War, 1914-1918 Influence Erster Weltkrieg Europa Europe History 1871-1918 Europe History 1918-1945 |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=000140926&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=000140926&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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