Field techniques and research methods in geography:
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Dubuque, Iowa
Kendall/Hunt
1982
|
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | X, 234 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 0840326025 |
Internformat
MARC
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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|---|---|
| adam_text | Titel: FIELD TECHNIQUES AND RESEARCH METHODS IN GEOGRAPHY
Autor: Stoddard, Robert H
Jahr: 1982
Contents
Preface, ix
1. Introduction: Collecting Areal Data, 1
A Geographic Perspective, 3
Characteristics of Geography, 3
Various Approaches to Geographic Problems, 6
Nature of Data, 8
Areal Data, 8
Dimensions, 8
Individual Geographic Units, 8
Field Data, 9
Kinds of Phenomena, 10
Research Methodology, 11
Formulating the Problem and Stating Relationships, 13
Statement of Problem, 13
Hypotheses and Other Relationships, 13
Developing a Research Plan and Preparing for Data Collection, 14
Collecting the Data, 15
Analyzing the Data, 15
Stating Conclusions and Reporting Results, 15
Organization of Topics, 16
Preparation for Data Collection, 16
Techniques for Collecting Data, 17
Direct Observations, 17
Data Sensed by Instruments, 20
Stored Data, 20
Summary, 21
Evaluation and Applications, 22
2. Preparing for Data Collection, 25
Purposes for Preparatory Procedures, 25
Increasing Background Knowledge, 25
Making Decisions for the Research Plan, 26
Operational Definitions and Individual Geographic Units, 26
Definition of the Study Area, 28
Base Map, 29
Locational System, 30
Measurements of Field Phenomena and Sampling Design, 33
iv
Contents
Commencing Field Arrangements, 33
Techniques, 34
Review of the Literature, 34
Field Reconnaissance, 34
Pilot Study, 35
Locational Measurements, 36
Using Place Names, 36
Estimating Positions Visually, 37
Pacing Combined with the Use of a Compass or Transit, 38
Triangulating with a Plane Table, 40
Evaluation and Applications, 41
Evaluation, 41
Applications, 42
3. Measuring Field Phenomena, 45
Nature of Measurement, 45
Levels of Measurement, 47
Nominal, 47
Ordinal, 47
Interval, 47
Ratio, 49
Other Aspects of Measurement, 49
Validity, 49
Reliability, 50
Precision, 51
Accuracy, 51
Measurements of Visible Phenomena, 51
Identification, 52
The Task, 52
Techniques, 53
Classification, 55
Approach, 55
Choice of Scheme, 57
Criteria, 58
Classes, 60
Measurements of Non-Visible Phenomena, 61
Nominal Measurement of Non-Visible Phenomena, 62
Ordinal Measurements of Non-Visible Phenomena, 64
Parametric Measurements of Non-Visible Phenomena, 65
Ratings, 65
Indexes, 66
Scales, 69
Evaluation and Applications, 72
Evaluation, 72
Applications, 72
4. Sampling Geographic Phenomena, 75
Defining a Population, 75
Generalization of a Study, 76
Generalization from Sampled Individuals, 77
Considerations in Selecting a Sample, 77
An Initial Warning about Bias, 77
Bias and Non-Probability Samples, 80
Haphazard Selection, 80
Purposeful Selection, 81
Selection of a Study Area, 82
Sample Size, 84
Variance, 85
Degree of Accuracy, 88
Confidence Level, 89
Sampling Designs, 90
Unrestricted, Non-Spatial Random Sampling, 90
Sampling Spatially Continuous Phenomena, 93
Randomly Located Points, 93
Locationally Stratified Random Points, 94
Systematically Aligned Points, 95
Stratified Systematic Unaligned Points, 96
Sampling Spatially Discrete Phenomena, 96
Other Designs, 99
Cluster Samples, 99
Traverses, 99
Multistage Samples, 101
Evaluation and Applications, 102
Evaluation, 102
Applications, 103
5. Collecting Data by Observing, 109
Observational Techniques, 110
Observing Inanimate Objects, 110
Classifying Objects, 112
Considerations in Classifying Field Phenomena, 114
Observing Human Subjects Unobtrusively, 115
Observing Subjects as Participant Researcher, 117
Quasi-Participant, 117
Full Participant, 118
Some Limitations, 119
Comments on Experiential Fieldwork, 119
Observing Human Subjects within Controlled Conditions, 121
Controlled Field Conditions, 121
Controlled Laboratory Conditions, 122
Comparing Control and Subject Awareness, 123
vi Contents
Ways of Recording Data, 123
General Characteristics, 124
Maps, 125
Sketches and Photographs, 125
Codes and Notes, 126
Evaluation and Applications, 127
Evaluation, 127
Applications, 129
6. Collecting Data by Asking Questions, 133
Needs for Data Supplied by Informants, 133
Data Lacking Locational Precision, 133
Absence of Recorded Data, 134
Interviews, 135
Various Types of Interviews, 135
Unstructured Interviews, 135
Free Stories, 136
Structured Interviews, 136
Structured Interviews with Aids, 137
Preparing for the Interview, 137
Approaching the Interview, 139
Questioning, 140
Closing the Interview, 140
Recording Information, 141
Schedules, 142
Background Data, 143
Wording of Questions and Responses, 143
Wording of Questions, 145
Wording of Response Choices, 147
Pre-Testing, 150
Telephone Schedules, 152
Advantages, 152
Disadvantages, 153
Questionnaires, 154
Advantages, 154
Disadvantages, 155
Bias Associated with Non-Responses, 155
Strategies for Increasing Cooperation, 157
Strategies for Adjusting to Non-Responses, 158
Evaluation and Applications, 159
Evaluation, 159
Applications, 162
Contents vil
7. Sensing with Remote Instruments, 165
Types of Sensors, 167
The Electromagnetic Spectrum, 167
Optical Images, 169
Other Images, 170
Types of Carriers, 171
Balloons and Helicopters, 171
Spacecraft: Rockets and Satellites, 171
Aircraft, 172
Utilization as Field Data, 173
Data Sources, 173
Identification: Determination of Ground Truth, 174
Measurement, 175
Evaluation and Applications, 178
Evaluation, 178
Applications, 179
8. Using Stored Data, 183
Selecting Meaningful Data, 183
Selecting New Information from a Map, 184
Content Analysis, 185
Selecting Information from Other Materials, 188
Selecting Information from Photographs, 188
Selecting Information from Audible Tapes, 189
Selecting Information from Informants, 189
Physical Traces and Indirect Clues, 190
Using Census Data, 191
Searching for Sources, 192
Evaluation and Applications, 193
Evaluation, 193
Applications, 195
9. Measuring Movement, 199
Making Direct Visual Observations, 200
Continuous Paths, 200
Points of Movement, 202
Asking Questions, 202
Continuous Paths, 203
Points of Movement, 205
Employing Mechanical Sensors and Recorders, 206
Continuous Paths, 206
Points of Movement, 207
vili Contents
Using Stored Materials, 208
Continuous Paths, 208
Points of Movement, 209
Evaluation and Applications, 209
Evaluation, 209
Applications, 210
10. Developing a Research Plan, 213
Role of a Research Plan, 213
An Expression of the Research Objective, 213
Timing for the Plan, 215
Form of Plan, 216
Elements of a Research Plan, 216
Statement of the Problem, 217
Objectives, 218
Relationships, 218
Spatial Setting, 219
Data Collection, 219
Data Analysis. 220
Budget, 220
Evaluation and Applications, 220
Evaluation, 220
Application, 221
Appendix A Making a Map with a Plane Table, 223
Appendix B. 227
Index, 231
|
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| spelling | Stoddard, Robert H. Verfasser aut Field techniques and research methods in geography Robert H. Stoddard Dubuque, Iowa Kendall/Hunt 1982 X, 234 S. Ill., graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Geografie gtt Géographie - Recherche Géographie - Travaux pratiques Onderzoeksmethoden gtt Geografie Geography Fieldwork Geography Research Methode (DE-588)4038971-6 gnd rswk-swf Anthropogeografie (DE-588)4133695-1 gnd rswk-swf Feldforschung (DE-588)4016674-0 gnd rswk-swf Geografie (DE-588)4020216-1 gnd rswk-swf Geografie (DE-588)4020216-1 s Methode (DE-588)4038971-6 s DE-604 Feldforschung (DE-588)4016674-0 s Anthropogeografie (DE-588)4133695-1 s HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=000070146&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Stoddard, Robert H. Field techniques and research methods in geography Geografie gtt Géographie - Recherche Géographie - Travaux pratiques Onderzoeksmethoden gtt Geografie Geography Fieldwork Geography Research Methode (DE-588)4038971-6 gnd Anthropogeografie (DE-588)4133695-1 gnd Feldforschung (DE-588)4016674-0 gnd Geografie (DE-588)4020216-1 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4038971-6 (DE-588)4133695-1 (DE-588)4016674-0 (DE-588)4020216-1 |
| title | Field techniques and research methods in geography |
| title_auth | Field techniques and research methods in geography |
| title_exact_search | Field techniques and research methods in geography |
| title_full | Field techniques and research methods in geography Robert H. Stoddard |
| title_fullStr | Field techniques and research methods in geography Robert H. Stoddard |
| title_full_unstemmed | Field techniques and research methods in geography Robert H. Stoddard |
| title_short | Field techniques and research methods in geography |
| title_sort | field techniques and research methods in geography |
| topic | Geografie gtt Géographie - Recherche Géographie - Travaux pratiques Onderzoeksmethoden gtt Geografie Geography Fieldwork Geography Research Methode (DE-588)4038971-6 gnd Anthropogeografie (DE-588)4133695-1 gnd Feldforschung (DE-588)4016674-0 gnd Geografie (DE-588)4020216-1 gnd |
| topic_facet | Geografie Géographie - Recherche Géographie - Travaux pratiques Onderzoeksmethoden Geography Fieldwork Geography Research Methode Anthropogeografie Feldforschung |
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