Resources for the twenty-first century: proceedings of the International Centennial Symposium of the United States Geological Survey, held at Reston, Virginia, October 14 - 19, 1979
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1982
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| Schriftenreihe: | Geological Survey <United States>: Geological Survey provessional paper
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Resources for the twenty-first century |b proceedings of the International Centennial Symposium of the United States Geological Survey, held at Reston, Virginia, October 14 - 19, 1979 |c F. C. Whitmore ..., eds |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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CENTENNIALSYMPOSIUMOFTHE
UNITEDSTATESGEOLOGICALSURVEY,
HELDATRESTON,VIRGINIA,
OCTOBER14-19,1979
FCWhitmore,Jr,andMEWilliams,Editors
TABLEOFCONTENTS
SCOPE OF EARTH-SCIENCE HAl LENGES FOR THE WENTY-FIRST CENTURY
The International Centennial Symposium: Background and Objectives 2
Frank C Whitmore, Jr
Welcoming Remarks: Interdependence of Nations and the Influence of Resources Estimates
on Government Policy 3
H William Menard
Figure 1 Petroleum reserves and national policy 4
2 Crude oil discovered in tin: United States per foot of exploratory drilling, 1860-1971 6
3 Hubbert versus Zapp forecasts and consequences 7
4 History, forecasts, and random drilling models 7
5 Success rate as a function of new field size 8
6 Size distribution of oil fields 9
Greetings from the National Academy of Sciences 11
Philip Handler
Major Challenges and Opportunities for National Geoscience Programs —
A Brazilian Viewpoint 15
J R de Andrade Ramos
Mineral Resources for the Twenty-first Century: Challenges and Opportunities —
An Indonesian Viewpoint 19
Soetaryo Sigit
Figure 1 Map of the Republic of Indonesia superimposed on the map of the United States of America 23
Table 1 Production of main mineral commodities in Indonesia 26
2 Revenues from Indonesian minerals export compared with Indonesian export totals 27
Discussion 29
D J McLaren
Pierre Laffitte
iv Resources for the Twenty-first Century
PROBLEMS AND REQUIREMENTS FOP IDENTIFYING, I XPLORING, AND
DEVELOPING RESOURCES
Selected Resources Problems of Underdeveloped Nations, and Suggested Solutions 33
Samuel Bonis
Figure 1 Village struck by 1976 Guatemala earthquake 33
2 1976 Guatemala earthquake —properly constructed village schoolhouse was not damaged 34
3 1976 Guatemala earthquake —widespread destruction of adobe houses; modern construction did
not collapse 34
4 1974 eruption of Volcan Fuego, Guatemala 36
5 Karst in northern Guatemala, tropical rain forest 37
The Outlook from Korea on Resources for the Twenty-first Century 38
Byung Koo Hyun
Figure 1 Supply and demand of metallic minerals in Korea, 1965-1978 38
2 Trends of energy supply and demand in Korea, 1962-1978 39
3 Growth rate of Korea s GNP and industrial development, 1955-1975 39
4 Estimated major mineral resources in Korea, as of December 1978 39
5 Estimated nonmetallic mineral resources in Korea, as of December 1978 39
6 Topographic map of Korea 41
Discussion 44
W C Overstreet
Figure 1 Devastated village on fault break of 1976 Guatemala earthquake 45
An Overview of Problems and Requirements for Identifying, Exploring, and Developing
Resources — The Outlook from Venezuela 46
Henrique J Lavie
Figure 1 Sedimentary basins of the natural gas and coal reserves in Venezuela 47
Problems and Requirements for Identifying, Exploring, and Developing Resources —The
Outlook from Egypt 52
G A Moustafa
Figure 1 Relief map of Egypt 53
2 Geologic map of Egypt 54
3 Resources map of Egypt 57
Discussion and Comments from the Floor 58
C Guillemin
Samuel Bonis
Y Shimazaki
Contents v
OPPORTUNITIES AND PERSPECTIVES IN SURVEYING, MAPPING, AND CAR
TOGRAPHY
Surveying: Status and Further Development 61
Eliz Lundin and Carl-Olof Ternry d
Figure 1 The observer as a record keeper 62
2A The observer in direct sound contact with the record keeper 63
2B The position of the plotted point can immediately be compared graphically with the theoretical
position 63
3 Sound recording of the field data —recording on sound tape —cassette tape recorder connected to
headset 64
4 Recording on sound tape via the telecommunications network 65
5 Radio transmission of data 66
6 Data storage on cassette tape 67
7 Datastack connected to HP 9820 67
8/4 Semi-automatic systems —surveying unit with connected datastack 68
8 B AG A Geodat 120 connections 69
9 Semi-automatic system, Wild TC 1 70
QA Semi-automatic system, Kern El/2 71
10B The Kern DM501 and a datastack attached to the Kern electronic theodolite 71
11 Semi-automatic system, Zeiss Elta-2 and the manual registration system Elta-4 72
12/1 Geodimeter 710 connected via a cable to a desk top computer and an XY plotter 73
12B A specially made boat equipped with instrumentation for measuring seismic reflections within
predetermined alignments 73
13 Geodimeter 710 connected to a desk top computer via coded radio communication 74
Discussion 76
Willis F Roberts
Cartography Today 77
J A Villasana L
Discussion 79
Lewis John Harris
Satellite Data Systems 82
G Konecny
Figure 1 Digitally processed Landsat scene of the Washington, D C (U SA) area magnified to about
2 Equivalent image (see fig 1) from Skylab with increased resolution 85
3 Landsat scene microscopic enlargement to 1:25,000 processed to limit on the laser recorder 85
4 Same scene (see fig 3) at 1:25,000 from Skylab 85
5 Image of Cape Canaveral, Florida (U SA) demonstrates relatively higher resolution achieved by
Landsat 3 86
vi Resources for the Twenty-first Century
Satellite Data Systems—Continued
Figure 6 Seasat radar image of Lake Geneva, Switzerland (portion at scale of 1:500,000) 86
7 Enlargement of a superior Goodyear GEMO 1,000 aircraft radar image of Phoenix, Arizona
(U SA) (at 1:160,000) 86
8 Enlargement of the Phoenix, Arizona, image to about 1:30,000 87
9 Radar image of Mont Blanc region 87
Table 1 Meteorological satellites 83
2 Land observation satellites 83
3US military reconnaissance satellites 83
4 History of manned missions: space photography of the Earth since 1965 84
5US remote sensing programs from space 87
6 Other countries remote sensing programs from space 88
7 European Space Agency remote sensing programs from space 88
8 Spacelab camera mission 88
9 Microwave experiment for Spacelab mission 88
10 European Space Agency plans for earth resources programs 88
11 The Atlas program 89
12 Performance specifications for the Atlas program 89
Discussion 91
F J Doyle
Opportunities and Perspectives in Digital Mapping and Automated Cartography 92
J M Zarzycki
Figure 1 Feature attributes as classified by the Canadian Topographic Survey 93
2 Classification of map features in digital topographic data base system 94
3 Wild B-8 with interactive digiting and editing unit 95
4 Operator console of Gestalt Photomapper GPM-2 95
5 Interactive cartographic editing station 96
Discussion 97
Ernst Spiess
Panel Discussion 98
CHALLENGES AND PROBLEMS COl CERNING ENERGY RESOURCES
Sufficient Energy Raw Materials for Everyone? 104
F Bender
Figure 1 Estimates of world fossil energy resources 105
2 World distribution of fossil energy resources and reserves 106
3 Regional distribution of fossil energy fuels 107
Contents vii
Sufficient Energy Raw Materials for Everyone? — Continued
Figure 4 World coal resources arid reserves 107
5 World coal production from 1950 to 2000 108
6 World oil reserves, and annual and cumulative production from 1950 to 1978 108
7 Regional distribution of world oil resources and reserves 109
8 Regional distribution of world natural gas resources and reserves 110
9 Estimates of world oil shale and tar sand resources 111
10 Estimates of world uranium resources 112
11 Uranium production 1950 to 1978 (market economies and developing countries) 112
12 Geothermal energy figure for 1978 and projections for 2000 113
Table 1 Global resources and reserves of fossil fuels as estimated for the 1980 World Energy Conference 106
2 Regional distribution of fossil fuels 106
An International View of Nuclear Raw Materials (Uranium) 115
J Cameron
Figure 1 Growth of reasonably assured uranium resources from 1965 to 1979 116
2 Technical assistance provided by IAEA to developing countries from 1959 through 1979 118
3 Organization of INTURGEO data files 120
4 iUREP-selected developing countries with good potential for uranium 124
Table 1 Estimates of WOCA uranium as reasonably assured resources, as of mid-1979 117
2 Estimated additional resources of WOCA uranium as expected occurrences, as of mid-1979 117
3 Speculative uranium resources listed by continent, excluding People s Republic of China and the
eastern part of USSR 122
4 Speculative world uranium resources listed by category 122
Discussion 132
H S Alpan
V E McKelvey
Problems of Energy Development in India During the Twenty-first Century 135
T N Basu
Figure 1 Location of major workable coal and lignite fields of India 136
2 Sedimentary basins of India 137
3 Hydroelectric resources 139
Table 1 Known quantities of nonrenewable and renewable commercial energy sources in India, 1978 135
2 Estimated hydroelectric potential of India by region 138
3 Production figures for commercial energy in India, from 1973 to 2000 141
4 Estimates of nonrenewable resources available in India for the 21st century 142
World Oil Resources: Their Assessment and Potential for the Twenty-first Century 145
Michel Grenon
Figure 1 Potential world oil production curve 145
2 Comparison of reserves and resources 146
3 Estimates of world oil resources 1946—1978 146
4 Evolution of estimates of ultimate world oil resources 147
5 Source relationships between oil resources estimates 148
viii Resources for the Twenty-first Century
World Oil Resources: Their Assessment and Potential for the
Twenty-first Century —Continued
Figure 6 Main findings of the WEC-DELPHI study 1977 148
7 Analysis of answers to D ELPHI 149
8 World oil resources remaining to be produced (DE L PH I ) 149
9 Ultimate oil recovery in USA and Canada 149
10 Regional distribution of D ELPHI estimates 150
11 Fossil fuel reserves and resources 150
12 Estimate of heavy crude and tar sand reserves 151
13 Lloydminster-area heavy oils 151
14 Known oil shale resources of the world land areas 151
15 Estimates of oil shale resources by country 152
16 The three paths to costly oil 152
17 World rig activity (excluding socialist areas) in 1978 153
18 Number of rigs by regions and by estimated size 153
19 Free world total exploratory well completions 153
20 World oil supply curve, according to D ELPH I (1977) 154
Discussion 157
Bernardo F Grossling
Comments from the Floor 158
The Growing Oil Scarcity and the Challenge of Future Discoveries 159
Ahmed Zaki Yamani
CHALLENGES AND PROBLEMS COI CER VING MINERAL RE: OURCES
Organizing a National Assessment of Mineral Resources 163
Carlos Ruiz F
Mineral Industry of Pakistan 168
S A Bilgrami
Figure 1 Map of Pakistan showing known mineral deposits of economic importance 170
2 Geological map of Pakistan 176
3 Index map of Pakistan showing mineral deposits of probable economic significance 177
Table 1 Proven reserves of minerals in Pakistan as of 1970 168
2 Production of selected minerals from 1971-72 to 1977-78 169
3 Principal minerals exported 169
4 Selected analyses of barite 171
5 Chemical composition of Pakistani chromites selected to show range of composition 172
6 Chemical composition of Pakistani coals 172
Discussion 179
C Nishiwaki
C W Sweetwood
Preliminary Study of Mineral Resources of Latin America 183
G P Salas
Table 1 Production of metallic minerals in Latin America for 1976, 1977, or 1978 184
2 Production of nonmetallic minerals in Latin America for 1976, 1977, or 1978 186
3 Metallic mineral reserves in Latin America for 1978 188
4 Nonmetallic mineral reserves in Latin America for 1978 188
5 Mines in Latin America producing more than 150,000 tons of ore per year 190
Exploring and Evaluating Seabed Resources: The Experience of the Committee for Co
ordination of Joint Prospecting for Mineral Resources in Asian Offshore Areas (CCOP) 192
A Johannas
1 Offshore hydrocarbon exploration in East Asia before 1965 193
2 Offshore hydrocarbon exploration 1966 to 1975, Republic of Korea 194
3 Offshore hydrocarbon exploration 1966 to 1975, Indonesia 194
4 Offshore hydrocarbon exploration 1966 to 1975, Japan 195
5 Offshore hydrocarbon exploration 1966 to 1975, Kampuchea 195
6 Offshore hydrocarbon exploration 1966 to 1975, Malaysia 195
7 Offshore hydrocarbon exploration 1966 to 1975, Thailand 196
8 Offshore hydrocarbon exploration 1966 to 1975, The Philippines 196
9 Offshore hydrocarbon exploration 1966 to 1975, Viet-Nam 196
Discussion 201
R N Richmond, Jr
E Davin
World Nonfuel Mineral Supply: The Outlook as We Approach the Twenty-first Century 203
John D Morgan
Figure 1 World production figures for steel, cement, copper, and aluminum 204
2 Melting points of various elements 206
Table 1 World production of iron, steel, aluminum, and copper in 1978 203
2 Twelve major nonfuel minerals 205
3 1978 U S consumption of metals whose corrosion resistance is a major factor in their selection by
industry 206
4 Basic stockpile materials in the United States 208
5 Comparison of world cumulative primary mineral demand forecasts, 1976 — 2000, with world
identified recoverable mineral reserves 209
x Resources for the Twenty-first Century
WATER AND PEOPLE
Philippine Water Resources Policies: An Appraisal
Angel A Alejandrino
The Legal and Administrative Implications of the
Resources Facing the Twenty-first Century 218
Guillermo J Cano
Droughts and Floods 223
J P Bruce
Figure 1 Prairie provinces of Canada 224
2 Location of studies of the Souris, Qu Appelle, and Okanagan River basins 226
3 The Mackenzie River basin 228
4 Example of a flood-plain map 229
Panel Discussion 231
Hydrological Cycle and Water-related
GEOLOGIC HAZARDS
Earthquake Hazards, and Requirements for Their Mitigation in the Andean Region 239
A A Giesecke
Figure 1 Preliminary map of earthquakes in Peru from 1471 to 1974 241
2 Seismic map of Peru, locating evenis from 1900 to 1976 242
3 Seismic zoning map of Peru 243
4 Area seismic risk predictions for the Department of Lima in Peru 245
5 View of part of the upthrust visible for about 800 meters along the Huaytapallana fault 246
6 Rock displacement visible after the 1969 Huaytapallana earthquake in Peru 246
An Earthquake Research Programme in Turkey 248
Nezihi £anitez
Figure 1 Earthquake damage in eastern Turkey 248
2 Locations of earthquake epicenters in Turkey 250
3 Morphology of the North Anatolian and Caldiran faults 252
4 Location map of the seismic instrumentation in Turkey 254
Contents xi
Volcano Hazards —Lessons Learned in the Eastern Caribbean 256
Richard S Fiske
Figure 1 Oblique aerial view of the summit of La Soufriere, Guadeloupe, August 1976 256
2 Street scene of the totally evacuated capital city of Basse Terre, Guadeloupe, August 1976 257
3 Vertical eruption cloud from the summit of Soufriere volcano, St Vincent, April 22, 1979 258
4 River valley on west slope of Soufriere, St Vincent, that was devastated by the repeated passage
of hot avalanches and mud flows 259
The International, Multidisciplinary Approach to Earthquake Hazard Reduction 261
Robert E Wallace
Assessment of Earthquake Prediction in Seismic Hazard Reduction Problems 263
Keichi Kasahara
Figure 1 Seismic events and prediction success 263
2 Disastrous earthquakes and loss of lives from earthquake hazards in Japan 264
3 Population in Tokyo, Japan, since 1850 264
4 Annual budgets for earthquake prediction work in Japan 265
5 The merit factor £ as a function of pupz,l /L , and f /L 265
Urban Development in Relation to Earthquakes, Landslides, and Unstable Ground 266
I L Nersesov and F F Aptikaev
Figure 1 Some earthquake characteristics versus magnitude 267
2 A, General seismic zoning map of central Asia (intensity zones); B, Detailed seismic zoning map
of southeast part of central Asia (seismogenic faults) 268
3 Expected predominant period of acceleration for California earthquakes 269
4 Maximum intensities experienced throughout the 48 conterminous States of the United States
from 1928 through 1973 270
5 Preliminary map of expected horizontal acceleration for the 48 conterminous States of the United
States 271
Geologic Hazards and Man 273
John R Rapp
Panel Discussion 274
xii Resources for the Twenty-first Century
GEOLOGIC FACTORS AND THE Eh /IRC NMENT
Environmental Problems and Geoscientific International Cooperation 277
Martin 0 C Kursten
Construction Materials and Ground Water: Important Subjects for Applied Geological
Research in Developing Countries 280
B P Hageman
Figure 1 A simplified example of a geological pattern in a coastal plain 280
2 A schematic profile in the same area 281
Application of Earth Sciences to Land-use Problems in the United States with Emphasis on
the Role of the U S Geological Survey 283
Donald R Nichols
Environmental Mapping in India 292
MVN Murthy
Figure 1 Map of India with Sikkim, Bhutan, Jammu, and Kashmir 293
The Australian Approach to Environmental Mapping 298
C S Christian
Figure 1 Map showing major areas of agriculture and managed forests in Australia 298
2 Some land surface evolution sequences (diagrammatic) 303
3 Central Australian landscape (diagrammatic) 304
4 A typical sequence of land systems in the lowlands of the Alligator River region, Northern Ter
ritory, Australia 306
5 Brock s Creek foothill land system, Northern Territory, Australia 306
6 Baker land system, Northern Territory, Australia 307
7 Cyperus land system, Northern Territory, Australia 308
8 Stereo pair of photographs of the Cully 1, Effington I, and Levee land systems in the Alligator
River region, Northern Territory, Australia 309
Contents xiii
Sidelooking Airborne Radar as a Tool for Natural Resources Mapping —The Brazilian Ap
proach 317
O Bittencourt
Figure 1 Natural resources mapping sequence and methods 317
2 Radar image and infra-red aerial photo taken simultaneously 318
3 Tertiary and Quaternary cover in radar image 319
4 A complex area to be mapped 320
5 Different types of major units of vegetation in the Amazon region 321
6 Emphasis on the relief is one of the advantages of the radar image 321
7 Main physiographic aspects of an area of 240,000 square kilometers 322
8 Clearing opened to allow the technicians to make field observations in inaccessible regions 322
9 The use of helicopters turned out to be the only way to reach inaccessible localities 323
10 Indian house in Amazon region 323
11 Knowledge of the Indian customs helped in suggesting how to live in harmony with the forest 323
12 Portion of radar image to be compared with the thematic maps in figures 13-18 324
13 Geological map of the area of figure 12 324
14 Geomorphological map of the area of figure 12 324
15 Soil map of the area of figure 12 324
16 Suitability for agriculture map of the area of figure 12 325
17 Phytoecological (vegetation) map of the area of figure 12 325
18 Potential land use map of the area of figure 12 325
19 Circular structures mapped in Amazon 326
20 Circular structure (carbonatite) discovered during the mapping survey 327
21 Circular structure associated with a graben shown by radar image 327
22 Geomorphologic units of the Amazon based on RADAM survey 328
23 Potential timber exploration map of Amazon 329
24 Very unstable area where dense forest lies over sandy soil 330
25 Areas of unstable ecosystems that require preservation 331
26 Natural shoulders that can be used if a dam must be constructed in this area 332
27 Areas of great risk of erosion (plateau border) 332
28 Comparison between radar image and magnetometric map 333
29 Accessibility map 333
30 Planimetric information overprinted on radar image 334
Comments from the Floor 336
PROSPECTS FOR THE FUT JRE
New Opportunities for Geologists 339
Philip H Abelson
Figure 1 Regional map showing site of dive by the submersible Alvin in March 1979 339
Earth History as Moral Science 343
R Triimpy
xiv Resources for the Twenty-first Century
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| indexdate | 2024-07-09T15:08:58Z |
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| spelling | Resources for the twenty-first century proceedings of the International Centennial Symposium of the United States Geological Survey, held at Reston, Virginia, October 14 - 19, 1979 F. C. Whitmore ..., eds Washington, DC United States Gov. Print. Off. 1982 XVI, 345 S. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Geological Survey <United States>: Geological Survey provessional paper 1193 Natürliche Ressourcen (DE-588)4075236-7 gnd rswk-swf (DE-588)1071861417 Konferenzschrift 1979 Reston Va. gnd-content Natürliche Ressourcen (DE-588)4075236-7 s DE-604 Whitmore, Frank C. 1915- Sonstige (DE-588)121614514 oth United States Geological Survey Sonstige (DE-588)1008577-4 oth Geological Survey <United States>: Geological Survey provessional paper 1193 (DE-604)BV000005472 1193 HEBIS Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=000065496&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Resources for the twenty-first century proceedings of the International Centennial Symposium of the United States Geological Survey, held at Reston, Virginia, October 14 - 19, 1979 Geological Survey <United States>: Geological Survey provessional paper Natürliche Ressourcen (DE-588)4075236-7 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4075236-7 (DE-588)1071861417 |
| title | Resources for the twenty-first century proceedings of the International Centennial Symposium of the United States Geological Survey, held at Reston, Virginia, October 14 - 19, 1979 |
| title_auth | Resources for the twenty-first century proceedings of the International Centennial Symposium of the United States Geological Survey, held at Reston, Virginia, October 14 - 19, 1979 |
| title_exact_search | Resources for the twenty-first century proceedings of the International Centennial Symposium of the United States Geological Survey, held at Reston, Virginia, October 14 - 19, 1979 |
| title_full | Resources for the twenty-first century proceedings of the International Centennial Symposium of the United States Geological Survey, held at Reston, Virginia, October 14 - 19, 1979 F. C. Whitmore ..., eds |
| title_fullStr | Resources for the twenty-first century proceedings of the International Centennial Symposium of the United States Geological Survey, held at Reston, Virginia, October 14 - 19, 1979 F. C. Whitmore ..., eds |
| title_full_unstemmed | Resources for the twenty-first century proceedings of the International Centennial Symposium of the United States Geological Survey, held at Reston, Virginia, October 14 - 19, 1979 F. C. Whitmore ..., eds |
| title_short | Resources for the twenty-first century |
| title_sort | resources for the twenty first century proceedings of the international centennial symposium of the united states geological survey held at reston virginia october 14 19 1979 |
| title_sub | proceedings of the International Centennial Symposium of the United States Geological Survey, held at Reston, Virginia, October 14 - 19, 1979 |
| topic | Natürliche Ressourcen (DE-588)4075236-7 gnd |
| topic_facet | Natürliche Ressourcen Konferenzschrift 1979 Reston Va. |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=000065496&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV000005472 |
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