The age of Abbot Desiderius: Montecassino, the Papacy, and the Normans in the eleventh and early twelfth centuries
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Oxford
Clarendon Press
1983
|
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | XLI, 300 S. |
| ISBN: | 0198219393 |
Internformat
MARC
| LEADER | 00000nam a2200000 c 4500 | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| 001 | BV000120072 | ||
| 003 | DE-604 | ||
| 005 | 20070719 | ||
| 007 | t | ||
| 008 | 870612s1983 |||| 00||| eng d | ||
| 020 | |a 0198219393 |9 0-19-821939-3 | ||
| 035 | |a (OCoLC)9828693 | ||
| 035 | |a (DE-599)BVBBV000120072 | ||
| 040 | |a DE-604 |b ger |e rakwb | ||
| 041 | 0 | |a eng | |
| 049 | |a DE-12 |a DE-384 |a DE-473 |a DE-739 |a DE-355 |a DE-824 |a DE-19 |a DE-29 |a DE-11 |a DE-188 |a DE-Y2 | ||
| 050 | 0 | |a BX2624.B295 | |
| 082 | 0 | |a 282/.092/4 |2 19 | |
| 084 | |a BO 1770 |0 (DE-625)14028: |2 rvk | ||
| 084 | |a BO 4730 |0 (DE-625)14484: |2 rvk | ||
| 084 | |a NM 6420 |0 (DE-625)126369: |2 rvk | ||
| 100 | 1 | |a Cowdrey, H. E. J. |d 1926-2009 |e Verfasser |0 (DE-588)124855202 |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a The age of Abbot Desiderius |b Montecassino, the Papacy, and the Normans in the eleventh and early twelfth centuries |c by H. E. J. Cowdrey |
| 264 | 1 | |a Oxford |b Clarendon Press |c 1983 | |
| 300 | |a XLI, 300 S. | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 600 | 1 | 4 | |a Victor <III, Pope> |
| 600 | 1 | 4 | |a Victor <III, Pope, 1027-1087> |
| 600 | 0 | 7 | |a Viktor |b III. |c Papst |d 1027-1087 |0 (DE-588)118971131 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 610 | 2 | 4 | |a Montecassino (Monastery) |
| 610 | 2 | 7 | |a Kloster Montecassino |0 (DE-588)1002981-3 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 648 | 7 | |a Geschichte 700-1137 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf | |
| 648 | 7 | |a Geschichte 1050-1150 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf | |
| 648 | 7 | |a Geschichte 1000-1100 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Geschichte | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Kirchengeschichte | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Church history |y Middle Ages, 600-1500 | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Monasticism and religious orders |z Italy |x History |y Middle Ages, 600-1500 | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Normans |z Italy |x History | |
| 651 | 4 | |a Italien | |
| 689 | 0 | 0 | |a Viktor |b III. |c Papst |d 1027-1087 |0 (DE-588)118971131 |D p |
| 689 | 0 | |5 DE-604 | |
| 689 | 1 | 0 | |a Kloster Montecassino |0 (DE-588)1002981-3 |D b |
| 689 | 1 | 1 | |a Geschichte 700-1137 |A z |
| 689 | 1 | |5 DE-604 | |
| 689 | 2 | 0 | |a Kloster Montecassino |0 (DE-588)1002981-3 |D b |
| 689 | 2 | 1 | |a Geschichte 1000-1100 |A z |
| 689 | 2 | |5 DE-604 | |
| 689 | 3 | 0 | |a Kloster Montecassino |0 (DE-588)1002981-3 |D b |
| 689 | 3 | 1 | |a Geschichte 1050-1150 |A z |
| 689 | 3 | |5 DE-604 | |
| 856 | 4 | 2 | |m Digitalisierung UB Augsburg - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment |q application/pdf |u http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=000064566&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |3 Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| 940 | 1 | |n DHB | |
| 940 | 1 | |q DHB_BSB_BVID_0012 | |
| 943 | 1 | |a oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-000064566 | |
Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1810996590560673792 |
|---|---|
| adam_text |
Contents
INTRODUCTION
xi
(i) Montecassino
and the reform papacy
xi
(ii) The principal sources for the history of Montecassino in
its golden age
xvi
(iii)
Montecassino in modern historical study
xx
(iv)
Montecassino's relations with outside authorities
xxvii
(v) Montecassino's immunity and exemption
xxxii
(vi)
The papal reform
xxxiv
I. THE GOLDEN AGE OF MONTECASSINO
(i) The building up of Montecassino's resources and monastic
life
(a) The terra sancti Benedicti; (b) Donations outside the
terra sancti Benedicti', (c) The construction and embellish¬
ment of the new basilica and the other monastic buildings;
(d) Gifts of money and precious objects to Montecassino;
(e) Montecassino's pre-eminence in learning and letters
(ii) Montecassino's reputation and influence as a centre of
Christian life in South Italy
(a) Montecassino and the monastic order; (b) Montecassino
and the South Italian church
(iii)
Conclusions
1
2
28
44
II. MONTECASSINO AND
REFORM
ROME
---
THE PURSUIT OF
(i) The development of the Roman curia and its government
of the church
(ii) Montecassino and Rome
(a) The papacy and
abbatial
elections at Montecassino; (¿>)
Papal honours conferred upon the abbots of Montecassino
in their monastic capacity; (c) Material aid by Montecas¬
sino for the papacy; (d) The employment of the abbots of
Montecassino in the papal service; (e) Cassinese monks in
the papal service
(iii)
Montecassino and the reform of the church
{a)
Renovation
(b)
The evidence of Abbot Desiderius* Dia¬
logues; (c) Simony; (d) Chastity; (e) Martyrdom and the
eremitical life;
(ƒ)
The Berengarian controversy;
(^)
Canon
law
(iv)
Conclusions
46
48
56
71
102
viii Contents
III.
ROME, MONTECASSINO, AND THE NORMANS
---
THE
POLITICS OF REALISM AND REFORM
107
(i) The papacy, the Normans, and Montecassino to
1061 108
(ii) Pope Alexander II, the Cadalan Schism, and Montecassino
118
(iii)
Montecassino, the Normans, and Pope Gregory
VII,
1073-7 122
(iv)
Montecassino, the Normans, and Pope Gregory
VII,
1077-80 131
(v)
Montecassino and Pope Gregory
VII in a
wider conflict,
1080-5 136
(a)
1080;
(b)
1081;
(c)
1082:
events at Rome; {d)
1082:
events in South Italy; (e)
1083; (ƒ) 1084-5
IV. ABBOT DESIDERIUS AS POPE VICTOR III
177
(i) Pope Gregory VII's final testament
181
(ii) Abbot Desiderius and the papal election:
1085 185
(iii)
Abbot Desiderius and the papal election:
1086 187
(iv)
Abbot Desiderius and the papal election:
1087 201
(v) Abbot Desiderius as Pope Victor III
207
V. AFTER
1087 214
(i) Montecassino's identification with conservatively Gregorian
elements in the Roman curia
214
(a) The election of Pope Urban II; (b) Abbot Oderisius I
and Pope Urban II; (c) Bruno of
Segni
and Pope Paschal II
(ii) The crisis of Cassinese affairs in the 1120s and 1130s
221
(a) The onset of crisis; (b) The Anacletan Schism; (c) Peter
the Deacon
(iii)
Pope Victor Ill's posthumous reputation and image
228
VI. CONCLUSION
231
APPENDICES
I. Archbishop Guibert of Ravenna's Accession as the Anti-
pope Clement III
235
II. The
Oppenheim
Рготияо
237
III. Evidence for a Continuous Source underlying Parts of
the Continuation of the Montecassino Chronicle
239
IV. Henry IV's Supposed Diplomas of
1082
for Prince Jordan
of Capua and for Montecassino
245
V. The
Judicium
de Regno et Sacerdotio
247
VI. A Henrician Manifesto
Regarding
Gregory VII's Last
Acts
250
VIL
Abbot
Desiderius'
Election as Pope according to the
Montecassino Chronicle
251
VIII.
Victor Ill's Pontificate in the Montecassino Chronicle
25 7
IX. Events at
Bari in
1086-7 263
Contents ix
MAPS
1. South
Italy
267
2.
The terra
sancii Benedicti
268
SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY
269
INDEX
289 |
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Cowdrey, H. E. J. 1926-2009 |
| author_GND | (DE-588)124855202 |
| author_facet | Cowdrey, H. E. J. 1926-2009 |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Cowdrey, H. E. J. 1926-2009 |
| author_variant | h e j c hej hejc |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV000120072 |
| callnumber-first | B - Philosophy, Psychology, Religion |
| callnumber-label | BX2624 |
| callnumber-raw | BX2624.B295 |
| callnumber-search | BX2624.B295 |
| callnumber-sort | BX 42624 B295 |
| callnumber-subject | BX - Christian Denominations |
| classification_rvk | BO 1770 BO 4730 NM 6420 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)9828693 (DE-599)BVBBV000120072 |
| dewey-full | 282/.092/4 |
| dewey-hundreds | 200 - Religion |
| dewey-ones | 282 - Roman Catholic Church |
| dewey-raw | 282/.092/4 |
| dewey-search | 282/.092/4 |
| dewey-sort | 3282 292 14 |
| dewey-tens | 280 - Denominations & sects of Christian church |
| discipline | Geschichte Theologie / Religionswissenschaften |
| era | Geschichte 700-1137 gnd Geschichte 1050-1150 gnd Geschichte 1000-1100 gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 700-1137 Geschichte 1050-1150 Geschichte 1000-1100 |
| format | Book |
| fullrecord | <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><collection xmlns="http://www.loc.gov/MARC21/slim"><record><leader>00000nam a2200000 c 4500</leader><controlfield tag="001">BV000120072</controlfield><controlfield tag="003">DE-604</controlfield><controlfield tag="005">20070719</controlfield><controlfield tag="007">t</controlfield><controlfield tag="008">870612s1983 |||| 00||| eng d</controlfield><datafield tag="020" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">0198219393</subfield><subfield code="9">0-19-821939-3</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="035" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">(OCoLC)9828693</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="035" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">(DE-599)BVBBV000120072</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="040" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">DE-604</subfield><subfield code="b">ger</subfield><subfield code="e">rakwb</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="041" ind1="0" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">eng</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="049" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">DE-12</subfield><subfield code="a">DE-384</subfield><subfield code="a">DE-473</subfield><subfield code="a">DE-739</subfield><subfield code="a">DE-355</subfield><subfield code="a">DE-824</subfield><subfield code="a">DE-19</subfield><subfield code="a">DE-29</subfield><subfield code="a">DE-11</subfield><subfield code="a">DE-188</subfield><subfield code="a">DE-Y2</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="050" ind1=" " ind2="0"><subfield code="a">BX2624.B295</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="082" ind1="0" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">282/.092/4</subfield><subfield code="2">19</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="084" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">BO 1770</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-625)14028:</subfield><subfield code="2">rvk</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="084" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">BO 4730</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-625)14484:</subfield><subfield code="2">rvk</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="084" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">NM 6420</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-625)126369:</subfield><subfield code="2">rvk</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="100" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Cowdrey, H. E. J.</subfield><subfield code="d">1926-2009</subfield><subfield code="e">Verfasser</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)124855202</subfield><subfield code="4">aut</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="245" ind1="1" ind2="0"><subfield code="a">The age of Abbot Desiderius</subfield><subfield code="b">Montecassino, the Papacy, and the Normans in the eleventh and early twelfth centuries</subfield><subfield code="c">by H. E. J. Cowdrey</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="264" ind1=" " ind2="1"><subfield code="a">Oxford</subfield><subfield code="b">Clarendon Press</subfield><subfield code="c">1983</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="300" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">XLI, 300 S.</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="336" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">txt</subfield><subfield code="2">rdacontent</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="337" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">n</subfield><subfield code="2">rdamedia</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="338" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">nc</subfield><subfield code="2">rdacarrier</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="600" ind1="1" ind2="4"><subfield code="a">Victor <III, Pope></subfield></datafield><datafield tag="600" ind1="1" ind2="4"><subfield code="a">Victor <III, Pope, 1027-1087></subfield></datafield><datafield tag="600" ind1="0" ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Viktor</subfield><subfield code="b">III.</subfield><subfield code="c">Papst</subfield><subfield code="d">1027-1087</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)118971131</subfield><subfield code="2">gnd</subfield><subfield code="9">rswk-swf</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="610" ind1="2" ind2="4"><subfield code="a">Montecassino (Monastery)</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="610" ind1="2" ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Kloster Montecassino</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)1002981-3</subfield><subfield code="2">gnd</subfield><subfield code="9">rswk-swf</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="648" ind1=" " ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Geschichte 700-1137</subfield><subfield code="2">gnd</subfield><subfield code="9">rswk-swf</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="648" ind1=" " ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Geschichte 1050-1150</subfield><subfield code="2">gnd</subfield><subfield code="9">rswk-swf</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="648" ind1=" " ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Geschichte 1000-1100</subfield><subfield code="2">gnd</subfield><subfield code="9">rswk-swf</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="a">Geschichte</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="a">Kirchengeschichte</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="a">Church history</subfield><subfield code="y">Middle Ages, 600-1500</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="a">Monasticism and religious orders</subfield><subfield code="z">Italy</subfield><subfield code="x">History</subfield><subfield code="y">Middle Ages, 600-1500</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="a">Normans</subfield><subfield code="z">Italy</subfield><subfield code="x">History</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="651" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="a">Italien</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="0" ind2="0"><subfield code="a">Viktor</subfield><subfield code="b">III.</subfield><subfield code="c">Papst</subfield><subfield code="d">1027-1087</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)118971131</subfield><subfield code="D">p</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="0" ind2=" "><subfield code="5">DE-604</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="1" ind2="0"><subfield code="a">Kloster Montecassino</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)1002981-3</subfield><subfield code="D">b</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="1" ind2="1"><subfield code="a">Geschichte 700-1137</subfield><subfield code="A">z</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="5">DE-604</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="2" ind2="0"><subfield code="a">Kloster Montecassino</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)1002981-3</subfield><subfield code="D">b</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="2" ind2="1"><subfield code="a">Geschichte 1000-1100</subfield><subfield code="A">z</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="2" ind2=" "><subfield code="5">DE-604</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="3" ind2="0"><subfield code="a">Kloster Montecassino</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)1002981-3</subfield><subfield code="D">b</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="3" ind2="1"><subfield code="a">Geschichte 1050-1150</subfield><subfield code="A">z</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="3" ind2=" "><subfield code="5">DE-604</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="856" ind1="4" ind2="2"><subfield code="m">Digitalisierung UB Augsburg - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment</subfield><subfield code="q">application/pdf</subfield><subfield code="u">http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=000064566&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA</subfield><subfield code="3">Inhaltsverzeichnis</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="940" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="n">DHB</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="940" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="q">DHB_BSB_BVID_0012</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="943" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-000064566</subfield></datafield></record></collection> |
| geographic | Italien |
| geographic_facet | Italien |
| id | DE-604.BV000120072 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-09-23T14:15:35Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 0198219393 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-000064566 |
| oclc_num | 9828693 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 DE-384 DE-473 DE-BY-UBG DE-739 DE-355 DE-BY-UBR DE-824 DE-19 DE-BY-UBM DE-29 DE-11 DE-188 DE-Y2 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 DE-384 DE-473 DE-BY-UBG DE-739 DE-355 DE-BY-UBR DE-824 DE-19 DE-BY-UBM DE-29 DE-11 DE-188 DE-Y2 |
| physical | XLI, 300 S. |
| psigel | DHB_BSB_BVID_0012 |
| publishDate | 1983 |
| publishDateSearch | 1983 |
| publishDateSort | 1983 |
| publisher | Clarendon Press |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Cowdrey, H. E. J. 1926-2009 Verfasser (DE-588)124855202 aut The age of Abbot Desiderius Montecassino, the Papacy, and the Normans in the eleventh and early twelfth centuries by H. E. J. Cowdrey Oxford Clarendon Press 1983 XLI, 300 S. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Victor <III, Pope> Victor <III, Pope, 1027-1087> Viktor III. Papst 1027-1087 (DE-588)118971131 gnd rswk-swf Montecassino (Monastery) Kloster Montecassino (DE-588)1002981-3 gnd rswk-swf Geschichte 700-1137 gnd rswk-swf Geschichte 1050-1150 gnd rswk-swf Geschichte 1000-1100 gnd rswk-swf Geschichte Kirchengeschichte Church history Middle Ages, 600-1500 Monasticism and religious orders Italy History Middle Ages, 600-1500 Normans Italy History Italien Viktor III. Papst 1027-1087 (DE-588)118971131 p DE-604 Kloster Montecassino (DE-588)1002981-3 b Geschichte 700-1137 z Geschichte 1000-1100 z Geschichte 1050-1150 z Digitalisierung UB Augsburg - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=000064566&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Cowdrey, H. E. J. 1926-2009 The age of Abbot Desiderius Montecassino, the Papacy, and the Normans in the eleventh and early twelfth centuries Victor <III, Pope> Victor <III, Pope, 1027-1087> Viktor III. Papst 1027-1087 (DE-588)118971131 gnd Montecassino (Monastery) Kloster Montecassino (DE-588)1002981-3 gnd Geschichte Kirchengeschichte Church history Middle Ages, 600-1500 Monasticism and religious orders Italy History Middle Ages, 600-1500 Normans Italy History |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)118971131 (DE-588)1002981-3 |
| title | The age of Abbot Desiderius Montecassino, the Papacy, and the Normans in the eleventh and early twelfth centuries |
| title_auth | The age of Abbot Desiderius Montecassino, the Papacy, and the Normans in the eleventh and early twelfth centuries |
| title_exact_search | The age of Abbot Desiderius Montecassino, the Papacy, and the Normans in the eleventh and early twelfth centuries |
| title_full | The age of Abbot Desiderius Montecassino, the Papacy, and the Normans in the eleventh and early twelfth centuries by H. E. J. Cowdrey |
| title_fullStr | The age of Abbot Desiderius Montecassino, the Papacy, and the Normans in the eleventh and early twelfth centuries by H. E. J. Cowdrey |
| title_full_unstemmed | The age of Abbot Desiderius Montecassino, the Papacy, and the Normans in the eleventh and early twelfth centuries by H. E. J. Cowdrey |
| title_short | The age of Abbot Desiderius |
| title_sort | the age of abbot desiderius montecassino the papacy and the normans in the eleventh and early twelfth centuries |
| title_sub | Montecassino, the Papacy, and the Normans in the eleventh and early twelfth centuries |
| topic | Victor <III, Pope> Victor <III, Pope, 1027-1087> Viktor III. Papst 1027-1087 (DE-588)118971131 gnd Montecassino (Monastery) Kloster Montecassino (DE-588)1002981-3 gnd Geschichte Kirchengeschichte Church history Middle Ages, 600-1500 Monasticism and religious orders Italy History Middle Ages, 600-1500 Normans Italy History |
| topic_facet | Victor <III, Pope> Victor <III, Pope, 1027-1087> Viktor III. Papst 1027-1087 Montecassino (Monastery) Kloster Montecassino Geschichte Kirchengeschichte Church history Middle Ages, 600-1500 Monasticism and religious orders Italy History Middle Ages, 600-1500 Normans Italy History Italien |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=000064566&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT cowdreyhej theageofabbotdesideriusmontecassinothepapacyandthenormansintheeleventhandearlytwelfthcenturies |