Corrosion control in the oil and gas industry /:
The effect of corrosion in the oil industry leads to the failure of parts. This failure results in shutting down the plant to clean the facility. The annual cost of corrosion to the oil and gas industry in the United States alone is estimated at 27 billion (According to NACE International)-leading s...
Gespeichert in:
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| Format: | Elektronisch E-Book |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Burlington :
Elsevier Science,
2013.
|
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Volltext |
| Zusammenfassung: | The effect of corrosion in the oil industry leads to the failure of parts. This failure results in shutting down the plant to clean the facility. The annual cost of corrosion to the oil and gas industry in the United States alone is estimated at 27 billion (According to NACE International)-leading some to estimate the global annual cost to the oil and gas industry as exceeding 60 billion. In addition, corrosion commonly causes serious environmental problems, such as spills and releases. An essential resource for all those who are involved in the corrosion management of oil and gas infrast. |
| Beschreibung: | 1 online resource (1021 pages) |
| ISBN: | 9780123973061 0123973066 0123970229 9780123970220 |
Internformat
MARC
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| 008 | 131026s2013 vtu o 000 0 eng d | ||
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| 020 | |a 9780123970220 | ||
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| 035 | |a (OCoLC)932129183 |z (OCoLC)962189107 |z (OCoLC)972014995 |z (OCoLC)974979336 |z (OCoLC)975046482 |z (OCoLC)980914874 |z (OCoLC)992063752 | ||
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| 049 | |a MAIN | ||
| 100 | 1 | |a Papavinasam, Sankara. | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Corrosion control in the oil and gas industry / |c Sankara Papvinasam. |
| 260 | |a Burlington : |b Elsevier Science, |c 2013. | ||
| 300 | |a 1 online resource (1021 pages) | ||
| 336 | |a text |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |a computer |b c |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |a online resource |b cr |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 347 | |a data file |2 rda | ||
| 588 | 0 | |a Print version record. | |
| 505 | 0 | 0 | |g Machine-generated contents note: |g 1.1. |t Introduction -- |g 1.2. |t Energy from hydrocarbons -- |g 1.3. |t What are hydrocarbons? -- |g 1.3.1. |t Alkanes (Paraffins) -- |g 1.3.2. |t Cycloalkanes (Naphthenes) -- |g 1.3.3. |t Aromatic hydrocarbons -- |g 1.4. |t Hydrocarbon sources -- |g 1.4.1. |t Conventional -- |g 1.4.2. |t Unconventional -- |g 1.4.3. |t Renewables -- |g 1.5. |t History of the oil and gas industry -- |g 1.6. |t Regulations -- |g 1.7. |t The significance and impact of corrosion in the oil and gas industry -- |g 1.7.1. |t Production sector -- |g 1.7.2. |t Transportation -- pipeline sector -- |g 1.7.3. |t Transportation -- other modes sector -- |g 1.7.4. |t Storage tank sector -- |g 1.7.5. |t Refinery sector -- |g 1.7.6. |t Distribution sector -- |g 1.7.7. |t Special sector -- |t References -- |g 2.1. |t Introduction -- |g 2.2. |t Drill pipe -- |g 2.3. |t Casing -- |g 2.4. |t Downhole tubular -- |g 2.5. |t Acidizing pipe -- |g 2.6. |t Water generators and injectors -- |g 2.7. |t Gas generators (Teritiary recovery) -- |g 2.8. |t Open mining -- |g 2.9. |t In situ production -- |g 2.9.1. |t Cyclic steam stimulation (CSS) -- |g 2.9.2. |t Steam-assisted gravity drainage (SAGD) -- |g 2.9.3. |t Toe-to-heel air injection (THAI) or fireflooding (In situ combustion) -- |g 2.9.4. |t Cold heavy-oil production with sand (CHOPS) -- |g 2.9.5. |t Vapour extraction process (VAPEX) -- |g 2.10. |t Wellhead -- |g 2.11. |t Production pipelines -- |g 2.12. |t Heavy-crude oil pipelines -- |g 2.13. |t Hydrotransport pipelines -- |g 2.14. |t Gas dehydration facilities -- |g 2.14.1. |t Oil separation -- |g 2.14.2. |t Acid gas removal -- |g 2.14.3. |t Water removal -- |g 2.15. |t Oil separators -- |g 2.15.1. |t Oil-gas separator -- |g 2.15.2. |t Oil-water separator -- |g 2.15.3. |t Oil-solid separator -- |g 2.16. |t Recovery centres (Extraction plants) -- |g 2.17. |t Upgraders -- |g 2.18. |t Lease tanks -- |g 2.19. |t Waste water pipelines -- |g 2.20. |t Tailing pipelines -- |g 2.21. |t Transmission pipelines -- |g 2.21.1. |t Gas transmission pipelines -- |g 2.21.2. |t Oil transmission pipelines -- |g 2.22. |t Compressor stations -- |g 2.23. |t Pump stations -- |g 2.24. |t Pipeline accessories -- |g 2.25. |t Oil tankers -- |g 2.26. |t Liquid natural gas (LNG) transportation -- |g 2.27. |t Transportation by railcars -- |g 2.28. |t Transportation by trucks -- |g 2.29. |t Gas storage -- |g 2.30. |t Oil storage tanks -- |g 2.31. |t Refineries -- |g 2.31.1. |t Desalter unit -- |g 2.31.2. |t Atmospheric distillation unit (ADU) -- |g 2.31.3. |t Vacuum distillation unit (VDU) -- |g 2.31.4. |t Hydrotreating unit -- |g 2.31.5. |t Catalytic cracking unit (CCU) -- |g 2.31.6. |t Thermal cracking unit (TCU) -- |g 2.31.7. |t Hydrocracking unit (HCU) -- |g 2.31.8. |t Steam cracking unit (SCU) -- |g 2.31.9. |t Mercaptan oxidation unit (Merox) -- |g 2.31.10. |t Catalytic reforming unit (CRU) -- |g 2.31.11. |t Visbreaker unit -- |g 2.31.12. |t Coker -- |g 2.31.13. |t Gas plants -- |g 2.31.14. |t Alkylation unit -- |g 2.31.15. |t Isomerization unit -- |g 2.31.16. |t Gas-treating unit -- |g 2.31.17. |t Water stripper -- |g 2.31.18. |t Claus sulphur plant -- |g 2.31.19. |t Heat exchangers -- |g 2.31.20. |t Cooling towers -- |g 2.31.21. |t Solvent extraction unit -- |g 2.31.22. |t Steam reforming unit -- |g 2.31.23. |t Methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE) unit -- |g 2.31.24. |t Polymerization unit -- |g 2.31.25. |t Hydrogen plant -- |g 2.31.26. |t Ammonia plant -- |g 2.31.27. |t Methanol plant -- |g 2.31.28. |t Other units -- |g 2.32. |t Product pipelines -- |g 2.33. |t Terminals -- |g 2.34. |t City gate and local distribution centres -- |g 2.35. |t Compressed natural gas (CNG) -- |g 2.36. |t Diluent pipelines -- |g 2.37. |t High vapour pressure pipelines -- |g 2.38. |t CO2 pipelines -- |g 2.39. |t Hydrogen pipelines -- |g 2.40. |t Ammonia pipelines -- |g 2.41. |t Biofuel infrastructure -- |g 2.41.1. |t Bioethanol -- |g 2.41.2. |t Biodiesel -- |t Bibliography -- |t References -- |g 3.1. |t Introduction -- |g 3.2. |t Properties of metals and alloys -- |g 3.2.1. |t Mechanical properties -- |g 3.2.2. |t Phase diagram -- |g 3.2.3. |t Metallography -- |g 3.3. |t Types of metals and alloys -- |g 3.3.1. |t Carbon steels -- |g 3.3.2. |t Cast irons -- |g 3.3.3. |t Alloy steels -- |g 3.3.4. |t Copper alloys -- |g 3.3.5. |t Stainless steels -- |g 3.3.6. |t Nickel alloys -- |g 3.3.7. |t Titanium alloys -- |g 3.3.8. |t Corrosion-resistant alloys -- |g 3.4. |t Classification of metals and alloys -- |g 3.4.1. |t AISI -- |g 3.4.2. |t API -- |g 3.4.3. |t ASTM -- |g 3.4.4. |t ASME -- |g 3.4.5. |t UNS -- |g 3.5. |t Non-metals -- |g 3.5.1. |t Plastics -- |g 3.5.2. |t Concrete -- |g 3.5.3. |t Cement -- |t References -- |g 4.1. |t Introduction -- |g 4.2. |t Flow -- |g 4.2.1. |t Pressure drop -- |g 4.2.2. |t Flow regimes -- |g 4.2.3. |t Water accumulation -- |g 4.2.4. |t Effect of flow on corrosion -- |g 4.3. |t Oil phase -- |g 4.3.1. |t Chemical and physical constituents -- |g 4.3.2. |t Emulsion type -- |g 4.3.3. |t Wettability -- |g 4.3.4. |t Partition of chemicals between oil and water phases -- |g 4.4. |t Water (Brine or Aqueous) phase -- |g 4.4.1. |t Effect of anions -- |g 4.4.2. |t Effect of cations -- |g 4.4.3. |t The combined effect of anions and cations -- |g 4.5. |t CO2 -- |g 4.5.1. |t Effect of temperature -- |g 4.5.2. |t Effect of velocity -- |g 4.5.3. |t Effect of microstructure -- |g 4.5.4. |t Effect of pH -- |g 4.5.5. |t Effect of H2S -- |g 4.6. |t H2S -- |g 4.6.1. |t Effect of temperature -- |g 4.6.2. |t Effect of velocity -- |g 4.6.3. |t Effect of microstructure -- |g 4.6.4. |t Effect of pH -- |g 4.6.5. |t Effect of CO2 -- |g 4.7. |t O2 -- |g 4.7.1. |t Effect of temperature -- |g 4.7.2. |t Effect of velocity -- |g 4.7.3. |t Effect of microstructure -- |g 4.7.4. |t Effect of pH -- |g 4.8. |t Sand and solids -- |g 4.9. |t Microorganisms -- |g 4.10. |t Pressure -- |g 4.11. |t Temperature -- |g 4.12. |t pH -- |g 4.13. |t Organic acids -- |g 4.13.1. |t Aliphatic acids -- |g 4.13.2. |t Naphthenic acids -- |g 4.14. |t Mercury -- |t References -- |g 5.1. |t Introduction -- |g 5.2. |t Electrochemical nature of corrosion -- |g 5.3. |t General corrosion -- |g 5.4. |t Galvanic corrosion -- |g 5.5. |t Pitting corrosion -- |g 5.6. |t Intergranular corrosion -- |g 5.7. |t Selective leaching (Dealloying) -- |g 5.8. |t Deposition corrosion -- |g 5.9. |t Crevice corrosion -- |g 5.10. |t Cavitation-corrosion -- |g 5.11. |t Mechanical forces -- |g 5.12. |t Fretting corrosion -- |g 5.13. |t Underdeposit corrosion -- |g 5.14. |t Microbiologically-influenced corrosion -- |g 5.14.1. |t Classical mechanism -- |g 5.14.2. |t Modern mechanism -- |g 5.15. |t High-temperature corrosion -- |g 5.15.1. |t Gaseous environments -- |g 5.15.2. |t Liquid (Molten) environments -- |g 5.16. |t Corrosion fatigue -- |g 5.17. |t Stress-corrosion cracking (SCC) -- |g 5.18. |t The hydrogen effect -- |g 5.18.1. |t Hydrogen blistering (HB) -- |g 5.18.2. |t Hydrogen-induced cracking (HIC) -- |g 5.18.3. |t Hydrogen embrittlement (HE) -- |g 5.18.4. |t Sulphide stress-cracking (SSC) -- |g 5.18.5. |t High-temperature hydrogen-induced cracking (HTHIC) -- |g 5.18.6. |t Hydrogen-induced disbondment (HID) -- |g 5.18.7. |t Hydrogen grooving -- |g 5.19. |t Liquid metal-cracking (LMC) or liquid metal embrittlement (LME) -- |g 5.20. |t Corrosion under protective coating and corrosion under insulation (CUT) -- |g 5.21. |t Stray current corrosion -- |g 5.22. |t Telluric current corrosion -- |g 5.23. |t Alternating-current (AC) corrosion -- |g 5.24. |t Top-of-the-line corrosion (TLC) -- |t Bibliography -- |t References -- |g 6.1. |t Introduction -- |g 6.2. |t Hydrogen effects -- |g 6.2.1. |t Susceptibility of the material -- |g 6.2.2. |t Severity of the environment -- |g 6.3. |t General corrosion of carbon steel -- |g 6.3.1. |t The de Waard-Milliams models -- |g 6.3.2. |t The Srinivasan model -- |g 6.3.3. |t The Crolet model -- |g 6.3.4. |t The Nesic model -- |g 6.3.5. |t The Mishra model -- |g 6.3.6. |t The Dayalan model -- |g 6.3.7. |t The Anderko model -- |g 6.3.8. |t Oddo model -- |g 6.3.9. |t Pots model -- |g 6.3.10. |t Garber model -- |g 6.4. |t Pitting corrosion of CRAs -- |g 6.4.1. |t PREN -- |g 6.4.2. |t Laboratory evaluation -- |g 6.4.3. |t Electrochemical models -- |g 6.5. |t Localized pitting corrosion of carbon steel -- |g 6.5.1. |t The Papavinasam model -- |g 6.6. |t Erosion-corrosion -- |g 6.6.1. |t The Zhou model -- |g 6.6.2. |t The Nesic model -- |g 6.6.3. |t The Shadley model -- |g 6.7. |t Microbiologically-influenced corrosion -- |g 6.7.1. |t The Checkworks model -- |g 6.7.2. |t The union electric model -- |g 6.7.3. |t The Lutey model -- |g 6.7.4. |t The Pots model -- |g 6.7.5. |t The Maxwell model -- |g 6.7.6. |t The Sooknah model -- |g 6.8. |t Scaling -- |g 6.8.1. |t The Langelier saturation index (LSI) -- |g 6.8.2. |t The Ryznar stability index (RSI) -- |g 6.8.3. |t Other indices -- |g 6.9. |t High-temperature corrosion -- |g 6.10. |t Top-of-the-line corrosion (TLC) -- |g 6.10.1. |t The DeWaard model -- |g 6.10.2. |t The Pots model -- |g 6.10.3. |t The Gunaltum model -- |g 6.10.4. |t The Nyborg model -- |t References -- |g 7.1. |t Introduction -- |g 7.2. |t Pigging -- |g 7.2.1. |t Sphere pigs -- |g 7.2.2. |t Foam pigs -- |g 7.2.3. |t Cast pigs -- |g 7.2.4. |t Mandrel pigs -- |g 7.2.5. |t Brush pigs -- |g 7.2.6. |t Plow-blade pigs -- |g 7.2.7. |t Bidirectional pigs -- |g 7.2.8. |t Pin-wheel pigs -- |g 7.2.9. |t Multi-diameter pigs |
| 505 | 0 | 0 | |g -- |g 7.2.10. |t Bypass pigs -- |g 7.2.11. |t Gel pigs -- |g 7.2.12. |t Special pigs -- |g 7.3. |t Drying -- |g 7.3.1. |t Injection of glycol or methanol -- |g 7.3.2. |t Air drying -- |g 7.3.3. |t Vacuum drying -- |g 7.3.4. |t Purging with nitrogen -- |g 7.4. |t Corrosion inhibitors -- |g 7.4.1. |t Selection of corrosion inhibitors -- |g 7.4.2. |t Application of corrosion inhibitors -- |g 7.4.3. |t Volume of corrosion inhibitor -- |g 7.4.4. |t Inhibitor availability -- |g 7.4.5. |t Other types of inhibitors -- |g 7.5. |t Biocides -- |g 7.5.1. |t Types -- |g 7.5.2. |t Selection -- |g 7.5.3. |t Application -- |g 7.6. |t Scale inhibitors -- |g 7.7. |t Wax and asphaltene inhibitors -- |g 7.8. |t Hydrate inhibitors -- |g 7.9. |t Internal coatings and linings -- |g 7.9.1. |t Polymeric liners -- |g 7.9.2. |t Clad materials -- |g 7.9.3. |t Refractive liners -- |g 7.10. |t Cathodic protection -- |g 7.11. |t Process optimization -- |g 7.11.1. |t pH control -- |g 7.11.2. |t Oxygen control -- |g 7.11.3. |t Bacterial control -- |t References -- |g 8.1. |t Introduction -- |g 8.2. |t Laboratory measurement -- |g 8.2.1. |t Hydrogen effects -- |g 8.2.2. |t General and localized corrosion -- |g 8.2.3. |t Mechanical forces -- |g 8.2.4. |t Microbiologically-influenced corrosion (MIC) -- |g 8.2.5. |t Scaling -- |g 8.2.6. |t High-temperature corrosion. |
| 505 | 0 | 0 | |g Note continued: |g 8.2.7. |t Crevice corrosion -- |g 8.2.8. |t Intergranular corrosion -- |g 8.3. |t Field monitoring -- |g 8.3.1. |t Mass loss -- |g 8.3.2. |t Electrical resistance (ER) probe -- |g 8.3.3. |t Polarization resistance -- |g 8.3.4. |t Electrochemical noise -- |g 8.3.5. |t Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) -- |g 8.3.6. |t Potentiodynamic polarization -- |g 8.3.7. |t Galvanic couples -- |g 8.3.8. |t Multi-electrode technique -- |g 8.3.9. |t Ultrasonic -- |g 8.3.10. |t Magnetic flux leakage (MFL) -- |g 8.3.11. |t Electromagnetic -- Eddy current -- |g 8.3.12. |t Electromagnetic -- remote field technique (RFT) -- |g 8.3.13. |t Radiography -- |g 8.3.14. |t Electrical field mapping (EFM) -- |g 8.3.15. |t Hydrogen probe -- |g 8.3.16. |t Corrosion potential (Ec0) -- |g 8.3.17. |t MIC monitoring techniques -- |g 8.3.18. |t Residual corrosion inhibitors -- |g 8.4. |t Field inspection -- |g 8.4.1. |t Physical inspection -- |g 8.4.2. |t Boroscopy -- |g 8.4.3. |t Fibrescopy -- |g 8.4.4. |t Liquid penetrant inspection -- |g 8.4.5. |t Magnetic particle inspection (MPI) -- |g 8.4.6. |t Thermography -- |g 8.4.7. |t Inline inspection (ILI) -- magnetic flux leakage (MFL) -- |g 8.4.8. |t Inline inspection -- ultrasonic (ILI-UT) -- |g 8.4.9. |t Other inline inspection tools -- |g 8.4.10. |t Reliability of corrosion data -- |t References -- |g 9.1. |t Introduction -- |g 9.2. |t Coatings -- |g 9.2.1. |t Polymeric coatings -- |g 9.2.2. |t Girth weld coatings -- |g 9.2.3. |t Repair coatings -- |g 9.2.4. |t Insulators -- |g 9.2.5. |t Metallic (thermal spray) coatings -- |g 9.2.6. |t Concrete coatings -- |g 9.3. |t Cathodic protection -- |g 9.3.1. |t Principle -- |g 9.3.2. |t Amount of current -- |g 9.3.3. |t Current source -- |g 9.3.4. |t Potential criteria -- |g 9.3.5. |t Applicability of cathodic protection -- |g 9.3.6. |t Factors influencing the effectiveness of cathodic protection -- |g 9.3.7. |t Stray currents -- |g 9.3.8. |t Side effects of cathodic protection -- |g 9.3.9. |t Materials and accessories -- |t References -- |g 10.1. |t Introduction -- |g 10.2. |t Modelling corrosion control -- |g 10.2.1. |t Modes of failure of external polymeric coatings -- |g 10.2.2. |t Laboratory methodologies -- |g 10.2.3. |t Modelling using laboratory data -- |g 10.2.4. |t Modelling using field operating conditions -- |g 10.2.5. |t Modelling using above-ground surveys -- |g 10.2.6. |t Modelling using below-ground measurements -- |g 10.2.7. |t Modelling the effect of joint coatings -- |g 10.2.8. |t Modelling the effect of insulators -- |g 10.2.9. |t Modelling the effect of metallic coatings -- |g 10.2.10. |t Modelling the effect of concrete coatings -- |g 10.3. |t Modelling corrosion -- |g 10.3.1. |t Modelling localized pitting corrosion -- |g 10.3.2. |t Modelling stress corrosion cracking -- |g 10.3.3. |t AC corrosion -- |t References -- |g 11.1. |t Introduction -- |g 11.2. |t Holiday detection -- |g 11.3. |t Above-ground monitoring techniques -- |g 11.3.1. |t Close interval survey (CIS) -- |g 11.3.2. |t Direct-current voltage gradient technique (DCVG) -- |g 11.3.3. |t Cathodic protection current requirement technique (CPCR) -- |g 11.3.4. |t Coating conductance technique (CC) -- |g 11.3.5. |t Alternating-current voltage gradient technique (ACVG) -- |g 11.3.6. |t Pearson survey (PS) -- |g 11.3.7. |t Electromagnetic current attenuation (ECAT) -- |g 11.3.8. |t Transwave system technique (TS) -- |g 11.3.9. |t Electrochemical impedence spectroscopy (EIS) -- |g 11.3.10. |t Infrared camera -- |g 11.3.11. |t Cautions in using above-ground monitoring techniques -- |g 11.4. |t Remote monitoring -- |g 11.5. |t In-line inspection -- |g 11.5.1. |t Metal loss tools -- |g 11.5.2. |t Crack detection tools -- |g 11.5.3. |t Other tools -- |g 11.6. |t Hydrostatic testing -- |g 11.7. |t Below-ground inspection -- |g 11.7.1. |t Soil resistivity -- |g 11.7.2. |t Visual inspection -- |g 11.7.3. |t Moisture content -- |g 11.7.4. |t pH -- |g 11.7.5. |t Chemical analysis -- |g 11.7.6. |t Microbial analysis -- |g 11.7.7. |t Corrosion characterization -- |t References -- |g 12.1. |t Introduction -- |g 12.2. |t Types of measurement -- |g 12.2.1. |t Offline measurement -- |g 12.2.2. |t Online measurement -- |g 12.3. |t Measured properties -- |g 12.3.1. |t Physical properties of materials -- |g 12.3.2. |t Chemical properties of materials -- |g 12.3.3. |t Volume of oil -- |g 12.3.4. |t Volume of gas -- |g 12.3.5. |t Physical properties of oil -- |g 12.3.6. |t Physical properties of gas -- |g 12.3.7. |t Physical properties of water -- |g 12.3.8. |t Flow -- |g 12.3.9. |t Pressure -- |g 12.3.10. |t Temperature -- |g 12.3.11. |t Chemical properties of oil -- |g 12.3.12. |t Chemical properties of gas -- |g 12.3.13. |t Chemical properties of water -- |g 12.3.14. |t Sand measurement -- |g 12.3.15. |t Fouling -- |g 12.3.16. |t Soil properties -- |g 12.3.17. |t Environmental properties -- |g 12.4. |t Precautions in using measured data for corrosion control -- |t References -- |g 13.1. |t Introduction -- |g 13.2. |t Equipment -- |g 13.2.1. |t Types of maintenance -- |g 13.2.2. |t Stages for implementation of maintenance -- |g 13.2.3. |t Activities during maintenance -- |g 13.2.4. |t Extent of maintenance -- |g 13.3. |t Workforce -- |g 13.3.1. |t Capacity -- |g 13.3.2. |t Education -- |g 13.3.3. |t Training -- |g 13.3.4. |t Experience -- |g 13.3.5. |t Knowledge -- |g 13.3.6. |t Quality -- |g 13.4. |t Data -- |g 13.4.1. |t Collection -- |g 13.4.2. |t Collection modes -- |g 13.4.3. |t Verification -- |g 13.4.4. |t Databases -- |g 13.4.5. |t Structure -- |g 13.4.6. |t Processing -- |g 13.4.7. |t Output and display -- |g 13.4.8. |t Storage -- |g 13.5. |t Communication -- |g 13.5.1. |t Self -- |g 13.5.2. |t Corrosion team -- |g 13.5.3. |t Integrity team -- |g 13.5.4. |t Subordinates -- |g 13.5.5. |t Senior management -- |g 13.5.6. |t Suppliers and service providers -- |g 13.5.7. |t Workers -- |g 13.5.8. |t Regulators -- |g 13.5.9. |t Peers -- |g 13.5.10. |t Stakeholders -- |g 13.5.11. |t General public -- |g 13.5.12. |t Media -- |g 13.5.13. |t Lawyers and court -- |g 13.5.14. |t General -- |g 13.6. |t Associated activities -- |t References -- |g 14.1. |t Introduction -- |g 14.2. |t Risk assessment -- |g 14.2.1. |t Occurrence -- |g 14.2.2. |t Likelihood -- |g 14.2.3. |t Consequence -- |g 14.2.4. |t Quantification -- |g 14.3. |t Risk management -- |g 14.3.1. |t Risk-cost relationship -- |g 14.3.2. |t Methods to estimate the cost (Economics) -- |g 14.3.3. |t Methods to optimize corrosion cost -- |g 14.4. |t Corrosion risks -- |g 14.5. |t Activities of corrosion management -- |g 14.5.1. |t Segmentation of infrastructure -- |g 14.5.2. |t Corrosion risks -- |g 14.5.3. |t Location of infrastructure -- |g 14.5.4. |t Quantification of risk -- |g 14.5.5. |t Life of infrastructure -- |g 14.5.6. |t Materials of construction -- |g 14.5.7. |t Corrosion allowance -- |g 14.5.8. |t Normal operating conditions -- |g 14.5.9. |t Upset conditions (Operating excursions) in the upstream segment -- |g 14.5.10. |t Upset conditions (Operating excursions) -- |g 14.5.11. |t Mechanisms of corrosion -- |g 14.5.12. |t Maximum corrosion rate (Internal surfaces) -- |g 14.5.13. |t Maximum corrosion rate (External surfaces) -- |g 14.5.14. |t Installation of proper accessories -- |g 14.5.15. |t Commissioning -- |g 14.5.16. |t Mitigation to control internal corrosion -- |g 14.5.17. |t Mitigation strategies to control internal corrosion -- |g 14.5.18. |t Mitigated internal corrosion rate -- target -- |g 14.5.19. |t Effectiveness of the internal corrosion mitigation strategy -- |g 14.5.20. |t Selection of mitigation strategies to control external corrosion -- |g 14.5.21. |t Implementation of mitigation strategies to control external corrosion -- |g 14.5.22. |t Mitigated external corrosion rate -- target -- |g 14.5.23. |t Effectiveness of external corrosion mitigation strategy -- |g 14.5.24. |t Internal corrosion monitoring techniques -- |g 14.5.25. |t Number of probes to monitor internal corrosion -- |g 14.5.26. |t Internal corrosion rates from monitoring techniques -- |g 14.5.27. |t Accuracy of internal corrosion monitoring techniques -- |g 14.5.28. |t External corrosion monitoring techniques -- |g 14.5.29. |t Number of probes to monitor external corrosion -- |g 14.5.30. |t External corrosion rate from monitoring technique -- |g 14.5.31. |t Accuracy of external corrosion monitoring techniques -- |g 14.5.32. |t Frequency of inspection -- |g 14.5.33. |t Percentage difference between internal corrosion rates from monitoring and inspection techniques -- |g 14.5.34. |t Percentage difference between external corrosion rates from monitoring and inspection techniques -- |g 14.5.35. |t Measurement data availability -- |g 14.5.36. |t Validity and utilization of measured data -- |g 14.5.37. |t Procedures for establishing the maintenance schedule -- |g 14.5.38. |t Maintenance activities -- |g 14.5.39. |t Internal corrosion rate after maintenance activities -- |g 14.5.40. |t Percentage difference between internal corrosion rate before and after maintenance activities -- |g 14.5.41. |t External corrosion rate after maintenance activities -- |g 14.5.42. |t Percentage difference between external corrosion rate before and after maintenance activity -- |g 14.5.43. |t Workforce |
| 505 | 0 | 0 | |t -- capacity, skills, education, and training -- |g 14.5.44. |t Workforce -- experience, knowledge, and quality -- |g 14.5.45. |t Data management -- Data to database -- |g 14.5.46. |t Data management -- Data from database -- |g 14.5.47. |t Internal communication strategy -- |g 14.5.48. |t External communication strategy -- |g 14.5.49. |t Corrosion management review for continuous improvement -- |g 14.5.50. |t Failure frequency -- |t References. |
| 520 | |a The effect of corrosion in the oil industry leads to the failure of parts. This failure results in shutting down the plant to clean the facility. The annual cost of corrosion to the oil and gas industry in the United States alone is estimated at 27 billion (According to NACE International)-leading some to estimate the global annual cost to the oil and gas industry as exceeding 60 billion. In addition, corrosion commonly causes serious environmental problems, such as spills and releases. An essential resource for all those who are involved in the corrosion management of oil and gas infrast. | ||
| 650 | 0 | |a Petroleum pipelines |x Corrosion. | |
| 650 | 6 | |a Pétrole |x Pipelines |x Corrosion. | |
| 650 | 7 | |a TECHNOLOGY & ENGINEERING |x Power Resources |x General. |2 bisacsh | |
| 650 | 7 | |a Petroleum pipelines |x Corrosion |2 fast | |
| 758 | |i has work: |a Corrosion control in the oil and gas industry (Text) |1 https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PCGJTWjKJ4D46wytWHqrj83 |4 https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/ontology/hasWork | ||
| 776 | 0 | 8 | |i Print version: |a Papavinasam, Sankara. |t Corrosion Control in the Oil and Gas Industry. |d Burlington : Elsevier Science, ©2013 |z 9780123970220 |
| 856 | 4 | 0 | |l FWS01 |p ZDB-4-EBA |q FWS_PDA_EBA |u https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&scope=site&db=nlebk&AN=581568 |3 Volltext |
| 994 | |a 92 |b GEBAY | ||
| 912 | |a ZDB-4-EBA | ||
| 049 | |a DE-863 | ||
Datensatz im Suchindex
| DE-BY-FWS_katkey | ZDB-4-EBA-ocn932129183 |
|---|---|
| _version_ | 1816882333061480448 |
| adam_text | |
| any_adam_object | |
| author | Papavinasam, Sankara |
| author_facet | Papavinasam, Sankara |
| author_role | |
| author_sort | Papavinasam, Sankara |
| author_variant | s p sp |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | localFWS |
| callnumber-first | T - Technology |
| callnumber-label | TN871 |
| callnumber-raw | TN871.5 .P57 2014eb |
| callnumber-search | TN871.5 .P57 2014eb |
| callnumber-sort | TN 3871.5 P57 42014EB |
| callnumber-subject | TN - Mining Engineering and Metallurgy |
| collection | ZDB-4-EBA |
| contents | Introduction -- Energy from hydrocarbons -- What are hydrocarbons? -- Alkanes (Paraffins) -- Cycloalkanes (Naphthenes) -- Aromatic hydrocarbons -- Hydrocarbon sources -- Conventional -- Unconventional -- Renewables -- History of the oil and gas industry -- Regulations -- The significance and impact of corrosion in the oil and gas industry -- Production sector -- Transportation -- pipeline sector -- Transportation -- other modes sector -- Storage tank sector -- Refinery sector -- Distribution sector -- Special sector -- References -- Drill pipe -- Casing -- Downhole tubular -- Acidizing pipe -- Water generators and injectors -- Gas generators (Teritiary recovery) -- Open mining -- In situ production -- Cyclic steam stimulation (CSS) -- Steam-assisted gravity drainage (SAGD) -- Toe-to-heel air injection (THAI) or fireflooding (In situ combustion) -- Cold heavy-oil production with sand (CHOPS) -- Vapour extraction process (VAPEX) -- Wellhead -- Production pipelines -- Heavy-crude oil pipelines -- Hydrotransport pipelines -- Gas dehydration facilities -- Oil separation -- Acid gas removal -- Water removal -- Oil separators -- Oil-gas separator -- Oil-water separator -- Oil-solid separator -- Recovery centres (Extraction plants) -- Upgraders -- Lease tanks -- Waste water pipelines -- Tailing pipelines -- Transmission pipelines -- Gas transmission pipelines -- Oil transmission pipelines -- Compressor stations -- Pump stations -- Pipeline accessories -- Oil tankers -- Liquid natural gas (LNG) transportation -- Transportation by railcars -- Transportation by trucks -- Gas storage -- Oil storage tanks -- Refineries -- Desalter unit -- Atmospheric distillation unit (ADU) -- Vacuum distillation unit (VDU) -- Hydrotreating unit -- Catalytic cracking unit (CCU) -- Thermal cracking unit (TCU) -- Hydrocracking unit (HCU) -- Steam cracking unit (SCU) -- Mercaptan oxidation unit (Merox) -- Catalytic reforming unit (CRU) -- Visbreaker unit -- Coker -- Gas plants -- Alkylation unit -- Isomerization unit -- Gas-treating unit -- Water stripper -- Claus sulphur plant -- Heat exchangers -- Cooling towers -- Solvent extraction unit -- Steam reforming unit -- Methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE) unit -- Polymerization unit -- Hydrogen plant -- Ammonia plant -- Methanol plant -- Other units -- Product pipelines -- Terminals -- City gate and local distribution centres -- Compressed natural gas (CNG) -- Diluent pipelines -- High vapour pressure pipelines -- CO2 pipelines -- Hydrogen pipelines -- Ammonia pipelines -- Biofuel infrastructure -- Bioethanol -- Biodiesel -- Bibliography -- Properties of metals and alloys -- Mechanical properties -- Phase diagram -- Metallography -- Types of metals and alloys -- Carbon steels -- Cast irons -- Alloy steels -- Copper alloys -- Stainless steels -- Nickel alloys -- Titanium alloys -- Corrosion-resistant alloys -- Classification of metals and alloys -- AISI -- API -- ASTM -- ASME -- UNS -- Non-metals -- Plastics -- Concrete -- Cement -- Flow -- Pressure drop -- Flow regimes -- Water accumulation -- Effect of flow on corrosion -- Oil phase -- Chemical and physical constituents -- Emulsion type -- Wettability -- Partition of chemicals between oil and water phases -- Water (Brine or Aqueous) phase -- Effect of anions -- Effect of cations -- The combined effect of anions and cations -- CO2 -- Effect of temperature -- Effect of velocity -- Effect of microstructure -- Effect of pH -- Effect of H2S -- H2S -- Effect of CO2 -- O2 -- Sand and solids -- Microorganisms -- Pressure -- Temperature -- pH -- Organic acids -- Aliphatic acids -- Naphthenic acids -- Mercury -- Electrochemical nature of corrosion -- General corrosion -- Galvanic corrosion -- Pitting corrosion -- Intergranular corrosion -- Selective leaching (Dealloying) -- Deposition corrosion -- Crevice corrosion -- Cavitation-corrosion -- Mechanical forces -- Fretting corrosion -- Underdeposit corrosion -- Microbiologically-influenced corrosion -- Classical mechanism -- Modern mechanism -- High-temperature corrosion -- Gaseous environments -- Liquid (Molten) environments -- Corrosion fatigue -- Stress-corrosion cracking (SCC) -- The hydrogen effect -- Hydrogen blistering (HB) -- Hydrogen-induced cracking (HIC) -- Hydrogen embrittlement (HE) -- Sulphide stress-cracking (SSC) -- High-temperature hydrogen-induced cracking (HTHIC) -- Hydrogen-induced disbondment (HID) -- Hydrogen grooving -- Liquid metal-cracking (LMC) or liquid metal embrittlement (LME) -- Corrosion under protective coating and corrosion under insulation (CUT) -- Stray current corrosion -- Telluric current corrosion -- Alternating-current (AC) corrosion -- Top-of-the-line corrosion (TLC) -- Hydrogen effects -- Susceptibility of the material -- Severity of the environment -- General corrosion of carbon steel -- The de Waard-Milliams models -- The Srinivasan model -- The Crolet model -- The Nesic model -- The Mishra model -- The Dayalan model -- The Anderko model -- Oddo model -- Pots model -- Garber model -- Pitting corrosion of CRAs -- PREN -- Laboratory evaluation -- Electrochemical models -- Localized pitting corrosion of carbon steel -- The Papavinasam model -- Erosion-corrosion -- The Zhou model -- The Shadley model -- The Checkworks model -- The union electric model -- The Lutey model -- The Pots model -- The Maxwell model -- The Sooknah model -- Scaling -- The Langelier saturation index (LSI) -- The Ryznar stability index (RSI) -- Other indices -- The DeWaard model -- The Gunaltum model -- The Nyborg model -- Pigging -- Sphere pigs -- Foam pigs -- Cast pigs -- Mandrel pigs -- Brush pigs -- Plow-blade pigs -- Bidirectional pigs -- Pin-wheel pigs -- Multi-diameter pigs Bypass pigs -- Gel pigs -- Special pigs -- Drying -- Injection of glycol or methanol -- Air drying -- Vacuum drying -- Purging with nitrogen -- Corrosion inhibitors -- Selection of corrosion inhibitors -- Application of corrosion inhibitors -- Volume of corrosion inhibitor -- Inhibitor availability -- Other types of inhibitors -- Biocides -- Types -- Selection -- Application -- Scale inhibitors -- Wax and asphaltene inhibitors -- Hydrate inhibitors -- Internal coatings and linings -- Polymeric liners -- Clad materials -- Refractive liners -- Cathodic protection -- Process optimization -- pH control -- Oxygen control -- Bacterial control -- Laboratory measurement -- General and localized corrosion -- Microbiologically-influenced corrosion (MIC) -- High-temperature corrosion. Field monitoring -- Mass loss -- Electrical resistance (ER) probe -- Polarization resistance -- Electrochemical noise -- Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) -- Potentiodynamic polarization -- Galvanic couples -- Multi-electrode technique -- Ultrasonic -- Magnetic flux leakage (MFL) -- Electromagnetic -- Eddy current -- Electromagnetic -- remote field technique (RFT) -- Radiography -- Electrical field mapping (EFM) -- Hydrogen probe -- Corrosion potential (Ec0) -- MIC monitoring techniques -- Residual corrosion inhibitors -- Field inspection -- Physical inspection -- Boroscopy -- Fibrescopy -- Liquid penetrant inspection -- Magnetic particle inspection (MPI) -- Thermography -- Inline inspection (ILI) -- magnetic flux leakage (MFL) -- Inline inspection -- ultrasonic (ILI-UT) -- Other inline inspection tools -- Reliability of corrosion data -- Coatings -- Polymeric coatings -- Girth weld coatings -- Repair coatings -- Insulators -- Metallic (thermal spray) coatings -- Concrete coatings -- Principle -- Amount of current -- Current source -- Potential criteria -- Applicability of cathodic protection -- Factors influencing the effectiveness of cathodic protection -- Stray currents -- Side effects of cathodic protection -- Materials and accessories -- Modelling corrosion control -- Modes of failure of external polymeric coatings -- Laboratory methodologies -- Modelling using laboratory data -- Modelling using field operating conditions -- Modelling using above-ground surveys -- Modelling using below-ground measurements -- Modelling the effect of joint coatings -- Modelling the effect of insulators -- Modelling the effect of metallic coatings -- Modelling the effect of concrete coatings -- Modelling corrosion -- Modelling localized pitting corrosion -- Modelling stress corrosion cracking -- AC corrosion -- Holiday detection -- Above-ground monitoring techniques -- Close interval survey (CIS) -- Direct-current voltage gradient technique (DCVG) -- Cathodic protection current requirement technique (CPCR) -- Coating conductance technique (CC) -- Alternating-current voltage gradient technique (ACVG) -- Pearson survey (PS) -- Electromagnetic current attenuation (ECAT) -- Transwave system technique (TS) -- Electrochemical impedence spectroscopy (EIS) -- Infrared camera -- Cautions in using above-ground monitoring techniques -- Remote monitoring -- In-line inspection -- Metal loss tools -- Crack detection tools -- Other tools -- Hydrostatic testing -- Below-ground inspection -- Soil resistivity -- Visual inspection -- Moisture content -- Chemical analysis -- Microbial analysis -- Corrosion characterization -- Types of measurement -- Offline measurement -- Online measurement -- Measured properties -- Physical properties of materials -- Chemical properties of materials -- Volume of oil -- Volume of gas -- Physical properties of oil -- Physical properties of gas -- Physical properties of water -- Chemical properties of oil -- Chemical properties of gas -- Chemical properties of water -- Sand measurement -- Fouling -- Soil properties -- Environmental properties -- Precautions in using measured data for corrosion control -- Equipment -- Types of maintenance -- Stages for implementation of maintenance -- Activities during maintenance -- Extent of maintenance -- Workforce -- Capacity -- Education -- Training -- Experience -- Knowledge -- Quality -- Data -- Collection -- Collection modes -- Verification -- Databases -- Structure -- Processing -- Output and display -- Storage -- Communication -- Self -- Corrosion team -- Integrity team -- Subordinates -- Senior management -- Suppliers and service providers -- Workers -- Regulators -- Peers -- Stakeholders -- General public -- Media -- Lawyers and court -- General -- Associated activities -- Risk assessment -- Occurrence -- Likelihood -- Consequence -- Quantification -- Risk management -- Risk-cost relationship -- Methods to estimate the cost (Economics) -- Methods to optimize corrosion cost -- Corrosion risks -- Activities of corrosion management -- Segmentation of infrastructure -- Location of infrastructure -- Quantification of risk -- Life of infrastructure -- Materials of construction -- Corrosion allowance -- Normal operating conditions -- Upset conditions (Operating excursions) in the upstream segment -- Upset conditions (Operating excursions) -- Mechanisms of corrosion -- Maximum corrosion rate (Internal surfaces) -- Maximum corrosion rate (External surfaces) -- Installation of proper accessories -- Commissioning -- Mitigation to control internal corrosion -- Mitigation strategies to control internal corrosion -- Mitigated internal corrosion rate -- target -- Effectiveness of the internal corrosion mitigation strategy -- Selection of mitigation strategies to control external corrosion -- Implementation of mitigation strategies to control external corrosion -- Mitigated external corrosion rate -- target -- Effectiveness of external corrosion mitigation strategy -- Internal corrosion monitoring techniques -- Number of probes to monitor internal corrosion -- Internal corrosion rates from monitoring techniques -- Accuracy of internal corrosion monitoring techniques -- External corrosion monitoring techniques -- Number of probes to monitor external corrosion -- External corrosion rate from monitoring technique -- Accuracy of external corrosion monitoring techniques -- Frequency of inspection -- Percentage difference between internal corrosion rates from monitoring and inspection techniques -- Percentage difference between external corrosion rates from monitoring and inspection techniques -- Measurement data availability -- Validity and utilization of measured data -- Procedures for establishing the maintenance schedule -- Maintenance activities -- Internal corrosion rate after maintenance activities -- Percentage difference between internal corrosion rate before and after maintenance activities -- External corrosion rate after maintenance activities -- Percentage difference between external corrosion rate before and after maintenance activity -- Workforce -- capacity, skills, education, and training -- Workforce -- experience, knowledge, and quality -- Data management -- Data to database -- Data management -- Data from database -- Internal communication strategy -- External communication strategy -- Corrosion management review for continuous improvement -- Failure frequency -- References. |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)932129183 |
| dewey-full | 665.5/44 |
| dewey-hundreds | 600 - Technology (Applied sciences) |
| dewey-ones | 665 - Industrial oils, fats, waxes & gases |
| dewey-raw | 665.5/44 |
| dewey-search | 665.5/44 |
| dewey-sort | 3665.5 244 |
| dewey-tens | 660 - Chemical engineering |
| discipline | Chemie / Pharmazie |
| format | Electronic eBook |
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stimulation (CSS) --</subfield><subfield code="g">2.9.2.</subfield><subfield code="t">Steam-assisted gravity drainage (SAGD) --</subfield><subfield code="g">2.9.3.</subfield><subfield code="t">Toe-to-heel air injection (THAI) or fireflooding (In situ combustion) --</subfield><subfield code="g">2.9.4.</subfield><subfield code="t">Cold heavy-oil production with sand (CHOPS) --</subfield><subfield code="g">2.9.5.</subfield><subfield code="t">Vapour extraction process (VAPEX) --</subfield><subfield code="g">2.10.</subfield><subfield code="t">Wellhead --</subfield><subfield code="g">2.11.</subfield><subfield code="t">Production pipelines --</subfield><subfield code="g">2.12.</subfield><subfield code="t">Heavy-crude oil pipelines --</subfield><subfield code="g">2.13.</subfield><subfield code="t">Hydrotransport pipelines --</subfield><subfield code="g">2.14.</subfield><subfield code="t">Gas dehydration facilities --</subfield><subfield code="g">2.14.1.</subfield><subfield code="t">Oil separation --</subfield><subfield code="g">2.14.2.</subfield><subfield code="t">Acid gas removal --</subfield><subfield code="g">2.14.3.</subfield><subfield code="t">Water removal --</subfield><subfield code="g">2.15.</subfield><subfield code="t">Oil separators --</subfield><subfield code="g">2.15.1.</subfield><subfield code="t">Oil-gas separator --</subfield><subfield code="g">2.15.2.</subfield><subfield code="t">Oil-water separator --</subfield><subfield code="g">2.15.3.</subfield><subfield code="t">Oil-solid separator --</subfield><subfield code="g">2.16.</subfield><subfield code="t">Recovery centres (Extraction plants) --</subfield><subfield code="g">2.17.</subfield><subfield code="t">Upgraders --</subfield><subfield code="g">2.18.</subfield><subfield code="t">Lease tanks --</subfield><subfield code="g">2.19.</subfield><subfield code="t">Waste water pipelines --</subfield><subfield code="g">2.20.</subfield><subfield code="t">Tailing pipelines --</subfield><subfield code="g">2.21.</subfield><subfield code="t">Transmission pipelines --</subfield><subfield code="g">2.21.1.</subfield><subfield code="t">Gas transmission pipelines --</subfield><subfield code="g">2.21.2.</subfield><subfield code="t">Oil transmission pipelines --</subfield><subfield code="g">2.22.</subfield><subfield code="t">Compressor stations --</subfield><subfield code="g">2.23.</subfield><subfield code="t">Pump stations --</subfield><subfield code="g">2.24.</subfield><subfield code="t">Pipeline accessories --</subfield><subfield code="g">2.25.</subfield><subfield code="t">Oil tankers --</subfield><subfield code="g">2.26.</subfield><subfield code="t">Liquid natural gas (LNG) transportation --</subfield><subfield code="g">2.27.</subfield><subfield code="t">Transportation by railcars --</subfield><subfield code="g">2.28.</subfield><subfield code="t">Transportation by trucks --</subfield><subfield code="g">2.29.</subfield><subfield code="t">Gas storage --</subfield><subfield code="g">2.30.</subfield><subfield code="t">Oil storage tanks --</subfield><subfield code="g">2.31.</subfield><subfield code="t">Refineries --</subfield><subfield code="g">2.31.1.</subfield><subfield code="t">Desalter unit --</subfield><subfield code="g">2.31.2.</subfield><subfield code="t">Atmospheric distillation unit (ADU) --</subfield><subfield code="g">2.31.3.</subfield><subfield code="t">Vacuum distillation unit (VDU) --</subfield><subfield code="g">2.31.4.</subfield><subfield code="t">Hydrotreating unit --</subfield><subfield code="g">2.31.5.</subfield><subfield code="t">Catalytic cracking unit (CCU) --</subfield><subfield code="g">2.31.6.</subfield><subfield code="t">Thermal cracking unit (TCU) --</subfield><subfield code="g">2.31.7.</subfield><subfield code="t">Hydrocracking unit (HCU) --</subfield><subfield code="g">2.31.8.</subfield><subfield code="t">Steam cracking unit (SCU) --</subfield><subfield code="g">2.31.9.</subfield><subfield code="t">Mercaptan oxidation unit (Merox) --</subfield><subfield code="g">2.31.10.</subfield><subfield code="t">Catalytic reforming unit (CRU) --</subfield><subfield code="g">2.31.11.</subfield><subfield code="t">Visbreaker unit --</subfield><subfield code="g">2.31.12.</subfield><subfield code="t">Coker --</subfield><subfield code="g">2.31.13.</subfield><subfield code="t">Gas plants --</subfield><subfield code="g">2.31.14.</subfield><subfield code="t">Alkylation unit --</subfield><subfield code="g">2.31.15.</subfield><subfield code="t">Isomerization unit --</subfield><subfield code="g">2.31.16.</subfield><subfield code="t">Gas-treating unit --</subfield><subfield code="g">2.31.17.</subfield><subfield code="t">Water stripper --</subfield><subfield code="g">2.31.18.</subfield><subfield code="t">Claus sulphur plant --</subfield><subfield code="g">2.31.19.</subfield><subfield code="t">Heat exchangers --</subfield><subfield code="g">2.31.20.</subfield><subfield code="t">Cooling towers --</subfield><subfield code="g">2.31.21.</subfield><subfield code="t">Solvent extraction unit --</subfield><subfield code="g">2.31.22.</subfield><subfield code="t">Steam reforming unit --</subfield><subfield code="g">2.31.23.</subfield><subfield code="t">Methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE) unit --</subfield><subfield code="g">2.31.24.</subfield><subfield code="t">Polymerization unit --</subfield><subfield code="g">2.31.25.</subfield><subfield code="t">Hydrogen plant --</subfield><subfield code="g">2.31.26.</subfield><subfield code="t">Ammonia plant --</subfield><subfield code="g">2.31.27.</subfield><subfield code="t">Methanol plant --</subfield><subfield code="g">2.31.28.</subfield><subfield code="t">Other units --</subfield><subfield code="g">2.32.</subfield><subfield code="t">Product pipelines --</subfield><subfield code="g">2.33.</subfield><subfield code="t">Terminals --</subfield><subfield code="g">2.34.</subfield><subfield code="t">City gate and local distribution centres --</subfield><subfield code="g">2.35.</subfield><subfield code="t">Compressed natural gas (CNG) --</subfield><subfield code="g">2.36.</subfield><subfield code="t">Diluent pipelines --</subfield><subfield code="g">2.37.</subfield><subfield code="t">High vapour pressure pipelines --</subfield><subfield code="g">2.38.</subfield><subfield code="t">CO2 pipelines --</subfield><subfield code="g">2.39.</subfield><subfield code="t">Hydrogen pipelines --</subfield><subfield code="g">2.40.</subfield><subfield code="t">Ammonia pipelines --</subfield><subfield code="g">2.41.</subfield><subfield code="t">Biofuel infrastructure --</subfield><subfield code="g">2.41.1.</subfield><subfield code="t">Bioethanol --</subfield><subfield code="g">2.41.2.</subfield><subfield code="t">Biodiesel --</subfield><subfield code="t">Bibliography --</subfield><subfield code="t">References --</subfield><subfield code="g">3.1.</subfield><subfield code="t">Introduction --</subfield><subfield code="g">3.2.</subfield><subfield code="t">Properties of metals and alloys --</subfield><subfield code="g">3.2.1.</subfield><subfield code="t">Mechanical properties --</subfield><subfield code="g">3.2.2.</subfield><subfield code="t">Phase diagram --</subfield><subfield code="g">3.2.3.</subfield><subfield code="t">Metallography --</subfield><subfield code="g">3.3.</subfield><subfield code="t">Types of metals and alloys --</subfield><subfield code="g">3.3.1.</subfield><subfield code="t">Carbon steels --</subfield><subfield code="g">3.3.2.</subfield><subfield code="t">Cast irons --</subfield><subfield code="g">3.3.3.</subfield><subfield code="t">Alloy steels --</subfield><subfield code="g">3.3.4.</subfield><subfield code="t">Copper alloys --</subfield><subfield code="g">3.3.5.</subfield><subfield code="t">Stainless steels --</subfield><subfield code="g">3.3.6.</subfield><subfield code="t">Nickel alloys --</subfield><subfield code="g">3.3.7.</subfield><subfield code="t">Titanium alloys --</subfield><subfield code="g">3.3.8.</subfield><subfield code="t">Corrosion-resistant alloys --</subfield><subfield code="g">3.4.</subfield><subfield code="t">Classification of metals and alloys --</subfield><subfield code="g">3.4.1.</subfield><subfield code="t">AISI --</subfield><subfield code="g">3.4.2.</subfield><subfield code="t">API --</subfield><subfield code="g">3.4.3.</subfield><subfield code="t">ASTM --</subfield><subfield code="g">3.4.4.</subfield><subfield code="t">ASME --</subfield><subfield code="g">3.4.5.</subfield><subfield code="t">UNS --</subfield><subfield code="g">3.5.</subfield><subfield code="t">Non-metals --</subfield><subfield code="g">3.5.1.</subfield><subfield code="t">Plastics --</subfield><subfield code="g">3.5.2.</subfield><subfield code="t">Concrete --</subfield><subfield code="g">3.5.3.</subfield><subfield code="t">Cement --</subfield><subfield code="t">References --</subfield><subfield code="g">4.1.</subfield><subfield code="t">Introduction --</subfield><subfield code="g">4.2.</subfield><subfield code="t">Flow --</subfield><subfield code="g">4.2.1.</subfield><subfield code="t">Pressure drop --</subfield><subfield code="g">4.2.2.</subfield><subfield code="t">Flow regimes --</subfield><subfield code="g">4.2.3.</subfield><subfield code="t">Water accumulation --</subfield><subfield code="g">4.2.4.</subfield><subfield code="t">Effect of flow on corrosion --</subfield><subfield code="g">4.3.</subfield><subfield code="t">Oil phase --</subfield><subfield code="g">4.3.1.</subfield><subfield code="t">Chemical and physical constituents --</subfield><subfield code="g">4.3.2.</subfield><subfield code="t">Emulsion type --</subfield><subfield code="g">4.3.3.</subfield><subfield code="t">Wettability --</subfield><subfield code="g">4.3.4.</subfield><subfield code="t">Partition of chemicals between oil and water phases --</subfield><subfield code="g">4.4.</subfield><subfield code="t">Water (Brine or Aqueous) phase --</subfield><subfield code="g">4.4.1.</subfield><subfield code="t">Effect of anions --</subfield><subfield code="g">4.4.2.</subfield><subfield code="t">Effect of cations --</subfield><subfield code="g">4.4.3.</subfield><subfield code="t">The combined effect of anions and cations --</subfield><subfield code="g">4.5.</subfield><subfield code="t">CO2 --</subfield><subfield code="g">4.5.1.</subfield><subfield code="t">Effect of temperature --</subfield><subfield code="g">4.5.2.</subfield><subfield code="t">Effect of velocity --</subfield><subfield code="g">4.5.3.</subfield><subfield code="t">Effect of microstructure --</subfield><subfield code="g">4.5.4.</subfield><subfield code="t">Effect of pH --</subfield><subfield code="g">4.5.5.</subfield><subfield code="t">Effect of H2S --</subfield><subfield code="g">4.6.</subfield><subfield code="t">H2S --</subfield><subfield code="g">4.6.1.</subfield><subfield code="t">Effect of temperature --</subfield><subfield code="g">4.6.2.</subfield><subfield code="t">Effect of velocity --</subfield><subfield code="g">4.6.3.</subfield><subfield code="t">Effect of microstructure --</subfield><subfield code="g">4.6.4.</subfield><subfield code="t">Effect of pH --</subfield><subfield code="g">4.6.5.</subfield><subfield code="t">Effect of CO2 --</subfield><subfield code="g">4.7.</subfield><subfield code="t">O2 --</subfield><subfield code="g">4.7.1.</subfield><subfield code="t">Effect of temperature --</subfield><subfield code="g">4.7.2.</subfield><subfield code="t">Effect of velocity --</subfield><subfield code="g">4.7.3.</subfield><subfield code="t">Effect of microstructure --</subfield><subfield code="g">4.7.4.</subfield><subfield code="t">Effect of pH --</subfield><subfield code="g">4.8.</subfield><subfield code="t">Sand and solids --</subfield><subfield code="g">4.9.</subfield><subfield code="t">Microorganisms --</subfield><subfield code="g">4.10.</subfield><subfield code="t">Pressure --</subfield><subfield code="g">4.11.</subfield><subfield code="t">Temperature --</subfield><subfield code="g">4.12.</subfield><subfield code="t">pH --</subfield><subfield code="g">4.13.</subfield><subfield code="t">Organic acids --</subfield><subfield code="g">4.13.1.</subfield><subfield code="t">Aliphatic acids --</subfield><subfield code="g">4.13.2.</subfield><subfield code="t">Naphthenic acids --</subfield><subfield code="g">4.14.</subfield><subfield code="t">Mercury --</subfield><subfield code="t">References --</subfield><subfield code="g">5.1.</subfield><subfield code="t">Introduction --</subfield><subfield code="g">5.2.</subfield><subfield code="t">Electrochemical nature of corrosion --</subfield><subfield code="g">5.3.</subfield><subfield code="t">General corrosion --</subfield><subfield code="g">5.4.</subfield><subfield code="t">Galvanic corrosion --</subfield><subfield code="g">5.5.</subfield><subfield code="t">Pitting corrosion --</subfield><subfield code="g">5.6.</subfield><subfield code="t">Intergranular corrosion --</subfield><subfield code="g">5.7.</subfield><subfield code="t">Selective leaching (Dealloying) --</subfield><subfield code="g">5.8.</subfield><subfield code="t">Deposition corrosion --</subfield><subfield code="g">5.9.</subfield><subfield code="t">Crevice corrosion --</subfield><subfield code="g">5.10.</subfield><subfield code="t">Cavitation-corrosion --</subfield><subfield code="g">5.11.</subfield><subfield code="t">Mechanical forces --</subfield><subfield code="g">5.12.</subfield><subfield code="t">Fretting corrosion --</subfield><subfield code="g">5.13.</subfield><subfield code="t">Underdeposit corrosion --</subfield><subfield code="g">5.14.</subfield><subfield code="t">Microbiologically-influenced corrosion --</subfield><subfield code="g">5.14.1.</subfield><subfield code="t">Classical mechanism --</subfield><subfield code="g">5.14.2.</subfield><subfield code="t">Modern mechanism --</subfield><subfield code="g">5.15.</subfield><subfield code="t">High-temperature corrosion --</subfield><subfield code="g">5.15.1.</subfield><subfield code="t">Gaseous environments --</subfield><subfield code="g">5.15.2.</subfield><subfield code="t">Liquid (Molten) environments --</subfield><subfield code="g">5.16.</subfield><subfield code="t">Corrosion fatigue --</subfield><subfield code="g">5.17.</subfield><subfield code="t">Stress-corrosion cracking (SCC) --</subfield><subfield code="g">5.18.</subfield><subfield code="t">The hydrogen effect --</subfield><subfield code="g">5.18.1.</subfield><subfield code="t">Hydrogen blistering (HB) --</subfield><subfield code="g">5.18.2.</subfield><subfield code="t">Hydrogen-induced cracking (HIC) --</subfield><subfield code="g">5.18.3.</subfield><subfield code="t">Hydrogen embrittlement (HE) --</subfield><subfield code="g">5.18.4.</subfield><subfield code="t">Sulphide stress-cracking (SSC) --</subfield><subfield code="g">5.18.5.</subfield><subfield code="t">High-temperature hydrogen-induced cracking (HTHIC) --</subfield><subfield code="g">5.18.6.</subfield><subfield code="t">Hydrogen-induced disbondment (HID) --</subfield><subfield code="g">5.18.7.</subfield><subfield code="t">Hydrogen grooving --</subfield><subfield code="g">5.19.</subfield><subfield code="t">Liquid metal-cracking (LMC) or liquid metal embrittlement (LME) --</subfield><subfield code="g">5.20.</subfield><subfield code="t">Corrosion under protective coating and corrosion under insulation (CUT) --</subfield><subfield code="g">5.21.</subfield><subfield code="t">Stray current corrosion --</subfield><subfield code="g">5.22.</subfield><subfield code="t">Telluric current corrosion --</subfield><subfield code="g">5.23.</subfield><subfield code="t">Alternating-current (AC) corrosion --</subfield><subfield code="g">5.24.</subfield><subfield code="t">Top-of-the-line corrosion (TLC) --</subfield><subfield code="t">Bibliography --</subfield><subfield code="t">References --</subfield><subfield code="g">6.1.</subfield><subfield code="t">Introduction --</subfield><subfield code="g">6.2.</subfield><subfield code="t">Hydrogen effects --</subfield><subfield code="g">6.2.1.</subfield><subfield code="t">Susceptibility of the material --</subfield><subfield code="g">6.2.2.</subfield><subfield code="t">Severity of the environment --</subfield><subfield code="g">6.3.</subfield><subfield code="t">General corrosion of carbon steel --</subfield><subfield code="g">6.3.1.</subfield><subfield code="t">The de Waard-Milliams models --</subfield><subfield code="g">6.3.2.</subfield><subfield code="t">The Srinivasan model --</subfield><subfield code="g">6.3.3.</subfield><subfield code="t">The Crolet model --</subfield><subfield code="g">6.3.4.</subfield><subfield code="t">The Nesic model --</subfield><subfield code="g">6.3.5.</subfield><subfield code="t">The Mishra model --</subfield><subfield code="g">6.3.6.</subfield><subfield code="t">The Dayalan model --</subfield><subfield code="g">6.3.7.</subfield><subfield code="t">The Anderko model --</subfield><subfield code="g">6.3.8.</subfield><subfield code="t">Oddo model --</subfield><subfield code="g">6.3.9.</subfield><subfield code="t">Pots model --</subfield><subfield code="g">6.3.10.</subfield><subfield code="t">Garber model --</subfield><subfield code="g">6.4.</subfield><subfield code="t">Pitting corrosion of CRAs --</subfield><subfield code="g">6.4.1.</subfield><subfield code="t">PREN --</subfield><subfield code="g">6.4.2.</subfield><subfield code="t">Laboratory evaluation --</subfield><subfield code="g">6.4.3.</subfield><subfield code="t">Electrochemical models --</subfield><subfield code="g">6.5.</subfield><subfield code="t">Localized pitting corrosion of carbon steel --</subfield><subfield code="g">6.5.1.</subfield><subfield code="t">The Papavinasam model --</subfield><subfield code="g">6.6.</subfield><subfield code="t">Erosion-corrosion --</subfield><subfield code="g">6.6.1.</subfield><subfield code="t">The Zhou model --</subfield><subfield code="g">6.6.2.</subfield><subfield code="t">The Nesic model --</subfield><subfield code="g">6.6.3.</subfield><subfield code="t">The Shadley model --</subfield><subfield code="g">6.7.</subfield><subfield code="t">Microbiologically-influenced corrosion --</subfield><subfield code="g">6.7.1.</subfield><subfield code="t">The Checkworks model --</subfield><subfield code="g">6.7.2.</subfield><subfield code="t">The union electric model --</subfield><subfield code="g">6.7.3.</subfield><subfield code="t">The Lutey model --</subfield><subfield code="g">6.7.4.</subfield><subfield code="t">The Pots model --</subfield><subfield code="g">6.7.5.</subfield><subfield code="t">The Maxwell model --</subfield><subfield code="g">6.7.6.</subfield><subfield code="t">The Sooknah model --</subfield><subfield code="g">6.8.</subfield><subfield code="t">Scaling --</subfield><subfield code="g">6.8.1.</subfield><subfield code="t">The Langelier saturation index (LSI) --</subfield><subfield code="g">6.8.2.</subfield><subfield code="t">The Ryznar stability index (RSI) --</subfield><subfield code="g">6.8.3.</subfield><subfield code="t">Other indices --</subfield><subfield code="g">6.9.</subfield><subfield code="t">High-temperature corrosion --</subfield><subfield code="g">6.10.</subfield><subfield code="t">Top-of-the-line corrosion (TLC) --</subfield><subfield code="g">6.10.1.</subfield><subfield code="t">The DeWaard model --</subfield><subfield code="g">6.10.2.</subfield><subfield code="t">The Pots model --</subfield><subfield code="g">6.10.3.</subfield><subfield code="t">The Gunaltum model --</subfield><subfield code="g">6.10.4.</subfield><subfield code="t">The Nyborg model --</subfield><subfield code="t">References --</subfield><subfield code="g">7.1.</subfield><subfield code="t">Introduction --</subfield><subfield code="g">7.2.</subfield><subfield code="t">Pigging --</subfield><subfield code="g">7.2.1.</subfield><subfield code="t">Sphere pigs --</subfield><subfield code="g">7.2.2.</subfield><subfield code="t">Foam pigs --</subfield><subfield code="g">7.2.3.</subfield><subfield code="t">Cast pigs --</subfield><subfield code="g">7.2.4.</subfield><subfield code="t">Mandrel pigs --</subfield><subfield code="g">7.2.5.</subfield><subfield code="t">Brush pigs --</subfield><subfield code="g">7.2.6.</subfield><subfield code="t">Plow-blade pigs --</subfield><subfield code="g">7.2.7.</subfield><subfield code="t">Bidirectional pigs --</subfield><subfield code="g">7.2.8.</subfield><subfield code="t">Pin-wheel pigs --</subfield><subfield code="g">7.2.9.</subfield><subfield code="t">Multi-diameter pigs </subfield></datafield><datafield tag="505" ind1="0" ind2="0"><subfield code="g">--</subfield><subfield code="g">7.2.10.</subfield><subfield code="t">Bypass pigs --</subfield><subfield code="g">7.2.11.</subfield><subfield code="t">Gel pigs --</subfield><subfield code="g">7.2.12.</subfield><subfield code="t">Special pigs --</subfield><subfield code="g">7.3.</subfield><subfield code="t">Drying --</subfield><subfield code="g">7.3.1.</subfield><subfield code="t">Injection of glycol or methanol --</subfield><subfield code="g">7.3.2.</subfield><subfield code="t">Air drying --</subfield><subfield code="g">7.3.3.</subfield><subfield code="t">Vacuum drying --</subfield><subfield code="g">7.3.4.</subfield><subfield code="t">Purging with nitrogen --</subfield><subfield code="g">7.4.</subfield><subfield code="t">Corrosion inhibitors --</subfield><subfield code="g">7.4.1.</subfield><subfield code="t">Selection of corrosion inhibitors --</subfield><subfield code="g">7.4.2.</subfield><subfield code="t">Application of corrosion inhibitors --</subfield><subfield code="g">7.4.3.</subfield><subfield code="t">Volume of corrosion inhibitor --</subfield><subfield code="g">7.4.4.</subfield><subfield code="t">Inhibitor availability --</subfield><subfield code="g">7.4.5.</subfield><subfield code="t">Other types of inhibitors --</subfield><subfield code="g">7.5.</subfield><subfield code="t">Biocides --</subfield><subfield code="g">7.5.1.</subfield><subfield code="t">Types --</subfield><subfield code="g">7.5.2.</subfield><subfield code="t">Selection --</subfield><subfield code="g">7.5.3.</subfield><subfield code="t">Application --</subfield><subfield code="g">7.6.</subfield><subfield code="t">Scale inhibitors --</subfield><subfield code="g">7.7.</subfield><subfield code="t">Wax and asphaltene inhibitors --</subfield><subfield code="g">7.8.</subfield><subfield code="t">Hydrate inhibitors --</subfield><subfield code="g">7.9.</subfield><subfield code="t">Internal coatings and linings --</subfield><subfield code="g">7.9.1.</subfield><subfield code="t">Polymeric liners --</subfield><subfield code="g">7.9.2.</subfield><subfield code="t">Clad materials --</subfield><subfield code="g">7.9.3.</subfield><subfield code="t">Refractive liners --</subfield><subfield code="g">7.10.</subfield><subfield code="t">Cathodic protection --</subfield><subfield code="g">7.11.</subfield><subfield code="t">Process optimization --</subfield><subfield code="g">7.11.1.</subfield><subfield code="t">pH control --</subfield><subfield code="g">7.11.2.</subfield><subfield code="t">Oxygen control --</subfield><subfield code="g">7.11.3.</subfield><subfield code="t">Bacterial control --</subfield><subfield code="t">References --</subfield><subfield code="g">8.1.</subfield><subfield code="t">Introduction --</subfield><subfield code="g">8.2.</subfield><subfield code="t">Laboratory measurement --</subfield><subfield code="g">8.2.1.</subfield><subfield code="t">Hydrogen effects --</subfield><subfield code="g">8.2.2.</subfield><subfield code="t">General and localized corrosion --</subfield><subfield code="g">8.2.3.</subfield><subfield code="t">Mechanical forces --</subfield><subfield code="g">8.2.4.</subfield><subfield code="t">Microbiologically-influenced corrosion (MIC) --</subfield><subfield code="g">8.2.5.</subfield><subfield code="t">Scaling --</subfield><subfield code="g">8.2.6.</subfield><subfield code="t">High-temperature corrosion.</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="505" ind1="0" ind2="0"><subfield code="g">Note continued:</subfield><subfield code="g">8.2.7.</subfield><subfield code="t">Crevice corrosion --</subfield><subfield code="g">8.2.8.</subfield><subfield code="t">Intergranular corrosion --</subfield><subfield code="g">8.3.</subfield><subfield code="t">Field monitoring --</subfield><subfield code="g">8.3.1.</subfield><subfield code="t">Mass loss --</subfield><subfield code="g">8.3.2.</subfield><subfield code="t">Electrical resistance (ER) probe --</subfield><subfield code="g">8.3.3.</subfield><subfield code="t">Polarization resistance --</subfield><subfield code="g">8.3.4.</subfield><subfield code="t">Electrochemical noise --</subfield><subfield code="g">8.3.5.</subfield><subfield code="t">Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) --</subfield><subfield code="g">8.3.6.</subfield><subfield code="t">Potentiodynamic polarization --</subfield><subfield code="g">8.3.7.</subfield><subfield code="t">Galvanic couples --</subfield><subfield code="g">8.3.8.</subfield><subfield code="t">Multi-electrode technique --</subfield><subfield code="g">8.3.9.</subfield><subfield code="t">Ultrasonic --</subfield><subfield code="g">8.3.10.</subfield><subfield code="t">Magnetic flux leakage (MFL) --</subfield><subfield code="g">8.3.11.</subfield><subfield code="t">Electromagnetic -- Eddy current --</subfield><subfield code="g">8.3.12.</subfield><subfield code="t">Electromagnetic -- remote field technique (RFT) --</subfield><subfield code="g">8.3.13.</subfield><subfield code="t">Radiography --</subfield><subfield code="g">8.3.14.</subfield><subfield code="t">Electrical field mapping (EFM) --</subfield><subfield code="g">8.3.15.</subfield><subfield code="t">Hydrogen probe --</subfield><subfield code="g">8.3.16.</subfield><subfield code="t">Corrosion potential (Ec0) --</subfield><subfield code="g">8.3.17.</subfield><subfield code="t">MIC monitoring techniques --</subfield><subfield code="g">8.3.18.</subfield><subfield code="t">Residual corrosion inhibitors --</subfield><subfield code="g">8.4.</subfield><subfield code="t">Field inspection --</subfield><subfield code="g">8.4.1.</subfield><subfield code="t">Physical inspection --</subfield><subfield code="g">8.4.2.</subfield><subfield code="t">Boroscopy --</subfield><subfield code="g">8.4.3.</subfield><subfield code="t">Fibrescopy --</subfield><subfield code="g">8.4.4.</subfield><subfield code="t">Liquid penetrant inspection --</subfield><subfield code="g">8.4.5.</subfield><subfield code="t">Magnetic particle inspection (MPI) --</subfield><subfield code="g">8.4.6.</subfield><subfield code="t">Thermography --</subfield><subfield code="g">8.4.7.</subfield><subfield code="t">Inline inspection (ILI) -- magnetic flux leakage (MFL) --</subfield><subfield code="g">8.4.8.</subfield><subfield code="t">Inline inspection -- ultrasonic (ILI-UT) --</subfield><subfield code="g">8.4.9.</subfield><subfield code="t">Other inline inspection tools --</subfield><subfield code="g">8.4.10.</subfield><subfield code="t">Reliability of corrosion data --</subfield><subfield code="t">References --</subfield><subfield code="g">9.1.</subfield><subfield code="t">Introduction --</subfield><subfield code="g">9.2.</subfield><subfield code="t">Coatings --</subfield><subfield code="g">9.2.1.</subfield><subfield code="t">Polymeric coatings --</subfield><subfield code="g">9.2.2.</subfield><subfield code="t">Girth weld coatings --</subfield><subfield code="g">9.2.3.</subfield><subfield code="t">Repair coatings --</subfield><subfield code="g">9.2.4.</subfield><subfield code="t">Insulators --</subfield><subfield code="g">9.2.5.</subfield><subfield code="t">Metallic (thermal spray) coatings --</subfield><subfield code="g">9.2.6.</subfield><subfield code="t">Concrete coatings --</subfield><subfield code="g">9.3.</subfield><subfield code="t">Cathodic protection --</subfield><subfield code="g">9.3.1.</subfield><subfield code="t">Principle --</subfield><subfield code="g">9.3.2.</subfield><subfield code="t">Amount of current --</subfield><subfield code="g">9.3.3.</subfield><subfield code="t">Current source --</subfield><subfield code="g">9.3.4.</subfield><subfield code="t">Potential criteria --</subfield><subfield code="g">9.3.5.</subfield><subfield code="t">Applicability of cathodic protection --</subfield><subfield code="g">9.3.6.</subfield><subfield code="t">Factors influencing the effectiveness of cathodic protection --</subfield><subfield code="g">9.3.7.</subfield><subfield code="t">Stray currents --</subfield><subfield code="g">9.3.8.</subfield><subfield code="t">Side effects of cathodic protection --</subfield><subfield code="g">9.3.9.</subfield><subfield code="t">Materials and accessories --</subfield><subfield code="t">References --</subfield><subfield code="g">10.1.</subfield><subfield code="t">Introduction --</subfield><subfield code="g">10.2.</subfield><subfield code="t">Modelling corrosion control --</subfield><subfield code="g">10.2.1.</subfield><subfield code="t">Modes of failure of external polymeric coatings --</subfield><subfield code="g">10.2.2.</subfield><subfield code="t">Laboratory methodologies --</subfield><subfield code="g">10.2.3.</subfield><subfield code="t">Modelling using laboratory data --</subfield><subfield code="g">10.2.4.</subfield><subfield code="t">Modelling using field operating conditions --</subfield><subfield code="g">10.2.5.</subfield><subfield code="t">Modelling using above-ground surveys --</subfield><subfield code="g">10.2.6.</subfield><subfield code="t">Modelling using below-ground measurements --</subfield><subfield code="g">10.2.7.</subfield><subfield code="t">Modelling the effect of joint coatings --</subfield><subfield code="g">10.2.8.</subfield><subfield code="t">Modelling the effect of insulators --</subfield><subfield code="g">10.2.9.</subfield><subfield code="t">Modelling the effect of metallic coatings --</subfield><subfield code="g">10.2.10.</subfield><subfield code="t">Modelling the effect of concrete coatings --</subfield><subfield code="g">10.3.</subfield><subfield code="t">Modelling corrosion --</subfield><subfield code="g">10.3.1.</subfield><subfield code="t">Modelling localized pitting corrosion --</subfield><subfield code="g">10.3.2.</subfield><subfield code="t">Modelling stress corrosion cracking --</subfield><subfield code="g">10.3.3.</subfield><subfield code="t">AC corrosion --</subfield><subfield code="t">References --</subfield><subfield code="g">11.1.</subfield><subfield code="t">Introduction --</subfield><subfield code="g">11.2.</subfield><subfield code="t">Holiday detection --</subfield><subfield code="g">11.3.</subfield><subfield code="t">Above-ground monitoring techniques --</subfield><subfield code="g">11.3.1.</subfield><subfield code="t">Close interval survey (CIS) --</subfield><subfield code="g">11.3.2.</subfield><subfield code="t">Direct-current voltage gradient technique (DCVG) --</subfield><subfield code="g">11.3.3.</subfield><subfield code="t">Cathodic protection current requirement technique (CPCR) --</subfield><subfield code="g">11.3.4.</subfield><subfield code="t">Coating conductance technique (CC) --</subfield><subfield code="g">11.3.5.</subfield><subfield code="t">Alternating-current voltage gradient technique (ACVG) --</subfield><subfield code="g">11.3.6.</subfield><subfield code="t">Pearson survey (PS) --</subfield><subfield code="g">11.3.7.</subfield><subfield code="t">Electromagnetic current attenuation (ECAT) --</subfield><subfield code="g">11.3.8.</subfield><subfield code="t">Transwave system technique (TS) --</subfield><subfield code="g">11.3.9.</subfield><subfield code="t">Electrochemical impedence spectroscopy (EIS) --</subfield><subfield code="g">11.3.10.</subfield><subfield code="t">Infrared camera --</subfield><subfield code="g">11.3.11.</subfield><subfield code="t">Cautions in using above-ground monitoring techniques --</subfield><subfield code="g">11.4.</subfield><subfield code="t">Remote monitoring --</subfield><subfield code="g">11.5.</subfield><subfield code="t">In-line inspection --</subfield><subfield code="g">11.5.1.</subfield><subfield code="t">Metal loss tools --</subfield><subfield code="g">11.5.2.</subfield><subfield code="t">Crack detection tools --</subfield><subfield code="g">11.5.3.</subfield><subfield code="t">Other tools --</subfield><subfield code="g">11.6.</subfield><subfield code="t">Hydrostatic testing --</subfield><subfield code="g">11.7.</subfield><subfield code="t">Below-ground inspection --</subfield><subfield code="g">11.7.1.</subfield><subfield code="t">Soil resistivity --</subfield><subfield code="g">11.7.2.</subfield><subfield code="t">Visual inspection --</subfield><subfield code="g">11.7.3.</subfield><subfield code="t">Moisture content --</subfield><subfield code="g">11.7.4.</subfield><subfield code="t">pH --</subfield><subfield code="g">11.7.5.</subfield><subfield code="t">Chemical analysis --</subfield><subfield code="g">11.7.6.</subfield><subfield code="t">Microbial analysis --</subfield><subfield code="g">11.7.7.</subfield><subfield code="t">Corrosion characterization --</subfield><subfield code="t">References --</subfield><subfield code="g">12.1.</subfield><subfield code="t">Introduction --</subfield><subfield code="g">12.2.</subfield><subfield code="t">Types of measurement --</subfield><subfield code="g">12.2.1.</subfield><subfield code="t">Offline measurement --</subfield><subfield code="g">12.2.2.</subfield><subfield code="t">Online measurement --</subfield><subfield code="g">12.3.</subfield><subfield code="t">Measured properties --</subfield><subfield code="g">12.3.1.</subfield><subfield code="t">Physical properties of materials --</subfield><subfield code="g">12.3.2.</subfield><subfield code="t">Chemical properties of materials --</subfield><subfield code="g">12.3.3.</subfield><subfield code="t">Volume of oil --</subfield><subfield code="g">12.3.4.</subfield><subfield code="t">Volume of gas --</subfield><subfield code="g">12.3.5.</subfield><subfield code="t">Physical properties of oil --</subfield><subfield code="g">12.3.6.</subfield><subfield code="t">Physical properties of gas --</subfield><subfield code="g">12.3.7.</subfield><subfield code="t">Physical properties of water --</subfield><subfield code="g">12.3.8.</subfield><subfield code="t">Flow --</subfield><subfield code="g">12.3.9.</subfield><subfield code="t">Pressure --</subfield><subfield code="g">12.3.10.</subfield><subfield code="t">Temperature --</subfield><subfield code="g">12.3.11.</subfield><subfield code="t">Chemical properties of oil --</subfield><subfield code="g">12.3.12.</subfield><subfield code="t">Chemical properties of gas --</subfield><subfield code="g">12.3.13.</subfield><subfield code="t">Chemical properties of water --</subfield><subfield code="g">12.3.14.</subfield><subfield code="t">Sand measurement --</subfield><subfield code="g">12.3.15.</subfield><subfield code="t">Fouling --</subfield><subfield code="g">12.3.16.</subfield><subfield code="t">Soil properties --</subfield><subfield code="g">12.3.17.</subfield><subfield code="t">Environmental properties --</subfield><subfield code="g">12.4.</subfield><subfield code="t">Precautions in using measured data for corrosion control --</subfield><subfield code="t">References --</subfield><subfield code="g">13.1.</subfield><subfield code="t">Introduction --</subfield><subfield code="g">13.2.</subfield><subfield code="t">Equipment --</subfield><subfield code="g">13.2.1.</subfield><subfield code="t">Types of maintenance --</subfield><subfield code="g">13.2.2.</subfield><subfield code="t">Stages for implementation of maintenance --</subfield><subfield code="g">13.2.3.</subfield><subfield code="t">Activities during maintenance --</subfield><subfield code="g">13.2.4.</subfield><subfield code="t">Extent of maintenance --</subfield><subfield code="g">13.3.</subfield><subfield code="t">Workforce --</subfield><subfield code="g">13.3.1.</subfield><subfield code="t">Capacity --</subfield><subfield code="g">13.3.2.</subfield><subfield code="t">Education --</subfield><subfield code="g">13.3.3.</subfield><subfield code="t">Training --</subfield><subfield code="g">13.3.4.</subfield><subfield code="t">Experience --</subfield><subfield code="g">13.3.5.</subfield><subfield code="t">Knowledge --</subfield><subfield code="g">13.3.6.</subfield><subfield code="t">Quality --</subfield><subfield code="g">13.4.</subfield><subfield code="t">Data --</subfield><subfield code="g">13.4.1.</subfield><subfield code="t">Collection --</subfield><subfield code="g">13.4.2.</subfield><subfield code="t">Collection modes --</subfield><subfield code="g">13.4.3.</subfield><subfield code="t">Verification --</subfield><subfield code="g">13.4.4.</subfield><subfield code="t">Databases --</subfield><subfield code="g">13.4.5.</subfield><subfield code="t">Structure --</subfield><subfield code="g">13.4.6.</subfield><subfield code="t">Processing --</subfield><subfield code="g">13.4.7.</subfield><subfield code="t">Output and display --</subfield><subfield code="g">13.4.8.</subfield><subfield code="t">Storage --</subfield><subfield code="g">13.5.</subfield><subfield code="t">Communication --</subfield><subfield code="g">13.5.1.</subfield><subfield code="t">Self --</subfield><subfield code="g">13.5.2.</subfield><subfield code="t">Corrosion team --</subfield><subfield code="g">13.5.3.</subfield><subfield code="t">Integrity team --</subfield><subfield code="g">13.5.4.</subfield><subfield code="t">Subordinates --</subfield><subfield code="g">13.5.5.</subfield><subfield code="t">Senior management --</subfield><subfield code="g">13.5.6.</subfield><subfield code="t">Suppliers and service providers --</subfield><subfield code="g">13.5.7.</subfield><subfield code="t">Workers --</subfield><subfield code="g">13.5.8.</subfield><subfield code="t">Regulators --</subfield><subfield code="g">13.5.9.</subfield><subfield code="t">Peers --</subfield><subfield code="g">13.5.10.</subfield><subfield code="t">Stakeholders --</subfield><subfield code="g">13.5.11.</subfield><subfield code="t">General public --</subfield><subfield code="g">13.5.12.</subfield><subfield code="t">Media --</subfield><subfield code="g">13.5.13.</subfield><subfield code="t">Lawyers and court --</subfield><subfield code="g">13.5.14.</subfield><subfield code="t">General --</subfield><subfield code="g">13.6.</subfield><subfield code="t">Associated activities --</subfield><subfield code="t">References --</subfield><subfield code="g">14.1.</subfield><subfield code="t">Introduction --</subfield><subfield code="g">14.2.</subfield><subfield code="t">Risk assessment --</subfield><subfield code="g">14.2.1.</subfield><subfield code="t">Occurrence --</subfield><subfield code="g">14.2.2.</subfield><subfield code="t">Likelihood --</subfield><subfield code="g">14.2.3.</subfield><subfield code="t">Consequence --</subfield><subfield code="g">14.2.4.</subfield><subfield code="t">Quantification --</subfield><subfield code="g">14.3.</subfield><subfield code="t">Risk management --</subfield><subfield code="g">14.3.1.</subfield><subfield code="t">Risk-cost relationship --</subfield><subfield code="g">14.3.2.</subfield><subfield code="t">Methods to estimate the cost (Economics) --</subfield><subfield code="g">14.3.3.</subfield><subfield code="t">Methods to optimize corrosion cost --</subfield><subfield code="g">14.4.</subfield><subfield code="t">Corrosion risks --</subfield><subfield code="g">14.5.</subfield><subfield code="t">Activities of corrosion management --</subfield><subfield code="g">14.5.1.</subfield><subfield code="t">Segmentation of infrastructure --</subfield><subfield code="g">14.5.2.</subfield><subfield code="t">Corrosion risks --</subfield><subfield code="g">14.5.3.</subfield><subfield code="t">Location of infrastructure --</subfield><subfield code="g">14.5.4.</subfield><subfield code="t">Quantification of risk --</subfield><subfield code="g">14.5.5.</subfield><subfield code="t">Life of infrastructure --</subfield><subfield code="g">14.5.6.</subfield><subfield code="t">Materials of construction --</subfield><subfield code="g">14.5.7.</subfield><subfield code="t">Corrosion allowance --</subfield><subfield code="g">14.5.8.</subfield><subfield code="t">Normal operating conditions --</subfield><subfield code="g">14.5.9.</subfield><subfield code="t">Upset conditions (Operating excursions) in the upstream segment --</subfield><subfield code="g">14.5.10.</subfield><subfield code="t">Upset conditions (Operating excursions) --</subfield><subfield code="g">14.5.11.</subfield><subfield code="t">Mechanisms of corrosion --</subfield><subfield code="g">14.5.12.</subfield><subfield code="t">Maximum corrosion rate (Internal surfaces) --</subfield><subfield code="g">14.5.13.</subfield><subfield code="t">Maximum corrosion rate (External surfaces) --</subfield><subfield code="g">14.5.14.</subfield><subfield code="t">Installation of proper accessories --</subfield><subfield code="g">14.5.15.</subfield><subfield code="t">Commissioning --</subfield><subfield code="g">14.5.16.</subfield><subfield code="t">Mitigation to control internal corrosion --</subfield><subfield code="g">14.5.17.</subfield><subfield code="t">Mitigation strategies to control internal corrosion --</subfield><subfield code="g">14.5.18.</subfield><subfield code="t">Mitigated internal corrosion rate -- target --</subfield><subfield code="g">14.5.19.</subfield><subfield code="t">Effectiveness of the internal corrosion mitigation strategy --</subfield><subfield code="g">14.5.20.</subfield><subfield code="t">Selection of mitigation strategies to control external corrosion --</subfield><subfield code="g">14.5.21.</subfield><subfield code="t">Implementation of mitigation strategies to control external corrosion --</subfield><subfield code="g">14.5.22.</subfield><subfield code="t">Mitigated external corrosion rate -- target --</subfield><subfield code="g">14.5.23.</subfield><subfield code="t">Effectiveness of external corrosion mitigation strategy --</subfield><subfield code="g">14.5.24.</subfield><subfield code="t">Internal corrosion monitoring techniques --</subfield><subfield code="g">14.5.25.</subfield><subfield code="t">Number of probes to monitor internal corrosion --</subfield><subfield code="g">14.5.26.</subfield><subfield code="t">Internal corrosion rates from monitoring techniques --</subfield><subfield code="g">14.5.27.</subfield><subfield code="t">Accuracy of internal corrosion monitoring techniques --</subfield><subfield code="g">14.5.28.</subfield><subfield code="t">External corrosion monitoring techniques --</subfield><subfield code="g">14.5.29.</subfield><subfield code="t">Number of probes to monitor external corrosion --</subfield><subfield code="g">14.5.30.</subfield><subfield code="t">External corrosion rate from monitoring technique --</subfield><subfield code="g">14.5.31.</subfield><subfield code="t">Accuracy of external corrosion monitoring techniques --</subfield><subfield code="g">14.5.32.</subfield><subfield code="t">Frequency of inspection --</subfield><subfield code="g">14.5.33.</subfield><subfield code="t">Percentage difference between internal corrosion rates from monitoring and inspection techniques --</subfield><subfield code="g">14.5.34.</subfield><subfield code="t">Percentage difference between external corrosion rates from monitoring and inspection techniques --</subfield><subfield code="g">14.5.35.</subfield><subfield code="t">Measurement data availability --</subfield><subfield code="g">14.5.36.</subfield><subfield code="t">Validity and utilization of measured data --</subfield><subfield code="g">14.5.37.</subfield><subfield code="t">Procedures for establishing the maintenance schedule --</subfield><subfield code="g">14.5.38.</subfield><subfield code="t">Maintenance activities --</subfield><subfield code="g">14.5.39.</subfield><subfield code="t">Internal corrosion rate after maintenance activities --</subfield><subfield code="g">14.5.40.</subfield><subfield code="t">Percentage difference between internal corrosion rate before and after maintenance activities --</subfield><subfield code="g">14.5.41.</subfield><subfield code="t">External corrosion rate after maintenance activities --</subfield><subfield code="g">14.5.42.</subfield><subfield code="t">Percentage difference between external corrosion rate before and after maintenance activity --</subfield><subfield code="g">14.5.43.</subfield><subfield code="t">Workforce </subfield></datafield><datafield tag="505" ind1="0" ind2="0"><subfield code="t">-- capacity, skills, education, and training --</subfield><subfield code="g">14.5.44.</subfield><subfield code="t">Workforce -- experience, knowledge, and quality --</subfield><subfield code="g">14.5.45.</subfield><subfield code="t">Data management -- Data to database --</subfield><subfield code="g">14.5.46.</subfield><subfield code="t">Data management -- Data from database --</subfield><subfield code="g">14.5.47.</subfield><subfield code="t">Internal communication strategy --</subfield><subfield code="g">14.5.48.</subfield><subfield code="t">External communication strategy --</subfield><subfield code="g">14.5.49.</subfield><subfield code="t">Corrosion management review for continuous improvement --</subfield><subfield code="g">14.5.50.</subfield><subfield code="t">Failure frequency --</subfield><subfield code="t">References.</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="520" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">The effect of corrosion in the oil industry leads to the failure of parts. This failure results in shutting down the plant to clean the facility. The annual cost of corrosion to the oil and gas industry in the United States alone is estimated at 27 billion (According to NACE International)-leading some to estimate the global annual cost to the oil and gas industry as exceeding 60 billion. In addition, corrosion commonly causes serious environmental problems, such as spills and releases. 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| id | ZDB-4-EBA-ocn932129183 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-11-27T13:26:56Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9780123973061 0123973066 0123970229 9780123970220 |
| language | English |
| oclc_num | 932129183 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | MAIN DE-863 DE-BY-FWS |
| owner_facet | MAIN DE-863 DE-BY-FWS |
| physical | 1 online resource (1021 pages) |
| psigel | ZDB-4-EBA |
| publishDate | 2013 |
| publishDateSearch | 2013 |
| publishDateSort | 2013 |
| publisher | Elsevier Science, |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Papavinasam, Sankara. Corrosion control in the oil and gas industry / Sankara Papvinasam. Burlington : Elsevier Science, 2013. 1 online resource (1021 pages) text txt rdacontent computer c rdamedia online resource cr rdacarrier data file rda Print version record. Machine-generated contents note: 1.1. Introduction -- 1.2. Energy from hydrocarbons -- 1.3. What are hydrocarbons? -- 1.3.1. Alkanes (Paraffins) -- 1.3.2. Cycloalkanes (Naphthenes) -- 1.3.3. Aromatic hydrocarbons -- 1.4. Hydrocarbon sources -- 1.4.1. Conventional -- 1.4.2. Unconventional -- 1.4.3. Renewables -- 1.5. History of the oil and gas industry -- 1.6. Regulations -- 1.7. The significance and impact of corrosion in the oil and gas industry -- 1.7.1. Production sector -- 1.7.2. Transportation -- pipeline sector -- 1.7.3. Transportation -- other modes sector -- 1.7.4. Storage tank sector -- 1.7.5. Refinery sector -- 1.7.6. Distribution sector -- 1.7.7. Special sector -- References -- 2.1. Introduction -- 2.2. Drill pipe -- 2.3. Casing -- 2.4. Downhole tubular -- 2.5. Acidizing pipe -- 2.6. Water generators and injectors -- 2.7. Gas generators (Teritiary recovery) -- 2.8. Open mining -- 2.9. In situ production -- 2.9.1. Cyclic steam stimulation (CSS) -- 2.9.2. Steam-assisted gravity drainage (SAGD) -- 2.9.3. Toe-to-heel air injection (THAI) or fireflooding (In situ combustion) -- 2.9.4. Cold heavy-oil production with sand (CHOPS) -- 2.9.5. Vapour extraction process (VAPEX) -- 2.10. Wellhead -- 2.11. Production pipelines -- 2.12. Heavy-crude oil pipelines -- 2.13. Hydrotransport pipelines -- 2.14. Gas dehydration facilities -- 2.14.1. Oil separation -- 2.14.2. Acid gas removal -- 2.14.3. Water removal -- 2.15. Oil separators -- 2.15.1. Oil-gas separator -- 2.15.2. Oil-water separator -- 2.15.3. Oil-solid separator -- 2.16. Recovery centres (Extraction plants) -- 2.17. Upgraders -- 2.18. Lease tanks -- 2.19. Waste water pipelines -- 2.20. Tailing pipelines -- 2.21. Transmission pipelines -- 2.21.1. Gas transmission pipelines -- 2.21.2. Oil transmission pipelines -- 2.22. Compressor stations -- 2.23. Pump stations -- 2.24. Pipeline accessories -- 2.25. Oil tankers -- 2.26. Liquid natural gas (LNG) transportation -- 2.27. Transportation by railcars -- 2.28. Transportation by trucks -- 2.29. Gas storage -- 2.30. Oil storage tanks -- 2.31. Refineries -- 2.31.1. Desalter unit -- 2.31.2. Atmospheric distillation unit (ADU) -- 2.31.3. Vacuum distillation unit (VDU) -- 2.31.4. Hydrotreating unit -- 2.31.5. Catalytic cracking unit (CCU) -- 2.31.6. Thermal cracking unit (TCU) -- 2.31.7. Hydrocracking unit (HCU) -- 2.31.8. Steam cracking unit (SCU) -- 2.31.9. Mercaptan oxidation unit (Merox) -- 2.31.10. Catalytic reforming unit (CRU) -- 2.31.11. Visbreaker unit -- 2.31.12. Coker -- 2.31.13. Gas plants -- 2.31.14. Alkylation unit -- 2.31.15. Isomerization unit -- 2.31.16. Gas-treating unit -- 2.31.17. Water stripper -- 2.31.18. Claus sulphur plant -- 2.31.19. Heat exchangers -- 2.31.20. Cooling towers -- 2.31.21. Solvent extraction unit -- 2.31.22. Steam reforming unit -- 2.31.23. Methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE) unit -- 2.31.24. Polymerization unit -- 2.31.25. Hydrogen plant -- 2.31.26. Ammonia plant -- 2.31.27. Methanol plant -- 2.31.28. Other units -- 2.32. Product pipelines -- 2.33. Terminals -- 2.34. City gate and local distribution centres -- 2.35. Compressed natural gas (CNG) -- 2.36. Diluent pipelines -- 2.37. High vapour pressure pipelines -- 2.38. CO2 pipelines -- 2.39. Hydrogen pipelines -- 2.40. Ammonia pipelines -- 2.41. Biofuel infrastructure -- 2.41.1. Bioethanol -- 2.41.2. Biodiesel -- Bibliography -- References -- 3.1. Introduction -- 3.2. Properties of metals and alloys -- 3.2.1. Mechanical properties -- 3.2.2. Phase diagram -- 3.2.3. Metallography -- 3.3. Types of metals and alloys -- 3.3.1. Carbon steels -- 3.3.2. Cast irons -- 3.3.3. Alloy steels -- 3.3.4. Copper alloys -- 3.3.5. Stainless steels -- 3.3.6. Nickel alloys -- 3.3.7. Titanium alloys -- 3.3.8. Corrosion-resistant alloys -- 3.4. Classification of metals and alloys -- 3.4.1. AISI -- 3.4.2. API -- 3.4.3. ASTM -- 3.4.4. ASME -- 3.4.5. UNS -- 3.5. Non-metals -- 3.5.1. Plastics -- 3.5.2. Concrete -- 3.5.3. Cement -- References -- 4.1. Introduction -- 4.2. Flow -- 4.2.1. Pressure drop -- 4.2.2. Flow regimes -- 4.2.3. Water accumulation -- 4.2.4. Effect of flow on corrosion -- 4.3. Oil phase -- 4.3.1. Chemical and physical constituents -- 4.3.2. Emulsion type -- 4.3.3. Wettability -- 4.3.4. Partition of chemicals between oil and water phases -- 4.4. Water (Brine or Aqueous) phase -- 4.4.1. Effect of anions -- 4.4.2. Effect of cations -- 4.4.3. The combined effect of anions and cations -- 4.5. CO2 -- 4.5.1. Effect of temperature -- 4.5.2. Effect of velocity -- 4.5.3. Effect of microstructure -- 4.5.4. Effect of pH -- 4.5.5. Effect of H2S -- 4.6. H2S -- 4.6.1. Effect of temperature -- 4.6.2. Effect of velocity -- 4.6.3. Effect of microstructure -- 4.6.4. Effect of pH -- 4.6.5. Effect of CO2 -- 4.7. O2 -- 4.7.1. Effect of temperature -- 4.7.2. Effect of velocity -- 4.7.3. Effect of microstructure -- 4.7.4. Effect of pH -- 4.8. Sand and solids -- 4.9. Microorganisms -- 4.10. Pressure -- 4.11. Temperature -- 4.12. pH -- 4.13. Organic acids -- 4.13.1. Aliphatic acids -- 4.13.2. Naphthenic acids -- 4.14. Mercury -- References -- 5.1. Introduction -- 5.2. Electrochemical nature of corrosion -- 5.3. General corrosion -- 5.4. Galvanic corrosion -- 5.5. Pitting corrosion -- 5.6. Intergranular corrosion -- 5.7. Selective leaching (Dealloying) -- 5.8. Deposition corrosion -- 5.9. Crevice corrosion -- 5.10. Cavitation-corrosion -- 5.11. Mechanical forces -- 5.12. Fretting corrosion -- 5.13. Underdeposit corrosion -- 5.14. Microbiologically-influenced corrosion -- 5.14.1. Classical mechanism -- 5.14.2. Modern mechanism -- 5.15. High-temperature corrosion -- 5.15.1. Gaseous environments -- 5.15.2. Liquid (Molten) environments -- 5.16. Corrosion fatigue -- 5.17. Stress-corrosion cracking (SCC) -- 5.18. The hydrogen effect -- 5.18.1. Hydrogen blistering (HB) -- 5.18.2. Hydrogen-induced cracking (HIC) -- 5.18.3. Hydrogen embrittlement (HE) -- 5.18.4. Sulphide stress-cracking (SSC) -- 5.18.5. High-temperature hydrogen-induced cracking (HTHIC) -- 5.18.6. Hydrogen-induced disbondment (HID) -- 5.18.7. Hydrogen grooving -- 5.19. Liquid metal-cracking (LMC) or liquid metal embrittlement (LME) -- 5.20. Corrosion under protective coating and corrosion under insulation (CUT) -- 5.21. Stray current corrosion -- 5.22. Telluric current corrosion -- 5.23. Alternating-current (AC) corrosion -- 5.24. Top-of-the-line corrosion (TLC) -- Bibliography -- References -- 6.1. Introduction -- 6.2. Hydrogen effects -- 6.2.1. Susceptibility of the material -- 6.2.2. Severity of the environment -- 6.3. General corrosion of carbon steel -- 6.3.1. The de Waard-Milliams models -- 6.3.2. The Srinivasan model -- 6.3.3. The Crolet model -- 6.3.4. The Nesic model -- 6.3.5. The Mishra model -- 6.3.6. The Dayalan model -- 6.3.7. The Anderko model -- 6.3.8. Oddo model -- 6.3.9. Pots model -- 6.3.10. Garber model -- 6.4. Pitting corrosion of CRAs -- 6.4.1. PREN -- 6.4.2. Laboratory evaluation -- 6.4.3. Electrochemical models -- 6.5. Localized pitting corrosion of carbon steel -- 6.5.1. The Papavinasam model -- 6.6. Erosion-corrosion -- 6.6.1. The Zhou model -- 6.6.2. The Nesic model -- 6.6.3. The Shadley model -- 6.7. Microbiologically-influenced corrosion -- 6.7.1. The Checkworks model -- 6.7.2. The union electric model -- 6.7.3. The Lutey model -- 6.7.4. The Pots model -- 6.7.5. The Maxwell model -- 6.7.6. The Sooknah model -- 6.8. Scaling -- 6.8.1. The Langelier saturation index (LSI) -- 6.8.2. The Ryznar stability index (RSI) -- 6.8.3. Other indices -- 6.9. High-temperature corrosion -- 6.10. Top-of-the-line corrosion (TLC) -- 6.10.1. The DeWaard model -- 6.10.2. The Pots model -- 6.10.3. The Gunaltum model -- 6.10.4. The Nyborg model -- References -- 7.1. Introduction -- 7.2. Pigging -- 7.2.1. Sphere pigs -- 7.2.2. Foam pigs -- 7.2.3. Cast pigs -- 7.2.4. Mandrel pigs -- 7.2.5. Brush pigs -- 7.2.6. Plow-blade pigs -- 7.2.7. Bidirectional pigs -- 7.2.8. Pin-wheel pigs -- 7.2.9. Multi-diameter pigs -- 7.2.10. Bypass pigs -- 7.2.11. Gel pigs -- 7.2.12. Special pigs -- 7.3. Drying -- 7.3.1. Injection of glycol or methanol -- 7.3.2. Air drying -- 7.3.3. Vacuum drying -- 7.3.4. Purging with nitrogen -- 7.4. Corrosion inhibitors -- 7.4.1. Selection of corrosion inhibitors -- 7.4.2. Application of corrosion inhibitors -- 7.4.3. Volume of corrosion inhibitor -- 7.4.4. Inhibitor availability -- 7.4.5. Other types of inhibitors -- 7.5. Biocides -- 7.5.1. Types -- 7.5.2. Selection -- 7.5.3. Application -- 7.6. Scale inhibitors -- 7.7. Wax and asphaltene inhibitors -- 7.8. Hydrate inhibitors -- 7.9. Internal coatings and linings -- 7.9.1. Polymeric liners -- 7.9.2. Clad materials -- 7.9.3. Refractive liners -- 7.10. Cathodic protection -- 7.11. Process optimization -- 7.11.1. pH control -- 7.11.2. Oxygen control -- 7.11.3. Bacterial control -- References -- 8.1. Introduction -- 8.2. Laboratory measurement -- 8.2.1. Hydrogen effects -- 8.2.2. General and localized corrosion -- 8.2.3. Mechanical forces -- 8.2.4. Microbiologically-influenced corrosion (MIC) -- 8.2.5. Scaling -- 8.2.6. High-temperature corrosion. Note continued: 8.2.7. Crevice corrosion -- 8.2.8. Intergranular corrosion -- 8.3. Field monitoring -- 8.3.1. Mass loss -- 8.3.2. Electrical resistance (ER) probe -- 8.3.3. Polarization resistance -- 8.3.4. Electrochemical noise -- 8.3.5. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) -- 8.3.6. Potentiodynamic polarization -- 8.3.7. Galvanic couples -- 8.3.8. Multi-electrode technique -- 8.3.9. Ultrasonic -- 8.3.10. Magnetic flux leakage (MFL) -- 8.3.11. Electromagnetic -- Eddy current -- 8.3.12. Electromagnetic -- remote field technique (RFT) -- 8.3.13. Radiography -- 8.3.14. Electrical field mapping (EFM) -- 8.3.15. Hydrogen probe -- 8.3.16. Corrosion potential (Ec0) -- 8.3.17. MIC monitoring techniques -- 8.3.18. Residual corrosion inhibitors -- 8.4. Field inspection -- 8.4.1. Physical inspection -- 8.4.2. Boroscopy -- 8.4.3. Fibrescopy -- 8.4.4. Liquid penetrant inspection -- 8.4.5. Magnetic particle inspection (MPI) -- 8.4.6. Thermography -- 8.4.7. Inline inspection (ILI) -- magnetic flux leakage (MFL) -- 8.4.8. Inline inspection -- ultrasonic (ILI-UT) -- 8.4.9. Other inline inspection tools -- 8.4.10. Reliability of corrosion data -- References -- 9.1. Introduction -- 9.2. Coatings -- 9.2.1. Polymeric coatings -- 9.2.2. Girth weld coatings -- 9.2.3. Repair coatings -- 9.2.4. Insulators -- 9.2.5. Metallic (thermal spray) coatings -- 9.2.6. Concrete coatings -- 9.3. Cathodic protection -- 9.3.1. Principle -- 9.3.2. Amount of current -- 9.3.3. Current source -- 9.3.4. Potential criteria -- 9.3.5. Applicability of cathodic protection -- 9.3.6. Factors influencing the effectiveness of cathodic protection -- 9.3.7. Stray currents -- 9.3.8. Side effects of cathodic protection -- 9.3.9. Materials and accessories -- References -- 10.1. Introduction -- 10.2. Modelling corrosion control -- 10.2.1. Modes of failure of external polymeric coatings -- 10.2.2. Laboratory methodologies -- 10.2.3. Modelling using laboratory data -- 10.2.4. Modelling using field operating conditions -- 10.2.5. Modelling using above-ground surveys -- 10.2.6. Modelling using below-ground measurements -- 10.2.7. Modelling the effect of joint coatings -- 10.2.8. Modelling the effect of insulators -- 10.2.9. Modelling the effect of metallic coatings -- 10.2.10. Modelling the effect of concrete coatings -- 10.3. Modelling corrosion -- 10.3.1. Modelling localized pitting corrosion -- 10.3.2. Modelling stress corrosion cracking -- 10.3.3. AC corrosion -- References -- 11.1. Introduction -- 11.2. Holiday detection -- 11.3. Above-ground monitoring techniques -- 11.3.1. Close interval survey (CIS) -- 11.3.2. Direct-current voltage gradient technique (DCVG) -- 11.3.3. Cathodic protection current requirement technique (CPCR) -- 11.3.4. Coating conductance technique (CC) -- 11.3.5. Alternating-current voltage gradient technique (ACVG) -- 11.3.6. Pearson survey (PS) -- 11.3.7. Electromagnetic current attenuation (ECAT) -- 11.3.8. Transwave system technique (TS) -- 11.3.9. Electrochemical impedence spectroscopy (EIS) -- 11.3.10. Infrared camera -- 11.3.11. Cautions in using above-ground monitoring techniques -- 11.4. Remote monitoring -- 11.5. In-line inspection -- 11.5.1. Metal loss tools -- 11.5.2. Crack detection tools -- 11.5.3. Other tools -- 11.6. Hydrostatic testing -- 11.7. Below-ground inspection -- 11.7.1. Soil resistivity -- 11.7.2. Visual inspection -- 11.7.3. Moisture content -- 11.7.4. pH -- 11.7.5. Chemical analysis -- 11.7.6. Microbial analysis -- 11.7.7. Corrosion characterization -- References -- 12.1. Introduction -- 12.2. Types of measurement -- 12.2.1. Offline measurement -- 12.2.2. Online measurement -- 12.3. Measured properties -- 12.3.1. Physical properties of materials -- 12.3.2. Chemical properties of materials -- 12.3.3. Volume of oil -- 12.3.4. Volume of gas -- 12.3.5. Physical properties of oil -- 12.3.6. Physical properties of gas -- 12.3.7. Physical properties of water -- 12.3.8. Flow -- 12.3.9. Pressure -- 12.3.10. Temperature -- 12.3.11. Chemical properties of oil -- 12.3.12. Chemical properties of gas -- 12.3.13. Chemical properties of water -- 12.3.14. Sand measurement -- 12.3.15. Fouling -- 12.3.16. Soil properties -- 12.3.17. Environmental properties -- 12.4. Precautions in using measured data for corrosion control -- References -- 13.1. Introduction -- 13.2. Equipment -- 13.2.1. Types of maintenance -- 13.2.2. Stages for implementation of maintenance -- 13.2.3. Activities during maintenance -- 13.2.4. Extent of maintenance -- 13.3. Workforce -- 13.3.1. Capacity -- 13.3.2. Education -- 13.3.3. Training -- 13.3.4. Experience -- 13.3.5. Knowledge -- 13.3.6. Quality -- 13.4. Data -- 13.4.1. Collection -- 13.4.2. Collection modes -- 13.4.3. Verification -- 13.4.4. Databases -- 13.4.5. Structure -- 13.4.6. Processing -- 13.4.7. Output and display -- 13.4.8. Storage -- 13.5. Communication -- 13.5.1. Self -- 13.5.2. Corrosion team -- 13.5.3. Integrity team -- 13.5.4. Subordinates -- 13.5.5. Senior management -- 13.5.6. Suppliers and service providers -- 13.5.7. Workers -- 13.5.8. Regulators -- 13.5.9. Peers -- 13.5.10. Stakeholders -- 13.5.11. General public -- 13.5.12. Media -- 13.5.13. Lawyers and court -- 13.5.14. General -- 13.6. Associated activities -- References -- 14.1. Introduction -- 14.2. Risk assessment -- 14.2.1. Occurrence -- 14.2.2. Likelihood -- 14.2.3. Consequence -- 14.2.4. Quantification -- 14.3. Risk management -- 14.3.1. Risk-cost relationship -- 14.3.2. Methods to estimate the cost (Economics) -- 14.3.3. Methods to optimize corrosion cost -- 14.4. Corrosion risks -- 14.5. Activities of corrosion management -- 14.5.1. Segmentation of infrastructure -- 14.5.2. Corrosion risks -- 14.5.3. Location of infrastructure -- 14.5.4. Quantification of risk -- 14.5.5. Life of infrastructure -- 14.5.6. Materials of construction -- 14.5.7. Corrosion allowance -- 14.5.8. Normal operating conditions -- 14.5.9. Upset conditions (Operating excursions) in the upstream segment -- 14.5.10. Upset conditions (Operating excursions) -- 14.5.11. Mechanisms of corrosion -- 14.5.12. Maximum corrosion rate (Internal surfaces) -- 14.5.13. Maximum corrosion rate (External surfaces) -- 14.5.14. Installation of proper accessories -- 14.5.15. Commissioning -- 14.5.16. Mitigation to control internal corrosion -- 14.5.17. Mitigation strategies to control internal corrosion -- 14.5.18. Mitigated internal corrosion rate -- target -- 14.5.19. Effectiveness of the internal corrosion mitigation strategy -- 14.5.20. Selection of mitigation strategies to control external corrosion -- 14.5.21. Implementation of mitigation strategies to control external corrosion -- 14.5.22. Mitigated external corrosion rate -- target -- 14.5.23. Effectiveness of external corrosion mitigation strategy -- 14.5.24. Internal corrosion monitoring techniques -- 14.5.25. Number of probes to monitor internal corrosion -- 14.5.26. Internal corrosion rates from monitoring techniques -- 14.5.27. Accuracy of internal corrosion monitoring techniques -- 14.5.28. External corrosion monitoring techniques -- 14.5.29. Number of probes to monitor external corrosion -- 14.5.30. External corrosion rate from monitoring technique -- 14.5.31. Accuracy of external corrosion monitoring techniques -- 14.5.32. Frequency of inspection -- 14.5.33. Percentage difference between internal corrosion rates from monitoring and inspection techniques -- 14.5.34. Percentage difference between external corrosion rates from monitoring and inspection techniques -- 14.5.35. Measurement data availability -- 14.5.36. Validity and utilization of measured data -- 14.5.37. Procedures for establishing the maintenance schedule -- 14.5.38. Maintenance activities -- 14.5.39. Internal corrosion rate after maintenance activities -- 14.5.40. Percentage difference between internal corrosion rate before and after maintenance activities -- 14.5.41. External corrosion rate after maintenance activities -- 14.5.42. Percentage difference between external corrosion rate before and after maintenance activity -- 14.5.43. Workforce -- capacity, skills, education, and training -- 14.5.44. Workforce -- experience, knowledge, and quality -- 14.5.45. Data management -- Data to database -- 14.5.46. Data management -- Data from database -- 14.5.47. Internal communication strategy -- 14.5.48. External communication strategy -- 14.5.49. Corrosion management review for continuous improvement -- 14.5.50. Failure frequency -- References. The effect of corrosion in the oil industry leads to the failure of parts. This failure results in shutting down the plant to clean the facility. The annual cost of corrosion to the oil and gas industry in the United States alone is estimated at 27 billion (According to NACE International)-leading some to estimate the global annual cost to the oil and gas industry as exceeding 60 billion. In addition, corrosion commonly causes serious environmental problems, such as spills and releases. An essential resource for all those who are involved in the corrosion management of oil and gas infrast. Petroleum pipelines Corrosion. Pétrole Pipelines Corrosion. TECHNOLOGY & ENGINEERING Power Resources General. bisacsh Petroleum pipelines Corrosion fast has work: Corrosion control in the oil and gas industry (Text) https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PCGJTWjKJ4D46wytWHqrj83 https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/ontology/hasWork Print version: Papavinasam, Sankara. Corrosion Control in the Oil and Gas Industry. Burlington : Elsevier Science, ©2013 9780123970220 FWS01 ZDB-4-EBA FWS_PDA_EBA https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&scope=site&db=nlebk&AN=581568 Volltext |
| spellingShingle | Papavinasam, Sankara Corrosion control in the oil and gas industry / Introduction -- Energy from hydrocarbons -- What are hydrocarbons? -- Alkanes (Paraffins) -- Cycloalkanes (Naphthenes) -- Aromatic hydrocarbons -- Hydrocarbon sources -- Conventional -- Unconventional -- Renewables -- History of the oil and gas industry -- Regulations -- The significance and impact of corrosion in the oil and gas industry -- Production sector -- Transportation -- pipeline sector -- Transportation -- other modes sector -- Storage tank sector -- Refinery sector -- Distribution sector -- Special sector -- References -- Drill pipe -- Casing -- Downhole tubular -- Acidizing pipe -- Water generators and injectors -- Gas generators (Teritiary recovery) -- Open mining -- In situ production -- Cyclic steam stimulation (CSS) -- Steam-assisted gravity drainage (SAGD) -- Toe-to-heel air injection (THAI) or fireflooding (In situ combustion) -- Cold heavy-oil production with sand (CHOPS) -- Vapour extraction process (VAPEX) -- Wellhead -- Production pipelines -- Heavy-crude oil pipelines -- Hydrotransport pipelines -- Gas dehydration facilities -- Oil separation -- Acid gas removal -- Water removal -- Oil separators -- Oil-gas separator -- Oil-water separator -- Oil-solid separator -- Recovery centres (Extraction plants) -- Upgraders -- Lease tanks -- Waste water pipelines -- Tailing pipelines -- Transmission pipelines -- Gas transmission pipelines -- Oil transmission pipelines -- Compressor stations -- Pump stations -- Pipeline accessories -- Oil tankers -- Liquid natural gas (LNG) transportation -- Transportation by railcars -- Transportation by trucks -- Gas storage -- Oil storage tanks -- Refineries -- Desalter unit -- Atmospheric distillation unit (ADU) -- Vacuum distillation unit (VDU) -- Hydrotreating unit -- Catalytic cracking unit (CCU) -- Thermal cracking unit (TCU) -- Hydrocracking unit (HCU) -- Steam cracking unit (SCU) -- Mercaptan oxidation unit (Merox) -- Catalytic reforming unit (CRU) -- Visbreaker unit -- Coker -- Gas plants -- Alkylation unit -- Isomerization unit -- Gas-treating unit -- Water stripper -- Claus sulphur plant -- Heat exchangers -- Cooling towers -- Solvent extraction unit -- Steam reforming unit -- Methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE) unit -- Polymerization unit -- Hydrogen plant -- Ammonia plant -- Methanol plant -- Other units -- Product pipelines -- Terminals -- City gate and local distribution centres -- Compressed natural gas (CNG) -- Diluent pipelines -- High vapour pressure pipelines -- CO2 pipelines -- Hydrogen pipelines -- Ammonia pipelines -- Biofuel infrastructure -- Bioethanol -- Biodiesel -- Bibliography -- Properties of metals and alloys -- Mechanical properties -- Phase diagram -- Metallography -- Types of metals and alloys -- Carbon steels -- Cast irons -- Alloy steels -- Copper alloys -- Stainless steels -- Nickel alloys -- Titanium alloys -- Corrosion-resistant alloys -- Classification of metals and alloys -- AISI -- API -- ASTM -- ASME -- UNS -- Non-metals -- Plastics -- Concrete -- Cement -- Flow -- Pressure drop -- Flow regimes -- Water accumulation -- Effect of flow on corrosion -- Oil phase -- Chemical and physical constituents -- Emulsion type -- Wettability -- Partition of chemicals between oil and water phases -- Water (Brine or Aqueous) phase -- Effect of anions -- Effect of cations -- The combined effect of anions and cations -- CO2 -- Effect of temperature -- Effect of velocity -- Effect of microstructure -- Effect of pH -- Effect of H2S -- H2S -- Effect of CO2 -- O2 -- Sand and solids -- Microorganisms -- Pressure -- Temperature -- pH -- Organic acids -- Aliphatic acids -- Naphthenic acids -- Mercury -- Electrochemical nature of corrosion -- General corrosion -- Galvanic corrosion -- Pitting corrosion -- Intergranular corrosion -- Selective leaching (Dealloying) -- Deposition corrosion -- Crevice corrosion -- Cavitation-corrosion -- Mechanical forces -- Fretting corrosion -- Underdeposit corrosion -- Microbiologically-influenced corrosion -- Classical mechanism -- Modern mechanism -- High-temperature corrosion -- Gaseous environments -- Liquid (Molten) environments -- Corrosion fatigue -- Stress-corrosion cracking (SCC) -- The hydrogen effect -- Hydrogen blistering (HB) -- Hydrogen-induced cracking (HIC) -- Hydrogen embrittlement (HE) -- Sulphide stress-cracking (SSC) -- High-temperature hydrogen-induced cracking (HTHIC) -- Hydrogen-induced disbondment (HID) -- Hydrogen grooving -- Liquid metal-cracking (LMC) or liquid metal embrittlement (LME) -- Corrosion under protective coating and corrosion under insulation (CUT) -- Stray current corrosion -- Telluric current corrosion -- Alternating-current (AC) corrosion -- Top-of-the-line corrosion (TLC) -- Hydrogen effects -- Susceptibility of the material -- Severity of the environment -- General corrosion of carbon steel -- The de Waard-Milliams models -- The Srinivasan model -- The Crolet model -- The Nesic model -- The Mishra model -- The Dayalan model -- The Anderko model -- Oddo model -- Pots model -- Garber model -- Pitting corrosion of CRAs -- PREN -- Laboratory evaluation -- Electrochemical models -- Localized pitting corrosion of carbon steel -- The Papavinasam model -- Erosion-corrosion -- The Zhou model -- The Shadley model -- The Checkworks model -- The union electric model -- The Lutey model -- The Pots model -- The Maxwell model -- The Sooknah model -- Scaling -- The Langelier saturation index (LSI) -- The Ryznar stability index (RSI) -- Other indices -- The DeWaard model -- The Gunaltum model -- The Nyborg model -- Pigging -- Sphere pigs -- Foam pigs -- Cast pigs -- Mandrel pigs -- Brush pigs -- Plow-blade pigs -- Bidirectional pigs -- Pin-wheel pigs -- Multi-diameter pigs Bypass pigs -- Gel pigs -- Special pigs -- Drying -- Injection of glycol or methanol -- Air drying -- Vacuum drying -- Purging with nitrogen -- Corrosion inhibitors -- Selection of corrosion inhibitors -- Application of corrosion inhibitors -- Volume of corrosion inhibitor -- Inhibitor availability -- Other types of inhibitors -- Biocides -- Types -- Selection -- Application -- Scale inhibitors -- Wax and asphaltene inhibitors -- Hydrate inhibitors -- Internal coatings and linings -- Polymeric liners -- Clad materials -- Refractive liners -- Cathodic protection -- Process optimization -- pH control -- Oxygen control -- Bacterial control -- Laboratory measurement -- General and localized corrosion -- Microbiologically-influenced corrosion (MIC) -- High-temperature corrosion. Field monitoring -- Mass loss -- Electrical resistance (ER) probe -- Polarization resistance -- Electrochemical noise -- Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) -- Potentiodynamic polarization -- Galvanic couples -- Multi-electrode technique -- Ultrasonic -- Magnetic flux leakage (MFL) -- Electromagnetic -- Eddy current -- Electromagnetic -- remote field technique (RFT) -- Radiography -- Electrical field mapping (EFM) -- Hydrogen probe -- Corrosion potential (Ec0) -- MIC monitoring techniques -- Residual corrosion inhibitors -- Field inspection -- Physical inspection -- Boroscopy -- Fibrescopy -- Liquid penetrant inspection -- Magnetic particle inspection (MPI) -- Thermography -- Inline inspection (ILI) -- magnetic flux leakage (MFL) -- Inline inspection -- ultrasonic (ILI-UT) -- Other inline inspection tools -- Reliability of corrosion data -- Coatings -- Polymeric coatings -- Girth weld coatings -- Repair coatings -- Insulators -- Metallic (thermal spray) coatings -- Concrete coatings -- Principle -- Amount of current -- Current source -- Potential criteria -- Applicability of cathodic protection -- Factors influencing the effectiveness of cathodic protection -- Stray currents -- Side effects of cathodic protection -- Materials and accessories -- Modelling corrosion control -- Modes of failure of external polymeric coatings -- Laboratory methodologies -- Modelling using laboratory data -- Modelling using field operating conditions -- Modelling using above-ground surveys -- Modelling using below-ground measurements -- Modelling the effect of joint coatings -- Modelling the effect of insulators -- Modelling the effect of metallic coatings -- Modelling the effect of concrete coatings -- Modelling corrosion -- Modelling localized pitting corrosion -- Modelling stress corrosion cracking -- AC corrosion -- Holiday detection -- Above-ground monitoring techniques -- Close interval survey (CIS) -- Direct-current voltage gradient technique (DCVG) -- Cathodic protection current requirement technique (CPCR) -- Coating conductance technique (CC) -- Alternating-current voltage gradient technique (ACVG) -- Pearson survey (PS) -- Electromagnetic current attenuation (ECAT) -- Transwave system technique (TS) -- Electrochemical impedence spectroscopy (EIS) -- Infrared camera -- Cautions in using above-ground monitoring techniques -- Remote monitoring -- In-line inspection -- Metal loss tools -- Crack detection tools -- Other tools -- Hydrostatic testing -- Below-ground inspection -- Soil resistivity -- Visual inspection -- Moisture content -- Chemical analysis -- Microbial analysis -- Corrosion characterization -- Types of measurement -- Offline measurement -- Online measurement -- Measured properties -- Physical properties of materials -- Chemical properties of materials -- Volume of oil -- Volume of gas -- Physical properties of oil -- Physical properties of gas -- Physical properties of water -- Chemical properties of oil -- Chemical properties of gas -- Chemical properties of water -- Sand measurement -- Fouling -- Soil properties -- Environmental properties -- Precautions in using measured data for corrosion control -- Equipment -- Types of maintenance -- Stages for implementation of maintenance -- Activities during maintenance -- Extent of maintenance -- Workforce -- Capacity -- Education -- Training -- Experience -- Knowledge -- Quality -- Data -- Collection -- Collection modes -- Verification -- Databases -- Structure -- Processing -- Output and display -- Storage -- Communication -- Self -- Corrosion team -- Integrity team -- Subordinates -- Senior management -- Suppliers and service providers -- Workers -- Regulators -- Peers -- Stakeholders -- General public -- Media -- Lawyers and court -- General -- Associated activities -- Risk assessment -- Occurrence -- Likelihood -- Consequence -- Quantification -- Risk management -- Risk-cost relationship -- Methods to estimate the cost (Economics) -- Methods to optimize corrosion cost -- Corrosion risks -- Activities of corrosion management -- Segmentation of infrastructure -- Location of infrastructure -- Quantification of risk -- Life of infrastructure -- Materials of construction -- Corrosion allowance -- Normal operating conditions -- Upset conditions (Operating excursions) in the upstream segment -- Upset conditions (Operating excursions) -- Mechanisms of corrosion -- Maximum corrosion rate (Internal surfaces) -- Maximum corrosion rate (External surfaces) -- Installation of proper accessories -- Commissioning -- Mitigation to control internal corrosion -- Mitigation strategies to control internal corrosion -- Mitigated internal corrosion rate -- target -- Effectiveness of the internal corrosion mitigation strategy -- Selection of mitigation strategies to control external corrosion -- Implementation of mitigation strategies to control external corrosion -- Mitigated external corrosion rate -- target -- Effectiveness of external corrosion mitigation strategy -- Internal corrosion monitoring techniques -- Number of probes to monitor internal corrosion -- Internal corrosion rates from monitoring techniques -- Accuracy of internal corrosion monitoring techniques -- External corrosion monitoring techniques -- Number of probes to monitor external corrosion -- External corrosion rate from monitoring technique -- Accuracy of external corrosion monitoring techniques -- Frequency of inspection -- Percentage difference between internal corrosion rates from monitoring and inspection techniques -- Percentage difference between external corrosion rates from monitoring and inspection techniques -- Measurement data availability -- Validity and utilization of measured data -- Procedures for establishing the maintenance schedule -- Maintenance activities -- Internal corrosion rate after maintenance activities -- Percentage difference between internal corrosion rate before and after maintenance activities -- External corrosion rate after maintenance activities -- Percentage difference between external corrosion rate before and after maintenance activity -- Workforce -- capacity, skills, education, and training -- Workforce -- experience, knowledge, and quality -- Data management -- Data to database -- Data management -- Data from database -- Internal communication strategy -- External communication strategy -- Corrosion management review for continuous improvement -- Failure frequency -- References. Petroleum pipelines Corrosion. Pétrole Pipelines Corrosion. TECHNOLOGY & ENGINEERING Power Resources General. bisacsh Petroleum pipelines Corrosion fast |
| title | Corrosion control in the oil and gas industry / |
| title_alt | Introduction -- Energy from hydrocarbons -- What are hydrocarbons? -- Alkanes (Paraffins) -- Cycloalkanes (Naphthenes) -- Aromatic hydrocarbons -- Hydrocarbon sources -- Conventional -- Unconventional -- Renewables -- History of the oil and gas industry -- Regulations -- The significance and impact of corrosion in the oil and gas industry -- Production sector -- Transportation -- pipeline sector -- Transportation -- other modes sector -- Storage tank sector -- Refinery sector -- Distribution sector -- Special sector -- References -- Drill pipe -- Casing -- Downhole tubular -- Acidizing pipe -- Water generators and injectors -- Gas generators (Teritiary recovery) -- Open mining -- In situ production -- Cyclic steam stimulation (CSS) -- Steam-assisted gravity drainage (SAGD) -- Toe-to-heel air injection (THAI) or fireflooding (In situ combustion) -- Cold heavy-oil production with sand (CHOPS) -- Vapour extraction process (VAPEX) -- Wellhead -- Production pipelines -- Heavy-crude oil pipelines -- Hydrotransport pipelines -- Gas dehydration facilities -- Oil separation -- Acid gas removal -- Water removal -- Oil separators -- Oil-gas separator -- Oil-water separator -- Oil-solid separator -- Recovery centres (Extraction plants) -- Upgraders -- Lease tanks -- Waste water pipelines -- Tailing pipelines -- Transmission pipelines -- Gas transmission pipelines -- Oil transmission pipelines -- Compressor stations -- Pump stations -- Pipeline accessories -- Oil tankers -- Liquid natural gas (LNG) transportation -- Transportation by railcars -- Transportation by trucks -- Gas storage -- Oil storage tanks -- Refineries -- Desalter unit -- Atmospheric distillation unit (ADU) -- Vacuum distillation unit (VDU) -- Hydrotreating unit -- Catalytic cracking unit (CCU) -- Thermal cracking unit (TCU) -- Hydrocracking unit (HCU) -- Steam cracking unit (SCU) -- Mercaptan oxidation unit (Merox) -- Catalytic reforming unit (CRU) -- Visbreaker unit -- Coker -- Gas plants -- Alkylation unit -- Isomerization unit -- Gas-treating unit -- Water stripper -- Claus sulphur plant -- Heat exchangers -- Cooling towers -- Solvent extraction unit -- Steam reforming unit -- Methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE) unit -- Polymerization unit -- Hydrogen plant -- Ammonia plant -- Methanol plant -- Other units -- Product pipelines -- Terminals -- City gate and local distribution centres -- Compressed natural gas (CNG) -- Diluent pipelines -- High vapour pressure pipelines -- CO2 pipelines -- Hydrogen pipelines -- Ammonia pipelines -- Biofuel infrastructure -- Bioethanol -- Biodiesel -- Bibliography -- Properties of metals and alloys -- Mechanical properties -- Phase diagram -- Metallography -- Types of metals and alloys -- Carbon steels -- Cast irons -- Alloy steels -- Copper alloys -- Stainless steels -- Nickel alloys -- Titanium alloys -- Corrosion-resistant alloys -- Classification of metals and alloys -- AISI -- API -- ASTM -- ASME -- UNS -- Non-metals -- Plastics -- Concrete -- Cement -- Flow -- Pressure drop -- Flow regimes -- Water accumulation -- Effect of flow on corrosion -- Oil phase -- Chemical and physical constituents -- Emulsion type -- Wettability -- Partition of chemicals between oil and water phases -- Water (Brine or Aqueous) phase -- Effect of anions -- Effect of cations -- The combined effect of anions and cations -- CO2 -- Effect of temperature -- Effect of velocity -- Effect of microstructure -- Effect of pH -- Effect of H2S -- H2S -- Effect of CO2 -- O2 -- Sand and solids -- Microorganisms -- Pressure -- Temperature -- pH -- Organic acids -- Aliphatic acids -- Naphthenic acids -- Mercury -- Electrochemical nature of corrosion -- General corrosion -- Galvanic corrosion -- Pitting corrosion -- Intergranular corrosion -- Selective leaching (Dealloying) -- Deposition corrosion -- Crevice corrosion -- Cavitation-corrosion -- Mechanical forces -- Fretting corrosion -- Underdeposit corrosion -- Microbiologically-influenced corrosion -- Classical mechanism -- Modern mechanism -- High-temperature corrosion -- Gaseous environments -- Liquid (Molten) environments -- Corrosion fatigue -- Stress-corrosion cracking (SCC) -- The hydrogen effect -- Hydrogen blistering (HB) -- Hydrogen-induced cracking (HIC) -- Hydrogen embrittlement (HE) -- Sulphide stress-cracking (SSC) -- High-temperature hydrogen-induced cracking (HTHIC) -- Hydrogen-induced disbondment (HID) -- Hydrogen grooving -- Liquid metal-cracking (LMC) or liquid metal embrittlement (LME) -- Corrosion under protective coating and corrosion under insulation (CUT) -- Stray current corrosion -- Telluric current corrosion -- Alternating-current (AC) corrosion -- Top-of-the-line corrosion (TLC) -- Hydrogen effects -- Susceptibility of the material -- Severity of the environment -- General corrosion of carbon steel -- The de Waard-Milliams models -- The Srinivasan model -- The Crolet model -- The Nesic model -- The Mishra model -- The Dayalan model -- The Anderko model -- Oddo model -- Pots model -- Garber model -- Pitting corrosion of CRAs -- PREN -- Laboratory evaluation -- Electrochemical models -- Localized pitting corrosion of carbon steel -- The Papavinasam model -- Erosion-corrosion -- The Zhou model -- The Shadley model -- The Checkworks model -- The union electric model -- The Lutey model -- The Pots model -- The Maxwell model -- The Sooknah model -- Scaling -- The Langelier saturation index (LSI) -- The Ryznar stability index (RSI) -- Other indices -- The DeWaard model -- The Gunaltum model -- The Nyborg model -- Pigging -- Sphere pigs -- Foam pigs -- Cast pigs -- Mandrel pigs -- Brush pigs -- Plow-blade pigs -- Bidirectional pigs -- Pin-wheel pigs -- Multi-diameter pigs Bypass pigs -- Gel pigs -- Special pigs -- Drying -- Injection of glycol or methanol -- Air drying -- Vacuum drying -- Purging with nitrogen -- Corrosion inhibitors -- Selection of corrosion inhibitors -- Application of corrosion inhibitors -- Volume of corrosion inhibitor -- Inhibitor availability -- Other types of inhibitors -- Biocides -- Types -- Selection -- Application -- Scale inhibitors -- Wax and asphaltene inhibitors -- Hydrate inhibitors -- Internal coatings and linings -- Polymeric liners -- Clad materials -- Refractive liners -- Cathodic protection -- Process optimization -- pH control -- Oxygen control -- Bacterial control -- Laboratory measurement -- General and localized corrosion -- Microbiologically-influenced corrosion (MIC) -- High-temperature corrosion. Field monitoring -- Mass loss -- Electrical resistance (ER) probe -- Polarization resistance -- Electrochemical noise -- Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) -- Potentiodynamic polarization -- Galvanic couples -- Multi-electrode technique -- Ultrasonic -- Magnetic flux leakage (MFL) -- Electromagnetic -- Eddy current -- Electromagnetic -- remote field technique (RFT) -- Radiography -- Electrical field mapping (EFM) -- Hydrogen probe -- Corrosion potential (Ec0) -- MIC monitoring techniques -- Residual corrosion inhibitors -- Field inspection -- Physical inspection -- Boroscopy -- Fibrescopy -- Liquid penetrant inspection -- Magnetic particle inspection (MPI) -- Thermography -- Inline inspection (ILI) -- magnetic flux leakage (MFL) -- Inline inspection -- ultrasonic (ILI-UT) -- Other inline inspection tools -- Reliability of corrosion data -- Coatings -- Polymeric coatings -- Girth weld coatings -- Repair coatings -- Insulators -- Metallic (thermal spray) coatings -- Concrete coatings -- Principle -- Amount of current -- Current source -- Potential criteria -- Applicability of cathodic protection -- Factors influencing the effectiveness of cathodic protection -- Stray currents -- Side effects of cathodic protection -- Materials and accessories -- Modelling corrosion control -- Modes of failure of external polymeric coatings -- Laboratory methodologies -- Modelling using laboratory data -- Modelling using field operating conditions -- Modelling using above-ground surveys -- Modelling using below-ground measurements -- Modelling the effect of joint coatings -- Modelling the effect of insulators -- Modelling the effect of metallic coatings -- Modelling the effect of concrete coatings -- Modelling corrosion -- Modelling localized pitting corrosion -- Modelling stress corrosion cracking -- AC corrosion -- Holiday detection -- Above-ground monitoring techniques -- Close interval survey (CIS) -- Direct-current voltage gradient technique (DCVG) -- Cathodic protection current requirement technique (CPCR) -- Coating conductance technique (CC) -- Alternating-current voltage gradient technique (ACVG) -- Pearson survey (PS) -- Electromagnetic current attenuation (ECAT) -- Transwave system technique (TS) -- Electrochemical impedence spectroscopy (EIS) -- Infrared camera -- Cautions in using above-ground monitoring techniques -- Remote monitoring -- In-line inspection -- Metal loss tools -- Crack detection tools -- Other tools -- Hydrostatic testing -- Below-ground inspection -- Soil resistivity -- Visual inspection -- Moisture content -- Chemical analysis -- Microbial analysis -- Corrosion characterization -- Types of measurement -- Offline measurement -- Online measurement -- Measured properties -- Physical properties of materials -- Chemical properties of materials -- Volume of oil -- Volume of gas -- Physical properties of oil -- Physical properties of gas -- Physical properties of water -- Chemical properties of oil -- Chemical properties of gas -- Chemical properties of water -- Sand measurement -- Fouling -- Soil properties -- Environmental properties -- Precautions in using measured data for corrosion control -- Equipment -- Types of maintenance -- Stages for implementation of maintenance -- Activities during maintenance -- Extent of maintenance -- Workforce -- Capacity -- Education -- Training -- Experience -- Knowledge -- Quality -- Data -- Collection -- Collection modes -- Verification -- Databases -- Structure -- Processing -- Output and display -- Storage -- Communication -- Self -- Corrosion team -- Integrity team -- Subordinates -- Senior management -- Suppliers and service providers -- Workers -- Regulators -- Peers -- Stakeholders -- General public -- Media -- Lawyers and court -- General -- Associated activities -- Risk assessment -- Occurrence -- Likelihood -- Consequence -- Quantification -- Risk management -- Risk-cost relationship -- Methods to estimate the cost (Economics) -- Methods to optimize corrosion cost -- Corrosion risks -- Activities of corrosion management -- Segmentation of infrastructure -- Location of infrastructure -- Quantification of risk -- Life of infrastructure -- Materials of construction -- Corrosion allowance -- Normal operating conditions -- Upset conditions (Operating excursions) in the upstream segment -- Upset conditions (Operating excursions) -- Mechanisms of corrosion -- Maximum corrosion rate (Internal surfaces) -- Maximum corrosion rate (External surfaces) -- Installation of proper accessories -- Commissioning -- Mitigation to control internal corrosion -- Mitigation strategies to control internal corrosion -- Mitigated internal corrosion rate -- target -- Effectiveness of the internal corrosion mitigation strategy -- Selection of mitigation strategies to control external corrosion -- Implementation of mitigation strategies to control external corrosion -- Mitigated external corrosion rate -- target -- Effectiveness of external corrosion mitigation strategy -- Internal corrosion monitoring techniques -- Number of probes to monitor internal corrosion -- Internal corrosion rates from monitoring techniques -- Accuracy of internal corrosion monitoring techniques -- External corrosion monitoring techniques -- Number of probes to monitor external corrosion -- External corrosion rate from monitoring technique -- Accuracy of external corrosion monitoring techniques -- Frequency of inspection -- Percentage difference between internal corrosion rates from monitoring and inspection techniques -- Percentage difference between external corrosion rates from monitoring and inspection techniques -- Measurement data availability -- Validity and utilization of measured data -- Procedures for establishing the maintenance schedule -- Maintenance activities -- Internal corrosion rate after maintenance activities -- Percentage difference between internal corrosion rate before and after maintenance activities -- External corrosion rate after maintenance activities -- Percentage difference between external corrosion rate before and after maintenance activity -- Workforce -- capacity, skills, education, and training -- Workforce -- experience, knowledge, and quality -- Data management -- Data to database -- Data management -- Data from database -- Internal communication strategy -- External communication strategy -- Corrosion management review for continuous improvement -- Failure frequency -- References. |
| title_auth | Corrosion control in the oil and gas industry / |
| title_exact_search | Corrosion control in the oil and gas industry / |
| title_full | Corrosion control in the oil and gas industry / Sankara Papvinasam. |
| title_fullStr | Corrosion control in the oil and gas industry / Sankara Papvinasam. |
| title_full_unstemmed | Corrosion control in the oil and gas industry / Sankara Papvinasam. |
| title_short | Corrosion control in the oil and gas industry / |
| title_sort | corrosion control in the oil and gas industry |
| topic | Petroleum pipelines Corrosion. Pétrole Pipelines Corrosion. TECHNOLOGY & ENGINEERING Power Resources General. bisacsh Petroleum pipelines Corrosion fast |
| topic_facet | Petroleum pipelines Corrosion. Pétrole Pipelines Corrosion. TECHNOLOGY & ENGINEERING Power Resources General. Petroleum pipelines Corrosion |
| url | https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&scope=site&db=nlebk&AN=581568 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT papavinasamsankara corrosioncontrolintheoilandgasindustry |