Russia, disinformation, and the liberal order: RT as populist pariah
"This book illuminates disinformation's relationship with liberal democracy through a comprehensive analysis of the multilingual, multiplatform outputs of, and audience responses to, Russia's international broadcaster, RT, before and after the invasion of Ukraine. It contextualizes RT...
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| Main Authors: | , , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Book |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Ithaca ; London
Northern Illinois University Press, an imprint of Cornell University Press
2024
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| Series: | NIU series in Slavic, East European, and Eurasian studies
|
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Literaturverzeichnis Register // Gemischte Register |
| Summary: | "This book illuminates disinformation's relationship with liberal democracy through a comprehensive analysis of the multilingual, multiplatform outputs of, and audience responses to, Russia's international broadcaster, RT, before and after the invasion of Ukraine. It contextualizes RT within a global media ecology shaped by populist trends increasingly penetrating the liberal order" |
| Item Description: | Includes bibliographical references and index |
| Physical Description: | viii, 327 Seiten |
| ISBN: | 9781501777639 |
Staff View
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Contents Acknowledgments Note on Transliteration Introduction vii ix 1 1. Media Communication Strategies in Putin’s Russia 27 2. What Is RT? 50 3. Curation, Insinuation, and Delegation on RT International News Broadcasts 75 4. RT’s European Union 2019 Election Coverage 100 5. Mediatization and the Salisbury Poisonings 120 6. Mapping RT’s Global Online Audiences 139 7. Talking to RT Audiences 164 8. Disinformation, Identity Discourses, and War 189 9. War on the Liberal (B)order 212 Conclusion Appendix: Analysis of RT Twitter Activity Notes References Index 236 257 267 273 315
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Index #1917Live project, 184-85, 250 1984 (Orwell), 111 2016 US presidential election, disinformation about, 36 2018 World Cup, Russia hosting of audience perceptions about, 166 in RT International stories, 79, 82, 87 2019 EU elections, RT coverage of Brexit in, 107, 112-13 conceptual framework for, 102-4 curation practices for, 100 digital assault during, 105-6 elective affinities, 102-3 Euroskepticism in, 106 Kremlin directives for, 106-7 mainstreaming of, 112-13 methodology for, 104-5 performative aspect of, 106 populism and, 102, 115-19 reciprocity dynamic in, 117-19 RT France, 104,106-16 RT German, 105, 109-10, 113-16 RT Russian, 105, 111-12, 115 RT Spanish, 105, 107,109-12, 114-15 RTUK, 105-8,111-17 Russian interference in, 106-7,113-15, 119 Russophobia grievances in, 116,118 self-identification as alt-media, 110-13 social media forms and, 102 social media output, 104 sources for, 104-5 subversion of mainstream journalism, 102 transnational populism and, 107-10 Twitter and, 104 Ukraine war and, 113-15 2020 US presidential election, Russian disinformation campaigns during, 36 Photos are indicated by an italicized page number; Tables are indicated by t, Figures are indicated by f affective economies, 187 Afghanistan, 47-48 Africa RT France in, 66 RT International in, 66 Russian involvement in, 47 Russia Today in, 21, 160 Afrique Media, 56 Ahmed, Sara, 187 Albats, Yevgeniya, 270n9 alternative media Russia Today positioned as, 14,24,110-13 US-style, 12 “alternative” voices RT International, 94-96 RT Spanish and, 95 Amnesty International, 220 Amouzou, Lilaafa, 110 ANSWER
coalition, 96 anti-cosmopolitanism, 103-4 Anti-Fake show, 217-18 anti-imperialism, geopolitics of, 226-28 anti-liberalism, 212-13 “Anti-Russia,” Ukraine as, 205-6 anti-woke sentiments, 269n2 audience perceptions about, 177-78 al-Assad, Bashar, 9 Assange, Julian, 55, 91 astroturfing, 45 audience perceptions, for Russia Today 2018 World Cup in Russia, 166 anti-woke sentiments and, 177-78 on balance of stories, 175-76 brand imaging approaches, 165-67 for conspiracy theories, 175-76 as consumers of international news, 178-80 development of, 164-65 digital skeptics, 169-70 discord and, 181-82 about disinformation, 181, 185-88, 190 Distant Observers category, 183 Eurocentrism and, 179-80 function and purpose of, 165 identity grievances and, 168 315
316 INDEX audience perceptions, for Russia Today (continued) for impartiality, 174 in India, 171 about journalistic objectivity, 170 in Latin America, 171 localization factors, 173 media effects paradigm for, 168 media literacy and, 177-78 methodological framework for, 167-69 in Middle East, 171 mistrust of Western mainstream media, 166, 170-74 about propaganda, 181,186 qualitative data on, 165 about relationship with Russian state, 180-81 after Russian invasion of Ukraine, 167 on Russophobia, 176-78 snowballing techniques for, 167 soft power and, 166-67 on subversion of journalistic norms, 183-85 in Sweden, 168-70, 172, 176 through Twitter usage, 167 in UK, 166, 169 audiences, for Russia Today, 59,76 Anglophone content and, 142 bots and, 144-45 English-language social media followers, 143-59, 150f, 152f expansion of, 21 on Facebook, 139-40,143, 148-59, 150f, 152f interactions with media organizations, 142-43 international comparative context for, 157-59 limited engagement for, 144 males as part of, 144-45 methodological approaches to measurement of, 139-40 participatory, 249-53 public perceptions of, 140-43 research on, 140-43 response to Russian invasion of Ukraine, 159-63 "Russia report” on, 140-41 for Salisbury poisonings story, 132-34 shared interests for, 145-46 on social media, 139-40, 143-59, 150f, 152f social network analysis techniques for, 143-44 soft news and, 145-46 targeting of, 142 on Twitter, 139-40, 143-49, 147t viewers’ reactions to Simonyan’s interview, 139 YouTube and,143 authoritarian nationalism, 11 under Erdogan, 39 authoritarian propaganda, 191-92
authoritarian regimes communication practices in, 42 digital, 117 incentives in, 47 public loyalty and support as foundation of, 43 authoritarian states, 3. See also specific states Balkan region, Russia Today in, 66 BBC Breaking News, 145 BBC World Service (WS), 70,145, 214, 227 Beyond 100 Days, 130 Facebook engagement and, 157-59 funding for, 64-65 international reputation of, 179 mission of, 15, 52,63 mistrust of, 173-74 Newsnight, 136 Ofcom and, 13, 59, 76, 100 political biases of, 174 Question Time, 135 RT International compared to, 80 Russia Today compared to, 53 Becker, Brian, 96 Beeley, Vanessa, 95 Bernstein, Joseph, 248-49 Beyond 100 Days, 130 Biden, Joe, 38 Birrell, Ian, 141 Blair, Tony, 225 bootstrap epistemology, 251 Borell, Josef, 107 Boshirov, Ruslan, 132-33 bots, audiences for Russia Today and, 144-45 Boyko, Oksana, 34, 135 Brand, Russel, 180 Breaking the Set, 55 Breitbart News Network, 38,56, 229 Brexit. See also Farage, Nigel in 2019 EU election coverage, 107,112-13 disinformation about, 36 on RT International, 79, 82, 84, 90, 92-93 xenophobic agenda of, 100-101 British Broadcasting Corporation. See BBC World Service
INDEX broadcast journalism. See also specific topics hyperpartisan outlets negative response to, 38 methodological approaches to, 15-16 multiplicity aspects of, 15-16 truth in, 15 Brubaker, Rogers, 83,102 Bush, George W„ 225 Butina, Maria, 57 Byline Times, 245-46, 249, 272nl2 Cameroon, 56 cancel culture, disinformation about, 219-22 capitalism, free-market, 3 Carlson, Tucker, 203, 228, 230 Catherine the Great, 199-200 censorship under dictatorships, 31 in Russia, 48 CGTN network, in China, 55 Facebook engagement and, 157-59 mission statement for, 64 Chakrabortty, Aditya, 224 Channel 1 (Russia), 28, 34, 53 Ofcom and, 135 Salisbury poisonings story on, 127-28, 133-35 China, 31 CGTN network in, 55, 64 disinformation campaign by, 271n5 citizen sources of news, on RT International, 96-99 Clegg, Nick, 245 Clinton, Bill, 44-45 CNN, 42, 70,146, 227 Facebook engagement and, 157-59 international reputation of, 179 mistrust of, 173 coding, of stories, on RT International, 80 Cohen, Nick, 164 Cold War era. See also “New Cold War” imperialism during, 201 othering of Soviet Union during, 7-8,11-13 soft power and, 51-52 colonialism conceptual meanings of, 196 disinformation on, 195-98 conspiracy culture, conspiracy theories and, 93 COVID-19 pandemic and, 9, 237-38 disinformation about, 228-35 echo chambers in, 272nl2 filter bubbles in, 272nl2 RT Arabic and, 242 317 among RT audiences, 175-76 Russia Today and, 229 contingency, 253-55 conversational violence, 96 Corbyn, Jeremy, 107, 178 counter-disinformation strategies, 192, 206-11,241,244 COVID-19 pandemic conspiracy theories about, 9,
237-38 infodemic during, 11 misinformation on, 100 origins of, 9 on RT Spanish, 100 Sputnik V vaccine, 8 Crimea, Russian annexation of, 5, 34, 56-57 disinformation about, 210 CrossTalk, 95 CrowdTangle, 143, 157, 160 cultural diplomacy for Russia, 53 for Soviet Union, 51 cultural racism, 219 curation of stories, by RT International, 80-88 cyberattacks, in Estonia, 45 cyberhacking, by Russia, 5 Dailey, Jacob, 162 Daily Caller, 38 Daily Express, 130, 239 Daily Mail, 1,229,237 Daily Sceptic, 229 Daily Telegraph, 1-2,214 data collection, by RT International, 78-80 Davies, William, 55 Davis, Evan, 130 decolonization conceptual meanings of, 196 disinformation about, 195-98, 209-10 in RT International stories, 179-98 deep mediatization, for Salisbury poisonings, 122 Delaney, Sam, 69,136 democracy, 267nl liberal, 3,10-11,20 media content and, 76 Democracy Now, 180 “de-Ukrainization,” 200-201, 223-25 Deutsche Welle (DW), 63, 117 dictatorships, 267nl direct censorship in, 31 legitimization of, 29 media logic and, 29-32 spin, 29, 31
318 INDEX digital authoritarianism, 117 digital information as disinformation, 37 as misinformation, 37 RT capacity for, 16 digital populism, 19 disinformation about 2016 US presidential election, 36 about 2020 US presidential election, 36 as alternative reality, 216-19 audience perceptions about, 181, 185-88, 190 about big pharma, 247-49 about Brexit, 36 about cancel culture, 219-22 about cancellation of Russian culture, 208-9 by China, 271n5 about collective West, 202-3 about colonialism, 195-98 as conceptual term, 267n4 about conspiracy theories, 228-35 counter-disinformation strategies, 192, 206-11,241,244 about decolonization, 195-98,209-10 definition of, 1 digital transmission of, 37 discursive inversions for, 206 emotional element of, 191 expansions of concept, 1 feedback loops for, 211 about genocide, 208 about geopolitics of anti-imperialism, 226-28 as global issue, 189 historical frameworks for, 191 about liberalism, 219-22 methodological approach to, 192-95 misinformation as distinct from, 1 pro-Kremlin, 190 by Putin, 1, 192-93 quantitative analysis of, 230-35, 230f, 231f research sources for, 192-95 by right-wing US media, 192 Russia and, 5 about Russian annexation of Crimea, 210 Russian etymology for, 12 about Russian imperialism, 198-202 during Russian invasion of Ukraine, 10, 36, 217,222-26 Russia Today and, 73,169 state-sponsored, 190 transnationality of, 31 truth regimes and, 246-48 about Ukraine as historical Russia, 203-5 by US right-wing elements, 7 in war narratives, 203-6 documentaries, RT International and, 85 Dore, Jimmy, 180 Dostoevsky, Fyodor, 218
Dozhd channel (Russia), 28, 32-33 as oppositional media, 29 DW. See Deutsche Welle East Asia. See also China authoritarian regimes in, 42 Eastern Europe, Russian threat to, 7 echo chambers, 272nl2 election interference, in democratic nation-states in EU elections, 22 in mainstream media, 9-10 in newspapers, 6 by Russia, 5 in UK, 6 in US, 6 Epoch Times, 229 Erdogan, Recip Tayyip, 39 Ernst, Konstantin, 34 Estonia, Russian cyberattacks in, 45 EU. See European Union EU elections, Russian interference in, 22 Eurasia, authoritarian regimes in, 42 Eurocentrism, 179-80 European Union (EU). See also 2019 EU elections; specific RT networks elitism and, 107 General Data Protection Regulation in, 168 Muslims as oriental Other in, 12 othering of, 108 in RT International stories, 82-85, 82f, 84t, 90, 98 Euroskepticism, in 2019 EU election coverage, 106 Eurovision song contest, 53 exclusionism, nationalist, 104 expert presenters, on RT International, 93-99 Facebook audiences for Russia Today on, 139-40, 143, 148-59,150f, 152f BBC World Service and, 157-59 CGTN network and, 157-59 CNN and, 157-59 Al Jazeera and, 157-59 RT Arabic and, 152-53, 153t, 158-59 RT International and, 154, 156-57,156t
INDEX RT Spanish and, 153-54, 155t, 159 Russia Today on, 56 fake news, Trump weaponization of, 243 Farage, Nigel, 101,178 far left media, in US, Grayzone, 56 fascism, 195 Russian, 207 Federal Agency on Press and Communica tions, in Russia, 54 feedback loops, for disinformation, 211 filter bubbles, 272nl2 “follower fishing,” 268n7 Foreign Policy, 226 Foucault, Michel, 247 Fox News, 38, 119, 229 as partisan media, 42, 44 France. See also RT France “Le Souverainisme” practices in, 106 sovereigntism in, 109 France 24,63,227 free-market capitalism, liberal world order and, 3 Galloway, George, 41,67, 160, 180 Garton Ash, Timothy, 223-24 Gateway Pundit, 38 “Gaza March of Return,” 91 Gazprom, 33 General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), in EU, 168 genocide, 195 disinformation about, 208 Geopolitica, 229, 232-33 Georgia, 213 color revolutions in, 36-37 Germany. See also RT German Russian invasion of Ukraine and, 7 globalization digital technology as influence on, 11 nationalism and, 11 of propaganda, 33 Global South. See also Africa; Latin America Al Jazeera coverage of, 85 RT International coverage of, 82-83, 85 Global Times, 229 Grayzone, 56,229 The Great Game, 201 Great Replacement conspiracy, 109 Greene, Marjorie Taylor, 203 Grey, Earl, 180 Guardian, 1, 214,228 international reputation of, 179-80 Russian interference in US elections in, 6 on Russian propaganda, 10 319 hard state propaganda, 268n8 Harper’s Magazine, 248-49 Harris, John, 220 “historical Russia,” 201, 208-9 Hitler, Adolf, 8 Hopkins, Katie, 178 hybrid warfare, 8, 17, 243 limitations of, 22 IBs, in Western world,
Al Jazeera as alterna tive to, 45 #ICYMI series, 92 identity, formation of, Russia Today and, 77 identity grievances, 168 identity politics, Russia Today and, 77-78 ideology, for liberal world order, 3 Idov, Mikhail, 41 illiberal populism, 20 Ilyn, Ivan, 200 immigration issues, in RT International stories, 77 imperialism. See also colonialism during Cold War era, 201 “de-Ukrainization” and, 200-201 disinformation about, 198-202 geopolitics of anti-imperialism, 226-28 NATO and, 199 under Putin, 199-200 Russian, 198-202 Independent, international reputation of, 179 India, Russia Today in, 21, 171 India Today, 55 infodemic, 272nl5 during COVID-19 pandemic, 11, 255 information war, 8, 236, 241-43 during Cold War era, 30 conceptualization of, 30 limitations of, 16-18 mainstream media and, 30 mediatization and, 18 militaristic approaches to, 51 military transmission model, 16 by political leaders, 18 by Russia, 22, 74 Salisbury poisonings and, 121 on social media, 237-39 by states, 18-19 on Twitter, 237-39 information warfare narratives, 73 infotainment packages, for RT International, 93 Infowars, 38, 229-30, 232 Insider, 246, 272nll insinuation strategies, for RT International, 89-93
320 INDEX Institute for Strategic Dialogue (ISD), 162 intercoder reliability testing, for RT Interna tional, 78-79 Interdit d’Interdire, 112 Internet Research Agency (IRA), 41 Inter-State Treaty, 193, 205 IRA. See Internet Research Agency Iran, 31 ISD. See Institute for Strategic Dialogue Is It Propaganda or Not?, 230-32 Islamophobia, 178 Al Jazeera, 64 English-language service for, 45 Facebook engagement and, 157-59 Global South coverage by, 85 international reputation of, 179-80 RT International compared to, 80 Johnson, Boris, 127, 131, 221 Journal de Dimanche, 66 Journal ofDemocracy, 235 Karaganov, Sergei, 193, 197 Katehon, 229 Katkov, Mikhail, 200 Keiser, Max, 148 The Keiser Report, 148,179 Kemp, Ross, 184 Kholmogorov, Egor, 200 King, Larry, 12, 67 Kiriakou, John, 96 Kortunov, Andrey, 201-2 Krasovsky, Anton, 67, 267n3 Kurz, Sebastian, 106 Kuzmanovic, Djordje, 106 Laclau, Ernesto, 103-4 Latin America. See also RT Spanish audience perceptions of Russia Today in, 171 authoritarian regimes in, 42 Russia Today in, 21 Telesur channel, 55 Laughland, John, 108, 116 Lavelle, Peter, 66-67, 95 Lebedev, Evgenii, 221 Le Pen, Marine, 101, 106,118 Lesin, Mikhail, 54 Lévy, Bernard-Henri, 110 Lévy, Pierre, 108-9, 116 liberal democracy, 20, 121-22 as conceptual term, 3 contradictions within, 236 neoliberal models, 10-11 liberalism. See also anti-liberalism disinformation about, 219-22 structural, 3 liberal world order. See also Western democracy co-creation process of, 3-4 definitions of, 3 disinformation about, 212-13, 214-16 free-market capitalism and, 3 ideological foundations of, 3
Putin as opponent of, 2-3, 220-21, 234-35 restoration of, 253-55 rule system in, 2-3 Russian invasion of Ukraine and, 25 Russian invasion of Ukraine as war on, 212-13 scope of, 2-3 structural liberalism and, 3 Western democracy and, 2-3 libertarianism, Russia Today’s embrace of, 10 Litvinenko, Aleksandr, 135 Litvinenko, Walter, 135 Lukashenko, Aleksandr, 28 Lukyanov, Fyodor, 203 MacDonald, Bryant, 41, 71-72, 267 Macron, Emmanuel, 83, 93 RT France and, 59 MailOnline, 130 mainstream media (MSM). See also alternative media; specific sources election interference stories in, 9-10 hegemony of, 14 information war and, 30 mistrust of, 166,170-74 Russia Today as alternative to, 14, 24, 55, 59 Russia Today as distinct from, 54 Trump collusion with Putin in, 9 Malia, Martin, 117 Mali Actu, 56 manipulative smart power, 52 Martin, Abby, 55, 61, 67 Mason, Paul, 221 May, Theresa, 111, 120 mediacentricity, of Salisbury poisonings, 127-28 media effects paradigm, 168 media literacy, for Russia Today audiences, 177-78 media logic dictatorships and, 29-32 Salisbury poisonings and, 126-32 media space, in US asymmetrical structure of, 38 vulnerability of, 6-7
INDEX mediated populism, 19-20 mediatization assemblages and, 244-47 information war and, 18-19 liberal states and, 244-47 neoliberalism and, 50-51 populism, 19-22 RT engagement with, 75 theory of, 122-25 Medinsky, Vladimir, 193 Meduza (news agency), 32-33 Medvedev, Dmitry, 51 Mélenchon, Jean-Luc, 106 MENA. See Middle East and North Africa Region Mercouris, Alexander, 95, 180 Middle East and North Africa Region (MENA). See also RT Arabic audience perceptions about, 171 authoritarian regimes in, 42 in RT International stories, 82-85, 82f, 84t, 89-90,98 RT Today in, 21 Russian involvement in, 47 migration stories for RT International, 87 on RT UK, 108 military transmission model, 16 Mironiuk, Svetlana, 54 Mirror, 130 mirror effect, in Salisbury poisonings story, 128-30 mirroring effect reverse-mirroring strategy, 137 in Salisbury poisonings story, 128-30 misinformation definition of, 1 digital transmission of, 37 disinformation as distinct from, 1 US as “misinformation society,” 17-18 Monbiot, George, 246 Moon of Alabama, 95 Moore, Rowan, 222 Mourinho, José, 12 MSM. See mainstream media multipolar world narrative, for RT, 55, 73 Murray, Craig, 95 Muslims, as oriental Other, 12 “narrative switching,” 268n7 nationalism authoritarian, 11, 39 exclusionism and, 104 globalization and, 11 321 nationalist exclusionism. See exclusionism nation-states, information war and, 18-19 NATO. See North Atlantic Treaty Organization Navalny, Alexei ban from RT, 60 protests over, 32-33, 57 Nazism, 195 “denazification of Ukraine,” 7, 196 negative soft power, 52 neoauthoritarian states, Salisbury
poisonings story in, 136 neoliberalism mediatization and, 50-51 models for, 10-11 Netrebko, Anna, 220 Network Contagion Research Centre, 228 Nevelskoy, Gennady, 200 New Atlas, 180 “New Cold War,” 51 new media, populism and, 18 News Front, 229 news gathering methodology, by RT International, 78-80 Newsmax, 42, 229 Newsnight, 136 Newsweek, 214 New York Times, 145, 268n6 Nikolov, Aleksei, 61 North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), 114, 221,238 BBC and, 173 CNN and, 173 imperialism and, 199 Russian aggression against, 8 Novaya gazeta, 28-29, 33, 195 Nye, Joseph, 51-52 Obama, Barack, 45, 145-46 Occupy Movement, 61 Ofcom, 13, 59, 76, 100 Channel 1 and, 135 Russia Today broadcast license revoked by, 128, 182,216 Open Democracy, 214, 220 oppositional soft power, 52 Orban, Viktor, 101, 223 Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE), 214 Orwell, George, 111 OSCE. See Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe Otherness of European Union, 108 of Muslims, 12
322 INDEX Otherness (continued) recursivity and, 253-55 of Russia, 7-8,11-13 Ovsiannikova, Maria, 61 patriotism, Russia Today and, 52 Petrov, Aleksandr, 132-33 Pie, Jonathan, 184 Pivovarov, Yuri, 270n9 Poland, 226 political leaders, information war practiced by, 18 political scandals. See scandals Politico, 215 populism 2019 EU election coverage and, 102, 115-19 digital, 19 illiberal, 20 Laclau on, 104 mediated, 19-20 mediatization of, 19-22 new media practices and, 18 right-wing, 19 scope of, 20 transnational, 103 positivism, positivist paradigms and, reality and, 2 “posttruth,” 11 power. See manipulative smart power; soft power Press TV, 64 Prigozhin, Yevgeny, 56 propaganda anti-Western, 9 audience perceptions about, 181,186 authoritarian, 191-92 definition of, 2 globalization of, 33 hard state, 268n8 monetization of, 33 as public diplomacy, 51 rewired, 2, 269nl about Russian invasion of Ukraine, 6, 7 as soft power, 10 Prospect Magazine, 214 protests Occupy Movement, 61 over Navalny, 32-33, 57 in Russia, 32-33 Yellow Vest movement, 60, 83 Putin, Vladimir. See also election interference; Russian invasion of Ukraine disinformation under, 1, 192-93 imperialism under, 199-200 liberal order opposed by, 2-3,220-21,234-35 public diplomacy for, 51 on purge of “national traitors,” 48 Rossiia Segodnia agency created by, 57 on Salisbury poisonings, 132-34 on soft power, 52-53 Trump and, 9 QAnon conspiracy, 148 “Question More” campaign, for RT, 55, 72-73, 192 Question Time, 135 Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty (RFE/RL), 10,51 Rattansi, Afshin, 135 reality, positivism and, 2 Rebel
News, 229, 231 recursivity. Otherness and, 253-55 Redacted, 180 relativism, relativist principles and, Russian state narratives and, 2 Republican Party, in US, astroturfing by, 45 Reuters, 146 reverse-mirroring strategy, in Salisbury poisonings story, 137 rewired propaganda, 2,269nl RFE/RL. See Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty RIA Novosti, 28, 47, 54, 194, 199-200. See also TV-Novosti right-wing media, in US Breitbart News Network, 38,56, 229 Daily Caller, 38 disinformation by, 192 Fox News, 38,42,44,119,229 Infowars, 38 Newsmax, 42, 229 oversight of “active measures” in, 43-44 Russian anti-liberalism and, 212-13 Russia Today and, 56 right-wing populism, 19 Ritter, Scott, 180 Roberts, Paul Craig, 180 Rossiia Segodnia agency, in Russia, 57 RT. See Russia Today RT 360, 149 RT America, social media and, 150-51 RT Arabic audience decline for, 161 conspiracy theories and, 242 COVID-19 pandemic stories, 152-53 Facebook users and, 152-53, 153t, 158-59 ratings placement, 163 social media and, 149-53
INDEX RT Documentary, 149 RT France, 269n2 2019 EU election coverage, 104, 106-16 cancel culture and, 221 expansion into African markets, 66 Great Replacement conspiracy and, 109 journalistic balance of, 65 journalistic credibility of, 72 Macron and, 59 othering of EU on, 108 social media and, 150 sovereigntism and, 109 termination of operations for, 60 Trump stories in, 119 website for, 60-61 Yellow Vest movement protests, 60 RT German, 267n3 2019 EU election coverage, 105, 109-10, 113-16 broadcasting license requests by, 100 social media and, 150-51 RT International, 270nl4 2018 World Cup in Russia and, 79,82, 87 in African markets, 66 “alternative” voices on, 94-96 ancillary programming and, 78 audience decline for, 161 BBC World News compared to, 80 Brexit stories, 79, 82, 84, 90, 92-93 cancel culture and, 221 citizen sources of news, 96-99 coding of stories, 80 conspiracy culture and, 93 context-setting as insinuation strategy, 91 as counterhegemonic provider, 88 critical/negative portrayals of Russia, 88 curation of stories, 80-88 data collection by, 78-80 decolonization stories on, 179-98 deprioritization of Ukraine war, 28-29 disaster stories, 82 documentary wing of, 85 EU stories, 82-85, 82f, 84t, 90, 98 as expert authority, 82, 84 expert presenters on, 93-99 Facebook users on, 154, 156-57, 156t as flagship service, 76-77 “Gaza March of Return,” 91 geographical focus for, 82-85, 82f Global South coverage, 82-83, 85 immigration issues as focus of, 77 informal communicative practices as insinuation strategy, 91-93 infotainment packages, 93 323 insinuation strategies,
89-93 intercoder reliability testing and, 78-79 Islam issues as focus of, 77 Al Jazeera compared to, 80 journalistic balance of, 65 lack of coverage on Russian topics, 84 MENA stories, 82-85, 82f, 84t, 89-90, 98 methodology of news gathering by, 78-80 migration stories, 87 multiculturalism stories, 82 newsworthiness criteria, 88 nongovernmental organizations in stories, 86 outsider status of, 98 partisan think tanks used by, 94 political correctness stories, 82,87 political reporting by, 79-80 preplanned media events on, 87 promotion of masculinity on, 154, 156-57 repeated frames as insinuation strategy, 89-91 Russian invasion of Ukraine coverage, 99 Russian military coverage on, 87-88 Russophobia stories, 82, 84 Salisbury poisonings and, 79, 82, 84 social commentary on, 82 soft power broadcasting, 80 sourcing of commentators, 94 story prompts on, 86-88 strategic humor used on, 92-93 terrorism as focus of, 77, 79 topics curated by, 80-82, 81t, 84t Trump stories on, 92 UK-EU relations, 90 Ukraine stories, 85 UK stories, 82-85, 82f, 84t, 98 US stories, 82-85, 82f, 84t, 91 Western accounts of, 76 whistleblower stories, 86 RT Play, 149 RT Russian 2019 EU election coverage, 105, 111-12,115 cancel culture and, 221 social media and, 150 RT Spanish, 82-83 2019 EU election coverage, 105, 107, 109-12, 114-15 “alternative” voices on, 95 COVID-19 misinformation on, 100 Facebook and, 153-54, 155t, 159 social media users and, 149 soft news on, 153-54 viral videos on, 153-54 RT Sport, 149
324 INDEX RT UK 2019 EU election coverage, 105-8, 111-17 audience perceptions about, 166, 169 journalistic balance of, 65 The Keiser Report, 148 migration stories in, 108 social media and, 150-51 Trump stories in, 119 Rumble, 180 Rumor Mill, 180 Runet, 43 Russia aggression against NATO, 8 alliances with African nations, 47 alliances with Middle East nations, 47 annexation of Crimea, 5, 34, 56-57 anti-fake news legislation in, 61 anti-LGBTQ legislation in, 67 anti-liberalism in, 212-13 anti-Western propaganda machine, 9 censorship in, 48 Channel 1 in, 28, 34, 53 cultural diplomacy for, 53 cyberhacking, 5 disinformation campaigns by, 5 in Donbas region, 207-8 Dozhd channel in, 28-29, 32-33 electoral interference in democratic nations, 5-6 Federal Agency on Press and Communica tions in, 54 information war by, 22, 74 interference in 2019 EU elections, 106-7, 113-15, 119 Internet Research Agency in, 41 Inter-State Treaty, 193, 205 media regime in, 37,40-45 myths about cancellation of Russian culture, 208-9 Navalny protests in, 32-33, 57 othering after Cold War era, 7-8, 11-13 politics before 2022, 32-36 regional protests in, 32-33 Salisbury poisoning narratives, 121, 131-32 soft power in, 17, 51-53, 196 as spin dictatorship, 46,49 Sputnik news agency, 58 state-sponsored poisonings, 5 status in global media ecology (pre-2022), 36-40 talk shows in, 48 television as predominant news source in, 193-94 as threat to Eastern Europe, 7 as threat to liberal order, 6 Trump and, 7 “two-system” politics in, 34 use of media in, 22-23 Russian invasion of Ukraine, 3, 24 2019 EU election
coverage and, 113-15 audience perceptions of, 167 “denazification of Ukraine” as justification of, 7 disinformation campaigns during, 10, 36 disinformation during, 10, 36,217,222-26 Germany and, 7 in Guardian, 6 liberal order and, 25 propaganda about, 7 RT audiences’ response to, 159-63 RT banned after, 46, 169 in RT International coverage, 99 RT International deprioritization of, 28-29 Russian life Impacted by, 27 Simonyan’s endorsement of, 65 as special military operation, 25,46-47, 49, 137,215 “Russia report," 140-41 Russia Today (RT), 233f. See also 2019 EU elections; Simonyan, Margarita; specific national subsidiaries; specific topics advertising campaigns for, 58-59 in Africa, 21, 160 as aggregator of world news services, 14 as alternative to Western mainstream media, 14,24,55, 59, 110-13 audience figures for, 59, 76 audience in UK, 76 in Balkans, 66 banned after Russian invasion of Ukraine, 46, 169 ban on Navalny mentions on, 60 as black sheep of international media sources, 63-66 CGTN as partner with, 55 claims of journalistic impartiality by, 59 collaboration with Russian intelligence services, 24, 72 communications model for, 40 conspiracy theories and, 229 counterhegemony of, 24 deceptive practices of, 13 digital information and, 16 as disinformation actor, 73, 169 as distinct from mainstream media, 54 employees and staffing, 58,61, 68-69, 68t
INDEX engagement with mediatization, 75, 77 epistemology of, 14-15 evolution of, 27 expansion of audience, 21 experimental identity creation through, 77 as explanatory model, 23 Facebook presence for, 56 fact-checking for, 62 Farage on, 101 fear-based management approaches for, 71 global expansion of, 54-55, 58 global positioning by, 76 grassroots activism appropriated by, 40 history of, 54-58 in horizontal network of nonstate actors, 72-73 #ICYMI series, 92 identity politics and, 77-78 in India, 21 information warfare narratives, 73 in Latin America, 21 legal cases against, 100 Le Pen on, 101 libertarianism embraced by, 10 Maidan sniper story, 57 methodological approach to, 4,15-16, 50-51 in Middle East and North Africa Region, 21 mission statement for, 52, 64 as multilingual news provider, 14,22-23 multiplicity for, 15-16 multipolar world narrative for, 55, 73 Ofcom investigation into, 128, 182, 216 operating environment and structure of, 14, 58-63, 62t Orban on, 101 organizational behavior for, 67 pariah status of, 26,102, 117-19,240, 255 as patriotic tool, 52 political context for, 11-13 populist repertoire in, 20 premature demise of, 25 “Question More” campaign, 55,72-73,192 ratings for, 60 rebranding of, 55 revocation of broadcast license, 182, 185-86,216 right-wing US news media and, 56 Russia as “other” and, 7-8,11-13 self-scrutiny by, 23-24 soft power and, 52, 65-66 as tool of Russian state messaging, 14 Trump supporters and, 68 325 Twitter and, 59, 139-40, 143-49, 147t, 167 Western accounts of, 76 YouTube presence for, 59 “Russophobia,” 74 audience perceptions
about, 176-78 in RT International stories, 82, 84 in RT’s 2019 EU election coverage, 116, 118 in Russian media’s Salisbury poisonings coverage, 127, 129 Saker, 180 Salisbury poisonings, mediatization and, 9 audiences for, 132-34 battle of narratives over, 121, 131-32 case selection for, 125-26 on Channel 1, 127-28, 133-35 deep mediatization, 122 digital appropriations in, 132-34 foreign policy role in, 127 information war accounts, 121 journalistic agency and, 134-38 journalistic autonomy over, 124 in liberal democratic media ecosystems, 121-22 May and, 120 mediacentricity of, 127-28 media credibility and, 124 media events and, 122-25, 126t media logic and, 126-32 mediated realities and, 123-24 methodological approach to, 125-26 mirroring effect in, 128-30 as national security threat, 126-27 in neoauthoritarian states, 136 nonstate actors and, 132-34 phases of, 122-25 political actors in, 122 Putin’s response to, 132-34 reverse-mirroring strategy, 137 in RT International stories, 79, 82, 84 Russian intelligence agencies and, 120 Russian narratives of, 121, 131-32 Russophobia and, 127,129 Simonyan’s skepticism of, 135-36 social actors in, 122 in social media, 123,131 in state-affiliated media, 124-25 subversion of tradition journalism rules, 130-32 theory of mediatization, 122-25 on Twitter, 131 Western narratives of, 121, 131-32 Salmond, Alex, 41, 67
326 INDEX Sanders, Bernie, 146, 224 scandals, political, 4-5 Schultz, Ed, 67 Shatner, William, 12 Shevchenko, Maksim, 270n9 Simonyan, Margarita, 12, 28, 57 career trajectory for, 54 editor-in-chief position for, 61 endorsement of Russian invasion of Ukraine, 65 on objectivity of state-affiliated journalists, 42 skepticism of Salisbury poisonings, 135-36 viewers’ reactions to Salisbury poisoning interviews, 139,269n3 Singapore, 40 Skripal, Sergei, poisoning of, 9, 28, 120, 129. See also Salisbury poisonings Skripal, Viktoria, 130 Skripal, Yulia, poisoning of, 120, 127 Sky News, 142 smart power. See manipulative smart power snowballing techniques, 167 social media. See also Facebook; Twitter; YouTube 2019 EU elections and, 102, 104 English language audiences for Russia Today, 139-40, 143-59,150f, 152f information war on, 237-39 RT America and, 150 RT Arabic and, 149-51 RT France and, 150 RT German and, 150-51 RT Spanish and, 149-50 RTUK and, 150-51 Salisbury poisonings on, 123,131 soft news audiences for Russia Today and, 145-46 on RT Spanish, 153-54 soft power audience perceptions about, 166-67 Cold War context for, 51-52 negative, 52 oppositional, 52 propaganda as, 10 Putin on, 52-53 RT International and, 80 in Russia, 17, 51-53, 196 Russia Today and, 52,65-66 Sputnik V vaccine as, 10 of UK, 17 Soleimani, Qassem, 154 Soloviev, Vladimir, 200-201 Solzhenitsyn, Aleksandr, 205 “Le Souverainisme” practices, in France, 106 sovereigntism in France, 109 “Le Souverainisme” practices, 106 Soviet Union. See also Cold War era in Afghanistan, 47-48 during Cold War era, 7-8 collapse of,
10-11 cultural diplomacy for, 51 media regime in, 40-45 spin dictatorships, 29, 31 Russia as, 46, 49 Sputnik news agency, 58, 168, 227, 229, 232n, 242 Sputnik V vaccine, 8 as soft power project, 10 Starikov, Nikolai, 197 state-sponsored disinformation, 190. See also Russia; Russian invasion of Ukraine; Russia Today state-sponsored journalism. See also Russia Today objectivity of, 42 state-sponsored poisonings. See also Salisbury poisonings; Skripal, Sergei by Russia, 5, 9 Strache, Heinz-Christian, 106 structural liberalism, 3 Stubbs, Ian, 214 Sun, 130 Surkov, Vladislav, 46, 193 Sweden, Russia Today in, audience perceptions about, 168-70, 172, 176 Syria, 213 al-Assad dictatorship in, 9 Syrian war, 22 tabloid journalism. See also specific topics partisan, 31 in UK, 44,130 Taddeï, Frédéric, 67,112 Tatchell, Peter, 178 Tchaikovsky, Pyotr Ilyich, 221 technology. See also new media globalization influenced by, 11 Telegram, 29, 46, 58, 207 Telesur channel, in Latin America, 55 terrorism, in RT International stories, 77, 79 Time Magazine, 214, 219 transnationality of disinformation, 31 populism and, 103 Russia and, 77-78
INDEX transnational populism, in 2019 EU election coverage, 107-10 Tretyakov, Vitaly, 201 TRT, in Turkey, 220 Trump, Donald, 145-46. See also 2016 US presidential election; 2020 U.S. presidential election political ascendancy of, 74 Putin and, 9 in RT France, 119 in RT International stories, 92 inRTUK, 119 Russia and, 7 weaponization of fake news, 243 truth in broadcast journalism, 15 “posttruth,” 11 truth regimes, 246-48 Truthseeker, 55 Tsargrad.tv, 229 Turkey, TRT channel in, 220 TV-Novosti, 54 Twitter #1917Live project, 184-85, 250 2019 EU election coverage on, 104 information war on, 237-39 Russia Today and, 59, 139-40, 143-49, 147t, 167 Salisbury poisonings on, 131 UK See United Kingdom Ukraine. See also Russian invasion of Ukraine as “Anti-Russia,” 205-6 color revolutions in, 36-37 definition in Russian state media, 204 “denazification” of, 7, 196 “de-Ukrainization,” 200-201, 223-25 as “historical Russia,” 203-5 Russian invasion of, 3, 6 United Kingdom (UK). See also BBC World Service; Brexit; Ofcom; RT UK in RT International stories, 82-85, 82f, 84t, 98 Russian interference in democratic elections, 6 Russia Today audience in, 76 Sky News, 142 soft power of, 17 tabloid journalism in, 44, 130 United States (US). See also 2016 US presidential election; 2020 US presidential election; Cold War era; far left media; right-wing media; RT America tyssscha Sieatsbibliotenk München 327 astroturfing in, 45 asymmetrical media structure in, 38 free-market capitalism in, 3 hegemony of, 3 as “misinformation society,” 17-18 Occupy Movement, 61 right-wing disinformation campaign in, 7
in RT International stories, 82-85, 82f, 84t, 91 Russian interference in democratic elections, 6 vulnerability of media space, 6-7 vaccines, Sputnik V, 8 Valdai Club, 51 Verhofstadt, Guy, 116-17 viral videos, on RT Spanish, 153-54 Voice of America (VOA), 63 Wagner Group, 56 Wahl, Liz, 67 warfare. See hybrid warfare; information war; Russian invasion of Ukraine; Syrian war Wark, Kirsty, 136 war narratives, disinformation in, 203-6 weaponization, of conceptual term, 8 the Weekly, 79 West, Kanye, 92 Western democracy. See also European Union; United States liberal order and, 2-3 “moral hypocrisy” of, 52-53 whistleblower stories, on RT International, 86 WHO. See World Health Organization Wight, John, 96 World Health Organization (WHO), 9 on infodemics, 272nl5 Worlds Apart (Boyko), 34 WS. See BBC World Service X. See Twitter Yakovenko, Igor, 270n9 Yellow Vest movement, 60, 83 Yeltsin, Boris, 44-45,193 Younge, Gary, 271n7 YouTube, 29 audiences for Russia Today and, 143 Russia Today on, 59 Zelensky, Volodymyr, 197-98 Zero Hedge, 38, 180 Zizek, Slavoj, 56,184 |
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Hutchings, Stephen C. 1957- Tolz, Vera 1959- Chatterje-Doody, Precious N. Crilley, Rhys Gillespie, Marie 1953- |
| author_GND | (DE-588)123756561 (DE-588)112171143X (DE-588)1233898469 (DE-588)120037519X (DE-588)13758346X |
| author_facet | Hutchings, Stephen C. 1957- Tolz, Vera 1959- Chatterje-Doody, Precious N. Crilley, Rhys Gillespie, Marie 1953- |
| author_role | aut aut aut aut aut |
| author_sort | Hutchings, Stephen C. 1957- |
| author_variant | s c h sc sch v t vt p n c d pnc pncd r c rc m g mg |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV049910511 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)1441778079 (DE-599)KXP1890170968 |
| dewey-full | 070.4/30947 |
| dewey-hundreds | 000 - Computer science, information, general works |
| dewey-ones | 070 - Documentary, educational, news media; journalism |
| dewey-raw | 070.4/30947 |
| dewey-search | 070.4/30947 |
| dewey-sort | 270.4 530947 |
| dewey-tens | 070 - Documentary, educational, news media; journalism |
| discipline | Allgemeines |
| era | Geschichte gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte |
| format | Book |
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| geographic | Russland (DE-588)4076899-5 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Russland |
| id | DE-604.BV049910511 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2025-02-10T11:04:27Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9781501777639 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-035249285 |
| oclc_num | 1441778079 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 DE-739 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 DE-739 |
| physical | viii, 327 Seiten |
| psigel | BSB_NED_20250117 |
| publishDate | 2024 |
| publishDateSearch | 2024 |
| publishDateSort | 2024 |
| publisher | Northern Illinois University Press, an imprint of Cornell University Press |
| record_format | marc |
| series2 | NIU series in Slavic, East European, and Eurasian studies |
| spelling | Hutchings, Stephen C. 1957- Verfasser (DE-588)123756561 aut Russia, disinformation, and the liberal order RT as populist pariah Stephen Hutchings, Vera Tolz, Precious Chatterje-Doody, Rhys Crilley, Marie Gillespie Ithaca ; London Northern Illinois University Press, an imprint of Cornell University Press 2024 viii, 327 Seiten txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier NIU series in Slavic, East European, and Eurasian studies Includes bibliographical references and index "This book illuminates disinformation's relationship with liberal democracy through a comprehensive analysis of the multilingual, multiplatform outputs of, and audience responses to, Russia's international broadcaster, RT, before and after the invasion of Ukraine. It contextualizes RT within a global media ecology shaped by populist trends increasingly penetrating the liberal order" Russia Today (DE-588)1073627993 gnd rswk-swf Geschichte gnd rswk-swf Fehlinformation (DE-588)4113529-5 gnd rswk-swf Propaganda (DE-588)4076374-2 gnd rswk-swf Informationspolitik (DE-588)4123427-3 gnd rswk-swf Desinformation (DE-588)4252093-9 gnd rswk-swf Russland (DE-588)4076899-5 gnd rswk-swf RT (Television network) / Influence Television broadcasting of news / Russia (Federation) Television broadcasting of news / Western countries Television and politics / Russia (Federation) Television in propaganda / Russia (Federation) Disinformation / Political aspects / Russia (Federation) Russia (Federation) / Foreign relations / Western countries Western countries / Foreign relations / Russia (Federation) Russia (Federation) / Politics and government / 1991- Russia Today (DE-588)1073627993 b Desinformation (DE-588)4252093-9 s Propaganda (DE-588)4076374-2 s Geschichte z DE-604 Russland (DE-588)4076899-5 g Fehlinformation (DE-588)4113529-5 s Informationspolitik (DE-588)4123427-3 s Tolz, Vera 1959- Verfasser (DE-588)112171143X aut Chatterje-Doody, Precious N. Verfasser (DE-588)1233898469 aut Crilley, Rhys Verfasser (DE-588)120037519X aut Gillespie, Marie 1953- Verfasser (DE-588)13758346X aut Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe, epub 9781501777646 Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe, pdf 9781501777653 Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=035249285&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=035249285&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Literaturverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=035249285&sequence=000005&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Register // Gemischte Register |
| spellingShingle | Hutchings, Stephen C. 1957- Tolz, Vera 1959- Chatterje-Doody, Precious N. Crilley, Rhys Gillespie, Marie 1953- Russia, disinformation, and the liberal order RT as populist pariah Russia Today (DE-588)1073627993 gnd Fehlinformation (DE-588)4113529-5 gnd Propaganda (DE-588)4076374-2 gnd Informationspolitik (DE-588)4123427-3 gnd Desinformation (DE-588)4252093-9 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)1073627993 (DE-588)4113529-5 (DE-588)4076374-2 (DE-588)4123427-3 (DE-588)4252093-9 (DE-588)4076899-5 |
| title | Russia, disinformation, and the liberal order RT as populist pariah |
| title_auth | Russia, disinformation, and the liberal order RT as populist pariah |
| title_exact_search | Russia, disinformation, and the liberal order RT as populist pariah |
| title_full | Russia, disinformation, and the liberal order RT as populist pariah Stephen Hutchings, Vera Tolz, Precious Chatterje-Doody, Rhys Crilley, Marie Gillespie |
| title_fullStr | Russia, disinformation, and the liberal order RT as populist pariah Stephen Hutchings, Vera Tolz, Precious Chatterje-Doody, Rhys Crilley, Marie Gillespie |
| title_full_unstemmed | Russia, disinformation, and the liberal order RT as populist pariah Stephen Hutchings, Vera Tolz, Precious Chatterje-Doody, Rhys Crilley, Marie Gillespie |
| title_short | Russia, disinformation, and the liberal order |
| title_sort | russia disinformation and the liberal order rt as populist pariah |
| title_sub | RT as populist pariah |
| topic | Russia Today (DE-588)1073627993 gnd Fehlinformation (DE-588)4113529-5 gnd Propaganda (DE-588)4076374-2 gnd Informationspolitik (DE-588)4123427-3 gnd Desinformation (DE-588)4252093-9 gnd |
| topic_facet | Russia Today Fehlinformation Propaganda Informationspolitik Desinformation Russland |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=035249285&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=035249285&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=035249285&sequence=000005&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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