The evolution of international criminal procedure: from Nuremberg and Tokyo to the international criminal court
"This book examines the evolution of international criminal procedure from the 1945-1946 Nuremberg and Tokyo trials to the present period. It is largely based on a normative-jurisprudential approach to the procedural rules, comparing both norms and case-law of the relevant courts and tribunals....
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
London ; New York
Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group
2025
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| Schriftenreihe: | Routledge studies in law, rights and justice
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| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Zusammenfassung: | "This book examines the evolution of international criminal procedure from the 1945-1946 Nuremberg and Tokyo trials to the present period. It is largely based on a normative-jurisprudential approach to the procedural rules, comparing both norms and case-law of the relevant courts and tribunals. The work shows the possibility of classifying "International Criminal Procedure" as an autonomous concept and field of study, which is constantly evolving due to the interaction of different legal cultures that characterize this subject matter and is derived from the varied procedures as established in both statutory law and jurisprudence. Far from being an autonomous entity, international criminal procedure now represents a great compromise between the legal traditions of different ICC member States. What emerges is the historical evolution of an international criminal procedure with a unique identity, a very real "third way" between the traditional dichotomy of Common Law and Civil Law, between the Anglo-Saxon and the European Roman-Law-oriented legal traditions. The book will be of interest to academics, scholars and researchers working in the areas of International Criminal Law, Comparative Law, Criminal Procedure and Legal History, as well as judges and international legal professionals." |
| Beschreibung: | xxvi, 265 Seiten |
| ISBN: | 9781032737362 9781032737386 |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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Contents Foreword Preface Acknowledgments List ofabbreviations 1 2 The origins and the development of international criminal procedure 1.1 Introduction: “international criminal procedure” as a problem of definition 1 1.2 A historical introduction: Is the “three-stages” of Bassiouni’s theory suitable for international criminal procedure? 2 1.2.1 The first stage: 1268, 1474, and 1815. Conradin von Hohenstaufen, Sir Peter von Hagenbach, Napoleon 2 1.2.2 The second stage: 1919 and 1920: Leipzig and Istanbul trials 5 1.2.3 The third stage: Political and institutional issues 10 1.3 Movingforward: The basic requirements of the (modern) international criminal procedure and the international military tribunals paradigm. A normative-procedural approach 11 The International Military Tribunal at Nuremberg 2.1 Introduction: Nuremberg as a “breakthrough” in international criminal procedure 14 2.2 Principles ofjurisdiction: Articles 1, 2, and 4 of the London Agreement and Articles 1 and 6 of the Nuremberg Charter 21 xvii xx xxv xxvii 1 14
viii Contents Composition and powers of the Tribunal: United States and England, Russia, and France. Articles 3 and 5 of the London Agreement and Articles 4, 5,13,14, and 18 of the Charter 24 2.4 Rules ofprocedure and the rights of the accused: The core ofArticle 13, and a bit offragmentation 28 2.4.1 Right to be informed of criminal charges: Articles 16 and 24 29 2.4.2 Language right: Articles 16 and 25, at the origin ofsimultaneous translation 29 2.4.3 Right to defense: Articles 16, 23, 24, and 26 30 2.5 Guilty plea and negotiated justice: The uncertainty and Article 24 implicit prohibition 31 2.6 Victims’ rights and their representations: Just witnesses, but an understandable choice 31 2.7 Rules of evidence: The interconnection between the prominent Articles 13 and 19 and Articles 17, 20, and 24 35 2.8 Appeals or remedies: A malleable exclusion, between Articles 26 and 29 35 2.9 Dissenting, concurring, and separate opinions. Soviet Judge Nikitchenko dissenting: An unexpected overturn of both legal culture and legal tradition 36 2.10 Penalties and the execution or review of the sentence: Part VI and the whole power of the Tribunal, politically balanced by the Control Council for Germany 37 2.3 3 The International Military Tribunal for the Far East in Tokyo 3.1 Introduction: Tokyo as the “primordial” evolution of international criminal procedure 43 3.2 Principles ofjurisdiction: Articles 1 and 14 of the Charter 45 3.3 Composition and powers of the Tribunal: Articles 2-4 and 11. The eleven-members rule as a symbol of evolution 49 3.4 Rules ofprocedure and the rights of the
accused 51 3.4.1 Right to be informed of criminal charges: Articles 9 and 15 51 3.4.2 Language right: Article 9 51 3.4.3 Right to defense: Articles 9 and 15, again 53 3.5 Guilty plea and negotiated justice: Articles 13 and 15 54 43
Contents ix 3.6 Victims’ rights and their representations: One step back . 55 3.7 Rules of evidence: Articles 13 and 15. Some Nuremberg “twins” 57 3.8 Appeals or remedies: From General MacArthur to the U.S. Supreme Court decision on the writs of habeas corpus. The extra-judicial appeal pursuant to Article 17: Emphasizing the military nature of the IMTFE 58 3.9 Dissenting, concurring, and separate opinions: Five steps further 63 3.9.1 Pal dissenting opinion 64 3.9.2 Röling dissenting opinion 65 3.9.3 Bernard dissenting opinion 66 3.9.4 Jaranilla concurring opinion 68 3.9.5 Webb separate opinion 68 3.10 Penalties and the execution or review of the sentence: The power to review in melius the sentence is contained in Article 17 of the Charter 69 4 The ad hoc tribunals for the former Yugoslavia and for Rwanda 4.1 Introduction: The ad hoc tribunals as a first step of the affirmation of international criminal procedure: From ICTY and ICTR to IRMCT 71 4.2 Principles ofjurisdiction: The principle ofprimacy and the limited preliminary motions ofRule 72 74 4.3 Composition and powers of the Tribunal: Toward impartiality, representation, qualification 76 4.3.1 The UN-oriented mechanism for the selection of judges: Articles 13bis and 13ter ICTY and 12bis and 12ter ICTR 76 4.3.2 The code ofprofessional conductfor the Judges 77 4.3.3 International privileges and immunities: Article 30 ICTY and 29 ICTR 77 4.3.4 Judges’ duties and disqualification motions: Rules 14 and 15 ICTY and ICTR. Ensuring the impartiality with a triple-system ofjudicial control 78 4.3.5 Tribunals bureaucracy.
Internalfunctioning, coordination, and plenary meetings: Rules 23-26 ICTY and ICTR 78 71
X Contents 4.4 4.5 4.6 Rules ofprocedure and the rights of the accused: The RPE and Articles 21 and 20 ofICTY-ICTR Statutes. Toward an affirmation of the statutory law? 79 4.4.1 Right to be informed of criminal charges: Articles 20-21ICTY-19-20ICTR and the RPE 79 4.4.2 Language rights: A widespread, “plural” and well-specified guarantee 80 4.4.3 Right to defense: From the right to self representation to a dedicated counsel section and a Code ofProfessional Conduct 82 4.4.3.1 The right to be assisted by a counsel or to self-representation 82 4.4.3.2 The lawyer’s qualification to solidify the right to defense and the misconduct 83 4.4.3.3 The pre-defense conference 84 4.4.3.4 The opening statement 84 4.4.3.5 The lawyer-client privilege 85 4.4.3.6 The “adequate time”for the defense 85 4.4.3.7 The fair trial 85 Guilty plea and negotiated justice 86 4.5.1 Guilty plea requirements and plea agreement procedure 87 4.5.2 Guilty plea on the new charge 88 4.5.3 Guilty plea in case of contempt of the tribunal 88 Victims’ rights and their representations 88 4.6.1 The legal definition of “victim” 89 4.6.2 A special discipline for the victims ofsexual assault 89 4.6.3 The Victims and Witnesses Section 89 4.6.4 The multi-phases protection of victims and the prevention of danger 90 4.6.5 The Prosecutor’s provisional measures 91 4.6.6 The Judges’first-proceeding and mutatis mutandis protective measures 91 4.6.7 The closed session 92 4.6.8 The admission of written statements and transcripts in lieu of oral testimony and in case of interference 92 4.6.9 Compensation to victims 93 4.6.10 The
restitution of the property and the effects extended to third parties not connected with the crime 93
Contents xi Rules of evidence 94 4.7.1 The partially and privileged disclosure of the Prosecutor 94 4.7.2 The full and unbalanced disclosure of the Defense 97 4.7.3 Presentation of evidence: Prosecution evidence in rebuttal and Defense evidence in rejoinder 97 4.7.4 The Trial Chamber’s powers over the presentation of evidence: In the name of “fair and expeditious trial” 99 4.7.5 Evidence of consistent pattern of conduct 102 4.7.6 The judicial notice 102 4.7.7 Expert witnesses 104 4.7.8 The Judges’ power to exclude certain evidence 106 4.7.9 Additional evidence in both trial and appellate proceedings: The power of the chambers 107 4.7.10 Records ofproceedings and evidence 107 4.8 Appeals or remedies 107 4.8.1 The appellate proceedings: The notice of appeal and the 30-day time limit 108 4.8.2 The requirements of the notice ofappeal and the power of the Appeals Chamber to authorize a variation of the grounds “on good cause” 108 4.8.3 Appellant’s brief Respondent’s brief brief in reply 110 4.8.4 Expedited appeals procedure 111 4.8.5 The State request for review of interlocutory decision 111 4.8.6 The decision on the absence of a Judge 112 4.8.7 Orders directed to States for the production of documents 112 4.8.8 Provisional release 113 4.8.9 Preliminary motions and other motions 113 4.8.10 Pre-trial conference’s decisions 114 4.8.11 The proceeding in cases of contempt of the Tribunal, false testimony under solemn declaration, and payment offines (the return of inherent powers?) 115 4.9 Dissenting, concurring, and separate opinions: Between statutory law guarantee and Judges’
discretion 115 4.7
xii Contents 4.10 Penalties and the execution or review of the sentence 117 4.10.1 The abolishment of the death penalty 117 4.10.2 The determination of imprisonment terms and the gravity-related sentencing criteria: The principles ofgravity and totality 117 4.10.3 Aggravating and mitigating circumstances 120 4.10.4 Pardon and commutation ofsentence 123 5 The International Criminal Court 5.1 Introduction: The ICC as a standstill of an autonomous and hybrid international criminal procedure 124 5.2 Principles ofjurisdiction: From primacy to complementarity 126 5.2.1 The four different facets” jurisdiction 127 5.2.2 The quadruple mechanism for the exercise of jurisdiction and a special discipline for the crime of aggression 129 5.2.3 The UN Security Council’s powers over the ICC’s exercise ofjurisdiction 130 5.2.4 The accused’s challenges to jurisdiction and the Prosecutor’s and victims’ observations 130 5.3 Composition and powers of the Tribunal: From the UNoriented mechanism to the Assembly ofState Parties election 132 5.3.1 The hybrid selection from both criminal and international law experts and the common requirements 133 5.3.2 The code ofjudicial ethics 133 5.3.3 Sanctions and disciplinary measures for Judges’ code violations 134 5.3.3.1 The removal from office for serious misconduct in the course or outside the course of official duties as well as for serious breach of duty 134 5.3.3.2 The disciplinary measures for misconduct of a less serious nature in the course or outside the course of official duties 136 5.3.3.3 The complaints against a Judge and the appeal against
disciplinary measures 136 5.3.3.4 Procedure for the complaint against ICC staff and the role of the Independent Oversight Mechanism 137 124
Contents xiii 5.3.3.5 The provisory suspension from duty for both Judges and ICC staff 140 5.3.3.6 The Judges’ duty of non-participation in any case in which impartiality might reasonably be doubted on any ground and the subsequent excusing or disqualification 141 5.4 Rules ofprocedure and the rights of the accused: A definitive affirmation of the statutory-fragmentary law with a phase-oriented mechanism to enforce the accused’s rights 142 5.4.1 Right to be informed of criminal charges: A dedicated discipline to the “document containing the charges” and the introduction of a dedicated confirmation of the charges hearing before the trial 142 5.4.2 Language rights: An additional expansion through normative fragmentation and the leading role of the Registry 145 5.4.3 Right to defense: The great expansion of the accused’s rights 147 5.4.3.1 Right to defense in both investigation and pre-trial phase 147 5.4.3.2 A self-representation only in theory: The Paul Gicheru case 152 5.4.3.3 Toward the affirmation of an “international criminal lawyer” 155 5.5 Guilty plea and negotiated justice: The special “proceedings on an admission ofguilt” 170 5.5.1 A normative analysis of the existing legal framework 171 5.5.2 The historical roots: A Canadian-Argentinian legal culture clash 173 5.5.3 The jurisprudence: The Al Mahdi case and the “third avenue” between common law and civil law 175 5.5.4 The doctrine: The theoretical influence on plea bargaining, between ethics and law 176 5.6 Victims’rights and their representations 178 5.6.1 A broader legal definition of “victim”: The “natural
persons”, the “legal organizations or institutions”, and the evolution of the interpretation related to “deceased persons” 178
xiv Contents From a special discipline for the victims ofsexual assault to the types of vulnerable persons: The victims ofsexual and gender violence, children, elderly persons, and persons with disabilities 181 5.6.2.1 The OTP’s Gender and Children Unit and the prosecutorial duties 182 5.6.2.2 The Victims and Witnesses Unit: A right to protection emerges 184 5.6.2.3 The Court’s protective and special measures 186 5.6.2.4 The Registry’s local protection measures 188 5.6.2.5 The Registry’s assistance to victims and witnesses and the protection program 189 5.6.2.6 The restrictions on disclosure in relation to the safety of victims and witnesses 190 5.6.2.7 Prosecutorial duties in questioning of witnesses 190 5.6.3 A quasi-standardized process of victims’ participation 191 5.6.4 Victims’ representations: The Office ofPublic Counselfor Victims, the Legal Representative of Victims, the Duty Counsel, and the Ad Hoc Counsel 196 5.6.5 Reparations and the Trust Fund for Victims 200 5.6.6 The interest of victims and the views of victims 204 Rules of evidence 205 5.7.1 The general principles and the Judges’ discretion in assessing all evidence submitted 205 5.7.2 The preference for the viva voce evidence 207 5.7.2.1 The four exceptions of the prior recorded testimony 207 5.7.2.2 The Judges’ control on the ProsecutorDefense agreement as to evidence 209 5.7.3 Evidence in case ofsexual violence and the in camera procedure 209 5.7.4 Illegally obtained evidence 210 5.7.5 The return of the judicial notice 210 5.7.6 Disclosure: An overview 210 5.6.2 5.7
Contents XV The collection of evidence in the territory of a State Party 212 5.7.8 The evidence-related prosecutorial duties 213 5.7.9 The Evidence-Related Registry’s functions 213 5.7.10 Additional evidence presented before the Appeals Chamber 214 5.8 Appeals or remedies 214 5.8.1 The composition of the Appeals Chamber 215 5.8.2 The appeal against decision of acquittal or conviction and appeal against sentence: Notice of appeal, appeal brief, response, reply 216 5.8.3 The grounds ofappeal: Procedural error, error of fact, error of law, the disproportion between crime and sentence, and “any other ground” 217 5.8.4 The appeal’s expansion against “other decisions”: The interlocutory appeal 219 5.8.5 The revision of the final judgment of conviction or sentence 222 5.8.6 The Appeals Chamber’s competence on “any question as to the disqualification” of the Prosecutor or a Deputy Prosecutor 223 5.9 Dissenting, concurring, and separate opinions: The consolidation and the legal culture clash evolution 223 5.10 Penalties and the execution or review of the sentence 226 5.10.1 The 30-yeargeneral limit and the life imprisonment requirements: A confirmation of the death penalty refusal and a discipline for the joint sentence 226 5.10.2 The discretionary determination ofsentence criteria: Toward an “individualization” of the sentence and a “victim-oriented” consideration 227 5.10.3 Imposition affines and orders offorfeiture 228 5.10.4 Detention matters: A dedicated detention center for those convicted of international crimes and the detainees’ rights 229 5.10.5 A procedure for review
concerning reduction of sentence 230 5.10.6 The compensation to an arrested or convicted person 231 5.7.7
xvi 6 Contents Conclusion: Assessing the evolution of international criminal procedure from Nuremberg and Tokyo to the International Criminal Court 6.1 Introduction 232 6.2 The evolution ofprinciples ofjurisdiction 232 6.3 The evolution of the composition and powers of the Tribunal 234 6.4 The evolution of the rules ofprocedure and the rights of the accused 236 6.5 The evolution of the guilty plea and negotiated justice 237 6.6 The evolution of victims’ rights and their representations 238 6.7 The evolution of the rules of evidence 239 6.8 The evolution of appeals or remedies 241 6.9 The evolution of the dissenting, concurring, and separate opinions 242 6.10 The evolution ofpenalties and the execution or review of the sentence 243 6.11 Conclusion: The evolution of international criminal procedure from Nuremberg and Tokyo to The Hague and the international military tribunals’ legacy on international criminal courts 244 Index 232 252 |
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| author | Chiarini, Giovanni |
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| contents | The origins and the development of international criminal procedure -- The International Military Tribunal (IMT) at Nuremberg -- The International Military Tribunal for the Far East (IMTFE) in Tokyo -- The ad hoc tribunals for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY) and for Rwanda (ICTR) -- The International Criminal Court -- Conclusion : assessing the evolution of international criminal procedure from Nuremberg and Tokyo to the International Criminal Court |
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| id | DE-604.BV049826752 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-11-11T15:02:39Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9781032737362 9781032737386 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-035166798 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 |
| physical | xxvi, 265 Seiten |
| psigel | BSB_NED_20240926 |
| publishDate | 2025 |
| publishDateSearch | 2024 |
| publishDateSort | 2024 |
| publisher | Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group |
| record_format | marc |
| series2 | Routledge studies in law, rights and justice |
| spelling | Chiarini, Giovanni Verfasser (DE-588)1342447654 aut The evolution of international criminal procedure from Nuremberg and Tokyo to the international criminal court Giovanni Chiarini London ; New York Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group 2025 xxvi, 265 Seiten txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Routledge studies in law, rights and justice The origins and the development of international criminal procedure -- The International Military Tribunal (IMT) at Nuremberg -- The International Military Tribunal for the Far East (IMTFE) in Tokyo -- The ad hoc tribunals for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY) and for Rwanda (ICTR) -- The International Criminal Court -- Conclusion : assessing the evolution of international criminal procedure from Nuremberg and Tokyo to the International Criminal Court "This book examines the evolution of international criminal procedure from the 1945-1946 Nuremberg and Tokyo trials to the present period. It is largely based on a normative-jurisprudential approach to the procedural rules, comparing both norms and case-law of the relevant courts and tribunals. The work shows the possibility of classifying "International Criminal Procedure" as an autonomous concept and field of study, which is constantly evolving due to the interaction of different legal cultures that characterize this subject matter and is derived from the varied procedures as established in both statutory law and jurisprudence. Far from being an autonomous entity, international criminal procedure now represents a great compromise between the legal traditions of different ICC member States. What emerges is the historical evolution of an international criminal procedure with a unique identity, a very real "third way" between the traditional dichotomy of Common Law and Civil Law, between the Anglo-Saxon and the European Roman-Law-oriented legal traditions. The book will be of interest to academics, scholars and researchers working in the areas of International Criminal Law, Comparative Law, Criminal Procedure and Legal History, as well as judges and international legal professionals." Internationaler Strafgerichtshof (DE-588)3042935-3 gnd rswk-swf Geschichte 1945-2024 gnd rswk-swf Internationale Strafgerichtsbarkeit (DE-588)4542351-9 gnd rswk-swf Nürnberger Prozesse (DE-588)4125080-1 gnd rswk-swf Criminal procedure (International law) International criminal law International Criminal Court International Military Tribunal International Military Tribunal for the Far East Procédure pénale (Droit international) Internationale Strafgerichtsbarkeit (DE-588)4542351-9 s Internationaler Strafgerichtshof (DE-588)3042935-3 b Geschichte 1945-2024 z DE-604 Nürnberger Prozesse (DE-588)4125080-1 s Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe 978-1-003-46569-0 Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=035166798&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Chiarini, Giovanni The evolution of international criminal procedure from Nuremberg and Tokyo to the international criminal court The origins and the development of international criminal procedure -- The International Military Tribunal (IMT) at Nuremberg -- The International Military Tribunal for the Far East (IMTFE) in Tokyo -- The ad hoc tribunals for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY) and for Rwanda (ICTR) -- The International Criminal Court -- Conclusion : assessing the evolution of international criminal procedure from Nuremberg and Tokyo to the International Criminal Court Internationaler Strafgerichtshof (DE-588)3042935-3 gnd Internationale Strafgerichtsbarkeit (DE-588)4542351-9 gnd Nürnberger Prozesse (DE-588)4125080-1 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)3042935-3 (DE-588)4542351-9 (DE-588)4125080-1 |
| title | The evolution of international criminal procedure from Nuremberg and Tokyo to the international criminal court |
| title_auth | The evolution of international criminal procedure from Nuremberg and Tokyo to the international criminal court |
| title_exact_search | The evolution of international criminal procedure from Nuremberg and Tokyo to the international criminal court |
| title_full | The evolution of international criminal procedure from Nuremberg and Tokyo to the international criminal court Giovanni Chiarini |
| title_fullStr | The evolution of international criminal procedure from Nuremberg and Tokyo to the international criminal court Giovanni Chiarini |
| title_full_unstemmed | The evolution of international criminal procedure from Nuremberg and Tokyo to the international criminal court Giovanni Chiarini |
| title_short | The evolution of international criminal procedure |
| title_sort | the evolution of international criminal procedure from nuremberg and tokyo to the international criminal court |
| title_sub | from Nuremberg and Tokyo to the international criminal court |
| topic | Internationaler Strafgerichtshof (DE-588)3042935-3 gnd Internationale Strafgerichtsbarkeit (DE-588)4542351-9 gnd Nürnberger Prozesse (DE-588)4125080-1 gnd |
| topic_facet | Internationaler Strafgerichtshof Internationale Strafgerichtsbarkeit Nürnberger Prozesse |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=035166798&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT chiarinigiovanni theevolutionofinternationalcriminalprocedurefromnurembergandtokyototheinternationalcriminalcourt |