Orthodox sisters: religion, community, and the challenge of modernity in imperial and early Soviet Russia
"Focusing on the Convent of the Exaltation of the Cross and the other convents in Nizhnii Novgorod diocese more generally, this book demonstrates how, during the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, Russian Orthodox women built a new type of monastic community that transformed and helped t...
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| Format: | Book |
| Language: | English |
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Ithaca [New York] ; London
Northern Illinois University Press
2024
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| Series: | NIU series in orthodox Christian studies
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| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Literaturverzeichnis Register // Gemischte Register |
| Summary: | "Focusing on the Convent of the Exaltation of the Cross and the other convents in Nizhnii Novgorod diocese more generally, this book demonstrates how, during the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, Russian Orthodox women built a new type of monastic community that transformed and helped to revitalize Russian Orthodox monasticism after its sharp contraction due to the state reforms of the eighteenth century"-- |
| Physical Description: | xxv, 406 Seiten Illustrationen, Karte 24 cm |
| ISBN: | 9781501775727 1501775723 |
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Contents List ofIllustrations and Tables ix Foreword by Christine D. Worobec and Roy R Robson xiii Acknowledgments xix Note on Sources and Methodology xxiii Note on Transliteration xxv Introduction: Monasticism, Modernity, and Women 1 1. Origins 19 2. Transformations 49 3. Religious Life, Community, and Cultural Meanings 77 4. Post-emancipation Transformation and Growth 112 5. Upholding Orthodoxy in Troubled Times 147 6. Revolution and Dissolution 181 Conclusion: Female Monasticism, Empowerment, and Adaptation 214 Epilogue: Resurrection 224 Appendix 227 List ofAbbreviations 269 Notes 271 Sources Cited 353 Index 395
Sources Cited Archives Columbia University, Bakhmetev Archive, Shavel’skii collection. Gosudarstvennyi arkhiv Rossiiskoi Federatsii. Moscow, Russia. f. R-130. Council of People’s Commissars. f. A-353. Commissariat ofJustice. f. R-393. Commissariat of Internal Affairs. f. R-1064. Central Collegium for Aid to the Victims of Famine. f. R-1065. Central Commission for Struggle with the Consequences of Famine. f. R-1235. All-Russian Central Executive Committee. f. R-3431. All-Russian Church Council. f. R-5263. Committee on Religious Cults. f. 69914 Council on Religious Affairs, USSR Council of Ministers. Rossiiskii gosudarstvennyi arkhiv drevnikh aktov. Moscow, Russia. f. 280. College of Economy. Rossiiskii gosudarstvennyi arkhiv ekonomiki. Moscow, Russia. f. 478. Commissariat of Agriculture. Rossiiskii gosudarstvennyi istoricheskii arkhiv. St. Petersburg, Russia. f. 218. Department of Economic Matters, Main Administration of Transportation and Public Buildings. f. 796. Chancellery of the Holy Synod. f. 797. Chancellery of the Chief Procurator of the Holy Synod. Gosudarstvennoe kazennoe uchrezhdenie, Tsentral’nyi arkhiv Nizhegorodskoi oblasti. Nizhnii Novgorod, Russia. f. 53. Nizhnii Novgorod Provincial Commissar. f. 55. Administrative Department, Nizhnii Novgorod Provincial Soviet Executive Committee. f. 56. Nizhnii Novgorod Provincial Soviet Executive Committee. f. 78. Presidium, Nizhnii Novgorod City Soviet. f. 570. Nizhnii Novgorod Diocesan Consistory. f. 582. Convent of the Exaltation of the Cross. f. 619. Nizhnii Novgorod Episcopal Office. f. 1016. Nizhnii Novgorod Diocesan
Council. f. 1026. Nizhnii Novgorod Provincial Commissariat for the Separation of Church and State. f. 1104. Administrative Department, Nizhnii Novgorod Provincial Soviet Executive Committee. 353
SOURCES CITED 354 f. f. f. f. f. f. 1116. 1679. 1684. 2209. 2626. 3074. Nizhnii Novgorod Provincial Finance Department. Administration of the Nizhnii Novgorod Provincial Engineer. Nizhnii Novgorod Regional Historical Art Museum. Nizhnii Novgorod Provincial State Security Administration. Gor’kii Regional Soviet Executive Committee. Executive Committee, Gor’kii Regional Soviet. Periodicals and Newspapers Biulleten’Nizhegorodskogo ispolnitel’nogo komiteta. Bogoslovskii vestnik. Deistviia Nizhegorodskoi gubernskoi uchenoi arkhivnoi komissii. Dushepoleznoe chtenie. Izvestiia Nizhegorodskogo gubernskogo komiteta VKP(b). Molodaia gvardiia (Pavlovo). Molot (Arzamas). Monastyr’. Nizhegorodskaia kommuna. Nizhegorodskaia zemskaia gazeta. Nizhegorodskiia eparkhial’nyia vedomosti. Nizhegorodskiia gubernskiia vedomosti. Nizhegorodskii tserkovno-obshchestvennyi vestnik. Strannik. Tserkovnyi vestnik. Tserkovnyia vedomosti. Vestnik Nizhegorodskogo gubernskogo ispolnitel’nogo komiteta. Published Histories of Orthodox Monastic and Women’s Communities in Nizhnii Novgorod Diocese Afanasii (Igumen). Opisanie Arzamasskoi Vysokogorskoi Voznesenskoi muzhskoi obshchezhitel’noi pustyni. St. Petersburg: Tipografiia Departamenta udelov, 1862. Al’bitskii, Petr (Protoierei). Tserkovnyi iubilei: Stoletie sushchestvovaniia v gorode N.-Novgorode Krestovozdvizhenskago pervoklassnago zhenskago monastyria (1813-1913 gg.). Nizhnii Novgorod: Tipografiia gubernskago pravleniia, 1913. Also published in NTsOV, 1913, no. 29, 764-66, no. 30,790-92, no. 32, 839-42; no. 33, 865-68. Al’bitskii, Petr (Protoierei), and
Nikolai Mamontov (Sviashchennik). Krestovozdvizhenskii pervoklassnyi zbenskii monastyr’ v gorode Nizhnem-Novgorode: Stoletie ego sushchestvovaniia (1813-1913 gg.). Istoriko-statisticheskii ocherk. Nizhnii Novgorod: Tipografiia gubernskago pravleniia, 1913. Arkadii (Kaznachei ieromonakh). Opisanie Nizhegorodskago Blagoveshchenskago tret’eklassnago muzhskago monastyria. Nizhnii Novgorod: Tipografiia D. N. Shubinskago, 1884. "Arzamasskaia Alekseevskaia zhenskaia obshchina.” NGV, 1859, no. 40, ch. neoff., 149-50; no. 41, ch. neoff, 154-55.
SOURCES CITED 355 “Arzamasskii Spasopreobrazhenskii muzhskoi monastyr’ (Kratkii istoricheskii ocherk i opisanie).” NEV, 1888, no. 14, ch. neoff, 692-99; no. 17, ch. neoff, 881-96. Bukova, O. Zhenskie obiteli prepodobnogo Serafima Sarovskogo: Istoriia desiati nizhegorodskikh zhenskikh monastyrei. Nizhnii Novgorod: Knigi, 2003. Chetyrkin, I. N. "Arzamasskaia Vysokogorskaia Voznesenskaia muzhskaia pustyn’," NEV, 1888, no. 10, ch. neoff, 466-75, no. 11, ch. neoff, 524-32; no. 12, ch. neofifi, 575-83. —. “Arzamasskii Nikolaevskii zhenskii monastyr’ (Kratkii istoricheskii ocherk i opisanie).” NEV, 1888, no. 7, ch. neoff'., 296-302; no. 8, ch. neoff, 342-53. —. Istoriko-statisticheskoe opisanie Arzamasskoi Alekseevskoi zhenskoi obshchiny. Nizhnii Novgorod: Tipografiia Nizhegorodskago gubernskago pravleniia, 1887. —. “Istoriko-statisticheskoe opisanie Nizhegorodskago Pecherskago Voznesenskago muzhskago monastyria.” NEV, 1886, no. 14, ch. neoff, 17-33; no. 17, ch. neoff, 9-17; no. 18, ch. neoff., 1-19; no. 19, ch. neoff, 5-19; no. 22, ch. neoff, 24-39; no. 24, ch. neoff, 1-19; (1887), no. 1, ch. neoff., 6-19; no. 2, ch. neoff, 56-66; no. 4, ch. neoff, 121-38; no. 5, ch. neoff, 163-71; no. 10, ch. neoff, 463-79; no. 11, ch. neoff, 519-42. Dobrotvorskii, S. “Opisanie Pecherskago Nizhegorodskago pervoklassnago muzhskago monastyria.” NGV, 1849, no. 28, ch. neoff, 110-11; no. 30, ch. neoff, 117-20; no. 31, ch. neoff, 121-24; no. 32, ch. neoff, 125-28; no. 33, ch. neoff, 129-32; no. 34, ch. neoff, 133-35; no. 35, ch. neoff, 137-40; no. 36, ch. neoff, 141-43; no. 37, ch. neoff, 145-48; no.
38, ch. neoff, 149-52; no. 39, ch. neoff, 153-56; no. 40, ch. neoff, 157-60; no. 41, ch. neoff, 16162; no. 42, ch. neoff, 165-68; no. 43, ch. neoff, 170-72. Filareta (Gazhu) (Igumen’ia), and Liubov’ Matsina. Istoriiia Nizhegorodskago Krestovozdvizhenskogo zhenskogo monastyria. Nizhnii Novgorod: Nizhegorodskii Krestovozdvizhenskii zhenskii monastyr’, 2014. Galai, lu. G. Fedorovskii monastyr’: Gorodetskaia starina, no. 2. Gorodets: RIO, 1994. —. “Poslerevoliutsionnaia khronika Blagoveshchenskogo monastyria.” In Nizhegorodskiipravoslavnyi sbornik, no. 1: 27-28. Nizhnii Novgorod: Tsentr Nizhegorodskogo eparkhial’nogo upravleniia, 1997. Galai, lu. G., and O. lu. Galai. “Nizhegorodskii Krestovozdvizhenskii zhen skii monastyr’.” In Uchenye zapiski Volgo-Viatskogo otdeleniia Mezhdunarodnoi slavianskoi akademii nauk, obrazovaniia, iskusstv i kul’tury, no. 2, 80-92. Nizhnii Novgorod: Nizhegorodskii gosudarstvennyi universitet, 1998. Gavriil (leromonakh). Opisanie Oranskago Bogoroditskago pervoklassnago mona styria: S prilozheniem skazaniia о chudesakh, byvshikh ot chudotvornoi ikony Vladimirskiia, nakhodiashcheisia v onom monastyre, s vidom monastyria i snimok s ikony Vladimirskiia Bozhiei Materi. Nizhnii Novgorod: Tipografiia P. A. Kosareva, 1871. Istoricheskii ocherk i opisanie Arzamasskoi Alekseevskoi obshchiny. St. Petersburg: Tipografiia pri byvshei Kantseliarii Sankt-Peterburgskago voennago general-gubernatora, 1866.
356 SOURCES CITED “Iz istorii Oranskoi pustyni." NEV, 1866, no. 12, ch. neoff, 479-89; no. 13, ch. neoff, 537-50; no. 18, ch. neoff., 703-17; no. 19, ch. neoff., 719-27; no. 20, ch. neoff, 758-62; no. 21, ch. neoff, 794-803. Kel’tsev, S. A. Iverskaia Vyksunskaia zhenskaia obshchina i osnovatel’ eia ieromonakh Varnava. Moscow: Tipografiia I. S. Durnovo, 1884. “Kratkaia istoriia Ababkovskago Nikolaevskago zhenskago tret’eklassnago monastyria.” NEV, 1889, no. 10, ch. neoff., 456-66; no. 11, ch. neoff, 51018; no. 12, ch. neoff, 566-80. Kratkoe istoricheskoe opisanie Krestovozdvizhenskago osinovskago zhenskago edinovercheskago monastyria. St. Petersburg: Tipografiia Pozdniakovoi, 1891. Kratkoe istoricheskoe opisanie Skorbiashchenskoi zhenskoi obshchiny, nakhodiashcheisia pri sele Maloi Pitse Nizhegorodskoi gubernii i uezda. Nizhnii Novgorod: Tipo grafiia gubernskago pravleniia, 1894. "Krestovozdvizhenskaia Marovskaia pustyn'." Nizhegorodskaia zemskaia gazeta, 1909, no. 40,1135-37. Kutuz.ovsk.ii zhenskii monastyr’ Ardatovskago uezda, Nizhegorodskoigubernii. Nizhnii Novgorod: Tipografiia tovarishchestva I. Μ. Mashistova, 1907. Makarevskii, Mikhail. Serafimo-Ponetaevskii monastyr’. St. Petersburg: Izdatel’stvo dlia naroda Mikhaila Makarevskago, 1903. Makarii (Ieromonakh). Opisanie Oranskoi Bogoroditskoi pustyni. Moscow: Tipo grafiia V. Got’e, 1851. —. "Voskresenskii zhenskii monastyr’ v Nizhnem Novgorode. Zachateiskii zhenskii monastyr’ v Nizhnem Novgorode. Proiskhozhdenskii zhenskii monastyr’ v Nizhnem Novgorode.” NGV, 1849, no. 11, ch. neoff, 42-44; no. 12, ch. neoff, 46-48.
“Nizhegorodskii Blagoveshchenskii muzhskoi monastyr’ v ego proshedshem i nastoiashchem sostaianii (Istoriko-statisticheskii ocherk).” NEV, 1896, no. 5, ch. neoff, 173-82; no. 6, ch. neoff., 227-38; no. 7, ch. neoff., 274-82; no. 8, ch. neoff, 299-312; no. 9, ch. neoff, 339-52; no. 10, ch. neoff, 383-94. “Ob uchastii odnogo monastyria Nizhegorodskoi eparkhii na vsemirnoi vystavke 1900 goda v Parizhe.” NEV, 1900, no. 3, ch. off, 44-46; no. 7, ch. off, 132-33. “Opisanie Vyksunskago Iverskago zhenskago monastyria.” NEV, 1888, no. 7, ch. neoff., 302-12; no. 8, ch. neoff., 353-75. Pchelin, N. “lavliaiushchii rechnest’ soboi. . .’’: Oranskii Bogoroditskii monastyr’ na izlome epokh. Nizhnii Novgorod: Kodak-express, 2001. Petriashin, A. S. Arzamasskie monastyri: Istoriia, arkhitektura, khoziaistvennaia deiatel’nost’. Arzamas: Arzamasskaia tipografiia, 2003. Petropavlovskii, Izmail’. Kutuzjovskaia zhenskaia obitel’ Ardatovskago uezda Nizhegorodskoi gubernii. 2nd ed. Arzamas: Tipografiia N. N. Dobrokho tova, 1887. Pevtsov, G. V. Istoricheskoe opisanie Gorodetskago Feodorovskago monastyria i ego nastoiashchee sostoianie. St. Petersburg: n.p., 1870. Piskarev, P. “Arzamasskii Nikolaevskii zhenskii monastyr’.” NGV, 1849, no. 60, ch. neoff, 12. —. “Arzamasskii Spasskii muzhskii monastyr’.” NGV, 1849, no. 3, ch. neoff, 10-12; no. 4, ch. neoff, 14-15; no. 5, ch. neoff, 17-18.
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Index Figures, maps, and tables are indicated by “f” “m,” and “t” following the page numbers. 1905 Revolution, 16, 147-54, 217, 325nl Ababkovo St. Nicholas-St. George Convent, 76, 232t, 234t, 236t abbesses: authority of, 53,55, 70-71, 82, 91, 105,303n79, 311n67; donations solicited by, 60-62, 136; pectoral crosses awarded to, 92, 137, 314nl07, 324nll4; piety associated with, 52, 141; relationships with local bishops, 71-73; social background of, 125, 322n74; as spiritual mothers, 91-92; tension with male clergy, 139. See also specific abbesses aesthetic environment, 77-79, 94, 97-98, 111,215,219-20, 223 Al’bitskii, Petr, 155-59, 161-64, 330n48, 331n72 Alekseev, Petr, 37 Aleksei, Man of God, Convent, 39, 45f, 76, 144, 231tn8,232t, 234t, 236—37 262t, 266t, 285-86n33, 292n86 Alexander I (Russia), 79-80 Alexander II (Russia), 108, 112 Alexander III (Russia), 108, 109 Alexandrine reforms, 49,56,112-14,119,217 almshouses: at convents, 66, 70, 92, 113, 129, 236t, 301n60, 320n53; at monasteries, 236f, in Nizhnii Novgorod, 316n25; state decrees on, 34 Amvrosii of Optina, 170, 333nl05 Anglican Church, 5, 6, 120, 273nl3 Anna (Russian Empress), 35-36 Annunciation Monastery, 132,136,138,167 anticlericalism, 31,147,186-87,195,338n7 apostolic orders: in Counter Reformation, 5, 6, 11, 276n28; in Europe, 5, 6, 15, 30, 273nl2,289n58, 345n64; social engagement of, 11, 15, 289n58, 345n64; women and, 6,11, 15,30 Ardatov Convent of the Holy Veil, 205, 232t, 234t, 236t, 254t, 262t, 266t Asenefa (abbess of Convent of the Exaltation of the Cross), 92, 119, 131, 132, 226, 317n27 Asenefa II (abbess
of Convent of the Exaltation of the Cross), 137-41, 226, 324n93 Avgusta (nun at Convent of the Exaltation of the Cross), 99-101 Beales, Derek, 32 Bell, Catherine, 97 Binns, John, 94, 95 Black Hundreds, 151, 327nl4 Bolsheviks: class and gender stereotypes, 348n88; July days and, 184, 338n9; on modernity, 8,187; in Nizhnii Novgorod, 184-86, 339nl3; on religion, 8, 182, 187-88, 188» 211-12, 340n25, 351nl22; on women’s emancipation, 188,188» 203, 211. See also October Revolution; Soviet Union braiding process, 7,10,136, 218, 221 Britain, Catholic Emancipation in, 4, 10 Bronzov, Aleksandr, 163, 331n74 brotherhoods, 129-30, 155 Brower, Daniel, 115 Brown, Callum, 14-15 Bruce, Steve, 215, 351nl Bulygin, I. A., 37 Burds, Jeffrey, 116, 315n5 Bushkovitch, Paul, 37 Byzantine monasticism, 5, 272n8 Caffiero, Marina, 15,145 Casanova, José, 189 395
396 INDEX Catherine II (Russia): monastic reforms, 2, 27,36-39,41, 63,121,211, 290-9 ln73; on political influence of Orthodox Church, 290n70; provincial reforms, 23, 271n3 Catholic Church: braiding process and, 7; Counter-Reformation, 5, 6, 11, 31, 276n28; devotional images within, 86-87; emancipation in Britain, 4, 10; factionalization within, 200; in Nizhnii Novgorod, 103 Catholic monasticism: Cluniac and Cistercian movements, 6, 273nl3; criticisms of, 31, 288n47; feminization of, 15; mendicant orders, 5, 273nl2; negative images disseminated by Protestants, 35; reform efforts, 4, 19, 31-32. See also apostolic orders; female Catholic monasticism charitable activities: of apostolic orders, 345n64; in Nizhnii Novgorod, 65-66, 118, 300-301n53,316-17n25, 321n61; Russian Orthodoxy on, 34, 129-30, 289n61; women’s participation in, 16, 64-65, 70,118, 316n25. See also almshouses; donations choirs: directors of, 119; maintenance of, 165, 199; obediences and singing in, 54,57, 101, 128, 224; prohibition of women in, 96, 310n62; quality of, 96, 104,108, 109, 143, 165; styles of singing by, 162, 331nn66-67 Christianity: evangelical, 160; human nature and, 156-57; on marriage and family, 157,159; social unity strengthened by, 158. See also monasticism; specific denominations Cistercian movement, 6, 273nl3 clergy: brotherhoods formed by, 129-30, 155; at Convent of the Exaltation of the Cross, 61, 107, 109, 138, 155, 158; education for, 22,116,282nl3; literacy rates of, 124; in post-1905 political order, 152-54; religious subjects taught by, 316n21; self-perception of roles for, 129;
Soviet policies toward, 192-93, 265/, 343nn48-49. See also anticlericalism; monastic clergy; parish clergy Cluniac movement, 6, 273nl3 Conception Convent: age of residents, 40, 240-41 f; age when vows taken, 40, 2416 economic resources, 24-25; establishment of, 23, 28; idiorrhythmic organization of, 25; marital status of residents, 242/, membership of, 284n27, 285n33; mergers involving, 12, 20, 38, 40; previous residence of members, 40, 243/; social composition, 25-26, 40, 243/ confession: at Convent of the Exaltation of the Cross, 55, 97; by laypersons, 97, 102, 160, 278n45, 312n85, 338n7; Orthodox deaconesses and, 175-76 Congress of Monastic Clergy (1909), 166, 168, 174 Constitutional Democratic Party. See Kadets contemplative ideal: advocacy for, 52, 169-70, 172, 174,179,321n64, 333-34nll0; monastic women and, 172, 180, 334-35nll7; social engagement and, 67, 92, 131, 169-71, 179 Convent of the Exaltation of the Cross: adaptive capacity of, 74, 135-37, 181, 197, 216-21; aesthetic environment, 77-79, 94, 97-98, 111, 215, 219-20, 223; age of residents, 40, 56, 241-42/, 296nl6; age when vows taken, 40-41, 118, 241/; building projects, 39, 46, 61, 71; clergy at, 61, 107,109, 138, 155, 158; communal reorganization of and consequences, 52-58, 63-64, 73-74, 111, 181-82, 215, 296nl3; cooperative formed by, 196-98, 209; dissolution of, 209-12; donations received by, 39, 46, 60-62, 251/, 323n84; economic transformation, 58-64; elevation to first-class status, 74-75, 78; expenditures, 39, 63, 131-34, 252/, 258/, formation and organization of, 12, 20, 38, 40, 195-97, 222; growth of,
4-5, 17, 49, 56-58,74,118,164,181, 203, 247/; hospital, 54, 66, 74,92, 113, 129,301n58, 320n52; iconography and, 43, 87-93; idiorrhythmic organization of, 40, 48; income of, 39-40, 46, 54,56-64, 74,134-41, 164,184-87, 249-50/, 259-60/; leadership positions in, 55-56, 125, 128, 202-3, 246/, 268/, 348n90; literacy at, 57, 113, 123-25, 128, 142, 256-57/; marital status of residents, 41, 242/, 244/, 247/; name considerations, 291-92n83; number of nuns
INDEX assigned to, 38, 53, 75; obediences performed, 54, 125,128, 224, 245t, 296nl0; penitential confinement at, 68-69; photographs of members, 125, 126-27/ as pilgrimage site, 104, 108,135, 312n92; plebeianization of membership, 113, 119-23,128, 142; post-Soviet reemergence of, 222, 224-26, 225/; previous residence of members, 40, 41, 243г, relationship with state authorities, 46-48, 79-81, 110; relocation and reconstruction, 46, 78-86, 82/ 84-85/ 222, 306nl9, 308-9n41; renovations and repairs, 80, 81,133, 162, 305nl2, 307n22, 309n41; resiliency of, 111, 181, 211-13, 220-21; rituals, 43, 78,88, 94-97,102; royal visits to, 108-10, 217; sacralizing stories of, 64, 98-102; sacred spaces, 77-84, 86, 97-99, 103, 107, 180, 221; school, 54, 57, 61, 66-67, 71-74, 113, 129, 161, 301-2nn62-63, 319n51; site plans, 42, 42/ 81-86, 82/ 85/ social composition, 40-41, 47,55-56, 119-25, 137,243—446 246t, 248t, 253i; social engagement by, 64-70, 74, 92, 128-34; Soviet policies toward, 187, 194-98, 201-4, 209-10, 344n56, 351nl24; wartime contributions, 162, 184, 187, 314nl07. See also choirs; specific abbesses convents: almshouses, 66, 70, 92,113, 129, 236t, 301n60, 320n53; communal organization of, 33,47, 166,195-97, 212, 295n6; education at, 54, 57, 61, 66-67, 70-76, 113,129, 161, 171, 236t, 319n51; family groupings in, 202, 318n37; growth of, 2, 13-14, 122, 143, 164, 232—335 historical trends, 2, 13-14, 29,228—295 hospitals, 54, 66, 70, 74-76, 92,113, 129,144, 165, 236t, 320n52; landholdings, 27, 29, 62-63, 234r, 262—63; locations of, 2, 3-4m, 23; monastic reform, effects on, 36,
38-41,47, 237—385 Muscovite, 284n27; penitential confinement at, 68-69, 287n43, 302nn66-67, 303nn72-73; resiliency of, 18,183, 195-98, 218; in rural areas, 2, 27, 41, 76, 120, 143-44; social function of, 25-26, 30; unmarried women in, 25, 40-41, 56-58, 74, 118,120, 241—42 244r, 247t; in urban areas, 2,20, 27, 397 29-30,119-20,123, 128; wealth of, 2, 27-29, 63,113, 134-35, 143, 164; widows in, 25-26, 30, 40-41,47, 56,240-42t, 244t, 247t, 292-93n92; women’s establishment of, 23, 28, 286n38. See also abbesses; nuns; specific convents cooperatives, 196-98, 201-9, 212 Counter-Reformation, 5, 6,11, 31, 276n28 deaconesses, 168, 175-79, 337nl40. See also Protestantism: deaconesses and Deineka, Aleksandr, 188/ Dolgorukii, Ivan, 53 domesticity, ideal of, 14-15, 302n63 donations: for building projects, 39,46, 80,307n22; decline in value of, 31; demographics of donors, 28-29, 61, 135,137, 251t, 261t, 286-87n39; to endowments, 62, 74,135-37,217; forms of, 25, 33, 61-62, 287n40; for hospitals, 65; itinerant collection of, 60, 80-81, 134, 174, 299n31,335nl29; by merchants, 25,46, 60-61, 80-81, 101, 294nl05; misuse of, 61-62; motivations for, 29, 103, 136; for renovations, 81, 307n22; royal visits and, 109; solicitation of, 46, 60-62, 136 Dorofeia (abbess of Convent of the Exaltation of the Cross): birth of, 52, 295n4; communal reorganization by, 52-55, 63, 215; convent rules of, 55, 296nl2; death of, 100, 101; hospital established by, 66, 92, 301n58; Iveron Mother of God icon and, 89-92; Izrail’ as spiritual mentor to, 52,80; managerial abilities of, 49, 64,70, 300n48; misuse of donations
by, 61-62; pectoral cross awarded to, 92; portrait of, 50/ prayer to Mary introduced by, 93; reinterment of remains, 226; relationships with local bishops, 71; relocation of convent overseen by, 79-81; sacralizing stories of, 64, 98-101; social background, 100; status elevation petition, 75 Dorofeia II (abbess of Convent of the Exaltation of the Cross), 109,132-33, 226, 322n74 Dubovka, Daria, 77 Duma, 150-52, 154, 328nl6 Durnovo, Elizaveta, 61
398 INDEX edinoverie (accommodation for Old Believers), 13-14, 76,143, 160, 167, 277n35 education: for clergy, 22, 116, 282nl3; at convents, 54, 57, 61, 66-67, 70-76, 113, 129, 161, 171, 236r, 319n51; financing for, 131-34, 323n81; literacy rates and, 67, 219; modernization of, 21; at monasteries, 38, 166, 236ς for orphans, 302n63; for Orthodox deaconesses, 176; parish schools, 116, 118, 129, 131, 155, 319n51, 341n32; for peasants and serfs, 116, 117, 302n62, 319n45; reform programs, 116, 315nl5; secularization of, 22, 116, 129, 151, 189-92; Soviet policies toward, 189-92, 343n47; state decrees on, 34; for women, 65-67, 72, 116-18, 123-24, 128,171, 176,301n55, 301-2nn61-63, 319n45, 336nl37 Ekaterina (abbess of Lesna Holy Birthgiver of God Convent), 176-79 Elizabeth (Russian Empress), 36 Elizaveta Feodorovna (Grand Duchess), 177, 336nl40 endowments: donations to, 62, 74, 135-37, 217; informal women’s communities and, 76; mismanagement of, 138-41; in Nizhnii Novgorod diocese, 234—35 262—636 Soviet confiscation of, 187, 191, 194; taxation of, 132-33; wealth from, 59, 142-44 Engel, Barbara, 115 Enlightenment, 22, 23, 31, 129 Ennafa (abbess of Ardatov Convent of the Holy Veil), 205 Europe: apostolic orders in, 5, 6,15, 30, 273nl2, 289n58, 345n64; female monasticism in, 4, 5, 9-10, 14; gender conventions in, 6; mendicant orders in, 5, 273nl2; modernization in, 8-10; monastic reform in, 4, 19, 31-32, 288n48; mysticism in, 7, 274nl7; religious participation by gender, 277n38. See also specific countries Evdokim (bishop of Nizhnii Novgorod), 171, 195, 199-201, 345n60, 347n81 Evgenii
(bishop of Nizhnii Novgorod), 210,351nl23 Evlogii (bishop of Kholm), 177 Evpraksiia (abbess of Serafim-Ponetaevka All-Sorrows Convent), 204 Evtuhov, Catherine, 16, 65, 102, 118 February Revolution (1917), 183-85 female Catholic monasticism: accessibility of, 15; age for taking vows, 31-32; apostolic orders and, 6, 11, 15, 30; cultural influences of, 145, 219; growth of, 4, 10-11; reform efforts, 31-32,36 female monasticism: Anglican sisterhoods, 5, 6, 273nl3; braiding process and, 10, 218; enclosure and, 6, 25,40,47; gender conventions and, 6-7; motivations for, 120-21; mysticism and, 7,30, 274nl7; resistance of male clergy to, 275n27. See also convents; female Catholic monasticism; female Orthodox monasticism; informal women’s communities female Orthodox monasticism: accessibility of, 18,41,58,112,142; age for taking vows, 34,40-41,118,24It, 292n92, 296nl7; assessment prior to World War 1,164-66,332n86,332-33n94; empowerment of women through, 93,214-16; expressions of spirituality in, 43; growth of, 4,9-10,13-14,18, 164-66,217; historical trends, 2,13-14, 228—295 literary tradition, absence in, 26, 284-85n28; liturgical-agricultural communes and, 11,144; in Nizhnii Novgorod prior to 1764,27-30; as percentage ofpopulation, 13-14, 276-77n34; plebeianization ofj 18,113, 119-23,128,142,217; reform efforts, 19-20; revival of, 2,11-12,142-46,214, 230-3It; social revolution in, 112 femininity, 14-15, 17 Filaret (archbishop of Nizhnii Novgorod), 132-33 Filareta (abbess of Convent of the Exaltation of the Cross), 224-26, 225f, 309n41 Filaret Circle, 155, 161, 329n35 Filatov,
Nikolai, 294nl05 Florensky, Pavel, 93-94 France: apostolic orders in, 6, 345n64; monastic reform in, 31, 32; revolution in, 4,10, 182, 185-86, 208, 212; suppression of religious orders in, 32, 182, 288n49 Freeze, Gregory, 21, 68, 161, 164, 193, 330n56 French Revolution, 4, 10, 182, 185-86, 208, 212
INDEX Gaidukov, Dionisii, 307n22 Gaidukova, Matrona, 61-62, 299n35 gender: donations by, 28-29, 251t, 286-87n39; norms related to, 66, 93, 102, 117; religious participation by, 14-16, 277n38; Russian Orthodox monasticism and, 6-7, 168-80, 333n97,334nl 15. See also women Gliadkov, Petr Andreevich, 105 gold embroidery work, 44f 54, 57, 62, 71, 109,125,137, 245t Gor’kii region. See Nizhnii Novgorod diocese Gorodets St. Feodor Monastery, 166-68, 232t, 235t, 238t, 255t, 264t, 266t Gorshenkova, Kseniia Egorevna, 128 Great Reforms. See Alexandrine reforms Gromyko, Μ., 319n44 Gruzman, Lipa, 351nl25 Gschwandtner, Christina, 95 Gumilova, Irina, 98 handicraft production: cooperative for, 196; income from, 32, 39-40, 299n39; literacy requirements for, 57, 125, 128; marketing of, 71; obediences devoted to, 54, 245r, organization of, 25, 165; orphaned girls trained in, 303n77; by peasants, 114-16; stimulus for growth of, 24. See also gold embroidery work Hedda, Jennifer, 129,130 Hill, Michael, 317n33 Hillery, George A., Jr., 295n9 hospitals: at convents, 54, 66, 70, 74-76, 92, 113, 129, 144,165, 236t, 320n52; donations made to, 65; at monasteries, 38, 166, 236q nationalization of, 194; state decrees on, 34 Hughes, Lindsey, 22 Iakov (bishop of Nizhnii Novgorod), 60, 72, 73, 75 lasherov, Milii, 96 icons: painting of, 54,57, 125, 128, 161, 224, 245r, prescriptive positioning and presence of, 87; roles within Russian Orthodoxy, 86; Soviet confiscation of, 200. See also Marian icons leremiia (bishop of Nizhnii Novgorod), 71-73, 75 Imperial Russia: Alexandrine reforms, 49,56,112-14, 119, 217;
church state relations in, 20-22; civil society 399 in, 18, 114, 118, 130; Enlightenment in, 22-23; ethnic heterogeneity of, 17; female monasticism in, 4, 9-15; fluidity of social and cultural identities in, 160,330n55; modernization in, 8, 10, 19-21,113-14, 168, 179, 214, 218-21; monastic reform in, 1-2, 17, 19-23, 32-48, 290n70, 294nl; plague outbreak in (1771), 45, 293-94nl02; religious participation by gender, 15-16; sacralization of rulers in, 20-21; womanhood as viewed in, 7. See also Nizhnii Novgorod diocese; nobility; Russian Orthodox Church; serfs and serfdom; specific rulers income. See monastic income informal women’s communities: communal organization of, 57-58, 76, 297n22; growth of, 2,57-58, 76, 143, 164, 232-331, 271n3; landholdings of, 235t, 263t; locations of, 2, 3-4m; social composition, 121,143-44; social engagement by, 70; wealth of, 2, 76,164 loakim (archbishop of Nizhnii Novgorod), 186,339nl6 Ioann (bishop of Nizhnii Novgorod), 69, 71 Isidor (vicar bishop of Balakhna), 153, 329n27 Islam. See Muslims and Islam Italy, female Catholic monasticism in, 6, 15,145 luvenalii (bishop of Nizhnii Novgorod), 132,198-99 Ivanovna, Anastasiia, 23 Iveron Mother of God icon, 88-92, 90/ Izrail’ (Archimandrite), 52, 80, 81 Jews and Judaism, 103,154, 158 Joseph II (Holy Roman Empire), 31 Kadets, 150, 173, 186, 327nl3 Kaiser, Daniel H., 287n45 Kaliakina, Ekaterina, 57 Kamenskaia, Ol’ga, 120-21 Kazantsev, Ivan, 136 Keller, Rosemary, 295 n9 Kenworthy, Scott, 17, 78, 218 Khramtsovskii, Nikolai, 75 Kieckhefer, Richard, 94, 95 Kiev Convent of the Holy Veil, 169, 171,179
400 INDEX Kirichenko, Oleg, 17, 122, 298n24 Kizenko, Nadieszda, 97 Komissarenko, A. I., 37 Kondrat’eva, Adel’, 117-18 Konstantinovich, Andrei, 23 Kornilov, Lavr, 185, 339nl2 Kravetskii, A. G., 318n39 Kruglov, Aleksandr, 169,170 Kupari, Helena, 216 Kupriianov, Aleksandr, 65 landholdings: of nobility, 314n4; of peasants, 114, 314n4; reform efforts, 185; Soviet abolishment of private ownership, 189. See also monastic landholdings Lavrentii (vicar bishop of Balakhna), 133, 137, 193, 339nl6 Lazarevskaia, luliania, 30 Lenin, Vladimir, 199-200 Lesna Holy Birthgiver of God Convent, 171, 176, 179 Leushino St.John the Forerunner Convent, 174 Levitt, Marcus, 22 liberation movement, 150, 160, 326n8 Lincoln, Bruce, 182 Listov, Ioann, 138, 139, 141, 324n99 literacy: at Convent of the Exaltation of the Cross, 57, 113, 123-25, 128, 142,256-57f, in Nizhnii Novgorod, 319nn40-41; promotion through education, 67,219; in rural areas, 123, 124; social background and, 123-25, 143, 318n39; in urban areas, 123,124, 318nn38-39 liturgical-agricultural communes, 11,144 Luehrmann, Sonja, 95 Makar'ev-Zheltovodskii-Trinity Monastery, 28, 205, 232t, 234t, 236t, 238t, 254t, 262t, 332n90 Makrides, Vasilios, 220 Malaia Pitsa Birthgiver of God Convent, 205, 232t, 234t, 236r, 254t, 262t, 266t male Orthodox monasticism: age for taking vows, 34, 292n92; assessment prior to World War I, 166-68, 332n88, 332-33n94; historical trends, 13-14, 167-68, 228-290 in Nizhnii Novgorod prior to 1764, 27-30; as percentage of population, 13-14, 277n34. See also monks and monasteries; Old Believers Mamontov, Nikolai, 331n72
Maniura, Robert, 93 Marasinova, Elena, 302n66 Margarita (abbess of Vyksa Iveron Convent), 204, 205 Marian icons, 143; at Convent of the Exaltation of the Cross, 43, 87-93, 308n33; Iveron Mother of God icon, 88-92, 90fi for liturgical purposes, 88, 293nl00; miracles attributed to, 16-17,87, 89, 92; Mother of God of the Passion icon, 226; Mother of God, Joy of All Who Sorrow, icon, 82,88; Oranki Birthgiver of God icon, 105-8, 106/ 313n96, 344n52; rituals and, 87, 88, 93; Vladimir icon of the Mother of God, 105, 107 Mariia (abbess of Convent of the Exaltation of the Cross): background of, 141-42; death of, 348n89; Filaret Circle and, 161; pectoral cross awarded to, 163, 324nll4; prayer services held by, 186; reorganization efforts, 215; resignation of, 203; school enrollment and, 129; on Soviet policies, 194-95, 204 Marker, Gary, 20 Martha-Mary Cloister, 177,179, 336nl40 Martynov, Mason Solomon, 53, 80 Matsina, Liubov’, 309n41 McGuckin, John Anthony, 87 McGuire, Meredith, 93 McManners, John, 288n47 Mel’gunov, S. P., 335nll9 mendicant orders, 5,273nl2 merchants: donations by, 25, 46, 60-61, 80-81, 101, 294nl05; in Nizhnii Novgorod diocese, 13, 24,27, 80-81; religious practices of, 60, 299n32. See also trade fairs Mexican Revolution, 182,185-86, 208, 212 Meyer, Birgit, 97-98 Mezhetskii, Ivan, 81,83 Miller, Marlyn, 91, 112, 318n37 Mironov, Boris, 123 Mironova, Aleksandra, 136 modernity and modernization: adaptations to, 136, 214, 218-21; Alexandrine reforms and, 113-14; Bolsheviks on, 8,187; educational, 21; effects of, 9, 18,19, 179; emergent, 1, 10, 12, 13, 214,221; multiple
outcomes
INDEX of, 7-8, 275n24; religion, interactions with, 7-10, 20, 168, 181; resistance to, 220; secularization and, 7, 20, 22,221, 222; socialism and, 187 Moisei (bishop of Nizhnii Novgorod), 75, 79, 80 Monastery Chancellery, 33, 35 monastic clergy: books in photos of, 319n43; Congress of Monastic Clergy (1909), 166, 168, 174; criticisms of, 130-31; historical trends, 2, 228-291; reform efforts, 32, 34-37,47; repressive measures against, 20, 182; social composition, 254-55t, 264f, social engagement by, 169; spread of Christianity by, 158-59; tension with parish clergy, 130, 133, 139, 329n24; terminology considerations, 172 monastic communities: autonomy of, 11, 32; benefices granted to, 39, 62-63, 292n87; bipartite organization of, 203-4; classification of, 2401; communal organization of, 52-58, 63, 73-76, 171, 174, 215, 295n6, 295n9, 296nl3; dissolution of, 182, 189-90, 197-98, 204, 207-9, 212, 222, 266-671, 350nll3; economic mismanagement of, 137-41; enclosure of, 6, 25, 33,40,47, 284n26; growth of, 2, 232-331; identity of, 18, 308n36; patronage connections with, 26, 29, 39, 60,144; percentage of population in, 14; restrictions imposed on, 20; sketic, 13-14, 210, 350nl21; Soviet policies toward, 1,8, 182,187-212,341n32, 348n83; spread of Christianity by, 158-59; stipendiary and nonstipendiary, 36, 39-41,47-48, 2401, 293n93, 293n95; trade fairs hosted by, 28; tripartite organization of, 195-97. See also convents; informal women’s communities; monks and monasteries; specific communities monastic income: from benefices, 39, 62-63; changes in external conditions and, 134-35; in
communal orders, 53, 56-58; from gold embroidery work, 54; from handicraft production, 32, 39-40, 299n39; mismanagement of, 137-41; from peasant labor, 27-28; reform efforts, 31, 35,36; from religious services, 25, 46, 60, 74, 135-36, 143-44, 401 164, 184-87. See also donations; endowments; subventions monasticism: Byzantine, 5, 272n8; feminization of, 14-18, 218; patterns of development, 5-6; social engagement as integral to, 171. See also Catholic monasticism; female monasticism; Russian Orthodox monasticism monastic landholdings: of convents, 27, 29, 62-63, 234t, 262-63t; of informal women’s communities, 235t, 263t; of monasteries, 27, 29, 38, 235t, 263i; peasant tenants on, 19, 27-29, 33-38, 63, 129, 291n80, 300n45; proposals for redistribution of, 173, 197; seizure by peasants, 150,184-89; Soviet confiscation of, 189-90,194; state management of, 19, 35-36, 38 monastic wealth: convents and, 2, 27-29, 63,113, 134-35, 143, 164; criticisms of, 130-31, 173, 322n69; decline of, 19; from endowments, 59, 142-44; forms of, 287n40; informal women’s communities and, 2, 76, 164; monasteries and, 2, 26-29; reform efforts, 31, 32, 35; tax proposal, 134 monks and monasteries: almshouses, 236t; contemplative ideal and, 170; criticisms of, 33, 34; discipline issues in, 167-68; donations made by, 136; education at, 38, 166, 236t, historical trends, 13-14, 29, 228-29f, hospitals, 38,166,236t; itinerant monks, 32, 207; landholdings of, 27, 29, 38, 235t, 263 military personnel in, 38, 291n80; monastic reform, effects on, 36, 38, 47, 238-40Г, Old Believer, 13-14; as sacred spaces, 78;
Soviet policies toward, 199; wealth of, 2, 26-29. See also specific monasteries Mother of God, 87-88, 93-94, 97, 11. See also Marian icons Murashkino Trinity Convent, 28, 285n33 Muscovite Russia: ascetic practice in, 34; convents in, 284n27; gender conventions in, 6; monastic expansion in, 5, 273nl2; monastic reform in, 32-33; women in, 28-30, 286n37 Muslims and Islam, 103,149, 151, 160, 312n89 Mysovskaia, Anna, 118 mysticism, 7, 30,220, 274nl7
402 INDEX Naumova, Varvara, 348n90 Nazareta (abbess of Convent of the Exaltation of the Cross), 203, 348n89 Nazarii (bishop of Nizhnii Novgorod), 138, 140,141,152, 153, 162 Nektarii (archbishop of Nizhnii Novgorod), 131-32 Nemchina, Anna, 136 Neronov, Ivan, 23 New Economic Policy (NEP), 199, 201-3, 212, 346n73 Nicholas I (Russia), 66, 68,108 Nicholas II (Russia), 147, 149-50, 152 Nikon (Archimandrite), 32, 169-71, 174, 179 Nizhnii Novgorod diocese: Alexandrine reforms and, 113-14; banking in, 12, 59, 135, 298n26; Bolsheviks in, 184-86, 339nl3; boundaries of, 285n32; charitable activities in, 65-66, 118, 300-301n53, 316-17n25, 321n61; description of, 12-13, 23-24, 276nn31-32; economic and social changes in, 59-66, 73-74, 113-18, 135-36,160,199, 222, 298n27, 330n54; February Revolution and (1917), 183-85; literacy rates for women in, 319nn40-41; locations of female monastic communities in, 2, 3-4m; male vs. female monasticism prior to 1764,27-30; monastic reform in, 38-48, 237—405 October Revolution and (1917), 185, 187, 218; percentage of population in monastic communities, 14; population of, 12, 24, 60,114-15, 135, 284n23, 298n28; railway lines in, 135,323n85; religious and cultural life in, 26-27,44-46, 102-8, 106/ 223, 285n30, 293nl01, 312n89; revival of monasticism in, 2, 142-46, 168, 230-3It; royal visits to, 108-10, 217, 313nl02; Russian Revolution and (1905), 147-50, 152, 217; schools, 12,22-23,116-18, 124, 319n45; Soviet policy implementation in, 190-200, 341n36; topography of, 22-23, 282nl6; trade fair in, 59-62, 64-66, 75, 103,108, 135, 222; World War I and,
183-84. See also monastic communities; specific names and types of communities nobility: donations by, 61; Enlightenment and, 23; landholdings of, 314n4; literacy rates of, 123, 124; in Nizhnii Novgorod, 24; property rights of women in, 286n37; social and cultural predominance of, 12; women in convents from, 30, 119 North America, female monasticism in, 4, 5,9-10, 14 Novikov, Nikolai, 52 nuns: begging of, 25, 32, 39-40; from dissolved communities, 208, 351nl25; itinerant, 32, 298-99n31; nonstipendiary, 41,293n95; places available for, 38, 53, 75; sacralizing stories of, 99-101; stipendiary, 39-41, 292n84; training as nurses, 174, 335nl27. See also abbesses; convents; female Orthodox monasticism; specific convents October Manifesto (1905), 149-53 October Revolution (1917): Nizhnii Novgorod and, 185,187, 218; radical secularist goals of, 182, 211,213, 222; religious understandings of, 204; rural areas and, 203 Octobrists, 150-52, 154 OGPU (Unified State Political Administration), 207, 350nl07 Old Believers: conversion efforts, 26,103, 285n29; countering appeal of, 152; leadership of, 23; Nizhnii Novgorod as center for, 24, 103; as percentage of population, 312n89; public assertiveness of, 151,160; religious toleration and, 149, 154; women as, 58, 69, 297n23, 303n72. See also edinoverie Oranki Birthgiver of God icon, 105-8, 106/313n96, 344n52 Oranki Birthgiver of God Monastery, 106,166 orphans: donations for care of, 61; education for, 302n63; handicraft production by, 303n77; shelters for, 66, 70, 74,113, 129, 223; state decrees on, 34, 303n77 Orsi, Robert, 7,10, 86-87,136,
218 Ostrovoezerskii Trinity Monastery, 167, 168, 232t Panteleeva, Matrena, 69 parish clergy: education of daughters of, 72; Orthodox deaconesses and,
INDEX 177; in post-1905 political order, 153, 154; reform supported by, 37; roles of, 34-35, 289n63; Soviet policies toward, 192-93, 343n48; tension with monastic clergy, 130, 133, 139, 329n24 parish schools, 116,118,129,131, 155, 319n51,341n32 patriotism, 135,142, 146,154, 161-63, 184-85,217,219 patronage, 26, 29, 39, 60,144 peasants: Alexandrine reforms and, 114, 217; ascetic lives of, 16, 279n49; Bolshevik views of, 348n88; in convents, 41,47, 56, 76, 119-25, 137, 143-44, 243t; education for, 116,117,319n45; handicraft production by, 114-16; in informal women’s communities, 121, 143-44; landholdings of, 114, 314n4; literacy of, 123-25,143,318n39; as monastery recruits, 167-68; on monastic land, 19, 27-29, 33-38, 63, 129, 291n80, 300n45; in Nizhnii Novgorod, 24, 114-16; as Old Believers, 58,297n23; passport system for, 114, 315n5; penitential confinement at convents, 68, 69; religiosity of, 16, 17, 178, 278n45, 319n44; Russian Revolution and (1905), 149-50; as seasonal laborers, 114,115,278n46; seizure of monastic landholdings by, 150, 184-89; in urban areas, 122,135, 318n34. See also serfs and serfdom Penza Trinity Convent, 52-53, 215, 295n5 Perepletchikov, Fedor, 60-61 Peter I (Russia), 20-22, 33-37, 289n62 Peter III (Russia), 36 Petrovna, Aleksandra, 169 philanthropy. See charitable activities piety: of abbesses, 52, 141; active, 173-74, 285n28; ascetic, 17, 58, 99-101, 122, 159; contemplative, 174; of Convent of the Exaltation of the Cross, 98, 108, 142, 148; expressions of, 128; feminization of, 14-15; monastic reform and, 32; religious literature and, 124; teachers
of, 165 pilgrimages: commercialization of, 219; exposure to monastic life through, 121-22; gender differences in participation, 14, 16; growth of, 403 16, 164, 165, 217, 278n47, 317n31; sites for, 76, 104, 108, 135, 143, 166, 312n92 Pitirim (archbishop of Nizhnii Novgorod), 23, 25, 26, 285n29, 287n40 Pleshanov, Petr, 61, 299n33 Pletneva, A. A., 318n39 Potemkin, Grigorii, 37 Prelinger, Catherine, 295n9 Procession Convent: age of residents, 40, 240t; age when vows taken, 40, 241t; economic resources, 24-25; establishment of, 23; idiorrhythmic organization of, 25; marital status of residents, 242t; membership of, 284n27, 285n33; mergers involving, 12, 20, 38,40; previous residence of members, 40, 243t; St. Basil chapel at, 283nl9; social composition, 25-26, 40, 243t Profir’ev, Aleksei, 193 Prokopovich, Feofan, 21 propaganda: antireligious, 160,195, 199, 342n44, 349nl04; monastic community suppression and, 189, 192, 211; on women’s emancipation, 188, 188/203,211 property rights of women, 6, 28,30, 286n37 Protestantism: deaconesses and, 5, 11, 120, 214, 219; negative images of Catholic monasticism disseminated by, 35; in Nizhnii Novgorod, 103 Provisional Government, 184-85, 189, 338n9,339nl2, 341n32 Rapley, Elizabeth, 32, 288n47 religion: Bolsheviks on, 8, 182, 187-88, 188/ 211-12, 340n25, 351nl22; feminization of, 14-18, 277n37; gender differences in participation, 14-16, 277n38; lived, 93,305n5; merchants and, 60, 299n32; modernity, interactions with, 7-10, 20,168,181; Peter I on, 289n62; sacred spaces, 77-84,86, 97-99,103, 107, 180, 221; socialism and, 157, 206; toleration
of, 147,149-52, 154,182, 341n32; in village culture, 16, 122, 318n36. See also specific religions and denominations Rémond, René, 337n3 Renovationists, 200-201, 209-10, 347nn81-82
404 INDEX 187-95, 199-201,341n32; spiritual Resurrection Convent: economic elders in, 6,16-17, 58, 122,172, resources, 24-25; establishment of, 23; idiorrhythmic organization of, 273nl3, 276n30, 297-98n24; vitality 25; membership of, 284n27; mergers and adaptive capacity, 18, 280n60, involving, 20,38; social composition, 352n5; on womanhood, 1,17, 66-69, 102, 154, 220, 330n46. See also clergy; 25-26 icons; rituals rituals: aesthetic environment and, Russian Orthodox monasticism: 97-98; community formation and, apologists on, 131, 172-74; ascetic 93-98,105-6; convent life shaped by, 43,48,94-97,102; hierarchies ideal of, 33, 34; assessment prior to of authority reinforced by, 78, 108, World War 1,164-68,332n86, 332n88, 313nl00; Marian iconography and, 87, 332-33n94; criticisms of, 37, 130-31, 88, 93; shared Orthodox identity and, 169, 173, 200, 222,322n69; female 105-6, 108, 110; social and cultural life agency within, 49, 70-73, 215-16; feminization of, 15-18, 218; gendered influenced by, 26 rural areas: convents in, 2, 27,41, 76, dimensions of, 6-7,168-80, 333n97, 120, 143-44; literacy of women in, 123, 334nll5; historical trends, 2, 13-14, 124; monasteries in, 27, 29; October 228—29 271nl; Petrine legislation on, Revolution and, 203; population 33-35, 288-89n56; public attitudes growth in, 114; unprivileged groups toward, 37-38; reform efforts, 1-2, 17, from, 112, 119. See also peasants 19-23, 32-48, 290n70,294nl; revival Russia: Duma in, 150-52, 154, 328nl6; of, 2,11-12, 17, 142-46, 168, 214, February Revolution (1917), 183-85; 230—316 271nl. See also contemplative
liberation movement in, 150,160, ideal; female Orthodox monasticism; 326n8; literacy rates for women in, 123, male Orthodox monasticism 124, 319nn40-41; October Revolution Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905), 148, (1917), 182, 185, 187, 203-4, 211, 213, 162, 314nl07 218, 222. See also 1905 Revolution; sacralizing stories, 64, 98-102, 311n69 Imperial Russia; Muscovite Russia; Nizhnii Novgorod diocese; Provisional sacred spaces, 77-84,86, 97-99,103, 107, Government; Soviet Union 180, 221 St. Basil chapel (Procession Convent), Russian Orthodox Church: 1905 revolutionary changes and, 147-48, 283nl9 151-54; administrative structure, 35, St. George Convent. See Conception 37, 294nl06; blocking of legislation Convent opposed by, 151; calendar of, 26, St. Nicholas Convent, 38,47, 119,144, 88, 96-97, 310n63; celebrating 232t, 285-86n33, 293n95, 317n27 and upholding, 161-64; church Savior-Raevskii on the Keze River architecture, 81-83, 306nl8, 307n21; Convent, 237t, 287n40 Schmähling, Angelika, 292-93n92 deaconesses within, 168, 175-79, 337nl40; educational reform program, schools. See education secularization: Bolsheviks and, 188-89, 116, 315nl5; Enlightenment ideas and, 211; criminal penalties and, 302n66; of 22; as foundation of social and moral education, 22,116,129, 151, 189-92; order, 147-48; liturgical practices, modernization and, 7,20,22, 221, 222; 86-88, 92, 94-96, 310n54, 310n58; radical, 182, 187,189, 211-13, 222, parish management in, 16, 279n48; 351nl28; of revolutionary regimes, political influence of, 21, 290n70; 182, 337n3; socialism and, 205, 211; in resistance to
modernity, 220; schisms urban areas, 16 within, 24,32, 200-201; secular state Senyk, Sophia, 286n38 authority and, 20, 21, 281n6; shared separation of church and state, 189, identity in, 78, 105-6, 108, 110, 164, 195, 206 180, 219; social mission of, 129-30, Serafim (saint), 100, 102, 170, 333nl05 142; Soviet policies toward, 182,
INDEX Serafim-Diveevo Trinity Convent, 76, 120, 144, 207, 232i, 234—35 262t Serafim-Ponetaevka All-Sorrows Convent, 144, 204, 232t, 234—356 254t, 262t, 267t, 340n21,349nl00 serfs and serfdom: abolition of, 16-18,59, 112-14, 122; as convent residents, 40, 41, 243t; education for, 302n62; in Nizhnii Novgorod, 24, 60, 114; penitential confinement at convents, 69; as social institution, 12 Sergii (patriarch of Russian Orthodox Church), 201,207, 347n81 Shavel’skii, Georgii, 334nll7 Shevzov, Vera, 87, 89, 93, 278n45 Shilina, Tat’iana, 65 Silber, Ilana, 5 single women. See unmarried women Sisters of Mercy, 65, 155 Sizova, Neonila, 348n90 sketic monastic communities, 13-14, 210, 350nl21 Smirnov, Sergei, 171 Smolitsch, Igor, 122, 317n33 Sobolev, Vasilii, 141, 324-25nll4 social engagement: apologists on, 173-74, 321n64; of apostolic orders, 11, 15, 289n58, 345n64; contemplative ideal and, 67, 92, 131, 169-71, 179; by Convent of the Exaltation of the Cross, 64-70, 74, 92,128-34; criticisms of, 92, 171,179; forms of, 2, 134, 170; by informal women’s communities, 70; models for, 68-70, 92, 93, 172; by monastic clergy, 169; of Orthodox deaconesses, 175-79; promotion of, 74, 119, 334nll4; secular justifications for, 289n58 socialism: activism and, 148, 150, 183; criticisms of, 154,330n48; human nature and, 156-57; on marriage and family, 157; modernity and, 187; October Revolution and, 181; religion and, 157, 206; Renovationists on, 200; secularist, 205, 211; social unity undermined by, 158 Socialist Revolutionary Party, 150, 185, 186 Sofia (nun at Convent of the Exaltation of the Cross),
99-101, 335nll7 Sokolov, Aleksandr, 65 Sorokin, K. S., 101 405 Soviet Union: administrative structure, 191-92, 342n43; collapse of (1991), 222; famine (1921-1922), 199-200; monastic communities, policies toward, 1, 8, 182, 187-212, 341n32, 348n83; New Economic Policy, 199, 201-3, 212, 346n73; separation of church and state in, 189, 195, 206; welfare organizations, 191, 345n65. See also Bolsheviks; Nizhnii Novgorod diocese; Russia spiritual elders, 6,16-17, 58, 122, 172, 273nl3, 276n30, 297-98n24 Stepanova, Aleksandra, 57 Steshev, Iakov, 46 Strickland, John, 154, 162-63 subventions, 24-25, 28-30, 36, 38-39, 54, 63-64, 75 Sukharev, Mikhail, 136 Sumarokov, Pavel, 83 Taisiia (abbess of Leushino St.John the Forerunner Convent), 174, 178 Thomas, Marie, 284n27 Thompson, Margaret Susan, 15 Thyrêt, Isolde, 284-85n28 Tikhon (patriarch of Russian Orthodox Church), 199, 200, 207, 346n74 Tolstoi, Mikhail, 74 trade fairs: hosted by monastic communities, 28; as markets for Convent of the Exaltation of the Cross’s decorative work, 62; in Nizhnii Novgorod diocese, 59-62, 64-66, 75, 103, 108,135, 222; religious diversity at, 103; royal visits during, 108; seasonal laborers for, 114; solicitation of donations at, 60 Trinity-Sergius Monastery, 17, 169, 174, 230t, 286-87n39 Troitskii, Aleksandr, 96, 153, 155, 158-59, 161, 173-74, 178, 329n36 Trotsky, Leon, 199-200 Trzebiatowska, Marta, 215, 351nl Tsapina, Olga, 290n70 Tsimbaev, K. N., 163 Unified State Political Administration (OGPU), 207,350nl07 Union of the White Banner, 151, 153, 154, 329n27 unmarried women: in convents, 25, 40-41, 56-58,
74, 118, 120, 241—42
406 INDEX unmarried women (Continued) 244t, 247t; as Orthodox deaconesses, 175, 176; social support for, 92; vulnerability of, 115 urban areas: convents in, 2, 20, 27, 29-30,119-20,123,128; literacy of women in, 123, 124, 318nn38-39; peasant migration to, 122, 135, 318n34; secularization in, 16; socially segmented structure of, 12; unprivileged groups from, 56, 61, 112,119 Uspenskii, Vladimir, 175-77 widows: in convents, 25-26,30, 40-41, 47, 56, 240—42 244t, 247t, 292-93n92: donations made by, 60-61; lack of family support for, 287n45; literacy rates of, 123; as Orthodox deaconesses, 175, 176; social support for, 34, 92, 293n93 Wittberg, Patricia, 295n9 “woman question,” 117 women: agency within Russian Orthodox monasticism, 49, 70-73, 215-16; Bolsheviks on emancipation of, 188, 188/ 203, 211; charitable activities of, 16, 64-65, 70, 118,316-17n25; convents established by, 23, 28, 286n38; in cultural imagery, 14-17; domesticity and, 14, 302n63; donations to monastic communities, 28-29; education of, 65-67, 72, 116-18, 123-24, 128, 171, 176, 301n55, 301-2nn61-63, 319n45, 336nl37; empowerment of, 93, 214-16; femininity and, 14-15, 17; fulfillment of family obligations, 30, 287n44; ideals of womanhood, 1, 7,17, 66-69, 102, 154, 220,330n46; literacy of, 123, 124, 318-19nn38-41; occupations for, 67, 68,115,117-18,154,202, 219; as Old Believers, 58, 69, 297n23, 303n72; as Orthodox deaconesses, 168, 175-79,337nl40; penitential confinement at convents, 68-69, 287n43, 302nn66-67, 303nn72-73; property rights of, 6, 28, 30,286n37; as Protestant deaconesses, 5,11, 120, 214, 219; as
village ascetics, 122, 317n31. See also abbesses; female monasticism; gender; informal women’s communities; unmarried women; widows World War I (1914-1918), 166, 183-84, 314nl07 Veniamin (archbishop of Nizhnii Novgorod), 52,53, 79, 294nl Vera (abbess of Convent of the Exaltation of the Cross): birth of, 55, 296nl4; death of, 49, 70,75; donations solicited by, 60-62; informal women’s communities overseen by, 297n22; land grant petition, 63; managerial abilities of, 49,64,70, 300n48; pectoral cross awarded to, 92; on penitential confinement, 69, 303n72; portrait of, 51f reinterment of remains, 226; relationships with local bishops, 71-73; renovation of convent overseen by, 80; on royal visits, 109; sacralizing stories of, 100,101; school established by, 66, 67; social background, 55,128; social engagement of, 64-65; status elevation petition, 75 Vera II (abbess of Convent of the Exaltation of the Cross), 226 Vernadskaia, Mariia, 117 Virov All-Merciful Savior Convent, 171,179 virtuoso religious life, 5, 7, 10, 14, 18, 168,214,218 Vladimir (bishop of Nizhnii Novgorod), 133-34 Vuola, Elina, 216 Vvedenskii, Aleksei, 170-71, 179 Vyksa Iveron Convent, 144,191-92,204, 205, 233—345 236t, 254t, 262f, 267t, Zagarin, Aleksei, 136 340n21 Zakharova, Larissa, 113-14, 314n3 Zhivov, Victor, 22 Wanner, Catherine, 181 Zverinskii, V. V., 283nl9 wealth. See monastic wealth |
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Wagner, William G. 1950-2021 |
| author_GND | (DE-588)1341935604 |
| author_facet | Wagner, William G. 1950-2021 |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Wagner, William G. 1950-2021 |
| author_variant | w g w wg wgw |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV049807910 |
| contents | Monasticism, modernity, and women -- Origins -- Transformations -- Religious life, community, and cultural meanings -- Post-emancipation transformation and growth -- Upholding orthodoxy in troubled times -- Revolution and dissolution -- Monasticism, empowerment, and adaptation |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)1420510146 (DE-599)BVBBV049807910 |
| era | Geschichte 1800-1930 gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 1800-1930 |
| format | Book |
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| geographic | Nischni Nowgorod (DE-588)4021633-0 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Nischni Nowgorod |
| id | DE-604.BV049807910 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-12-06T13:07:35Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9781501775727 1501775723 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-035148368 |
| oclc_num | 1420510146 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 |
| physical | xxv, 406 Seiten Illustrationen, Karte 24 cm |
| psigel | BSB_NED_20241009 |
| publishDate | 2024 |
| publishDateSearch | 2024 |
| publishDateSort | 2024 |
| publisher | Northern Illinois University Press |
| record_format | marc |
| series2 | NIU series in orthodox Christian studies |
| spelling | Wagner, William G. 1950-2021 Verfasser (DE-588)1341935604 aut Orthodox sisters religion, community, and the challenge of modernity in imperial and early Soviet Russia William G. Wagner Ithaca [New York] ; London Northern Illinois University Press 2024 xxv, 406 Seiten Illustrationen, Karte 24 cm txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier NIU series in orthodox Christian studies Monasticism, modernity, and women -- Origins -- Transformations -- Religious life, community, and cultural meanings -- Post-emancipation transformation and growth -- Upholding orthodoxy in troubled times -- Revolution and dissolution -- Monasticism, empowerment, and adaptation "Focusing on the Convent of the Exaltation of the Cross and the other convents in Nizhnii Novgorod diocese more generally, this book demonstrates how, during the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, Russian Orthodox women built a new type of monastic community that transformed and helped to revitalize Russian Orthodox monasticism after its sharp contraction due to the state reforms of the eighteenth century"-- Russisch-Orthodoxe Kirche (DE-588)4051042-6 gnd rswk-swf Geschichte 1800-1930 gnd rswk-swf Frauenorden (DE-588)4123224-0 gnd rswk-swf Nischni Nowgorod (DE-588)4021633-0 gnd rswk-swf Orthodox Eastern monasticism and religious orders / Russia (Federation) / Nizhniĭ Novgorod / History / 19th century Orthodox Eastern monasticism and religious orders / Russia (Federation) / Nizhniĭ Novgorod / History / 20th century Monasticism and religious orders for women / Russia (Federation) / Nizhniĭ Novgorod / History / 19th century Monasticism and religious orders for women / Russia (Federation) / Nizhniĭ Novgorod / History / 20th century Monasticism and religious orders for women / Orthodox Eastern Church / History / 19th century Monasticism and religious orders for women / Orthodox Eastern Church / History / 20th century Monachisme et ordres religieux féminins / Église orthodoxe / Histoire / 19e siècle Monachisme et ordres religieux féminins / Église orthodoxe / Histoire / 20e siècle Monachisme et ordres religieux orthodoxes / Russie / Nižni Novgorod / Histoire / 19e siècle Monachisme et ordres religieux orthodoxes / Russie / Nižni Novgorod / Histoire / 20e siècle Monachisme et ordres religieux féminins / Russie / Nižni Novgorod / Histoire / 19e siècle Monachisme et ordres religieux féminins / Russie / Nižni Novgorod / Histoire / 20e siècle RELIGION / Christianity / Denominations Monasticism and religious orders for women Monasticism and religious orders for women / Orthodox Eastern Church Orthodox Eastern monasticism and religious orders Russia (Federation) / Nizhniĭ Novgorod / https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJmTqwrVm3XG33pjMGYtrq 1800-1999 History Nischni Nowgorod (DE-588)4021633-0 g Russisch-Orthodoxe Kirche (DE-588)4051042-6 b Frauenorden (DE-588)4123224-0 s Geschichte 1800-1930 z DE-604 Online version Wagner, William G., 1950-2021 Orthodox sisters Ithaca [New York] : Northern Illinois University Press, an imprint of Cornell University Press, 2024 9781501775734 Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=035148368&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=035148368&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Literaturverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=035148368&sequence=000005&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Register // Gemischte Register |
| spellingShingle | Wagner, William G. 1950-2021 Orthodox sisters religion, community, and the challenge of modernity in imperial and early Soviet Russia Monasticism, modernity, and women -- Origins -- Transformations -- Religious life, community, and cultural meanings -- Post-emancipation transformation and growth -- Upholding orthodoxy in troubled times -- Revolution and dissolution -- Monasticism, empowerment, and adaptation Russisch-Orthodoxe Kirche (DE-588)4051042-6 gnd Frauenorden (DE-588)4123224-0 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4051042-6 (DE-588)4123224-0 (DE-588)4021633-0 |
| title | Orthodox sisters religion, community, and the challenge of modernity in imperial and early Soviet Russia |
| title_auth | Orthodox sisters religion, community, and the challenge of modernity in imperial and early Soviet Russia |
| title_exact_search | Orthodox sisters religion, community, and the challenge of modernity in imperial and early Soviet Russia |
| title_full | Orthodox sisters religion, community, and the challenge of modernity in imperial and early Soviet Russia William G. Wagner |
| title_fullStr | Orthodox sisters religion, community, and the challenge of modernity in imperial and early Soviet Russia William G. Wagner |
| title_full_unstemmed | Orthodox sisters religion, community, and the challenge of modernity in imperial and early Soviet Russia William G. Wagner |
| title_short | Orthodox sisters |
| title_sort | orthodox sisters religion community and the challenge of modernity in imperial and early soviet russia |
| title_sub | religion, community, and the challenge of modernity in imperial and early Soviet Russia |
| topic | Russisch-Orthodoxe Kirche (DE-588)4051042-6 gnd Frauenorden (DE-588)4123224-0 gnd |
| topic_facet | Russisch-Orthodoxe Kirche Frauenorden Nischni Nowgorod |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=035148368&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=035148368&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=035148368&sequence=000005&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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