Internformat: The eastern international

The eastern international: Arabs, Central Asians, and Jews in the Soviet Union's anticolonial empire

"The Eastern International is a study of how the concept of "the East" was used by the world's first communist state and its mediators to organize space and to project, channel, and contest power across Eurasia. It is a story of how various intermediaries tried to shape the globa...

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1. Verfasser:	Kirasirova, Masha (VerfasserIn)
Format:	Buch
Sprache:	English
Veröffentlicht:	New York, NY Oxford University Press [2024]
Schriftenreihe:	Oxford studies in international history
Schlagworte:	Geschichte Geopolitik Juden Entkolonialisierung Osten > Motiv Antikolonialismus Naher Osten Mittelasien Sowjetunion Arabs / Soviet Union Central Asians / Soviet Union Jews / Soviet Union Soviet Union / Foreign relations / Middle East Soviet Union / Foreign relations / Asia, Central
Online-Zugang:	Inhaltsverzeichnis Literaturverzeichnis Register // Gemischte Register
Zusammenfassung:	"The Eastern International is a study of how the concept of "the East" was used by the world's first communist state and its mediators to organize space and to project, channel, and contest power across Eurasia. It is a story of how various intermediaries tried to shape the global conversation about decolonization in an effort to build support and win global legitimacy for the Soviet Union as an anti-colonial state power. They succeeded in this task because the ideas of anti-capitalism, anti-fascism, and liberation from colonial exploitation inspired so many around the world. Recontextualizing Soviet history within a global frame, my project shows how the USSR popularized critiques of capitalism, fascism, and colonialism through propaganda, education, cultural relations and later, through political and economic aid in international "Eastern" regions, as it all the while concealed other inequalities and forms of exploitation, including in its "domestic East." By telling these stories while concealing others, these mediators contributed to the marginalization of the Soviet Union from conversations about cultural and political decolonization happening in the Middle East and elsewhere. My book reinscribes Soviet history into postcolonial studies and global history"--
Beschreibung:	Literaturverzeichnis Seite [333]-362
Beschreibung:	viii, 401 Seiten Illustrationen, Karte
ISBN:	9780197685693 0197685692 9780197685709 0197685706

Internformat

MARC


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Datensatz im Suchindex

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adam_text	Contents Acknowledgments Introduction: The Eastern International in the Long Soviet Century vii 1 1. Anticolonial Dreams and the Territorialization of Soviet Power 23 2. A Bolshevik Laboratory for Revolution in the East 60 3. Arabization, Purges, and Terror 92 4. Muslim Tradition Forbids Reciting the Qur’an While Drunk 124 5. Decolonization and the Thaw 153 6. Scripting Central Asian Revolution for the Afro-Asian World 185 7. The Eastern International in an Age of Globalization 217 Conclusion 241 Notes Bibliography Index 249 333 363 Bibliography Interviews Guzal Alimova, December 3,2012 Georgy Derlugyan, September 1,2022 Timur Kaiumov, November 5,2022 Elias Khoury, May 7,2013 Malekeh Khuri, Skype, July 20,2020 Tatiana Olegovna Matroshilina, January 12,2022 Vitalii Naumkin, April 27,2013 Vladimir Gennad’evich Shubin, September 11,2020 Hoji Akbar Turajonzoda, July 20,2011 Khasanov Bakhtier Vakhapovich, May 5,2019 Alexei Vassiliev, April 19,2017 Archives Central State Archive of Uzbekistan (TsGA Uz) f. 837 (Council of Ministers), op. 38 f. 2574 (ShirinbaevPersonal File), op. 1 f. 2661 (UzSOD), op. 1 Russian State Archive of Literature and Art (RGALI) f. 2329 (Ministry of Culture of the USSR), op. 8 (information, notices) f. 2329, op. 9 (information, notices) f. 2679 (Personal file of Lev Kuleshov), op. 1 f. 2912 (Editors oilsskustvo kina'), op. 1 f. 2918 (SovExportFilms), op. 1 f. 2936 (OrgKomitet of Union of Cinematography Workers of USSR), op. 4 The Russian State Archive of Contemporary History (RGANI) RGANI f. 3 (Politburo Presidium), op. 62 RGANI f. 5 (Central Committee), op. 35 (Ideological Section) RGANI f. 5, op. 36 RGANI f. 5, op. 55 RGANI f. 5, op. 60 RGANI f. 5, op. 64 RGANI f. 81 (Suslovs Fond), op. 1 RGANI f. 89 (Communist Party on Trial), op. 55 334 BIBLIOGRAPHY The Russian State Archive of Socio-Political History (RGASPI) RGASPIf. 17, op. 128 RGASPI f. 61 (Turkestanskoe Büro TsK RKP(b)), op. 2 (Sovinterprop) RGASPI f. 82 (Molotov Personal File), op. 2 RGASPI f. 122 (Administration and Personal Affairs of Employees of the Central Executive Committee and Council of Peoples Commissars), op. 2 RGASPI f. 495 (Comintern Executive Committee), op. 20 (Secretariat of the ECO) RGASPI f. 495, op. 65a (Comintern Administrative Department Personal Files) RGASPI f. 495, op. 84 (Communist Party of Syria) RGASPI f. 495, op. 85 (Communist Party of Egypt) RGASPI f. 495, op. 154 (Eastern Section) RGASPI f. 495, op. 210 (Personal files of members of the Egyptian Communist Party) RGASPI f. 495, op. 212 (Personal files of members of the Palestine Communist Palestine) RGASPI f. 495, op. 232 (Personal files of members of the Communist Party of Lebanon) RGASPI f. 495, op. 258 (Communist Party of Syria-Lebanon) RGASPI f. 530 (Communist University for the Toilers of China), op. 4 (TsK VKP(b) Commission on Examining KUTK) RGASPI f. 532 (KUTV), op 1 (Foreign Sector of KUTV Operations) RGASPI f. 544 (Union for Propaganda and Action of the Peoples of the East), op. 4 (Turkburo) RGASPI f. m-1 (Komsomol Central Committee), op. 46 RGASPI f. m-3 (KMO USSR Committee of Youth Organizations), op. 8 (Council for the Affairs of Foreign Students) State Archive of Russian Federation (GARF) GARF f. A-539 (Commission of the Council of Ministers for Personal Pensions), op. 4 GARF f. 5283 (VOKS), op. 2a GARF f. 5283, op. 4 GARF f. 5283, op. 19 GARF f. 5402, op.l (Sovinterprop) GARF f. 6903 (Radio Committee), op. 24 GARF f. 7668 (TsIK’s Uchenyi Komitet), op. 1 GARF f. r-7868, op. 1, d. 2985 (Troianovskii's file) GARF f. 8581 (SovInformBuro), op. 1 GARF f. 9540 (SKSSAA), op. 1 Columbia University Bureau of Applied Social Research Periodicals al-Adab Agra rnye pro blemy Atlantic The Christian Science Monitor Ekran Foreign Policy Iskusstvo kino Izvestiia Izvestiia KUTVa Komsomol Uzbekistana Komsomoli Tajikistan BIBLIOGRAPHY 335 Moscow News Narody Azii i Afriki New Times Novyi Vostok Pravda Pravda Vostoka Revoliutsiia i natsional’nosti Revoliutsionnyi Vostok Sovremennyi Vostok al-Tariq al-thaqafa al-wataniyya Turkestanskii kommunist Variety Vestnik Akademii Nauk Kazakhskoi SSR Vestnik zhizni Washington Post Washington Institutefor Near East Policy Papers Zhizn natsional’nostei Secondary Sources Abu Hanna, Hanna. 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ABC of Communism (Bukharin), 60 Abdul-Malik, Anwar, 13 abortion, 85-86 Academy of Sciences, 26-27,36-38,66,140 “affective affinities,” 216 affirmative action beneficiaries of, 190-91 Comintern politics of, 113 decolonization through, 121-22 disadvantages of, 191 for Soviet Central Asia, 170-71 Soviet Eastern International as nexus of, 154-55 for underdeveloped peoples, 87-88 upward mobility, cost of, 232-33 “affirmative action empire,” 67,90 Afghanistan Communist coup, 251 n.32 Soviet Central Asians in, 228-29 Soviet invasion of, 16,228,2511.32 Soviet withdrawal from, 234 Taliban control in, 240 war in, 228 Africa China activity in, 188 decolonizing, 155,189 European imperial railroad projects in, 30 expansion of Soviet commitments in, 22 jihads and uprisings in, 266n. 188 nationalist liberation movements in, 207-8 students from, 169-70 trivialization, exoticization, and marginalization of, 183-84 Uzbek tourist trips to, 176-77 African activists, connection to anti imperial communities, 90-91 African countries, 189 African Cultural Society, 177-78 Afro-Asian cinema, revolutionary armed struggle as theme of, 186 Afro-Asian cinematic networks, 21 Afro-Asian contact zones, 155-56 Afro-Asian cultural events, Chinese pressure at, 198-99 Afro-Asian culture, 155-56 Afro-Asian Film Festival, 217-18,224 Afro-Asian Film Festival, 1958,196-98 Afro-Asian Film Festival, 1968,190,191, 195,208-11,216 Afro-Asian intellectuals and politicians, 178 Afro-Asian literary events, 151-52 Afro-Asian literature, 155 Afro-Asian networks, 247 Afro-Asian world culture influence on, 153 exchanges with, 156 institutionalized relations with, 183-84 Moscow’s concerns about, 20-21 Afro-Asian writers and filmmakers, 177-78 agricultural specialists, 93 Aimarov (Tawfiq Abdel Hafiz al-Hassan) as difficult case, 107 expulsion from KTUV, 92-93,107-9 factory assignment, 92, 93-94 Jews, attitude toward, 94-95 Kotelnikov, F., confrontation with, 109-10,116 Palestine, return to, 7-8,114-15 photo, 108/ Soviet Union, opportunity to come to, 94 364 INDEX Aitmatov, Chingiz, 205, 232-33, 239,241-42 Aitmatov, Torekul, 232-33 Ajia Gi Kai (Association for the Defense of Asia), 258—591.74 Akhmatova, Anna, 144 al-Amin, Hashim, 147 al-Arabi, Husni, 53-54, 56 al-Assad, Bashar, 236-37 al-Assad, Havez, 220,222, 225,246 Albania, rupture of Soviet influence in, 186-87 alcohol and traditional culture, fusions of, 82 Algeria provisional government, 177-78 right-wing coup in, 21 struggle in, 181 Algerian War, 153,188 al-Hilou, Farajallah [Farhalla al-Hilu], 120-21,131-32,147,157-58, 253Π.69, 295П.59 al-Hilu, Ridwan, 114-15,278-79n. 153 al-Hilu, YusufKhitar, 131-33 AlisherNavoi (film), 194-95 Allied Powers, 124-25 All-Russian Central Executive Committee, 35,65 All-Russian Scientific Association of Oriental Studies (VNAV), 9, 30,67-68 All-Soviet Institute of Cinematography (VGIK), 190—91 All-Union Communist Party, 102 All-Union structures, decentralization of, 182-83 al-Shamali, Fuad, 2531.69 Al-Siba’i, Yusuf, 153,196,245-46 alternative histories, suppression of, 119 alternative information, absence of, 146 alternative narratives, silencing of, 12,14,58 al-Za’im, Husni, 147 American imperialism, Jews as alleged agents of, 129 Americans, visits to Soviet Union, 124 American Society of African Culture (ANSAC), 182-83 American-style imperialism, 40-41 Americas, immigration to, 62-63 Andropov, Yuri, 225,229 Anglo-American postcolonial theory exchanges contributing to, 155-56 intellectual history of, 177-78 Soviet thought and experience contribution to, 13-14,244 Anglo-Iraqi agreement, 149 Anglo-Soviet Trade Agreement, 1921,49 Angola, Soviet-Cuban victory in, 224 anticapitalism, commitment to, 146-47 anticapitalist activists, global community of, 131-32 anticapitalist values, alternative future built on, 128 anticolonial activism, 125-26 anticolonial foreign policy, 3-4 anticolonial front of world revolution, 64-65 anticolonial humanism, 215 anticolonial integration friction, 16 anticolonial internationalism, 7-8,58-59 anticolonialism abroad, narratives about, 12 commitment to, 146-47, 185 in East, 88 Egypt and Palestine compared, 83-84 goals supporting, 222-23 Soviet anticolonial and imperial politics severed from, 3 Soviet commitments to, 214-15 Soviet Union as symbol of, 21,245 anticolonial liberation, 33 anticolonial movements, Soviet literary treatment of, 213-14 anticolonial nationalism, 7-8,181 anticolonial nationalist movements, 20 anticolonial nation-building, 95 anticolonial power, myth of Soviet Union as, 3 anticolonial revolution, 28,99 anticolonial state policy decisions of, 11 Soviet Union as, 12,14 strengthening, 9 anticommunism, 158 anticosmopolitan campaigns, 167 INDEX antidemocratic and antiliberal forces, confronting, 134-35 antifascism, 20,128,146-47 Anti-Fascist League, 133-34,135 Anti-Fascist League of Syria and Lebanon, 124-25 anti-imperialism American foundational myth of, 245 clash between differing visions of, 41-42 goals supporting, 222-23 shift toward emphasizing, 186 Soviet Union as symbol of, 21 anti-imperialist communities, 90-91 anti-imperialist foreign policy, 3-4 anti-imperialist front, 42 anti-imperialist propaganda, 42 anti-imperialist state, 3-4,14 anti-imperialist struggle in progress, 2 Soviet support for, 152 anti-materialism, 20 antiracism, 245 antiracist struggle, 152 anti-religious campaigns, 82 anti-Russian sentiment, restructuring unleashing, 166 anti-Semitism campaign against, 94 in late Soviet period, 227-28 postwar rise in, 128-29 during Russian civil war, 54 anti-Western internationalism, 8-9 anti-Westernism alternative future built on, 128 commitment to, 185 postwar rise of, 128-29 Soviet Union as symbol of, 20 “Appeal to All Toiling Muslims of Russia and the East” (Lenin and Stalin), 27,29 Arab activists, 131-32 Arab anti-imperialist struggle, 218 Arab communism, 14-15,127 Arab communist parties, 275П.101 Arab communists agency of, 13 Eastern International concept resilience illustrated by experiences of, 246-47 365 glasnost’ and perestroika resisted by, 246 memoirs, 253n.69 Moscow’s perspective echoed by, 120-21 plight of, 159 Soviet state representatives, confrontations with, 109-10 as Soviet Union intermediaries, 122-23 Turkestan as training ground for, 89 Arab countries, 52-53,181 Arab culture, 152 Arab filmmakers, 209 Arab films, importing and dubbing, 196 “Arabia,” references to, 267n.202 Arabic early childhood education in, 20-21 instruction in, 78, 79-80 language and culture, 80,116 translations into, 61,79-80 Arabic-language autobiographies, 78 Arabic literature, 27-28,246 Arabic-reading intellectuals, Russian influences on, 130 Arab intellectuals russocentrism, barriers to engagement with, 145 Soviet Union, perceptions of, 146 Soviet Union as symbol for, 128 Soviet Union significance to, 14546,148-49 Arab-Israeli conflict, 125-26 Arab-Israeli War, 1967,207-8 aftermath of, 218 buildup to, 222 defeat, 21, 208 Jewish orientalists after, 227-28 Soviet Union response to, 15152,189-90 Arab-Israeli War, 1973,223 “Arabistan” (term), 267n.2O2 Arabization calls for, 96,102 challenges of, 96-97 claims about, 122 hidden resistance to, 101-2 impact of, 96 implementing of, 121-22 perceived threats to, 113,114 struggle for, 103 366 INDEX interpretive mistakes, consequences for making, 81 Arab-Jewish relations, 99 Jewish teachers, accusations Arab-Jewish tensions, 93-94 against, 122 Arab Jews at KUTV, 103 Arab territories, British and French Arab lands, 94-95 expansion into, 19 Arab left Arab unity, 7-8,94-95 disillusionment of, 245-47 Arab world histories of, 13,14-15, 247 Bolshevik Revolution and, 54 Palestine partition, split over Soviet Comintern politics regarding, 119-20 Eastern International collapse impact support of, 151-52 Arab Marxists, 13-14 on,245-46 Arab Middle East, Soviet power mediators educational opportunities in, 170 in, 118 enthusiasm about, 178-79 Arab nationalism, 21,207-8 fascism, attitudes concerning, 132 Arabness interest in, 52 conversations about, 76 Muslim visitors from, 82 as divisive concept, 119-20 remoteness of, 160 political ideas of, 75-76 Soviet collapse impact on, 245-46 Arab parties, 122 Soviet knowledge, limited Arab provinces under Ottoman concerning, 151 rule, 75-76 Soviet power reconfigured in relation Arab publications and writers, 148-49 to, 155 Arab radicalism, 14-15 Soviet relations with, 53, 149-50 Arab Revolt, 100-1,109,113-14 and Soviet Union, cultural relations Arabs with, 149-50 as category, 75-76 term, 17 education opportunities versus as terra incognita, 52-53 Jews, 102 Uzbek cultural representatives enemies of, 246 in, 176-77 families in USSR, 88 Arafat, Yasir, 225, 227 history interpretation acknowledging archaism, popularizing, 143 role of, 243 Armenia land losses, 109 earthquake in, 229 in Mesopotamia, 266n.l85 immigration to, 140 Soviet response to 1967 war criticized Russian power asserted in postby, 207-8 Soviet, 236 Soviet state support for, 150-51 Armenian-Azeri conflict, 230-31 Arab Socialist Union, 158-59 Armenians, 122,140 art Arab solidarities, 76 Arab-Soviet ties, 22 Eastern Revolution in, 43-46,43/, 44f 45/ Arab state, intellectual freedom versus, in student assignments, 76 Asia 302П.143 Arab states as modernization and as category, 4 development agents, 181 decolonizing, 155 European imperial railroad Arab students projects in, 30 at Institute for National-Colonial expansion of Soviet commitments in, 22 Problems, 115 Arab-Jewish brotherhood, 98-99 Arab-Jewish conflict, 97-98 INDEX ideas of, 10 nationalist liberation movements in, 207-8 Russian overreach in, 30 Russia’s geopolitical impact on, 6-7 and Soviet East, relationship between, 89 students from, 169-70 trading opportunities beyond, 62-63 Uzbek tourist trips to, 176-77 “Asia for Asians,” 34-35 Asian activists, 90-91 Asian countries, 189 Asianism as movement, 19 Asian societies and cultures, threats to, 258—591.74 Asian universalisms, 34-35 Asiatic categories, Bolshevik codifying of, 6 “Asiatic mode of production” (AMP) (concept), 10,100 Asiatic Museum, 27-28 “Asiatic Russia” (term), 4 “Asiatic social order” (concept), 10 assimilation, processes of, 95 Atasi, Nureddin, 190,207 atheism, 82,232-33 “attraction,” inward-focused model of, 68-69 Auerbach, Haim (Abu Za'im), 54-55,56, 98-99,102,106 Austria, 133,264n.l64 autobiographies, student, 78 autonomous politics, 127-28 Avigdor (Yehiel Kosoi; Constantine Weiss) accusations against, 113,114 as Arab Circle leader, 102,104-5 arrest and execution, 84-85,113-14 Comintern, dealings with, 83 Egypt, activities in, 83-84 persons reprimanded or expelled by, 114-15 replacement as Arab Circle leader, 106 Rosenthal, C. meeting of, 84 Turkestan as training ground for, 89 Ayyad, Kamil Communist Party membership not noted for, 2981.82 Kari-Yakubov, M.’s behavior critiqued by, 140,143 367 organization memberships, 135 Society of Friendship with the Soviet Union dissolved by, 148 Soviet Union, visit to, 124-25,137-38 after Soviet Union visit, 148 Soviet writers, contact with, 144 writings, 132-33 Azerbaijan, post-Soviet, 236 Azerbaijan, Soviet republic of, 42, 140,230-31 Azerbaijani poets, 118 Azimov, Suleiman, 179-80 Azuri, Najib, 100-1 Ba'athist regime, 158-59 Baath Party, 222 Babakhanov, Ziauddin, 180 “backwardness, rhetoric of,” 78-79,86 Baghdad Pact, 159-61 Bakdash, Khalid, 112-13,114-15 Al-Hilu, E, campaign against, 302П.139 Arab nationality assumed by, 7-8 communist situation investigation ordered by, 157-58 Gorbachev, Μ. criticized by, 246 Hanna, G., suspicions toward, 138 memoirs, 253n.69 proletarian support, challenges of building cited by, 127 “revolutionary democracy” theory criticized by, 158-59 Stalinist leadership style, 188 Syrian Communist Party leadership, 222 Tashkent, visit to, 119-20 translations done by, 131-32 Turkestan as training ground for, 89 Baku Bolsheviks’ tenuous grip on, 38 Comintern message at, 47 visits to, 107-9 Baku Congress for the Peoples of the East, 1920, 67-68 Balfour Declaration, 89-90 Bandung Conference, 1955,153,161, 162,185 Baranov, Leonid, 138 Bassin, Mark, 4,238 368 INDEX The Battle ofAlgiers (film), 215 Before Dawn (film), 193-94 Beirut, 135-36 Belgian Congo, 188 Bella, Ben, 188-89 Berezka ensemble, 174-76 Berger, Joseph arrest and rehabilitation, 112,113 Jews in purges recalled by, 117 as KUTV Arab Section leader, 106-7 as PCP leader, 97 persons reprimanded or expelled by, 114-15 Safarov, G., attitude toward, 97-98 student complaints against, 109-10 Beria, Lavrentiy, 114-15,166,167 Berlin Bureau. See Comintern Western Bureau Berlin Wall, collapse of, 229,230-31 Bilad al-Sham, 62-63,97 bilateral exchange agreements, 174-75 Biran (Uzbek opera), 146 Birobidzhan region, 95,110 Black Americans, 182 anticolonial activists, 183-84 communists, 67-68 leaders, 161-62 performers abroad, 215-16 visitors, 217-18 Blue Book (Siniaia kniga) (Troianovskii), 31/ Blunt, Wilfrid Scawen, 29 Bolshevik ideology, 71 Bolshevik Revolution anticolonial movements and, 213-14 and Arab world, 54 as global anticolonial event, 58 historical change through, 16 life before and after compared, 138 spread to East, 32-33 Bolshevik revolutionary movement, Jews in, 17-18 Bolsheviks challenges faced by, 38 cultural front as focus of, 64-65 global politics as approached by, 23 self-determination, position on, 66-67 “Bolshevik speak,” 87-88,104 Bolshevism, assimilation of Jews through, 54 borderlands, party structures in, 122 border-making, political and ideological, 88-89 borders, importance of, 9 Bosnia-Herzegovina, 32 bourgeois nationalism, struggle against, 169 bourgeois order, anticolonial critiques of, 38-39 Braginskii, Joseph, 80-81 Brest-Litovsk, Treaty of, 23-24, 5758,230-31 Brezhnev, Mikhail ascent of, 173 communist movement recentering by, 188 competition with West under, 6 1967 war, response to, 207-8 political elites under, 242 Tashkent, visit to, 206-7 Third World interventions under, 229 youth disaffection during time of, 212-13 Brezhnev doctrine, 228 Britain France relations with, 125-26 power, decline of, 160-61 Soviet Union relations with, 47,49,53 British and French mandates anticolonial nationalist movements in regions under, 20 employment, seeking under, 131-32 British empire, 53-54,152 British imperialism, Jews as alleged agents of, 129 British imperialist provocation, 97 British Middle Eastern command, 254n.80 Broido, Grigorii antireligious instruction by, 82 Hamdi, predictions concerning, 80 at KTUV, 65-66,70-71 NKID Turkestan office directed by, 39-40 Rafes, Μ., disagreement with, 71-72 Sovinterprop appointments made by, 42 student recruitment critiqued by, 83 INDEX at Sverdlov University, 65 in Tajikistan, 105 Turkestan, hopes for, 89 Bronze Horseman statue, 125/ “build a world after empire” (term), 3 Bukhara “liberation” of, 48 population, addressing, 49 as protectorate, 5-6 Red Army in, 48 Bukharan communist party, 49-50 Bukharan Peoples Soviet Republic, 4142,48-49 Bukharan Revolutionary Committee, 264n,161 Bukharin, Nikolai associations with, 162 Berger, J. relations with, 106 case against, 167-68 German influences on, 31-32 writings, 28,60 Bund (secular Jewish party) dissolution of, 267П.199 former membership in, 117 joining, 54 members of, 71-72 politics of, 88 Buraq (Wailing Wall), Jerusalem, 97 Burkhanov, Shukur, 210 Bush, George H. W., 234 cadres creating, 65-66 lack of, 50-51 overlap of, 67 preparing, 65 recruitment of, 26-27,42 Cameroon, 188 capitalism critiques of, 2-3,131-32 metaphors of, 16 opposition to, 16 capitalist imperialism, collapse of, 74 capitalist West, 151-52 Carr, E. H., 267n.211 castes and estates, abolishing system of, 33 Castro, Fidel, 187 Catherine the Great, 24,30 369 Caucasian Muslims, 110 Caucasians, 182 Caucasus attitudes concerning, 140 autonomy, status of, 90-91 cinema industry in, 205-6,209-10 dramatic depictions of colonial life in, 74 historic friendship with Russians in, 119 impressions of people from, 74-75 liberation of Soviet, 10 migrants from, 217 Muslims communists in, 57-58 oriental studies centers in, 172 republics, assignment of, 174 Russian conquest of, 3,5-6 Soviet East representatives in, 119 territorial conquests in, 5 Central Asia. See also Soviet Central Asia autonomy, status of, 90-91 cinema industry in, 205-6, 209-10 civil war in, 121-22 competing plans for, 38-39 concerns about, 34-35 cultural and intellectual decolonization, exclusion from conversations about, 216 delimitation of, 68,69,87 descriptions of, 146 Eastern Mediterranean, connection to, 17 educational opportunities in, 170 events in, advocating for, 182-83 gender and family norms in, 11 impressions of people from, 74-75 India ties to, 164 information, limited about, 146 intellectual life in, 212-13 irrigation systems and canals in, 139-40 as liability, 233-34,235 liberation of Soviet, 10 migrants from, 217 as model of development, 213 narratives of, 144-45 oriental studies centers in, 172 as part of Middle East, 254n.8O as pivotal point of Eurasia, 258n.62 redefinition of, 151 370 INDEX Central Asia (cont.) “Red Man’s Burden” in, 35-36 Russian colonialism in, 199-200 Russian conquest of, 3, 14 Russian ignorance concerning, 213-14 Russian incorporation of, 167 Russian position, strengthening in, 240 Russian power in, narrative about, 120-21 Soviet diplomacy and culture measures in, 190 Sovietization of, 21, 204-5, 213-14 as Soviet modernization showcase, 170-71 Soviet party-state’s history in, 121 Soviet power reconfigured in relation to, 155 Soviet rule in, 211 as space for exiles, 105-6 status of, 5-6 territorial conquests in, 5 territorial delineation of, 167-68 territories, redistribution of, 58 Turkic-, Persian- and Arabic-speaking regions, historical connections to, 20-21 Western delineation of, 254n.80 Central Asian artists, 183-84,216 Central Asian Bureau, 49-50,185-86, 205-6,310-1 ln.134 Central Asian communists, 165-66 Central Asian economic council, 185-86 Central Asian history ideological terrain of, 195 introduction to, 209-10 parameters of, 183-84,186 Soviet context of, 247 Soviet Eastern International approach to, 215 Central Asian leaders, 181-82 Central Asian music, 110-11 Central Asian Muslims, 110,181-82 Central Asian national cultures, 119 Central Asian orientalists, 246-47 Central Asian politicians, 182-83 Central Asian republics assignment of, 174 competitive relationship between, 172 confusion over, 164 economic and cultural modernization of, 182-83 India, Uzbekistan, and other, historic connections between, 163-64 Turkestan refashioned into, 88-89 visitors, 180 Central Asian Revolt, 1916,38,105-6 Central Asian revolution, films about, 210,216 Central Asians economic and national-building goals for, 169-70 history interpretation acknowledging role of, 243 modernization of, 198 zagranitsa (imaginary elsewhere), familiar, creating for, 181 Central Asian states, post-Soviet, 235,241-42 Central Europe, Soviet retreat from, 329n.93 Central European Jews, 32 Chechnya, 235-36,237 Chiang Kai-shek, 81,94 Chicherin, Georgy, 47-48,53-54,58,66 China access, increased to, 181 anti-imperialist struggle in, 2 antisocialist dictatorship in, 81 Cultural Revolution, 189,222 dramatic depictions of colonial life in, 74 economic connections with, 241-42 enthusiasm about, 178-79 friendship, overtures to, 174 internationalisms promoted by, 214-15 preconditions for revolution in, 30-31 setback, 1927,100 Soviet anticolonial legitimacy challenged by, 173-74,182-83,186-87 Soviet competition with, 21,185,18889, 224 Soviet response to 1967 war criticized by, 207-8 Soviet revisionism, views on, 156-57 trade in, 62-63 Western ways and imperialism rejected in, 52 INDEX Chinese Communist Party, 156-57,188 Chinese communists, 81 Christian and Jewish womens experiences compared, 86-87 Christian visitors to Soviet Union, 137 cinema industry, Soviet, 190-206 civil rights, global movement for, 183-84 civil rights movement (U.S.). See US civil rights movement Clark, Katerina, 9,121 class struggle, 81,110 "coerced legitimacy,” 252n.53 Cold War alliances dividing world into, 161 climate of distrust, 124-25 competition, 185 Eastern Mediterranean during, 17 Eastern Mediterranean/Eurasia connections predating, 130 economic competition in, 233 enemies, Soviet political stability against, 181 ideological pressures, 146-47 intelligentsia responsibility in, 169 international and domestic politics severed during, 183-84 internationalisms of, 246-47 Soviet legitimacy, threats to during, 166 tropes, Russian invoking of, 236-37 Cold War exceptionalism, 8 colonialism corrupt system of, legacies of, 86 critiques of, 2-3,13-14,131 demise of, 161 historicizing circulation of ideas about, 244 interpretation of, 280n.l80 khans as agents of, 120-21 masses liberated from, 181 socialism in contrast to, 154-55 Soviet anticolonial and imperial politics severed from, 3 struggle against, 132-33,215 as system of racial difference, 215 colonial metropolises, 245 colonial modernity, 64 colonization, arguments for, 280П.180 colonized world, policy toward, 96 371 The Color Curtain (Wright), 161 Cominform Comintern compared to, 126 dissolution of, 156-57 Partisans of Peace movement launched by, 148 Comintern Arabization, calls for, 102 Arab world, new approaches to, 119-20 colonized and decolonizing world, approach to, 94 colonized world, policy toward, 96 communist parties admitted to, 111 Congresses, 46 dissolution of, 126,135-36,138-39 Egyptian Communist Party acceptance into, 53-54 ethicized vision of politics, 96 interests of, 53 Jewish socialist network role in forging, 84 Ministry of Foreign Affairs, tensions with, 158 nation-state internationalism role in structuring membership in, 7-8 opportunities provided by, 64 organizational-propagandist efforts by, 36-38 Popular Front strategy embraced by, 132 priority shift, 49-50 radio technology used by, 266n. 185 resource limitations, 109-10 term, 64 women not supported by, 86 working-class and peasant people, recruitment of, 94 Comintern-affiliated parties, purges in, 14-15 Comintern Eastern Section, 49-50,52-53, 76-77,97-98,99 Jews in, 117 purges throughout, 111-12 Comintern Executive Committee (ECCI), 43-45 Comintern Near East Section, 19, 24,94-95 Comintern networks, expansion of, 62 Cominterns, transnational world of, 8-9 372 INDEX Comintern Western Bureau, 51-52 Commissariat of the Enlightenment (Narkompros), 27 Committee for the Study of Central and Eastern Asia, 27 Commonwealth of Independent States, 235 communication, nationalizing forms of, 33 communism Arab commitments to and disappointments with, 121 Arabizing, 113 attraction to, 131 containment of, 154 conversions to, 78 growth of, 127 pressures pushing young people to, 92-93 Communist Academy, 36-38,59 Communist everyday culture, 82 Communist Manifesto, 131-32 communist parties Arabizing, 96 Chinese Communist Party, attitudes toward, 188 Comintern, requirements for joining, 58-59 communist parties in Syria and Lebanon (CPSL) Arabization impact on, 96 ethnic implications for, 96 headquarters, attacks on, 148 Jews in, 94-95 leaders of, 57-58 membership, 134-35,292n.l0 organizing, 55-56 support for, 138-39 Communist Party of the Soviet Union, International Department, 126 Communist Party of Turkestan, 40-41 communist revolutions, failed, 42 communists antifascist causes supported by, 12627,132-33 labor union organization and protests supported by, 131-32 pan-Arab state policy toward domestic, 153 Zionist and imperialist influence on, 101-2 communist studies, marginalization of, 16 communist sympathizers, European and Israeli concerns about, 127 competition, monopolies replaced by free, 33 construction workers, student contact with, 93 cosmopolitanism between Central Asian and Afro-Asian artists, 183-84 Soviet treatment of, 144-45 cosmopolitan literary and artistic scenes, 245 Cossack peasants, 97-98 cotton production, 170,241-42 Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (COMECON), 156-57 Crescent Pact, 148 cross-border military interventions, 2511.32 cross-border rebellions, potential of, 110 Cuba, Soviet withdrawal from, 234 Cuba Missile Crisis, 1962,187 Cubans, Soviet response to 1967 war criticized by, 207-8 cultural assimilation, limits of, 71-72, 88,89-90 cultural autonomy, 130-31 cultural backwardness, rhetoric of, 276n.l2I cultural differences, 76 cultural doctrine, postwar, 128-29 cultural exchange networks, 159-60 cultural exchanges, 174-80 cultural hybridization, 245 cultural nationalism, 144-45 cultural politics, late Stalin-era, 128-29 cultural regulations, loosening of, 155 cultural repressions, 145-46,151 Cultural Revolution (China), 189,222 cultural sector, repressions in, 144 culture alternative approach to, 131 concept, 130 of debate, 100-1 Eastern, abstract, 151 Eurocentric conception of, 155 struggle for survival of, 145-46 INDEX Czechoslovakia Soviet invasion of, 189,208,228 Soviet Union agreements with, 264П.164 Dakrub, Muhammad, 150-51 Damascus, 135-36 Danilevskii, Nikolai, 130 Darwinism, 33 Dawn over Asia (later Storm over Asia) (film), 201-5,210 A Day Lasts a Thousand Years (Aitmatov), 232-33 Death of the Black Consul (film), 194/, 211,212 decolonization academic and cultural events highlighting, 241-42 acceleration of, 185 anticommunism in era of, 158 conversations about, disconnected, 215 culture and film, state support in process of, 208 expulsions in process of, 97-98 global intellectual history of, 244-45 goals supporting, 222-23 historicizing circulation of ideas about, 244 intellectual histories of, 247 international relations shift due to, 151 international voices on, 188 participants in project of, 90-91 postwar, 126 Soviet Easterner support for, 181-82 decolonizing revolutionary regimes, Soviet anticolonial legitimacy challenged by, 173-74 decolonizing world accommodating, 216 Soviet Union relationship with, 124,180 “defensive” expansionism, 10,160 delegations, exchanges of, 159 democracy political, economic, and civil rights as part of, 183-84 racial politics versus ideology of, 154 373 Soviet, 144-45 Western-style liberal, 238 depression, 92-93,131-32 de-Stalinization curtailing of, 200-1 of domestic nationalities policies, 165-66 global decolonization contemporaneous with, 181 ideological and institutional, 155 transregional intellectual world during, 149-50 Uzbek nationalism, shepherding through, 167 Dimanshtein, Semen, 264-65n.l70 Dimitrov, Georgi, 78-79,112-13,116 divorce, 83,85-86 Djagalov, Rossen, 13-14,155,213-14,244, 324n.l86,330П.103 dogola (term), 48-49 domestic and foreign Easterners distinction between, 73 education and curricula compared, 82,110-11 encounters between, 177 relations between, 75 domestic and foreign Easts blurring of, 93 conflicts of interest between, 221 connections, challenges of sustaining, 186,218 connections, expanding between, 181 connections across, 216 cultural encounters between, 151 decolonization unfolding across, 215 distinction between, 9,88-89,90 entanglements of, 93-94 geopolitical borders between, 121 integration between, 68 Soviet communism role in bringing together, 152 Soviet connection between, 7-8 Soviet politics of history, questioning regarding, 231 Soviet power anticolonial legitimacy, protecting across, 241 domestic and international priorities, intersection of, 3-4 374 INDEX domestic East accomplishments of, 144-45 adapting of, 122-23 as barometer, 181 composition of, 10 as drain on Russian resources, 22 emphasis placed on, 90-91 empire-positive integrative history projected to, 202 faux pas concerning, 164 as foreign East model, 121-22 Friendship of the Peoples slogan meaning in, 217 hubs developed in, 8-9 intermediaries representing, 119 international relations shaped by ideas about, 121 liberating, 66-67 media export, 224 as model for foreign East, 128,17475,186 as model for foreign Easterners, 20-21 Muslim treatment in, 154 national cultures of, 118 people specializing in, 111 representatives of, opportunities for, 142-43 revolution in, 58 Soviet Central Asia as, 243 Sovietization of, 2 Soviet perspectives on, 74 Soviet political controls, tightening over, 199-200 Soviet references to, 5-6 wartime interest in, 296n.62 domestic Easterners exoticizing and feminizing, 75 foreign student interactions with, 82 racial prejudice against, 233-34 role of, 13 domestic Eastern migrants, racism and resentment of, 22 domestic inequality, 154 domestic nationalism, 185 domestic socialist construction, 156 drama performances (at KUTV), 73-74, 119,140-42 Du Bois, W. E. B„ 148-49, 154, 312n.l56, 314П.185 Dugin, Aleksandr, 238-39 Dwidar, Muhamad, 102-3 East ancient history of, 70-71 anti-colonial revolution in, 19,46,57 anti-imperialist revolution in, 19 Asia term used interchangeably with, 4 Bolshevik activity in, 25-26 Bolshevik ideology relationship to, 71 category, functions of, 243 as category, 7,14,87, 90-91,243,244 communism in, 126-27 concept, 2-3 depictions, critiques of, 76 homogenizing assumptions about, 88 as ideological abstraction, 128 immigration from, 250n.22 knowledge about, increasing, 171—72 “living space” in, 56 mission to liberate, 38-39 perceptions of, 67-68,80-81 porousness of idea of, 121 priority shift to, 42 reduced emphasis on, 49-50 revolutionary knowledge for, 61 Soviet definition of, 9 Soviet interest, decline in, 20 symbolism of, 237 term usage, 25-26 women of, 11 world influence predicted for, 171,181 East, revolution in concept used by different groups, 57-58 future of, 40-41 porous space of, 87 revolution spread to East, 24,56-57 Soviet institutionalization of, 80-81 world revolution, 56 The East and Revolution (Troianovskii), 30-31,40-41 East Asia China efforts to undermine Soviet Union in, 187 territorial conquests in, 5 in World War II, 134 INDEX Eastern Bukhara, 265η.171 Eastern culture, laboratory for, 64-65 Easterners as category, 29 definition and overview of, 1-2 Soviet orientalist attitudes toward, 80 Eastern Europe allies, cultural relations with, 136-37 national protest movements in, 214-15 Sovietization, resistance in, 166 Soviet retreat from, 329n.93 Eastern front strategy, 26-27 Eastern intermediaries, Soviet anticolonialism and antiracism, global showcased by, 245 overview of, 11-13 Eastern International networks, 61-62 Easternization versus Sovietization, 71 Eastern Mediterranean border-making in, 88-89 Central Asia, connection to, 17 enduring interest in, 18 Eurasia, cultural connections with, 130 investments in, 20-21 migration to, 17 Russian presence in, 236-37 schools set up in, 88 students from, 64 in World War II, 20 Easternness privileges of, 192 sense of belonging versus, 294n.37 Soviet assumptions about, 78-79,80 Eastern otherness, 12 Eastern peoples, 58 Eastern politics, 70,243 Eastern Question, 34-35, 53-54 Eastern revolution imagining, 30-31,52 party-state maps of, 172 The East in the Light ofRevolution (Troianovskii), 30-31,31/ Easts. See also domestic and foreign Easts borders between, 10 persistence of two, 12,20-21 Easts, connections between activation of, 21 Eastern International and, 217 375 institutions involved in, 217 more emotive, less historically grounded, facilitating of, 22 reconnection of, 116-17 reimagining of, 246 superficial nature of, 216 East-West divide continued acceptance of, 181 enduring nature of, 6 Eurocentric notion of, 87-88 as existential gulf, 164-65 imperial period challenging of, 5 Soviet internationalism role in transcending, 118 Soviet orientalist view of, 80 East-West duality, conversations about, 34-35 East-West worldview, 64-65 economic determinism, 23 economic development, stages of, 10 economic hardship, internationalist solutions to problem of, 64 economic injustice, perceptions of, 233 education (term), 64-65 educational opportunities, expansion of, 169-71 Egypt anti-imperialist struggle in, 2 Comintern focus on, 83-84 economic conditions, 62-63, 245-46 emergence of, 153 ethnic groups in, 122 nationalist movement in, 88-89 references to, 17 revolution, 1952,157-58,196 Soviet Union, relations with, 5354,151-52 Soviet weapons supplied to, 207-8 strategic significance of, 52 uprisings in, 62 Egyptian Communist Party acceptance into Comintern, 53-54 dissolution of, 158-59 divisions within, 96 ethnic implications for, 96 membership in, 60 members ousted from, 84-85 Russian Jews in, 94-95 376 INDEX Egyptian communists, sacrificing, 157-58 Egyptian student and Palestinian editor, dispute between, 76 Egypt-Israel peace treaty, 1979, 226 Ehrenburg, Ilya, 134-35,137-38, 144, 148-49,155 Eisenhower Doctrine, 159-60 Eisenstein, Sergei, 73-74,203-4, 210-11, 212-13,216 electrical manufacturing plant, work at, 107-9 Eliava [Elieva], Shalva, 40-42 elites integration into Soviet order, 170 purges of, 117 Emigrant (film), 192-93 empire legacies of, 240 promoting critiques of, 244 Soviet Union as, 4-5,14 suppressing histories and ideologies of, 245 transformation of, 3 worldmaking after, 150-51 empires post-Soviet views of, 4-5 territorializing logic of, 58-59 engineers, education and training of, 93 enlightenment (term), 64-65 Ethiopia Italian invasion of, 133 Soviet military aid to, 224 ethnic conflict, korenizatsiia contribution to, 103-4 ethnic difference, 67,152 ethnic groups, national cultures of, 118 efhnonational boxes, world divided into, 121 Euphrates Dam, 221 Eurasia Central Asia as pivotal point of, 258n.62 concept of, 240 Eastern Mediterranean, cultural connections with, 130 new borders in, 23-24 term, 67-68,238-39 Eurasian Customs Union, 238 Eurasian dynamics, regional, 31-32 Eurasian Economic Union, 238 Eurasian geopolitics, 240 Eurasian history, analysis of, 250n.29 Eurasian New World Order, 238-39 Eurasian transcontinental bloc, 56 Eurasia Party, 239 Eurocentric assumption of world binary' division, 87-88 Eurocentric conception of culture, 155 Eurocentric view of history, East-West divide and, 6 Europe moral authority; critiques of, 34 Russian Jewish immigration to, 54 security'in, 126 Soviet competition with, 233 Soviet relations with, 229-30 in World War II, 134 European categories, Bolshevik codifying of, 6 European imperial rule, legacy of, 34-35 European intellectuals, visits to Soviet Union, 124-25,152 European New Left, 215 European oppression, mocking symbols of, 74 European racial categories, 34-35 exploitation (term translated), 277П.140 factories, internships in, 93 factory work, 92,107-9 Faiziev, Latif, 196-97 Fakhuri, ‘Umar, 135-36,149-50 family, official attitudes toward, 85-86 famine, 1946-1947,124 fascism Arab world attitudes concerning, 132 critiques of, 2-3 culture triumph against, 145 opposition to, 16 in Spain, 133 struggle against, 132-33 war against, 145-46 fascist imperialism, 132 federalism, 258n.67 film, reaching non-Western audiences through, 21 film industry, Soviet, 190-206, 20812,217-18 INDEX Finland, 38,115 First Five-Year Plan, 72, 78,93,94 First Teacher (film), 205 folklore, indigenous, molding, 144 food access, 40 food supply chains, destruction of, 38 foreign communists, exile of, 20 foreign East composition of, 10 and domestic East (see domestic and foreign Easts) domestic East as model for, 121-22, 128,174-75,186 domestic East media export to, 224 domestic models used to understand, 98-99 revolution in, 58 Soviet aid-seekers in, 234 Soviet anticolonialism displayed to, 202 Soviet Central Asia as model for, 11920,165 Soviet Union intermediaries to, 122-23 Tashkent visitors from, 177 foreign Easterners domestic East as model for, 20-21 economic and national-building goals for, 169-70 foreign Eastern students, cultural Sovietization of, 83 foreigners, repatriation of, 114-15 foreign language publishing, 116 foreign rule, collective liberation from, 153 The Foundations of Geopolitics (Dugin), 238-39 France Britain relations with, 125-26 communist parties dissolved by, 126-27 fall to Nazi Germany, 133-34 Popular Front government in, 133 power, decline of, 160-61 French colonialism, 132 French empire, colonial brutality under, 53-54 Friendship of Peoples, 118,121,217 From under the Vaults of the Mosque (film), 190-91 Frunze, Mikhail, 41-42,49,201,202, 261П.104,2641.159 377 futurism, visual artists interested in, 45-46 “galiata” (term), 76 Ganjavi, Nizami, 118 Gasprinskii, Ismael, 192-93 gender dynamics, 144 gendered hierarchies, 86 gender norms, Soviet rule impact on, 11 generational conflict, 211-13 geography, Eastern, abstract, 151 geopolitics in Asia, 47 changing global, 71 concept of, 8 language of, 49, 55, 56 Marxist approach to, 10,69 term, 31-32 territorial logic of, 58-59 transformations in global, 160-61 Geopolitik (term), 56 Georgia neighboring power colonization, hypothetical of, 119 in Ottoman administration, 140 Russian war with, 236 Georgia, Soviet republic of, 42 Germany aggression of 1941,56 communist revolution, failed in, 42 France’s fall to, 133-34 geopolitics, 263-64П.151 intellectual culture, 31-32 Soviet Union agreements with, 124-25, 264П.164 Versailles Treaty, opposition to, 61-62 Ghafurov, Bobojon, 172, 327n.53 call for undoing damage of purges, 171-72 as intermediary, 244 Jewish orientalists protected by, 227-28 local communists, concern over, 158 “orientalist” term usage defended by, 243-44 Oriental Studies Institute headed by, 172 as post-Soviet Tajik nationalism symbol, 241-42 Ghana, 21 378 INDEX Ghassub, Adal (Alice Zarif), 85-87 Gilan (Iranian province), 49-50 Glasnost’, 229-31,246 glasnost’-era questions and projects, 240 global and regional geopolitics, 8 global anticolonialism, 46,90 global anticolonial political agendas, 214-15 global anti-imperialist “front,” call to reimagine, 160 global capitalism, transformations of, 223 global decolonization de-Stalinization contemporaneous with, 181 Eastern International domestic and foreign components, reconnecting during, 160 peak of, 155 slowing of, 21 Soviet power in relation to, 245 global history, 247 global ideal, Soviet Union as vanguard of, 16 global integration theories, 16 global migration, 63 global politics, 23,216 Global South, 9,244-45 global trans-colonial solidarity, contradictions of, 58-59 godless, self-descriptions as, 219-20 Goldziher, Ignaz, 32-33 Gorbachev, Mikhail critics of, 246 East neglected by, 237 economic challenges, 229 foreign East aid sought by, 234 foreign policy, 234 reforms, 229-31,233 Westernization under, 6 Gorky, Maxim, 27-28,132-33,13637,196-97 Gosplan (State Planning Commission), 59 Great Britain foreign policy, 126 Greater Danger Principle, 105-6 Great Game, 34 Grozny, Chechnya, 235-36 Guest ofMecca (film), 190-91 Gulag, Jews in, 289-90П.160 Gurko-Kriazhin, Vladimir, 35,36-38,50, 267n.212,273n.63 Haidar Khan (Radjeb Bombi) (GaidarKhan Amuogky Tariverdiev), 35, 259n.83 Hamdi Salam (Muhammed Ahmed Said) career and professional opportunities, 79-80 East(s), influences on life and views of, 68,80-81 films translated and dubbed by, 195 as foreign exchange student, 60-61,64 Ghassub, A.’s position compared to that of, 86 labor camp internment and release, 79 return home not feasible for, 114-15 Soviet perspectives on domestic East embraced by, 74 system gaming by, 78-79 worldwide anticolonialism, interest in, 63-64 writings, 2801.176 Hamzawi, Ibrahim Soviet Union, visit to, 124-25,137,140, 298П.82 suspicions toward G. Hanna recalled by, 138 Hanna, George [Jurj Hanna] Egypt supported by, 153 exhibitions organized by, 176 Soviet Union, 1st visit to, 124-25,12728,137,139-40,146,150-51 Soviet Union, 2nd visit to, 149 after Soviet Union visit, 148-51 suspicions toward, 137,138 writings, 138,146-47,149-51 Hapsburg collapse, 3,19 Hauner, Milan, 56 Haushofer, Karl, 34,47,56 hegemonies, variety and instability of, 324П.186 Hikmet, Nazim drama club led by, 73-74,140-42 drama performances recalled by, 74-75 Easterners described by, 74-75 fiction written by, 280n,176 INDEX Meyerhold, V. recruited by, 74 Soviet perspectives on domestic East embraced by, 74 Tashkent conference attended by, 312n.l56 uniform worn by, 74 historical-adventure films, 200 historical memory, 7-8 history alternative approach to, 131 challenging reinterpretations of, 243 history education, 66,130-31 History of the Peoples of Uzbekistan, 140 Hitler, Adolf, 126-27,133-34,135-36 Holy Land, 17 Horsemen of the Revolution (film), 21011,215 Hotel Lux, 76-77 human rights, 188,253n.79 Hungary communist revolution, failed in, 42 protests in, 166 uprising in, 186-87 Hussein, Saddam, 226,234 Ibn Sina (film), 196-97 Ibragimov, Bashkir Shagimardan, 324n.6 Ibrahim, Abdurreshid, 258-59n.74 Ibrahim, Imili Faris background, 137 gender dynamics impact on, 144 Soviet Union, visit to, 124-25,13738,139-40 after Soviet Union visit, 147 ideas, circulation of, 9 ideological contradiction, 244 ideological struggle, 110 Ikramov, Akmal Ikramovich, 82,162, 167-68,173 immigration to Soviet Union, East and West origins compared, 250n.22 imperial hierarchy, legacies of, 150-51 imperial ideology, Eurocentrism of, 5 imperial influence, Soviet leaders subject to, 4,90 imperialism nature of, 23 379 opposition to, 16 struggle against, 161 Imperialism (Lenin), 23 imperialist state, aid sought from personnel of, 255n.21 imperial legacies, 88 imperial violence, 245 India access, increased to, 181 anti-imperialist struggle in, 2 British rule, protest against, 52 Central Asia, ties to, 163-64 concerns about, 34-35 dramatic depictions of colonial life in, 74 East-West fusion, role in facilitating, 34 enthusiasm about, 178-79 history of, 26-27 preconditions for revolution in, 3031,48 Russian-British competition over, 34 indigenization. See korenizatsiia (indigenization) individual freedom, importance of, 147 Indonesia, right-wing coup in, 21,188-89 industrial development, postcolonial, film industry during, 208 industrialization as connective process, 68 In Moscow a Second Time (Hanna), 149 Institute of Africa, buildings of, ЗЗОп.ЮЗ Institute of Asia and Africa, split of, 172-73 Institute of National and Colonial Problems, 99,110-11,115,116 Institute of Peoples of the USSR, 59 integration, limits of, 71-72 intellectual (term in Arabic), 130 intellectual and material resources, geographical distribution of, 172 intellectual freedom, Arab state versus, 302n.l43 intellectuals regional politics, involvement in, 127-28 repression of, 144 Soviet collapse impact on, 246 transregional and global connections maintained by, 128 380 INDEX intelligentsia in Central Asia, 170 creation of new, 169-70 Gorbachev, Μ. admiration of, 229-30 overview of, 61 responsibility of, 169 role in work of state, 170 Western-oriented, 155,181 “internal East,” 240 international affairs, territory and culture role in, 34-35 international communism administration of, 88 histories of, 14-15 international communist movement, 153, 267n.211 international communist party loyalty, 90-91 international decolonization, Soviet commitment to, 181 International Federation of Film Critics (FIPRESCI), 208,209-10 internationalisms alternative, 19 anti-Western internationalism, competition with, 8-9 competing, 214-15,238-39 experience of, 246-47 international politics, 183-84 international relations domestic East, ideas about role in shaping, 121 shifts of, 151 international students, stipends for, 159 inter-state diplomacy, 153 interwar period, internationalisms of, 246-47 loske (Ahmed Ibn Abidin), 107-9, 108/, 114-15 Iran Soviet interest in, 126 Turkburo in, 265П.172 Iranian plateau, 32-33 Iranian Revolution, 228 Iraq anticolonial protests in, 52 communist repression in, 22 government rise and fall, repeated in, 152 independence, fight for, 100-1 Kuwait invaded by, 234 Soviet relations with, 221, 226 uprisings in, 62 Iraqi communists Anglo-Iraqi agreement, protests against, 149 Ba’athist regime, pressure to accommodate, 158-59 purge of, 226 ‘Isa, Rashad, 131-32, 147 Islam alcohol, references to, 82 Arabic-speaking world, association with, 15 flexible approach to, 32-33 as religion of socialism, 82 Uzbek-Arab relations based on, 180 Islamic modernism, taboo histories of, 180 Islamic universalism, 19 Israel Jewish settlement in, 98-99 in 1967 war, 207-8 Soviet relations with, 189-90,193 Soviet support for, 127 state, creation of, 128-29,151 Israeli athletes, killing of, 222 Italian fascism, war against, 145-46 Italy, Soviet Union agreements with, 264n.l64 jadidism, 167-68,180 Japanese imperialism, 34-35 Jerusalem, Arab-Jewish violence in, 83-84 Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee, 12829,144 Jewish assimilation debates on, 71-72 pressure, reaction to, 55 voluntary, 54 Jewish Bolshevik activists backgrounds of, 56-57 East, involvement in, 29 imperial Russia’s Jewish Question, confrontation with, 54 Jewish colonization, 110 Jewish comrades, arrest and sentencing of, 84-85 INDEX Jewish cultural rights, debates on, 71-72 Jewish labor movement, 54 Jewish socialist networks, 84 Jewish teachers, 122 Jewish transregional family ties, 76-77 Jews accusations against, 122,287n.l26 Arabization and, 113 from former Russian empire, 89-90 purging of, 113,117,118,122,144 jihad, 29 Jordan Army, 225 independence, 125-26 in interwar period, 17 Kafri (Ahmed Salim Abduhamam) expulsion from KTUV, 92,107-9 factory assignment, 92,93-94 Moscow, return to, 109-10 sent to Palestine, 114-15 Soviet Union, opportunity to come to, 94 Stalin Revolution impact on, 92-93 Kalandarov, Khamdam-Khodja, 201, 202,203 Kamal, Husayn, 210-11 Kamenev, Lev, 35 Berger, J. relations with, 106 book recommendations made by, 35 Chicherin, G. instructions to, 47 murder accusation against, 111-12 nationality not disclosed by, 287П.131 Kari-Yakubov, Mukhitdin, 140-44,141/, 142/, 167-68 Kataev, Valentin, 140 Kazakhstan cinema industry in, 209-10 republican party boss, replacement of, 230-31 Russian population, decline of, 97-98 Kennedy, John E, 185 Kerzhentsev, Platon war coverage by, 135 writings, 28,135 Khakimov, Karim, 290n.l70,324n.6 Khanum, Tamara, 140-42,141/ Khayyata, Salim, 132-33,293-94n.34 381 Khiva as protectorate, 5-6 Khodjaev, Fayzulla arrest, 193-94 fate of, 173 Sidqi, N. meeting with, 120-21 trial of, 162,167-68 Troianovskii, K. friendship with, 41-42 Khorezm People’s Soviet Republic, 48-49 Khrushchev, Nikita background, 156 competition with West under, 6 cotton production committee created by, 170 Cuba policy, 187 cultural diplomacy, 159 East faux pas, 164 East policy, 20-21,181 East role in world history predicted by, 171,181 foreign policy, 156-58 Lutskii, V. termination from job appealed to, 129 Mukhitdinov, N., relationship with, 164-66,169,172 national consolidation and ethnohistorical advancement, attempts to curb, 185-86 nationalist liberation movements, aid approved by, 207-8 non-Russians, challenges of governing, 166 ouster, 187 “peaceful coexistence” policy, 186-87 political elites under, 242 publicity concerning, 163-64 Secret Speech, 156-57 security as approached by, 160 Soviet Central Asia policy, countering criticism over, 170-71 Khudsovet (Artists Council), 204,213 Khuri, Ra’if as Communist sympathizer, 298n.82 Egypt supported by, 153 Ehrenburg, I., contact with, 144 1967 war, hopes concerning, 151-52 organization memberships, 135 Soviet Union, visit to, 124-25,137— 38,139-40 382 INDEX Khuri, Ra’if (cont.) after Soviet Union visit, 147 Soviet World War II victory, commentary on, 145-46 Soviet writers, contact with, 144 writings, 132-33, 146-47 King, Martin Luther, Jr., 215-16 Kingdom of Hijaz, 53,62 Kirov, Sergei, assassination of, 111-12 Kitaigorodskii, Paltiel (Palia) Volkovich, 76-77, 84-85, 94-95 Kjellén, Johan Rudolf, 31-32,33,238-39 Kobozev, Pyotr, 40-42 Kolarz, Walter, 165,170-71 Konachalovsky, Andrei, 205 korenizatsiia (indigenization),67, 95,103 decolonization through, 121-22 deemphasis on, 105-6 implementation of, 103-4 versus schizhenia (rapprochement of peoples), 166,172-73 term, avoidance of, 170-71 Kotelnikov, Fyodor, 109-10,116-17 Kuchumov, Vladimir, 70,279n.l54 Kuleshev [Kuleshov], Lev, 191,194-95 Kurdish ethnicity, 113 Kurdish families, deportation of, 287n.l32 KUTV (Communist University of the Toilers of the East), 232-33 Arab-Jewish conflict at, 103,104 closure of, 116-17 cultural clubs, 73-74 cultural front, role in, 64-65 disintegration of, 116 domestic and foreign Easts blurred at, 93 domestic and foreign sectors, physical separation of, 121 as “Eastern” contact zone, 89 Eastern Mediterranean communist schools compared to, 88 establishment of, 64-65 ethnicized struggles at, 106 ex-Zionists at, 94-95 geopolitics, role in changing, 71 instructors, administrators, and staff, 118,122,140-42 Jewish attraction to, 89-90 Jews at, 94-95,117 Jews at (instructors and administrators), 118,122 as laboratory, 90 leadership, 70-71 nationalism and supra-national belonging, conversations at, 90 nation-building activities in, 76 as portal of ideas about East, 20 purges at, 104 purpose of, 65-66 uniforms, 74 workers and peasants at, 68 KUTV Arab Section (Arab Circle) as case study, 75 domestic and foreign Easts entanglements in, 93-94 leadership, 104-5,107 Palestine violence, debates on, 102 student group photo, 77/ KUTV foreign section, isolation of, 110-11 KUTV foreign students Arab students, 105 assignments, 76, 78 attracting of, 19-20, 64,90-91 backgrounds, 60-61,78 behavior problems, 107-9 constraints and opportunities offered to, 80-82 diversity, 1, 67,75 and domestic students compared, 7273,82, 110-11 evaluations and personal files of, 80-81 events for, 73,140-42 expulsions, 92,102-3,105,107-9 female students, 83,86 gender breakdown, 278n.l47 group photo, 77/ health and diet, 72,274n.84 integration into institution, 76-77 internships, 93 marriage and romance, 83 Muslim background, 82 opinion, expressing, 81-82 privileged status of, 87-88 school closure aftermath, 116 Soviet Easterners, attitude toward, 89 Sovietization of, 78 INDEX Soviet war scares, xenophobia, and purges impact on, 111-12 Stalin, J. lectures and messages to, 1, 72,213-14 as unmarried men, 83 KUTV graduates Arabs, employment for, 99 as intermediaries, 90-91 local economic grievances as framed by, 131-32 KUTV research institute. See NIA (KUTV research institute) KUTV students bourgeois press crusade against Russia, calls for fight against, 309n. 103 gender breakdown, 278n.l47 internships, 93 Jewish students, 104-5 living conditions, 72 opportunities offered to, 87 purge of former, 232-33 Kuwait Iraq invasion of, 234 Soviet aid-seekers in, 234 Kyrgyz Republic, 204-5 Kyrgyzstan, 241-42 lands, colonization as planned use of, 280П.180 Laqueur, Walter, 133-34 Latin America, 207-8 Latin American countries, 189 Latin American revolutionary movements, women in, 251-52n.49 League against Imperialism, 88,106 League of Nations categories, 58-59 Covenant of, 52-53 dissolution of, 125-26 Mandate system, 62,69 nation-state internationalism role in structuring, 7-8 Open Door Policy, 62-63 Soviet Union joining of, 115 territories, communists in, 53-54 League of the Militant Godless, 278n. 143 Lebanese Civil War, 225 383 Lebanese intellectuals. See Syrian and Lebanese intellectuals Lebanese Left, 133,150-51 Lebanese leftists, visit to Soviet Union, 20 Lebanese literature, representatives of, 149 Lebanese Society of Friends of the USSR, 124-25 Lebanese-Syrian League against Nazism and Fascism, 133 Lebanon anticommunist campaign in, 148 anti-fascist momentum in, 133-34 Armenians in, 122 British involvement in, 126,134 emigration from, 62-63 European control over, 130 gendered hierarchies in, 86 history, treatment of, 130-31 independence, 125-26,134, 136,151 in interwar period, 17 Palestinian guerrillas in, 222 Soviet-supported cultural activities in, 136-37 weakness of, 127-28 in World War II, 134 Left, intellectual history of, 14-15 leftist intellectuals, return to antifascist positions, 133-34 Lefts, histories of, 14-15 Lenin, Vladimir aid sought by, 26-27 birthday, occasion of, 186-87 on bringing orientalism to the masses, 27 onbuilding socialism, 255n,21 capitalism and social peaceful coexistence doctrine, 156 on colonial country workers and peasants, 49-50 domestic and international priorities, 3-4 East role in world history predicted by, 171,181 on foreign affairs, 23 Gorbachev, Μ. compared to, 230-31 governance challenges, 25-26 imperialism crisis imagined by, 52-53 imperialism theory, 100-1 Muslim leaders, dealings with, 29 Roy, Μ. N., dealings with, 46,66 384 INDEX Lenin, Vladimir (cont.) Russian approach to foreigners criticized by, 273n.67 territory given up by, 23-24, 57-58 Troianovskii, K., dealings with, 35 Troianovskii, K. vision endorsed by, 57 Turkestan, views on, 38-39 writings, 27, 29, 30,137 Leningrad, 146 Lewis, Bernard, 243-44 liberation, models of, 153 Libya, 132 literary events, Syrian and Lebanese intellectual participation in, 151 -52 localism, struggle against, 169 Lozovskii, Solomon, 137-38,144-45 Luis, JosefJibran, 124-25,137,140,298n.82 Lunacharskii, Anatolii as Commissar of the Enlightenment, 27, 35 Troianovskii, K„ dealings with, 35-36 Lutskii, Vladimir Moscow State University, position at, 172-73 Moscow State University, termination from, 129 professional activities, 172-73 Uzbekistan and Egypt economies compared by, 268n.217 writings, 2961.62 Mackinder, Sir Halford John, 34,258П.62 Maduyan, Artin, 132-33 Magyar, Lajos, 109-10,111-12,114 Maier, Charles, 268n.214 majoritarian ethnonationalism, 20, 95 majoritarian national liberation movements, 122 male activists, risks and sacrifices of, 12 male-dominated Soviet project, 11 Mali, 21 Mandates, nation-making projects in, 94 Manila Pact, 160-61 Manuilskii, Dmitri, 78-79,119-20,12122,132-33 Mao Zedong, 156-57,186-87,189 market competition, 40-41 Marx, Karl, 10,87-88,100 Marxism growing opposition to, 228 limitations of, 215 .Marxist culture, 89-90 Marxist geopolitics, 244-45 Marxist-Leninist canon, knowledge grounded in, 101-2 Marxist literature, 13 Marxist orientalists debates significant to, 100 employment for, 99 Soviet versus European rule comparisons discouraged by, 58 Marxists Eurocentrism of, 164 imperialism crisis imagined by, 52-53 Marxist solidarity, Eurocentric language of, 183-84 Marxist texts, translations into Arabic, 61 Mashriq anticolonial activism in, 125-26 communist activities in, 126-27 Georgia and Armenia, ties to, 140 geostrategic importance of, 126 search for a better world, 130 VOKS (All-Union Society for Cultural Ties Abroad) connections to, 136 masses, decolonizing states reframing, 181 masshtabnost’ (term), 8-9 Mayakovsky, Vladimir, 72, 74 McCarthyism, 154,215-16 Melkumov, Mikhail, 203-4 Meyerhold, Vsevolod, 73-74,140-42 Middle East Central Asia as part of, 254П.80 communism defeat in, 159 developments in, 214-15 films exported to, 198 partition of, 58-59 radio and film reach throughout, 188 Soviet definition of, 265n. 176 Soviet economic aid to, 157 Soviet policy in, 207-8,234 Soviet power, efforts to contain in, 160-61 Soviet power mediators in, 118 in US world order, 236-37 Western delineation of, 254n.80 in World War II, 134 INDEX Middle Eastern area studies, 247 Middle Eastern contexts, Soviet politics and Marxist literature in, 13 Middle Eastern politics, official interpretations of, 12 Middle Eastern studies, illuminating blind spots of, 22 Middle East Mandate territories, recession, 1930s, 92-93 Mikhoels, Solomon, 128-29 Mikoyan, Anastas, 171 Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 116,158 minorities, reduced visibility of national, 185-86 minority and majority nationalities, tensions between, 122 missionary efforts, imperial, 68-69 missionary schools, 88 modernism, celebration of, 45-46 modernizing state, Soviet Union as, 4-5,14 Molotov, Viacheslav, 137-38,160-61 Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact, 116-17,12627,133-34,147, 328n.75 monetary system, collapse of, 38 Mongol peoples, 19 monopolies, abolishing, 33 Moon over Samarqand (Qandil), 246 Morocco anticolonial protests in, 52 anti-imperialist struggle in, 2 Moscow cultural setting, diverse in, 73 domestic Eastern migrants in, 22 Eastern International, building from, 51-52 foreigner experiences in, 19-20,92-93 housing crisis in, 111 as hub of global anticolonial activism, 8-9 intellectual environment, 90 material conditions in, 72 Near East, link to, 19 periphery relations negotiated in, 90 travel to, 50,64 visits to, 137,146 Moscow Institute of Orientalism (MIV), 67,119 385 Moscow metro, work for, 93 Moscow Radio, 116,149 Moscow State University, medical faculty of, 78 Mother (Gorky), 196-97 Motyl, Vladimir, 198-99, 213 Mukhitdinov, Nuriddin, 161,219-20,226 background, 154-55,162 Brezhnev, L, appointment after ascent of, 173 in Central Asia, 190 conference organized by, 171-72 global anti-imperialist “front,” call to reimagine, 160 Khrushchev, N. relationship with, 2021,164-66,172 photo, 163/ Presidium seat and CPSU secretary post, loss of, 173 publicity concerning, 163-64 repressions acknowledged by, 167-68 Soviet censorship, frustrations with, 184 Soviet Central Asia policy, countering criticism over, 170-71 Syria involvement, 189-90, 222-23,225 Uzbek intelligentsia, instructions to, 169,179 Mukhtar, Omar, 132 multinational community in Soviet Union (metaphor), 118 Munich Olympics, 1972, killing of Israeli athletes in, 222 Muruwwa, Husayn, 128,149, 245-46, 332П.23 Musburo (Bureau of Muslim Communist Organizations of Turkestan), 40-42 Museum of Eastern Art, 27-28 Museum of Victims of Political Repression, 241-42 Muslim communists, 57-58,261-62П.116 Muslim intermediaries, 28 Muslim Khalifat movement, 52 Muslim refugees, migrations of, 3 Muslims conflict, mediating, 240 Eurasianist ideology, relationship to, 239 Ottoman territories, migration to, 192-93 386 INDEX Muslims (cont.) Russia, post-Soviet relations with, 235-36 Russian rule over, 28,29, 119 southern Central Asia autonomy sought by, 38-39 Sovietization, potential to resist, 6-7 Soviet treatment of, 154 Thaw era opportunities for, 181-82 Muslim states, 164 Muslim-Turkic regions, independence of, 38-39 Muslim world, 29,243 Mussolini, Benito, 133 national home, 94 national identity, construction of, 130,241-42 nationalism conversations about, 90 cultivating right kind of, 169 debates about, 129 managing, 166 neutralizing, 3-4 Soviet approach to, 95 nationalist deviation, 102-3,104,122, 143, 144 nationalist liberation movements, 207-8 nationalist parties, dissolving and Nadab (Nahaum Leshchinskii), 99-102,113 incorporating, 55 Narkomnats (Commissariat of national minorities, reduced visibility Nationalities) of, 185-86 KUTV established under, 64-65 national question, Soviet resolution maps produced by, 45-46 of, 144-45 Nasser, Gamal Abdel nation-building, 103 appointments by, 153,196 nationhood, 3-4, 94 Arab-Uzbek friendship, statements nation-making, 95 about, 179 nation-state internationalism, 7-8 Cold War divisions denounced by, 161 NATO, 148,236 communist repression by, 157-58 Nazarbayev, Nursultan, 235, 241-42 consolidation of power, 160-61 Nazi foreign policy, 56 death, 226 Nazism, war against, 145-46 defeat in Arab-Israeli War, 1967, 21 Near East delegation around Soviet Jewish interest in, 89-90 Union, 218-19 Moscow link to, 19 film censorship by, 196-97 Soviet definition of, 265n.l76 Mukhitdinov, N. dealings with, 163-64 Soviet power in, 53 term, 17 Nasserism, disillusionment with, 214-15 1967 war launched by, 207 Nehru, Jawaharlal, 161,163-64 photo, 163/ neo-Eurasianism, 239 regime, questioning of, 208 New Economic Policy (NEP), 60,76-77 Soviet relations with, 325n.7 New Humanity Building a New World (alTashkent, visit to, 313П.163 Hilu), 131-32,157-58 as weak link, 164 NIA (KUTV research institute), 113,116,121 national and colonial question, debates NIA/KUTV organization, 116 about, 66-67 Niiazov, Abdul-Vahed, 239 national cultures, debates on parameters 1967 war. See Arab-Israeli War, 1967 of, 144-45 NKID (Commissariat of Foreign Affairs) national differences, respect for, 128 Comintern versus, 47-48 national elites, policy of promoting, 272n.44 committees under, 27 national exclusiveness, struggle films reviewed by, 193 against, 169 intelligence resources of, 52 interests of, 53 national exhibition, literary exercises in, 76 INDEX in organizational schema, 43-45 Tashkent branch, abolishing of, 49-50 VOKS work with, 135-36 NKVD (Peoples Commissariat of Internal Affairs) denunciations to, 138-39 foreigners at KTUV under control of, 72-73 Jews in, 2901.164 Non-Aligned Movement (NAM), 185,245-46 non-communist leftist intellectuals, 127 “non-party” orientation, 158-59 non-Russian national cadres, 103 non-Russians, Russia’s imperial civilizing mission for, 200-1 non-Russian Soviet republics, 165-66 non-Russian territories, 1 nonsocialist countries, national development of, 306n.51 non-Soviet quasi-national group, Arabs treated as, 76 North Africa China activity in, 188 French in, 122 uprisings in, 62 in World War II, 134 North-South axis, 216 Norway, 2641.164 Nu’man, Anwar, 148 October Revolution anniversaries of, 73,150-51 geography of, 206-7 world history, centrality in, 181 October: Ten Days That Shook the World (film), 203-4 Odessa, 24-25 OGPU (secret police), 52,109-10 oil industry in Middle East, 160-61,223 in Soviet Union, 223-24,229 oil revolution, 1973,22 Oldenburg, Sergei Lenin, V. dealings with, 26-28 new government, work with, 27 On Lenins Pass (film), 196-97 Open Door Policy, 62-63 387 oppressed groups, minorities supported as members of, 121-22 Organization of Petroleum-Exporting Countries (OPEC), 223 Orient, spiritual versus materialist West, 34 orientalism approach to, 66 definition of, 13,244 instruction on, 70-71 intellectual histories of, 247 Western critiques of, 14 “orientalist” (term), 243 oriental studies, revival of Soviet, 172-73 oriental studies centers, 171-72 Oriental Studies Institute, 172 Orthodox churches, 30 Ottoman collapse, 3,19 Ottoman empire Arab territories of, 51-52 priorities of, 257n.39 Russian empire, dealings with, 29 Ottoman oppression, mocking symbols of, 74 Padmore, George, 152 Palestine Arab community in, 20,109 Arab-Jewish conflict in/Zionist enterprise in, 83-84 Bolshevik revolutionary movement activist ties to, 17-18 Comintern interpretation of events in, 117-18 communist movement, source materials on, 292n.I5 emigration to, 89-90 Jewish immigration to, 55-56 nationalist movement in, 88-89 Russian Jewish immigration to, 54 small landownership in, 81 social and economic development of, 267П.203 social and economic tensions in, 109 Soviet Jews with links to, 117-18 strategic importance of, 55 uprisings in, 62 in World War 11,134 Zionist emigration to, 54 388 INDEX pan-Mongolism, 19,34-35 Palestine, Jewish community in (Yishuv), Pan-Slavs, Eurocentrism challenged by, 5 101-2, 109, 113-14 parliamentary democracy, 134-35 antifascism in, 126-27 Partisans ofPeace, 138, 148-49,151-52 Arab community, boundaries with, 20 party-state, survival of, 49 and Arab lands compared, 94-95 patriarchal authority, negotiating Auerbach, H. views on, 55 communist support in, 122 forms of, 86 patriarchies, intersection of, 11 generalizations about, 115-16 international recognition and influence patriot (term), 128-29 low for, 117 Pavlovich, Mikhail in Baku, 47 Jewish workers in, 98-99 East as perceived by, 67-68 Palestine, partition of “Eurasia” term used by, 238-39 Arab-Israeli conflict and, 125-26 European imperial railroad projects overview, 17 Soviet support for, 126, 147,151-52 analyzed by, 30 Marxist orientalists led by, 59 Palestine Communist Party (PCP) on studying East, 9 Arabizing, challenges of, 96-97 Comintern, admission into, 55-56,106 Troianovskii’s reports forwarded by, 59 Comintern, relationship with, 97 VNAV and MIV headed by, 272n.48 ethnic implications for, 96 peaceful coexistence policy, 159-60,188 formation of, 54 calls for end to, 207-8 Jewish exodus from, 99 China criticism of, 186-87 Jewish members, wartime dilemma overview of, 156 of, 126-27 peasants, recruitment of, 94 leadership, 55 people, circulation of, 9 Poale-Zion, relations with, 98-99 Peoples Democratic Republic of South Russian Jews in, 94-95 Yemen (PDRY), 224 students sent to KUTV by, 76-77 “peoples of the East,” 9,29 Palestine violence, 1929 perestroika, 229-31,241,246 interpretations and debates over, 97Persia 102,121-22 preconditions for revolution in, 30-31 Jewish versus Arab victims of, 101-2 revolutionary movements in, 32-33,48 Stalin-Berger meeting before, 106 “personal” politics in Eastern Palestinian cause, 322n.l33 International world, 11 Palestinian editor and Egyptian student, Peter the Great, 4,125/ dispute between, 76 Philippines, 245 Palestinian Liberation Organization piatichlenka (five stages of economic (PLO), 192 development), 10 Palestinian refugees Pipes, Richard, 165-66 camps, Jordanian attack on, 225 Poale-Zion (Jewish labor movement) displacement of, 214-15 Comintern recognition not Palestinians extended to, 55 expulsion from Jordan, 222 former membership in, 117 sweep of, 117 former members of, 71-72, 98-99 Pan-Arabism, 153 overview of, 54 pan-Arab nationalism, 88-89 Palestinian section of, 54 pan-Arab states, 153 politics of, 88 pan-Islamic movements, 32-33 in United States, 83 pan-Islamism, 34-35 Poem of Two Hearts (film), 211 INDEX pogroms action potentially leading to, 113-14 flight from, 17 numbers killed in, 94-95 Palestine violence compared to, 97, 99,101-2 in Russian empire, 117-18 Poland foreign debt, 229 protests in, 166 uprising in, 186-87 Politburo, 47-48,53,69,111 -12,128-29, 154-55,170-71,222 political and cultural integration, debates on, 71-72 political criticism, growing tolerance of, 231 political decolonization, acceleration of, 20-21 political elite, regional politics dominated by, 127-28 political elites, central authorities, agreements with, 242 political mobilization, 29 political repressions, commemoration of, 241-42 political subversions, 251П.32 political theater, 211 politics nationalist vision of, 121 Soviet large-scale thinking about, 8-9 territorialization of, 57-58 Pontecorvo, Gillo, 215 Popular Front Comintern embrace of strategy of, 132 communist support of, 132-33 in France, 133 Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA), 224 populist politics, 233-34 postcolonialism popularity of, 241-42 Soviet anticolonial and imperial politics severed from, 3 and Soviet internationalism, relationship between, 13-14 universalizing tendencies of, challenging, 14-15 postcolonial movement, predecessor of, 9 389 postcolonial state building, film industry during, 208 postcolonial studies illuminating blind spots of, 22 Soviet history and Marxist geopolitics influence on, 244-45 tendencies in, 15-16 postcolonial theory, limited application of, 14 postcolonial thought, forces shaping, 244 “post-imperial” category, 245 The Postman (film), 210-11 post-Ottoman states, observations concerning, 96 post-Soviet entities, postcolonial critiques of, 243 post-Soviet exile as Arabic literature theme, 246 post-Soviet nationalist narratives, 243 post-Soviet territories, nationalisms across, 241 Powell, Adam Clayton, Jr., 161,162 Prague Spring, 212-13,222 pre-revolutionary poetry and music, purges of those suspected of, 143 Primakov, Evgenii, 158-59,225 career, 226-27 Hussein, Saddam, negotiations with, 234 Jewish background, 227 private property, transformation into public property, 33 production-technical intelligentsia in Central Asia, 170 progressive taxation, 33 “proletarian intelligentsia,” 269n.3 proletarianization, 93-94 prominent figures, rehabilitation of, 167-68 purges against artists, 200 commemoration of, 241-42 containing, 167 damage inflicted by, overcoming, 171-72 against elites, 117 impact of, 122,126 against Iraqi communists, 226 ofjews, 113,117,118,122,144 390 INDEX purges (cont.) rationalization for, 114,129 silence concerning, 144-45 against those popularizing archaism, 143 victims, perpetrators, and witnesses of, 121 Pushkin, Alexander, 135,149 Putin, Vladimir, 234 figures in, 239 foreign policy, 235-36, 239 Russian military under, 236-37 Western imperialism denounced by, 237,243 Qal’aji, Qadri, 137-38,147 Qandil, Mohamed Mansi, 246 race as international issue, 161 -62 racial justice and equality, 215 racial politics, 154 racial segregation and political domination as global problems, 245 racial struggle in Soviet Union, 110 racism, 16, 215 Radek, Karl on Arabs in Mesopotamia, 266n. 185 Berger, J. relations with, 106 communists in Palestine, communication with, 267n.201 Eastern policy, 47 on Eastern Question, 53-54 on Eurasian transcontinental bloc, 56 on ex-Zionists at KUTV, 94-95 German influences on, 31-32 on international diversity at KUTV, 94-95 writings, 28 Rafes, Moisei, 70,71-72,83-84 railroads, nationalizing, 33 Rashidov(KUTV graduate), 109-10,116, 281П.15 Rashidov, Sharof, 176-78 Babakhanov, Z., dealings with, 180 Cuba delegation led by, 187 Mukhitdinov, N. removal from Presidium, role in, 310-1 In. 134 opportunities for, 181 Uzbek film industry followed by, 205-6 Yarmatov, K., dealings with, 200,201, 202,204 Ratzel, Friedrich, 25, 31-32,33,56 Red Army in organizational schema, 43-45 rape and plunder by, 48-49 victories, 42 “Red Man’s Burden,” 35-36 regional communist movements, 7-8 regional environmental activism, 7-8 regional politics in Syria and Lebanon, 127-28 religion, 82 religious contacts, role in Soviet decolonizing world relations, 180 religious diversity, 75-76 repressed or discarded historical frameworks and contingencies, 18 repression, post-Soviet as legacy, 243 Return My Heart (film), 196 revolution, statism association with, 181 revolutionary activities, cultural front of, 64-65 “revolutionary democracy” theory, 158-59 revolutionary-historical films, limitations of, 216 revolutionary nationalism, Soviet support for, 157 revolutionary spaces, geography, expanded of, 52 revolutionary statism, 153 Robeson, Paul, 148-49,154,196,314П.185 Rodchenko, Aleksandr, 45/, 46 Romania, 186-87 Rosenthal, Charlotte, 83-85, 86-87,89 Rosenthal, Joseph, 113 Rostsel’mash (factory), 92, 93-94 Rothstein, Theodore, 29 Roy, Μ. N„ 42-43,46,47-48,49-50,66, 264П.161 Roziner, Felix, 117 rural societies, depression impact on, 92-93 Russia Caucasian resistance against, 168 colonization as lesser evil, 200-1 crisis, 1921 in, 53-54 diverse populations, integration of, 45-46 economic modernization of, 23 INDEX Eurasian location of, 67-68 Europe-Asia division of, 4 foreign policy, factors affecting, 257n.36 Islam and, 15 porous borders and multinational society, 2571.36 search for a better world, 130 tsarist, values of, 200-1 Russia (post-Soviet period), economic crisis, 241-42 Russia and the Arabs (Primakov), 227 Russian, Central Asian, Global, and Middle Eastern studies, integration of, 7 “Russian Arab” (term), 80 Russian “big brother” narrative, 213-14 Russian Civil War, 1917-1920 anti-Semitism during, 54 Eastern International creation during, 46 outbreak of, 23-24 political imagination during, 43-45 utopian schemes vulnerable to chaos of, 56-57 Russian classical tradition, 143 Russian Communist Party (RCP), 267n.211 Russian empire boundaries, legacy of, 68-69 narratives about, 11 Ottoman empire, dealings with, 29 priorities of, 257n.39 Russian Eurasianism, theory of, 238 Russian fatherland, glorious past of, 105-6 Russian Federation anti-Westernism, 237 expansion of interests, 236-37 internal diversity, 240 leadership, 226-27 Muslims in, 235-36,239 regional economic integration, approach to, 238 Russian Imperial College of Foreign Affairs, 30 Russian imperialism, new face of, 238-39 Russian imperial rule expansion, history of, 119 Jewish Question under, 54 391 legacy of, 34-35 whitewashing of past, 151 Russian Jewish minority, imperial treatment of, 89-90 Russian Jews assimilation of, 24 discrimination against, 18 elimination from KUTV and Comintern, 20 emigration to United States and Europe, 54 killing of, 94-95 in Palestine, 54 socialist Zionism, ties to, 122 in Soviet leadership, 54 Russian language training, 70 Russian Marxist culture, 89-90 Russian minority inhabitants in Soviet borderlands, 103-4 Russian patriotism, 128-29 The Russian Question (Simonov), 301П.135 Russian studies, illuminating blind spots of, 22 Russian values and institutions, 130 Russian women, foreign student relationships with, 83 Russian workers and working class in Turkestan, 40 Russia-Ukraine War, 243 russocentric agenda, Soviet pushing of, 144 russocentric anticosmopolitanism, 145 russocentrism, domestic, 151 Russo-Ottoman War, 1768-1774, 30 russophobia, 166 Rykov, Alexei, 162,167-68,261-62n.l 16 Saburov (Taj Mir), 105 Sadat, Anwar, 226,245-46 safarbatik (term), 62-63 Safarov, Georgi, 200, 201 Arabization, views on, 104 arrest, 119 Berger, J. relations with, 106 as Comintern Eastern Section leader, 97-98 on domestic East and Russian colonialism legacies, 66-67 392 INDEX Safarov, Georgi (cant.) on Eastern Question, 53-54 Jewish presence in Palestine criticized by, 98-99 nationality presented by, 287П.131 Palestine tensions recognized by, 109-10 Palestine violence as interpreted by, 121 -22 purgeof, 111-12 on Russians in Turkestan, 40 Stalins comments directed at, 71-72 as Turkburo leader, 42-43 Turkestan, hopes for, 89 on Turkestan failures, 40-41, 50-51 Said, Edward, 13, 244 Saliba, Jamil, 148,298η.82 Saliev, Aziz, 205 samizdat, 233 Sanbayev, Satimzhan, 213-14 Savitsky, P. N. (Petr Savitskii), 34,238 Second International (Comintern), 54 Second World, Third World connection to, 15 self-determination, 188,252n.53 self-orientalizing language, 78-79,87-88 Seliam, Hamdi, 19-20,195 sense ofbelonging in de-Stalinization era, 149-50 Easternness versus, 294n.37 Soviet Union nurturing of, 148-49 separatist movements, 251n.32 Shami (Elie (Ilya Naumovich Teper)) (alias: Shami), 84-85,99-102,101/, 113,218-19 Shanghai, 1927 massacre at, 81 Sharbatov, Grigorii, 218-19 Shawi, Niquola, 130-31,132-33,135-36 Shelepin, Alexander, 207-8 Shevardnadze, Eduard, 235 Shirinbaev, Sharif, 179 Shubin, Vladimir, 183 Shulaq, Fawzi background, 298n.82 budget drafting, role in, 138-39 Soviet Union, visit to, 124-25,137 after Soviet Union visit, 148 Sidqi, Najati career, 280n.l76 Communist Party, expulsion from, 133-34 divorce laws, Russian explained by, 83 “Eastern peoples” encounters described by, 121 Hikmet, N. recalled by, 74 KUTV living conditions recalled by, 72 organized communism, attraction to, 19-20 Soviet perspectives on domestic East embraced by, 74 Tashkent, visit to, 82,119-21 theater director, work with, 140-42 Trotskyism, accusation of, 81 Turkestan as training ground for, 89 work with Hamdi Salam, 61 writings, 132-33 Simonov, Konstantin, 144,205, 301П.135 skilled workers, education and training of, 93 Slavic settlers, 97-98 Slavophiles, Eurocentrism challenged by, 5 Snesarev, Andrei, 34 Social Darwinism, 34-35 socialism building, 255n.21 colonialism in contrast to, 154-55 Islam as religion of, 82 universal culture presented by, 69 “socialism in one country” doctrine, 68, 69,87,88-89 socialist federation, land use by forces of, 280n.l80 socialist realism, 144 socialist rituals, 82 socialist state, 294n.35 socialist utopia, 16 Socialist Zionism, 122 social justice, 151-52 social problems, writer’s responsibility to reveal, 149 society, struggle for survival of, 145-46 Society of Cultural Relations between Lebanon and the USSR, 149-50 Society of Friendship with Arab Countries, 178-79 Society of Friendship with the Soviet Union, 138-39,148,149-50 Society of Friends of Syria and Lebanon, 135-36 Society of Friends of the Soviet Union, 135 INDEX Son of the Regiment (Kataev), 140 Sorokin, Karp, 261 -62n. 116 South Africans, white, 189 South Asia, 254n.8O Southeast Asia politics, 199 Soviet power, efforts to contain in, 160-61 southern Central Asia, 38-39 SOV (Union for the Liberation of the East) activities, 36-38 founding of, 35 importance, downplaying of, 40-41 membership card, 37/ merging of remnants into Sovinterprop, 42 Muslims attracted to, 262n.l20 Turkestan branch, 40 sovereignty, principle of, 68-69 SovExportFilm, 209-10 Soviet Afro-Asian Solidarity Committee (SKSSAA), 180,182-83 Soviet and Western metageography, 254П.80 Soviet anticolonial legitimacy challenges to, 173-74,182-83,186-87, 189,214-15 damage to, 228-29 efforts to defend and promote, 199200,205-6 films potentially threatening, 204-5 1967 war impact on, 207-8 public education concerning, 200-1 Soviet-Arab friendship, 150-51 Soviet-Arab friendship society, 130-31 Soviet area studies, 247 Soviet avant-garde directors, student work with, 73-74 Soviet-backed autonomous republics, 251П.32 Soviet borderlands domestic indigenization in, 104 indigenization versus nationalist deviation countering in, 103 non-Russians, governing in, 166 Soviet borders extending, 160 secularization of, 20 securing, 110-11 393 Soviet censorship, 184 Soviet Central Asia as domestic East, 243 as foreign East model, 119-20,165 historic friendship with Russians in, 119 international attention on, 163-64 Russification of, 165 Soviet East representatives in, 119 Soviet Central Asians in Afghanistan, 228-29 Black Americans, comparison to, 182 mediators, 216 Muslim visitors from Arab world, encounters with, 82 as Soviet Union representatives, 12 Soviet civil war mythology, 213 Soviet collapse Arab world impacted by, 245-46 Eastern International fate following, 235 empire transformation through, 3 Gorbachev, M.’s role in, 231 intellectual sense of loss due to, 246 legacy of, 3 renegotiating terms of, 22 Soviet communism, intellectual pull of, 152 Soviet counterintelligence, 110 Soviet culture, universalizing, 118 Soviet decolonization, narratives about, 12 Soviet democracy, 144-45 Soviet development, Soviet Easterner support for, 181-82 Soviet domestic “affirmative action empire,” 90 Soviet East anti-cosmopolitan repressions, overlooking, 20 and Asia (other parts), relationship between, 89 Bolshevik revolution in, 21 field of power, 15-16 nation-making projects in, 94 new republics of, 68 people from, 2 Soviet Easterners ethnic particularity as advantage for, 181-82 foreign student attitudes toward, 89 as Soviet Union intermediaries, 122-23 394 INDEX Soviet education, value of, 78-79 Soviet-Egyptian Friendship Treaty, 226 Soviet elites, early, Eurocentrism of, 164 Soviet empire, legacies of, 245 Soviet entities, postcolonial critiques of, 243 Soviet Far East, 174 Soviet historiography, changes in, 12 Soviet history global impact of, 253n.79 imperial vestiges in, 4-5 international-domestic nexus of, 244-45 interpretations of, 22 postcolonial studies influenced by, 244-45 Soviet ideology, 11,244 Soviet intelligence gathering, 53 Soviet internationalism characteristics of, 8 Eastern International as expression of, 223 East-West divide, transcending through, 118 and postcolonialism, relationship between, 13-14 Sovietization Easternization versus, 71 Muslim potential to resist, 6-7 process of, 70 resistance to, 166 Soviet Jewish orientalists, 246-47 Soviet Jews history interpretation acknowledging role of, 243 national consciousness, 226 and other ethnic minorities compared, 117-18 places of settlement for, 95 postwar repression of, 128-29 waning influence of, 122-23 Soviet modernization, 58 Soviet modernization theory, 16 Soviet multiethnic Eurasian state, 6-7 Soviet Muslims, 228 Soviet mythology, 10 Soviet nationalities policies, 45-46 Soviet nationalities politics, 90 Soviet nationalities regime contradictions of, 58-59 social base creation as aim of, 252n.53 Soviet Orientalists, 77/ Soviet oriental studies, 10 Soviet past, laws forbidding discussion of, 243 Soviet peripheries, national cultures of, 118 Soviet politics in Middle Eastern context, 13 playing on scripts of, 203 Soviet power, intermediaries of, 241 Soviet project, internationalist ethos of, 241 Soviet puppets, 127 Soviet regionalization, 254n.80 Soviet republics, SSOD friendship assignments to, 174,175t Soviet Russia, economic collapse of, 27-28 Soviet socialist republics, borders of, 121 Soviet state political objectives versus those of other states,8 revolution from perspective of, 58 Soviet state power, domestic and global history of, 244 Soviet Union anniversaries of rule, 204-5 and Arab world, cultural relations with, 149-50 attraction to, 151-52 capitalist encirclement, fears of, 110 as colonial “prison of nations,” 198-99 creation of, 68, 87 culture and literature, support for, 148-49 economic conditions, 223-24,229-30 economic policy, 60 economy and institutions, collapse of, 22 emigration from, 63 foreign policy, 56,159-60,165-66, 189-90 global campaign to destabilize, fight against, 165 ideological borders of, 88-89 immigration to, 63-64 intellectuals’ interest in, 127,128 iron curtain, 121 isolationism, 151 INDEX League ofNations joined by, 115 Middle East policy, 161 1967 war, response to, 207-8 nostalgia for imperial grandeur, 237 opportunities to come to, 94 paranoia, 138-39 postwar reconstruction, 124 Russian dominance of, perceptions of, 154-55 as symbol of liberation, 150-51 territories, efforts to regain, 160 trips and visits to, 124-25,127-28,136, 152,159 (see also under groups, e.g., Syrian and Lebanese intellectuals: Soviet Union, visit to) in World War II, 126-27,133-34,145-46 Soviet Union source materials European intellectuals’ writings, 124-25 exhibitions, 135-36 Syrian and Lebanese delegate writings, 145,146-47,151-52 Soviet Vietnam, Afghanistan as, 228 Soviet youth, disaffection of, 212-13 Soviet Youth Organization Committee, 220 Sovinformburo, 144-45 Sovinterprop (Council for International Propaganda in the East) in Baku, 50-51 schema, 44/, 43-46 Turkestan branch, 42 Sovnarkom, 36-38,59 spaghetti Westerns, 200 Spanish Civil War, 133 SSOD (State Committee for Cultural Relations with Foreign Countries), 173-75,177,179,180 after 1967 war, 218 friendship assignments, 175t Ministry of Culture working with, 174-75 propaganda material, 190 reorganization in, 182-83 VOKS image, distancing from, 179 Stalin, Joseph admirers of, 226 ambiguities in message, 72 awards given by, 195 395 Berger, J. relations with, 106 on border between Easts, 10 bourgeois press crusade against Russia, calls for fight against, 309n.l03 Chiang Kai-shek, alliance with, 94 criticisms of, 186-87 cult of personality, 156-57 death, 129,166 defenders of, 246 domestic and international priorities, 3-4 domestic Easterner-foreigner relations prescribed by, 75 domestic nationalities policies, changing, 165-66 East, concern over threats posed by, 110 East abandoned by, 20 Eastern duality as presented by, 1-2 East importance stressed by, 28,29 Easts as distinguished by, 9,20-21,6869,70,90,121-22 on Eurasian transcontinental bloc, 56 Europe security, concerns over, 126 foreign policy, 126 “Great Break,” reference to, 104 Greater Danger Principle abandoned by, 105-6 “Great Retreat,” 200-1 ideological crackdown, 136-37 imperialism crisis imagined by, 52-53 on Jewish nationhood, 266n.l97 Khrushchev, N. ridiculed by, 156 KUTV students, address to, 1-2,69, 213-14 “lesser evil” hypothesis, 119 Muslim leaders, dealings with, 29 Muslim national communists, struggle against, 271-72n.43 Muslim world existence, belief in, 29 nationalist separatism, method of controlling, 67 on political and cultural integration, 71-72 “proletarian intelligentsia” category created by, 269n.3 security as approached by, 160 self-determination, position on, 66-67 “socialism in one country” doctrine promoted by, 88-89 396 INDEX Suslov, Mikhail, 137,139-40,143,158, Stalin, Joseph (cont.) 159,173, 185-86 Soviet republic autonomy as described Sverdlov Universit}·, 65 by, 48-49 Troianovskii, K., dealings with, 35 Sweden, 264n.l64 Syria Troianovskii, K. vision endorsed by, 57 anticommunist repressions in, 22,147 Trotsky, L., fallout with, 81 anti-fascist momentum in, 133-34 Turkestan, views on, 38-39 Western allies, 127 Armenians in, 122 British involvement in, 126,134 writings, 27,29,137 Stalin-era repressions, 150-51 emigration from, 62-63 European control over, 130 Stalinism gendered hierarchies in, 86 contradictions of late, 128 independence, 125-26,134,136,151 filmmaking during period of, 193-94,195 in interwar period, 17 rehabilitation of victims of, 167-68 repressive cultural terrain of postwar, military coups in, 152 nationalist movement in, 88-89 145-46 Soviet relations with, 189-90,222-23, Stalin Revolution, 92-93 state, literature critical of, 147 225 state as organism, 257n.5O Soviet-supported cultural activities in, state building, postcolonial, film industry 136-37 during, 208 Soviet weapons supplied to, 207-8 state power, structures of, 243 Syrian and Lebanese intellectuals State Teknikum for Cinematography, energy and compromises of leftist, 190-91 151-52 statism, revolution association with, 181 Soviet politics, approach to, 127 Steinbeck, John, 124,138 Soviet Union, visit to, 124-26,125/, 129, Stender, Elena, 25 130,137-40,145,146-47,152 Storm over Asia (originally Dawn over Syrian Civil War, 236 Asia) (film), 201-5,210 Syrian Communist Party, 222 St. Petersburg Syrian communists, 157-58 domestic Eastern migrants in, 22 Syrian Left, 133 Moscow replacement of, 90 Syrian Revolt, 86 Stronger than Death (Qaaji), 137-38 Syrians, Russian “cultural” influence students, proletarianization of, 93-94 among, 127 Subbotin (Rauf Akhmedovich, Osman Syrian-Soviet Friendship Committee, Ahmad Zaghrur), 102-3 124-25 Subhi, Mustafa, 42 subhuman as category, 215 Tabit, Antun Suez Crisis, 1956,151-52,153,181 Ehrenburg, L, contact with, 144 Sukarno, 161,189,198-99 Hanna, G., relationship to, 138 Suleimenov, Olzhas, 213-14,231-33, 239 Soviet Union, visit to, 124-25,133,137Sultanov, Ab du rakhman, 115,119 38,139-40 Sulzberger, Cyrus Leo, 165 after Soviet Union visit, 148-49 “superiority-inferiority complex” (term), 6 Soviet writers, contact with, 144 superpowers, global competition between, writings, 146-47 154 Tagore, Rabindranath, 34 Tajikistan supra-national belonging, conversations about, 90 civil war, 235 INDEX educational opportunities in, 169-70 fraud in, ЗЮ-Пп.134 public history of, 241-42 Russian military exercises in, 240 transformations, expectations raised by, 183 Tajik Komsomol, 221 Talib, Mukhammad Said, 219 Tankhel’son, Aleksandr, 211 Tashkent Arab communists sent to, 82,119-22 communications between Moscow and, 42 conferences, 177-78 conquest, commemoration of, 241-42 development of, 8-9 earthquake and rebuilding, 206-7 information, limited about, 114-15 korenizatsiia in, 103-4 language instruction, 313n.l70 visits to, 107-9,114-15,177 Tashkent Afro-Asian Film Festival. See Afro-Asian Film Festival Tatar-Bashkir Republic, 32-33 Tatars, 119 technical fields, educational opportunities in, 170 technicians, education and training of, 93 telegraphs, nationalizing, 33 territoriality, age of, 268n.214 “territorialization” as slogan, 55-56 “Thaw” Khrushchev, N. and, 156 Muslims, opportunities during, 181-82 overview of, 155 Soviet challenges during, 173-74 travel and tourism opportunities opened up by, 176-77 Third International (Comintern), 3-4,4041,51-52,54 Third World anti-imperialist ideology recentering, 228 Brezhnev-Kosygin leadership in, 218 countries, students from, 169-70 nationalisms, 245 progressive nationalisms, 183-84 Second World connection to, 15 397 Soviet culture in, 155-56 Soviet invasions in, 228, 229 Third World film, emerging new language about, 324П.186 Third World project collapse of, 245-46 internationalisms promoted by, 214-15 Soviet filmmaker participation in, 217-18 Three-World ideology, 15 Tian-Shanskii, Pyotr Semyonov, 32-33 Tito, Josip, 156-57,185 Tolstoy, Lev, 130,145,149 totalitarian models of Soviet state, 4-5 training ground, Turkestan as, 89 Transcaucasia, 182-83 Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic, 38 Transcaucasian Soviet Federated Socialist Republic, 262n.l27 “transcolonial ecumene” (term), 15-16 “transnational world of the Cominternians” (term), 8-9 transregional case studies, socialist and anticolonial integration friction in, 16 transregional politics, 121 Tripartite Aggression, 1956,159-60 Troianovskii, Elena [Helen], 40, 262n.l25 career, 59 Moscow, arrival in, 50 photo, 51/ Switzerland, family ties in, 51-52 Troianovskii, Konstantin on achieving anticolonial liberation, 33 anti-imperialist revolution, 34 arrest and imprisonment, 25 Avigdor dealings with, 83-84 background, 24 Bolshevik revolution spread as conceived by, 32-33 career, 56-57 Comintern’s Near East Section headed by, 19,24 Eastern International, idea of, 8-9,3031,57-58,174 Eastern revolution as conceived by, 3031,34-35,40 398 INDEX Troianovskii, Konstantin (cont.) education, 24-25 Egypt, interest in, 52, 53-54 on Egyptian independence, 83-84 Eurasian networks of Eastern International imagined by, 172 India, thoughts on competition over, 34 influences on, 31-32, 34 Islam, approach to, 32 Kobozev, P. criticism of, 40-42 KUTV praised by, 66 Lunacharskii, A. background compared to that of, 35-36 in Moscow, 50-52 old age and obscurity; 59 outward-moving revolutionary signals, model of, 68-69 on Palestine’s strategic importance, 55 photos, 26/, 51/ scholarly pursuits, 59 SOV founded by, 35 as Sovinterprop publication section head, 42 SOV membership card, 37/ students trained by, 19-20 Tashkent, trip to, 39-40 Turkestan, views on, 89 in Turkestan, 40-42 unemployment, 59 as visionary, 57 world revolution in East, role in, 56, 238-39 writings, 30-31, 31/, 40-41 Trotsky, Leon East significance downplayed by, 49-50 international situation as viewed by, 38-39 Jewish background, 54 murder accusation against, 111-12 nationality presented by, 287n.l31 Stalin, J., fallout with, 81 writings, 184 Trotskyists, 113-14 tsarist conquest, reclassification of, 193-94 tsarist imperialism, defense of, 200-1 Turkburo (Turkestan Bureau of the Comintern) abolition of, 49-50 failures of, 50-51 formation of, 42-43 nodes and connections, 43-45,51-52 schema, 44/, 45-46 Turkestan and Asia (other parts), relationship between, 89 autonomy, question of, 57-58, 261-62П.116 Central Asian republics, refashioning into, 88-89 Central Asian Revolt impact on, 38 civil war in, 88, 97-98,261П.104 as colonial territory, 5-6 conflict in, colonial dimensions of, 119 dramatic depictions of colonial life in, 74 as East prototype, 65 food access in, 40 Indian revolutionaries from, 66 industrialization of Soviet, 120-21 Muslims, indigenous in, 20,40-42 Muslims communists in, 57-58 official histories of, 12 pacification of, 49 Russian colonial settlers in, 20 Russians in, 40 socialist revolution in, 202 Soviet rule in, 200-1,203-4 world-historical importance of, 89 Turkestan Commission, 40-42,49,57-58 Turkey Arab provinces exploited by, 100-1 Soviet interest in, 126 Turkmenistan nationalist identity project in, 241-42 Turko-Muslim minorities, 238-39 Turson-zade, Mirzo, 143-44 Ukraine neighboring power colonization, hypothetical of, 119 Russian invasion of, 237,239 Russian war in, 238 Ukrainians, Christian and white identity of, 237 Ulianovskii, Rostislav, 158,183 underdeveloped countries, 158-59 INDEX Union of Soviet Writers, 144 United Arab Republic, collapse of, 316-17n.27 United States anti-imperialism, foundational myth of, 245 Egypt, relations with, 226 foreign policy, critique of, 183-84 internationalisms promoted by, 214-15 Iraq, war with, 234 isolationist policy, 62-63 migration to, 63-64 military bases, 159-60 racial discrimination in, 152,161-62 Russian Jewish immigration to, 54 Soviet competition with, 224, 233 Soviet Jews with relatives in, 128-29 Soviet relations with, 156,229-30 speech, restrictions on, 215-16 United States of Asia, 33,40-41 uprising of 1905, 25 US civil rights movement anticommunist politics and, 154,182 women in, 25 l-52n.49 US House Un-American Activities Committee, 138 US National Security Council directive NSC-158,165-66 US State Department, 127 utopianism, 45-46 Uzbek-Arab relations, 180 Uzbek-Arab solidarity activities, 178-79 Uzbek culture attempts to “isolate,” 143 disappearance, predictions of, 169 representatives of, 176-77 Uzbek Ethnographic Troupe, 142-43 Uzbek intelligentsia, 170,179 Uzbekistan cinema industry in, 205-6 earthquake, 1966,206-7 educational opportunities in, 169-70 independence, 173 India and Central Asian republics, historic connections between, 163-64 leaders, 157-58 mediating interests of, 197-98 399 as part of Soviet Union, 169 regional leadership, 240 source materials, 140 Soviet power established in, 200 visits to, 139-40 Uzbek music classical, 178 criticisms and repressions, 142-44 folk and classical, 142-43 poster, 142/ Uzbek operas, 146 Uzbek republic, anniversaries of, 200,203 Uzbek Society of Friendship with Arab countries, 179 Uzbek writers, 168 UzSOD, 176,178-79 correspondents, 176t India, China, and Arab countries access increased by, 181 institutional culture, 179 Versailles Treaty opposition to, 61-62 Soviet Union left out of, 3-4 world order, end of, 124-25 victimhood, commemoration of, 241-42 Vietnam War, 187,215-16, 228 VOKS (All-Union Society for Cultural Ties Abroad) invitations from, 124,137 leadership, 136-37 Mashriq, connections to, 136 Ministry of Culture working with, 174-75 Partisans of Peace, involvement with, 148-49 police networks and state control, image as cover for, 179 records and files, 135,137 Soviet-Arab friendship society linkages with, 130-31,135-36 Soviet Union travel arrangements, involvement in, 137-38,139-42 successor organization, 173-74 suspicions of, 138 Uzbek branch of, 177 (see also SSOD (State Committee for Cultural Relations with Foreign Countries)) 400 INDEX Vostochniki (Asianists), 5 Voznesenskii, Arsenii NKID, work in, 27,36-38,47-48 writings, 28 wall newspaper in Arabic and Russian (KUTV assignment), 76 war fronts, international awareness of, 134-35 Warsaw Pact, 156-57,165-66 wealth disparities, 215-16 West imaginary, 181 materialist versus spiritual Orient, 34 Soviet anticolonial legitimacy challenged by, 182-83 Soviet relationship with, 6 Soviet Union as alternative to, 151-52 Soviet Union as other, 16 symbolism of, 237 Western and Soviet metageography, divergence of, 254n.8O Western Arabia (term), 55 Western Asia (term), 17 Western civilization challenging imitation of, 130 Russian values and institutions as distinct from, 130 Western critics, Soviet anticolonial legitimacy challenged by, 173-74 Western cultural superiority, myth of, 16 Western culture, rejection of, 128-29 Western Europe, encounter with and resistance to, 15 Western hegemony, Asian societies and cultures threatened by, 258-59n.74 Western imperialism denunciations of, 237,243 renewed phase of, 133 Westernization Asian societies and cultures threatened by global, 258—591.74 cultural, 151 era of, 6 Soviet attitudes concerning, 6 Western orientalism, 13 Western postcolonial theory, Arab Marxists’ critiques of, 13-14 What Is to Be Done? (Lenin), 30 White Sun of the Desert (film), 213,237 Wilson, Woodrow, 40-41, 62 women ofthe East, 85,86-87 political activism of, 11 as revolutionary activists, 83-87 status of, 11,86 women students, pregnancy among, 280П.172 working class peasant relations with, 68 in Turkestan, 40 world literature, globalized system of, 9 world order, post-World War I reconfiguration of, 19 World Peace Council, 148-49 World Republic, belief in, 23 world revolution Bolshevik projections for, 23,64-65 delineation of, 95 geopolitics and, 69 language of, 70 Palestine conflict and, 100 planning for, 57-58 promoting, 99 World War 1,3,29 World War II international relations shift due to, 151 onset of, 116-17 Soviet film industry during, 194-95 Soviet victory in, 145-46 worldwide discourse, geography as unified, 57-58 Wright, Richard, 161 xenophobia foreign students affected by, 111-12 late Stalin-era, 128 rising tide of, 110 Yarmatov, Kamil Afro-Asian Film Festival, 1968 promoted by, 208 at Afro-Asian Film Festival, 1968,190, 196-98,209 Black American performers compared to, 215-16 INDEX Bolshevik revolution narrative, attempt to craft, 21 films and film career, 192-95,210-13 ideological contradictions, grappling with, 186,200-5,216,231 memoirs, 212 national and racial justice as film themes addressed by, 215 origin and background, 190-92 photo, 194/ Soviet orientalism, relationship with, 191-92 younger critics of, 213-14 Yeltsin, Boris, 235, 329n.93 East neglected by, 237 Westernization under, 6 Yemen as republic, 224 Soviet relations with, 53 Yiddish cultural institutions, 128-29 Yishuv. See Palestine, Jewish community in 401 “Yishuvism,” doctrine of, 267n.203 Young Bukharan Committee, 41-42 youth organizations, influences on, 127-28 Yugoslavia, 186-87 zagranitsa (imaginary elsewhere), 181 Zhdanov, Andrei, 136-37,144-45,19495,2981.83 Zinoviev, Grigory, 48,81,97-98 Berger, J. relations with, 106 East significance downplayed by, 49-50 murder accusation against, 111-12 Zionism disillusionment with, 94-95 as fluid category, 113-14 Jewish colonization and, 286n. 117 in Palestine, 109 Russian Jew ties to, 122 Soviet media attacks on, 226 Zionist emigration to Palestine, 54,94-95 Zoshchenko, Mikhail, 144
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spelling	Kirasirova, Masha Verfasser (DE-588)1209706695 aut The eastern international Arabs, Central Asians, and Jews in the Soviet Union's anticolonial empire Masha Kirasirova New York, NY Oxford University Press [2024] © 2024 viii, 401 Seiten Illustrationen, Karte txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Oxford studies in international history Literaturverzeichnis Seite [333]-362 "The Eastern International is a study of how the concept of "the East" was used by the world's first communist state and its mediators to organize space and to project, channel, and contest power across Eurasia. It is a story of how various intermediaries tried to shape the global conversation about decolonization in an effort to build support and win global legitimacy for the Soviet Union as an anti-colonial state power. They succeeded in this task because the ideas of anti-capitalism, anti-fascism, and liberation from colonial exploitation inspired so many around the world. Recontextualizing Soviet history within a global frame, my project shows how the USSR popularized critiques of capitalism, fascism, and colonialism through propaganda, education, cultural relations and later, through political and economic aid in international "Eastern" regions, as it all the while concealed other inequalities and forms of exploitation, including in its "domestic East." By telling these stories while concealing others, these mediators contributed to the marginalization of the Soviet Union from conversations about cultural and political decolonization happening in the Middle East and elsewhere. My book reinscribes Soviet history into postcolonial studies and global history"-- Geschichte gnd rswk-swf Geopolitik (DE-588)4156741-9 gnd rswk-swf Juden (DE-588)4028808-0 gnd rswk-swf Entkolonialisierung (DE-588)4070860-3 gnd rswk-swf Osten Motiv (DE-588)4448496-3 gnd rswk-swf Antikolonialismus (DE-588)4142680-0 gnd rswk-swf Naher Osten (DE-588)4068878-1 gnd rswk-swf Mittelasien (DE-588)4039661-7 gnd rswk-swf Sowjetunion (DE-588)4077548-3 gnd rswk-swf Arabs / Soviet Union Central Asians / Soviet Union Jews / Soviet Union Soviet Union / Foreign relations / Middle East Soviet Union / Foreign relations / Asia, Central Sowjetunion (DE-588)4077548-3 g Entkolonialisierung (DE-588)4070860-3 s Antikolonialismus (DE-588)4142680-0 s Osten Motiv (DE-588)4448496-3 s Geopolitik (DE-588)4156741-9 s Juden (DE-588)4028808-0 s Mittelasien (DE-588)4039661-7 g Naher Osten (DE-588)4068878-1 g Geschichte z DE-604 Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe, Ebook Central 978-0-19-768572-3 Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034924926&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034924926&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Literaturverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034924926&sequence=000005&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Register // Gemischte Register
spellingShingle	Kirasirova, Masha The eastern international Arabs, Central Asians, and Jews in the Soviet Union's anticolonial empire Geopolitik (DE-588)4156741-9 gnd Juden (DE-588)4028808-0 gnd Entkolonialisierung (DE-588)4070860-3 gnd Osten Motiv (DE-588)4448496-3 gnd Antikolonialismus (DE-588)4142680-0 gnd
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title	The eastern international Arabs, Central Asians, and Jews in the Soviet Union's anticolonial empire
title_auth	The eastern international Arabs, Central Asians, and Jews in the Soviet Union's anticolonial empire
title_exact_search	The eastern international Arabs, Central Asians, and Jews in the Soviet Union's anticolonial empire
title_exact_search_txtP	The eastern international Arabs, Central Asians, and Jews in the Soviet Union's anticolonial empire
title_full	The eastern international Arabs, Central Asians, and Jews in the Soviet Union's anticolonial empire Masha Kirasirova
title_fullStr	The eastern international Arabs, Central Asians, and Jews in the Soviet Union's anticolonial empire Masha Kirasirova
title_full_unstemmed	The eastern international Arabs, Central Asians, and Jews in the Soviet Union's anticolonial empire Masha Kirasirova
title_short	The eastern international
title_sort	the eastern international arabs central asians and jews in the soviet union s anticolonial empire
title_sub	Arabs, Central Asians, and Jews in the Soviet Union's anticolonial empire
topic	Geopolitik (DE-588)4156741-9 gnd Juden (DE-588)4028808-0 gnd Entkolonialisierung (DE-588)4070860-3 gnd Osten Motiv (DE-588)4448496-3 gnd Antikolonialismus (DE-588)4142680-0 gnd
topic_facet	Geopolitik Juden Entkolonialisierung Osten Motiv Antikolonialismus Naher Osten Mittelasien Sowjetunion
url	http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034924926&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034924926&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034924926&sequence=000005&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA
work_keys_str_mv	AT kirasirovamasha theeasterninternationalarabscentralasiansandjewsinthesovietunionsanticolonialempire

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