Ambassadors of social progress: a history of international blind activism in the Cold War
"This book discusses the ways in which blind activists from the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe entered the postwar international blind movement. It analyzes the intersectionality of disability and politics during the Cold War and the ways in which socialist disability activism was rooted in th...
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| Format: | Book |
| Language: | English |
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Ithaca, New York ; London
Northern Illinois University Press, an imprint of Cornell University Press
2024
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| Series: | NIU series in Slavic, East European, and Eurasian studies
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| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Literaturverzeichnis Register // Gemischte Register |
| Summary: | "This book discusses the ways in which blind activists from the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe entered the postwar international blind movement. It analyzes the intersectionality of disability and politics during the Cold War and the ways in which socialist disability activism was rooted in the socialist system of welfare"-- |
| Physical Description: | xi, 288 Seiten Illustrationen 24 cm |
| ISBN: | 9781501773778 |
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Contents Acknowledgments ix List of Abbreviations xi Introduction: Socialist Blind Activists, the International Disability Movement, and the Forgotten Legacies of the Cold War 1 Part One: A History of International Blind Activism with a View from the East 1. A Communist Blind International 19 2. A Marshall Plan for the Blind of Europe 46 3. Socialist Blind Internationalism 66 4. East German and Soviet Membership in the World Council 94 Part Two: Three Case Studies: BSV, VOS, and ERC 5. Learning, Contributing, and Proving the Capacity of (Some) Blind People 123 6. Ambassadors of Social Progress or Obstacles to Integration? 146 7. “A Disability That Does Not Let Us See Borders on the Map of the World” 172 Epilogue: Postsocialism and the Global Traffic of Disability Ideas 192
viii CONTENTS Appendix: Biographical Notes on Selected Activists Notes 203 215 Research Design and Bibliography Index 279 261
RESEARCH DESIGN AND BIBLIOGRAPHY 263 Interviews Cattani, Rodolfo: 9 September 2019 and 23 December 2021 (in person, Monza, Italy); 2 February 2021 (via Zoom) Schmidt, Manfred: 15 August 2018 (in person, Berlin, Germany) Tschirner, Siegfried: 5 August 2019 (via phone) Uhlig, Werner: 5 August 2019 (in person, Leipzig, Germany) Zurita, Pedro: 26 September 2019 and 22 December 2020 (on Skype) Published Primary and Secondary Sources VIII s"ezd Vserossiiskogo obshchestav slepykh. Moscow: Izdanie prezidiuma Tsentral'nogo pravleniia Vserossiiskogo obshchestva slepykh, 1955. Ackermann, Felix, and Michael Galbas. "Back from Afghanistan: Experiences of Soviet Afghan War Veterans in Transnational Perspective.” Journal of Soviet and Post-Soviet Politics and Society 1, no. 2 (2015): 1-17. Amrith, Sunil S. "Internationalizing Health in the Twentieth Century." In Interna tionalisms: A Twentieth-Century History, edited by Glenda Sluga and Patricia Clavin, 245-264. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2017. Anderson, Julie. War, Disability and Rehabilitation in Britain: “Soul of a Nation. ” Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2011. Anderson, Julie, and Neil Pemberton, “Walking Alone: Aiding the War and Civilian Blind in the Inter-War Period.” European Review of History 14, no. 4 (2007): 459-479. Applebaum, Rachel. Empire of Friends: Soviet Power and Socialist Internationalism in Cold War Czechoslovakia. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2019. Arndt, Melanie. Gesundheitspolitik ungeteilten Berlin, 1948 bis 1961. Cologne: Böhlau Verlag, 2009. Autio-Sarasmo, Sari. “Knowledge through
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264 RESEARCH DESIGN AND BIBLIOGRAPHY Barnes, Colin. Disabled People in Britain and Discrimination: A Casefor Anti discrimination Legislation. London: C. Hurst, 1991. ----- . "Understanding the Social Model of Disability: Past, Present and Future." In Routledge Handbook of Disability Studies, edited by Nick Watson et al., 12-29. New York: Routledge, 2012. Barnett, Μ. Robert. “Global Progress: Advent of a World Organization." In Blindness 1964: AAWB Annual, 143-148. Washington, DC: American Association of Workers for the Blind, 1964. Barsch, Sebastian. “Der 'geschädigte' Mensch inder Rehabilitationspädagogik der DDR: Entfaltung und Wikung eines sozialistischen Modells von Behinder ung." In Kontinuitäten, Zäsuren, Brüche? Lebenlagen von Menschen mit Behinderun gen in der deutschen Zeitgeschichte, edited by Gabrele Lingelbach and Anne Waldschmidt, 191-231. Frankfurt: Campus Verlag, 2016. Beacroft, Charles. “Educating the Uneducable: Deafblind Education in the Soviet Union, 1925-1960.” PhD diss. University of East Anglia, 2018. Becirevic, Majda, and Monica Dowling. “The Complex Role of Non-governmental Organizations in Advancing the Inclusion of Children with Disabilities in Bosni-Herzegovin and Bulgaria." In Disability in Eastern Europe and the Former Soviet Union, edited by Michael Ransell and Elena larskaia-Smirnova, 226-244. London: Routledge, 2014. Berghs, Maria, et al., “Do Disabled People Need a Stronger Social Model: A Social Model of Human Rights?" Disability Society 34, no. 7-8 (2019): 1034-1039. Bericht über den 3. Kongreß der Association Internationale des
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I N D EX agreements, cultural, 74, 78 Alagiyawanna, Rienzi, 97 All-German Blind Union. See BSV (Blinden- und Sehschwachen-Verband) All-Russian Production-Consumption Union of Invalids (VIKO), 5, 168 All-Russian Society of the Blind. See VOS (Vserossiiskoe Obshchestvo Slepykh) All-Russian Society of the Deaf. See VOG (All-Russian Society of the Deaf) All-Union Society for Cultural Ties with Foreign Countries (VOKS), 27 Altmann, Siegfried, 33, 38 Amblard, Henri, 50, 203 American Association of Instructors for the Blind, 34 American Association of Workers for the Blind, 34 American Foundation for Overseas Blind: and CIA, 50-51; and Third World, 140; and World Council, 54, 55, 58, 94-95 American Foundation for the Blind: and New York conference (1931), 34, 35; and Oxford conference (1949), 51; socialist criticism of, 66; surveys, 61; and VOS, 62; and World Council support, 48, 57, 60 Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA), 1, 2, 185 Ammannato, Aramis, 116, 172, 182, 183 Arnör, Anders, 117 athletics. See sports Babin, Vladimir, 70 Baker, Edwin Albert, 54, 105, 219n23 Baltic Sea Week, 105-6, 124, 126, 137-38, 142 Barakat, Wehdi, 141, 142 Barbieri, Orazio, 80 Barnett, Robert, 55-56, 57 Baz, Aleksandrina, 102 Bel'fort, Jacobo, 42 Benesch, Friedrich, 164 Bentivoglio, Paolo, 56, 104, 203-4, 218nl5 Blinden- und Sehschwachen-Verband der DDR. See BSV (Blinden- und Sehschwachen-Verband) blindness: association of blind with peace struggle, 135-37; association of blind with proletariat, 32, 41, 42, 69; blind as term, 215n8; definitions of, 173,184; as easier to accommodate than other
disabilities, 5, 6; and hygiene, 12,21, 27; as international identity, 172; as international problem, 20-24; potential of blind, 5, 92; as proxy for state health and progressiveness, 12, 61-62, 73; reasons for and inequities in services, 6, 13; as social problem, 29-31; statistics on, 28-29, 61-62 Blind Workers’ Association (Leipzig), 23 Blind Youth Sport Competitions, and ERC, 175. See also Leningrad games (1958); Prague Games (1956) Bol'shakov, L, 108 Borré, Gérard, 50 Boulter, Eric: and International Committee for the Welfare of the Blind, 50; visit to USSR, 152-53, 157; and World Council, 54,95, 110, 111, 115; and Zimin, 116-17 Braille: access to in socialist countries, 6, 30; access to in West, 24, 42, 193; and ERC, 181-84; international interest in, 27, 50, 63, 70, 71, 80, 83, 84, 88, 101, 156-57; and Pielasch, 104, 182; standardization efforts, 132,181-84; and Third World, 140, 141, 144; and US aid, 51, 66; and VOS, 40, 63, 70, 83, 84, 88, 156-57; and World Council, 55, 56 Braille Commission, 181-83 Breitenbach, Hans, 180-81 Brezhnev, Leonid, 80, 81 British Royal Commonwealth Society for the Blind, 140 279
280 INDEX British Royal National Institute of the Blind, 49, 54, 106, 140, 156 Brix, Gerhard, 162 BSV (Blinden- und Sehschwachen-Verband): Baltic Sea Week, 105-6, 124, 126, 137-38, 142; case study, 123-46; and collapse of GDR, 192-94; criticism of post-collapse, 196-97; double inferiority complex, 125, 132-34; and ERC funding, 177; growth of, 9; international events by, 126, 127-31; leadership in, 9; methodology and approach to, 8-9; name changes, 217n33; relations with West, 123,126-34; and self-advocacy approach, 96,123-26,127, 128, 132-34, 139; and socialist identity, 23, 72-74; and socialist internationalism development, 74-79, 80; state control and oversight of, 9; and Third World, 123, 134, 139-44; visibility of blind in, 13, 14, 68, 125-26; and World Council, 8, 95-96, 99-107, 111, 126. See also Pielasch, Helmut built environment, 1, 5, 132 Bulgaria: and Committee on Education, 52, 59; exchanges and visits, 78, 81, 84; and socialist identity, 68-69, 71; and Third World, 124,143; and World Council, 114, 116 Bünte, Jürgen, 194 camps, summer, 88, 179 cane training, 77-78, 132 capitalism: and invalidy, 4-5, 12-14; neoliberalism, 187-88, 193, 194,197,201. See also Western activism Cattani, Rodolfo, 12, 97, 177, 188, 204 charity. See philanthropy chess, 80, 81, 85-86, 112-13 China: exchanges and visits, 81, 82, 83, 86; nonrecognition of, 100-101; and sports, 75, 87 CIA, 50-51 Cohen, Walter, 182 Cohn, Hans Hermann, 112,113 Colligan, John C., 58, 106, 111, 116-17 colonialism: Soviet socialism as answer to, 3, 30, 151; and Third World aid, 140, 142-43; and World Council,
59-60, 61 Comecon (Council for Mutual Economic Assistance), 68 Comintern, 25,32 Commission on Cultural Opportunities (ERC), 183-84 Committee for Sport and Physical Education (USSR), 87 Committee on Appliances (World Council), 56-58 Committee on Education (World Council), 58-59, 112 Committee on Professional and Urban Employment (World Council), 116 Committee on Rural Employment (World Council), 116 Committee on Services for the Deaf-Blind (World Council), 60 Communist Blind International proposal, 25-34 Conference of World Organizations Interested in the Handicapped, 47, 55, 118 congenital blindness, 12, 61 Congress for Cultural Freedom, 52 Cookey-Gam, J. W, 162-63 Cooper, Ted, 40-41 Cromwell, William Nelson, 38 Cuba and BSV 140, 141 currency: currency-free exchanges, 82, 103; and World Council membership, 103,109 Czechoslovakia: and chess, 112; and Committee on Education, 52; and Congress of the Blind (1927), 25; exchanges and visits, 81, 85-86, 105; and socialist identity, 68-69, 71; socialist internationalism development, 74-79; Soviet invasion of, 119; and sports, 74-77, 79, 80-81, 87, 88; work approach, 89, 162; and World Council, 95, 99, 100, 102, 104-5,116 Dabrovski, Adolf, 84 Dai, Le van, 141 deafness: association of deaf with proletariat, 32; as international identity, 172; and segregated spaces, 169; socialist activist groups, 5, 7, 32, 47, 82,113, 167, 169, 249719; WFD, 7, 47, 94, 107, 113; and work, 6, 11 defectology: and education, 5, 82, 157, 163, 164-65; and medical model of disability, 11, 31; Soviet focus on, 5, 60, 82, 154, 165; and World Council, 58-59
Degenhardt, Heinz, 132 Delver, Hillebrand, 184 Denmark: and early international organizations, 49, 50; and ERC, 180; and World Council, 106-7,116
INDEX Desai, H. J. Μ., 162 Die Blindenwelt, 23 Die Gegenwart, 73-74, 130-31 Dimitrescu (Romanian delegate), 100 diplomatic role of activists: and BSV, 13, 123—24, 127, 129-31, 134, 139-44, 193; and ERC, 176; as focus, 3-4, 7-10, 181, 198-99; and sports, 74, 76-77, 87, 91; and US, 34, 47-49, 51-52; and visibility, 69; and VOS, 13, 45, 63, 79-80, 83-87, 91-92, 109, 112, 150-51, 158-59, 169-70, 194; and World Council, 95-96, 103, 105-6, 109. See also exchanges and visits disability: as atonement, 88-89; difficulty of accommodating physical disabilities, 5, 6; focus on "supercrips," 13, 125-26; future research areas, 200-201; medical model of, 11-12, 19-20, 21,148; socialist model of, 29-31; social model of, 12, 148, 185-86. See also blindness; deafness; visibility of disabled persons Disabled People's International, 139 Dittke, Will, 72 Djelloul, Mustapha, 141 dogs, guide, 80, 131-32 Dolanski, Wlodzimierz, 50, 52, 71-72 Dolgov, Konstantin, 95,108 Domuschiev, Dimitr, 71 Drekhsler, Roza, 40-41 Drtina, Jan, 175, 204 Dulles, John Foster, 51 Dyckmans, Achille, 97, 98,116, 128,204 Eagar, Waldo McGillicuddy, 33,38, 50, 52, 63 East German Union of the Deaf, 107 East Germany: and chess, 112; collapse of, 192-94; double inferiority complex in, 125; exchanges with West Germany, 105, 126; proximity to West, 9; recognition of as state, 95, 99, 109, 126-27; and reunification, 192-94; UN membership, 127. See also BSV (Blinden- und Sehschwachen-Verband) ECOSOC (Economic and Social Council of United Nations), 46-47, 54 education. See learning; special education Eger, Gerhard, 105 equality vs.
difference debate, 185-89 Erkkilä, Leena, 164 Esperanto Ligilo, 26, 43, 49 Esperanto, 26, 43, 49 eugenics, 21, 27 281 European Blind Union, 138-39,189-91, 194 European Economic Community, 98, 103, 106-7, 190 European Regional Committee (World Council): and Braille, 181-84; and BSV, 126, 131; case study, 172-91; founding of, 97-98, 174; as front, 176; funding of, 177; and integration, 164; leadership of, 111, 113, 133, 174-75; and publications, 179-81; and rights, 184-89, 196; and sports, 175-76; structure and organization, 174-77; and Third World aid, 143; vacationing program, 178-79; and VOS, 109-10, 111 exchanges and visits: and BSV 105-7,123, 124,126, 131,141-43; and ERC, 178-79; health exchanges, 74, 78; role of, 74, 76, 77, 78, 81-86; structure and organization of, 82-83; and VOS, 79, 81-86,148-57, 158, 169-70. See also Baltic Sea Week; sports Farrell, Gabriel, 58 Fefelov, Valerii, 2 Fichtner, Gerhard, 135 Finck, Willi, 204 Finland: Northern Committee, 49; Oxford conference (1949), 50; and World Council, 116 Finley, John H., 35 France: education of blind in, 157; exchanges and visits, 154, 156-57; US aid to, 51; and World Council, 109, 116 Frankl, Ludwig August, 21 Fraser, Ian, 36 friendship contracts, 141 Fromm, Wolfgang, 129,130, 165 Fuca', Giuseppe, 128, 152 Gäbler-Knibbe, Lothar, 23, 24 Gachechiladze, Vakhtang Μ., 114,156 Gander, Vladimir, 164 Gandhi, Indira, 114 Gauvrit, Henri, 164 Geißler, Horst, 106, 111, 116, 164, 205 Gerber, François, 128 Germany: activism pre-WWII, 20-21, 23-24; reunification, 192-94. See also East Germany; West Germany Getliff, E. H„ 58 Al
Ghanim, Abdullah Μ., 117 gifts, 83, 84, 105, 141, 142, 180 Gissler, Tore, 154
282 INDEX Global South: and association of blindness with poor state conditions, 61; and World Council, 59-60, 117. See also Third World Golwala, Marian, 84, 111, 174 Gorelik, Μ. E., 156 Gottwald, Alfons, 98, 160, 175, 205 Gradev, Yanaki, 175, 189, 205 Grasemann, Paul, 33 Greece: and Oxford conference (1949), 50; US aid to, 51, 58; and World Council, 116 Gugenheim, Jean-Emile, 160 guide dogs, 80, 131-32 Guillemet, Serge, 154, 184 Guinot, Paul, 37, 38, 50, 51 Güterbock, Eduard, 39 Hahn, Herman, 42 Hakkinen, Eero, 117 Hallstein doctrine, 95, 126 Hardy, Raymond, 189, 205 Hausdorf, Johannes, 23, 72, 73, 205-6, 218nl5 health exchanges, 74, 78 Hedkvist, Charles, 115, 116-17, 206 Heister, Friedel, 160 Henk, Gerhard, 165 housing, 6, 7, 80, 156, 159 Hungary: and chess, 112; and early conferences, 52, 59, 77-78, 99; exchanges and visits, 81; and socialist identity, 68-69, 71; and socialist internationalism development, 74-79; and sports, 74-77, 87; and World Council, 95, 99, 102,116 Husveg, Arne, 13 8, 176, 189, 190, 206 hygiene, 12, 21, 27 Iliev, Ivan, 111, 114, 175 India: exchanges and visits, 110,141,149, 151, 153-54; and New Delhi general assembly (1969), 113-16, 162; and World Council, 56,109 inferiority complex, 125, 132-34 Inoue, Takeo, 40 Institute for the Training of Administrators and Engineers (USSR), 84 integration: debates over, 158-66; segrega tion as preparation for, 12; VOS’s inability to accept, 166-69; and Western activism, 1,158-70 International Anti-Trachoma League, 21 International Association for the Prevention of Blindness, 21, 37,118, 235nl4 International
Association of Blind Students, 25,27 International Blind Chess Association, 112-13, 23514 International Blind Sports Association, 176 International Blind Youth Sport Competi tions. See Leningrad games (1958); Prague Games (1956); sports International Committee for the Welfare of the Blind, 50, 52. See also World Council for the Welfare of the Blind International Conference of Educators of Blind Youth, 112 International Conference of Workers for the Blind (Oxford, 1949), 49-52, 56, 59 International Council for the Education of the Visually Handicapped, 235nl4 International Council on Social Welfare, 55 International Federation of the Blind, 97, 118, 187, 189 International Federation of Unions of the Blind, 38-39 internationalism: early approaches to, 20-24; early conferences, 19, 27-39; increase in, 49-52, 66-69; and interest in VOS, 39—43; and isolation of VOS, 62-63, 79, 169; overview of, 46-49. See also European Regional Committee (World Council); exchanges and visits; sports; World Council for the Welfare of the Blind internationalism, socialist: and Communist Blind International proposal, 25-34; and cultural agreements, 74, 78; development of by VOS, 67, 68, 69, 79-86; development of outside of VOS, 74-79; rise of post-WWII, 66-69; and socialist identity, 68-74. See also BSV (Blinden- und Sehschwachen-Verband); exchanges and visits; sports; VOS (Vserossiiskoe Obshchestvo Slepykh) International Labour Organization, 47, 54, 94, 140 International League of Blind Esperantists, 49 International of Former Combatants, 25 International Ophthalmological Congresses, 21
International Proletarian Congress of the Blind, 33-34 International Research Information Service, 57 International Social Security Association, 7, 118
INDEX International Sports Organization of the Disabled, 176 International Symposium on the Early Education of Blind Children (1976), 142 International Symposium on the Profes sional Rehabilitation of Blind Intellectual Workers (1972), 129-30 International Symposium on Vocational Rehabilitation (1967), 127-29, 135, 159-62 International Year declarations, 137, 138, 140,141,199 invalidy as Western/ capitalist problem, 4-5, 12-14 Irwin, Robert, 50, 51, 52, 59 Italy: exchanges and visits, 149,154; organizations in, 37; and Oxford conference (1949), 50; special education in, 104; US aid to, 51; and World Council, 109,116 Ivanov, Sergei Mikhailovich: exchanges and visits, 85-86; and internationalism, 79-81, 94; and self-advocacy approach, 148; and sports, 76, 77, 87, 88, 94; and World Council, 94, 99 Iwahashi, Hideyuki, 117 Jaedicke, Martin, 103,104, 129, 196-97, 206-7 Jakob, Herbert, 137, 207 Japan and World Council, 56,109,117 Jarvis, John: and Berlin Symposium (1967), 127, 128; biography, 207; and chess, 113; and World Council, 98, 106, 108, 109, 110-11,119; and Zimin, 116-17 Jensen, Svend: and ERC, 174,176, 179-80, 184, 186,188,207; and World Council, 115 Jernigan, Kenneth, 96 Jesenskÿ.Jân, 102 Jörgensen, Ernst, 50 journalism and ERC, 179-81 Jursz, Zygmund, 162 Kachur, Ivan Aleksandrovich, 111 Kappallo, Armin, 192 Keller, Helen, 35, 63,136 Kenmore, Jeanne, 130,163-64 Kern, Käthe, 127 Kervin, Roberto, 189 Khafizov, Usman, 111, 162 Khedin, Valborg, 149 Khrushchev, Nikita, 6, 79 Kirchstein, Hedwig, 135 283 Kiselev, Iurii, 2 Kondratov, Anatolii: biography, 206; and integration
debates, 161, 162, 165, 166-67, 169; and International Symposium (1972), 130; and propaganda by VOS, 146, 154; and VOS leadership, 149 Kopydlowski, Wlodzimierz, 175 Kraemer, Rudolf, 23 Kulagin, lu. A., 156 Lapshin, Aleksandr, 169 Larsson, Birger, 149 League of Nations, 21, 26, 33, 38 learning: and BSV, 131-32; and ERC, 179; and exchanges and visits, 84, 85; as socialist strategy, 7; and Third World organizations, 142, 143; by VOS, 43, 69, 80, 84, 85, 112-13, 146, 156-58, 167, 170. See also tutelage Lecogne, Louis, 183 Leningrad games (1958), 81, 86-92, 99 Licina, Milos, 70, 89 Lindqvist, Bengt, 188 Loeff, Eugène, 189, 207 Lukacs, Géza, 76 Lundberg, Alrik, 38 Lykova, Lidiia, 109 Madej, Stanislaw, 107, 174 mainstreaming. See integration Marburg Institute for Blind Students, 24 Marinkov, Omar, 114, 116 Marrero, Yolanda, 141 Marshall Plan, 51, 58, 66,104 Marié, Milos, 70 Medvedev, Vasilii, 52, 63, 70-72, 79,169, 207-8 Mehls, Hartmut, 133, 165 Merendino, Mario, 154 Mermod, Ami, 160-61, 178, 208 Michalak, Mieczyslaw, 76, 88, 99 Migel, Moses Charles, 35, 38 Mikhaelis, Rudolf, 42, 43 mobility training and BSV 131-32 Molina de Stahl, Elisa, 162 Monnier, Jean-Jacques, 25 Monti, Carlo, 149 Mowatt, Godfrey E, 33 Murav'eva, Nonna A., 156 Murrl, Hans, 132 museums for the blind, 22 Mwangosi, T. E. J., 141
284 INDEX Nai, Huang, 76, 99, 100-101 Nasedkin, Filipp I., 79 Nathan, Johann, 25 National Federation of the Blind, 96 National Society for the Prevention of Blindness, 21 Nazi regime, 6, 23, 73, 124-25 Ndunguru, G. A., 141 neoliberalism, 187-88, 193, 194, 197, 201 Neue Zeit, 23 Neumyvakin, Aleksandr, 189, 195, 208 neutrality: of blindness, 172-73; and Esperanto, 26, 43; impossibility of, 20, 48-49, 181, 199-200; and League of Nations, 26, 33; and New York conference (1931), 34, 44; and Vienna conference (1929), 32-33; and World Council, 62, 64, 95,119 New York conference (1931), 33, 34-39 Nicolich, Miguel Mérida, 38 Nicolle, André, 116, 176, 208 Nicolodi, Aurelio, 33, 37, 38, 39, 50 Nicolussi [FRG activist], 183 Nielsen, Tage, 110 Northern Committee, 49 Norway: Committee on Education, 50, 59; exchanges and visits, 133, 154; Northern Committee, 49; US aid to, 51; and World Council, 116 Nowill, Dorina de Gouvea, 117 Oelkers, Hans Ludwig, 129 Oost, Pieter Sybrand, 164 Ostpolitik, 126-27 Oxford International Conference of Workers for the Blind (1949), 49-52, 56, 59 Pablasek, Mathias, 21 peace, struggle for, 73-74, 116,123,125, 127-28, 134-39 Peev, Zhelyazko, 114 pensions: and ERC, 173, 184-85; in GDR, 72, 192, 193; interest in post-WWI, 22, 23-24, 36; in USSR, 42, 81, 109, 152 philanthropy: as bourgeois/capitalist, 4-5, 11, 12,25,31, 40,42, 69, 70; historic focus on in West, 1, 3,4-5,11, 12, 66; and New York conference (1931), 36-37; and Oxford conference (1949), 51; and Third World, 143; turn away from, 160; and tutelage, 37, 60; and World Council for the Welfare of the Blind,
53, 57, 60, 96; and World Council on Work for the Blind, 38, 48—49 Phipps, Walter Glover, 62 Pielasch, Helmut: awards and honors, 133-34, 176; biography, 208-9; and blindjournalism, 179-80; and Braille, 104,182; criticism of, 196-97; death of, 189; and ERC, 111, 126, 133,175,177,179-80,184; and inferiority complex of BSV 132-34; and international events by BSV 127, 129-30,137; as leader, 9; and Leipzig symposium (1960), 88; and peace, 135,136, 138; on self-determination, 145; and socialist internationalism development, 76, 77-78; and sports, 76,88, 176; and Third World aid, 140,142,144; Western travels by, 131, 132-33; and World Council membership debate, 99-107 Poland: and early international organizations, 49, 50, 52, 59; exchanges and visits, 81, 88, 105; and socialist identity, 68-69, 72, 73; and socialist internationalism development, 74-79; and sports, 74-77, 87; and World Council, 95, 99, 100, 102, 107, 116 Polish Union of the Blind: congress (1949), 71-72; cultural agreements, 78; journalism conference (1974), 180-81; and sports, 87; and World Council, 99, 100, 102, 107 Polzin, Gerhard, 138, 189, 209 Portugal and World Council, 107,116 Prague Games (1956), 75, 80-81, 88, 99 Pressel, Otto, 40 Primkulov, Kudrat Primkulovich, 111, 114, 169-70 progressiveness: blindness as proxy measure of, 12, 61-62, 73; of integration approach, 160; of socialist approach, 6, 7, 148-55,198 propaganda: and BSV 124, 129-31, 134,138, 179-80; in overview, 7-10; and peace, 138-39; and sports, 76-77; and US, 63,64; and VOS, 63, 86, 108, 110, 112-13, 146, 154-55, 158 Puchmüller, Ernst, 136,
209 radio, 40 Rajhi, Mohamed, 117 Raverat, Georges, 33, 39, 42, 52 Red Cross, 21, 26 rehabilitation: and ERC, 184-85; and GDR, 72,104,126,127-28,129-32,196; Soviet focus on, 5,7,13,14,159; and Third World, 139,140,141,143; and US, 47-48; and veterans, 22; and VOS, 118,146,149,151, 194-95; and World Council, 55-56,57,60
INDEX Rehabilitation International, 7,47, 55, 159 Rémy, Paul, 42 Reuß, Alexander, 23 Richter, Herbert, 41 rights: and collapse of USSR, 192, 193, 196; and ERC, 184-89, 196; focus on by socialist activists, 6,25,30, 32, 41—42, 70, 71,159, 176; focus on in West, 1, 2, 159; and New York conference (1931), 36, 37; and World Council, 118. See also self-determination approach Rockefeller Foundation, 34, 224n9 Romagnoli, Augusto, 35 Romania: and chess, 112; and ERC, 175; exchanges and visits, 78, 81, 84; and sports, 75, 87; and World Council, 100 Roth, Simon, 49 Scandinavia: and Baltic Sea Week, 107, 126, 137; equality vs. difference debate, 185; internationalism post-WWII, 49; lobbying of by BSV 105-6; work statistics in, 152; and World Council leadership, 115 Schäfer, Alfred, 129 Schaffer, Marguerite, 38 Schiatti, Elio, 149 Schlemonat, Ingeborg, 131,134,137 Schmidt, Hermann, 90, 105, 136, 137 Schmidt, Manfred, 137, 193 Schmitt-Berger, Georges, 40 Schöffler, Max: biography, 209-10; criticism of Western activism, 66-67, 94, 95; and Die Gegenwart, 73; education, 218nl5; political troubles, 23, 89-90; on politics in activism, 26; and Vienna conference (1929), 28 Schumann, Maurice, 118 segregation of blind: criticism of, 1, 147, 159-61, 170, 198; and desire for separate spaces, 168-69; and education, 6, 12, 147, 163-65, 198; and visibility, 92; and work, 6, 12, 89, 132, 147, 158-63, 165-70, 198 Seierup, Hans Cai: and Berlin Symposium (1967), 127; and ERC, 98, 161, 174, 177-78; and exchanges and visits, 106-7, 109-10 Seif, Vita, 39 self-determination approach: and BSV, 96, 123-26,
127, 128, 132-34, 139, 141, 145, 194, 197; and exchanges, 86; as focus, 2-14, 68, 200; pre-WWII, 19-20,22-23, 285 30-32, 36-44; and sports, 69, 91; and Third World, 141, 143; and VOS, 31, 39-43, 148; and Western activism, 1, 96-98; and World Council, 48-49, 95, 97, 117-19; and World Council alternatives, 96-98 Serpokryl, NinaVasil’evna, 111, 114, 156-57 Shah, Fatima, 97, 118 Sheglova, Aleksandra, 165 show sites, 82, 91, 129, 150, 154 Siegal, John, 40 sighted activists: and integration approach, 164; and New York conference (1931), 35-36; and sports, 77, 91; and World Council, 48-49, 53, 60-61, 96, 117-18 Silhan,Jan, 100, 210 Skorokhodova, Olga Ivanovna, 82 Sneiberg, Frantisek, 26 socialist activism: and disability care as function of state, 1-2; discrediting of post-Soviet collapse, 2-3, 196-97; and inability to criticize state, 5-6, 9; methodology and approach to, 8-11; state approaches and policies, 4-7. See also BSV (Blinden- und SehschwachenVerband); diplomatic role of activists; progressiveness; self-determination approach; VOS (Vserossiiskoe Obshchestvo Slepykh) social security, 7, 118, 152 Sommerness, Sverre, 160 Sonntag, Franz, 184, 210 Spain and World Council, 107, 116 Special Design Bureaus (VOS), 157, 158 special education: and BSV 104, 129, 132, 141; and defectology, 5, 82, 157, 163, 164-65; in France, 157; and integration, 1, 147,159,163-69; in Italy, 104; pre-WWII, 20—21, 24, 30; and segregation, 6, 12, 147, 163-65,198; and Third World, 143,144; and VOS, 63, 70, 83, 146, 149, 153, 154, 156-57; and World Council, 58-59,112 sports: and BSV, 134; and ERC, 175-76;
Leningrad games (1958), 81, 86-92, 99; Prague Games (1956), 75, 80-81, 88, 99; role of, 69, 74-77; and Third World, 144; and visibility of disabilities, 12-13, 69, 92; andVOS, 79, 80-81, 86-92, 112-13 statistics on blindness, 28-29, 30, 61-62 St. Dunstan’s, 24, 54 Steffen, Kuno, 138 Stoke Mandeville Games, 12-13, 75 Stolper, Horst, 189, 210
286 INDEX Strehl, Carl: biography, 210; interest in VOS, 39; and International Committee for the Welfare of the Blind, 50; and New York conference (1931), 37; and US aid, 51; and Vienna conference (1929), 27, 32, 33; and World Council, 38, 56, 57, 103, 104, 107, 110-11 Suchardova, Emilie, 25, 43,210-11 Sundquist, Perry, 96 superiority and socialist activism: and BSV 124-25,129-30, 131,133,134, 142; and chess, 112; as general goal, 3, 7; and Soviet superiority complex, 125; and Third World assistance, 142; and VOS, 69, 84-85, 92, 146, 147, 148-55, 158, 167 Sweden: and Committee on Education, 50, 59; exchanges and visits, 137, 158; Northern Committee, 49; and World Council, 104, 105-6, 116 Switzer, Mary E., 47 Technical Committee on Apparatus. See Committee on Appliances (World Council) technology: and BSV 104,131; and Oxford conference (1949), 50, 56, 59; post-WWII interest in, 47, 50; and Third World, 144; and VOS, 63, 146, 156, 157-58; and World Council, 56-58 TenBroek, Jacobus, 96 Tenesescu, Ion, 76 Thilander, Harald, 43 Third World: and BSV, 123,124, 139-44; and integration debates, 162-63; and VOS, 149, 151, 154, 246n93 Tobin, Michael, 164 travel: challenges in, 38, 48, 63, 178, 190; coverage of as positive, 90-91; ERC vacationing program, 178-79. See also exchanges and visits Tschirner, Siegfried, 129, 130, 137, 177, 193, 211 tutelage: and Anglo-American philanthropic approach, 37, 49, 59-60; of sighted to blind, 53, 60-61; and Third World assistance, 142,143; and VOS, 84-85, 92, 93 Tyabji, Maryam Hatim, 154 Tyl, Rudolf, 71, 76, 77, 78, 88, 99, 211 Ukraine, exchanges
and visits, 81 Ulbricht, Walter, 127 UNESCO, 47, 55 UNICEF, 54 Union of Blind Women of Germany, 25-26 Union of the Disabled, 193-94 United Arab Emirates, exchanges and visits, 141,151 United Kingdom: scholarship on, 2; and veterans, 24; VOS visit to, 156; work statistics in, 152; and World Council, 48, 54-62, 109, 116 United Nations: affiliations with, 46-47; Department of Social Affairs, 50; East Germany membership, 127; ECOSOC, 46-47, 54; International Years, 137, 138, 140, 141, 199; and Third World, 140; UNICEF, 54 United States: and ADA, 1, 2; integration approach, 159, 163-64; and international policy post-WWII, 47-49, 51-52; and New York conference (1931), 34—35; nonrecognition of China, 100-101; and Oxford conference (1949), 51-52; scholarship on, 2; socialist criticism of, 66-68; and USSR collapse, 196; as war-mongering, 73-74,138; work statistics in, 152; and World Council, 38, 48-49, 53-62, 102, 104, 109 Universal Congress of Instructors and Friends of the Blind, 21 universalism: as assumption, 198-99; and socialist internationalism, 69; and US approach post-WWII, 47; and World Council, 55-56, 58 US Office of Vocational Rehabilitation, 60 USSR: and chess, 112-13; collapse of, 2-3, 190-91, 194-96; invasion of Czechoslovakia, 119; isolation policy, 6-7; peace focus, 134-35; and Sovietization of Eastern Bloc countries, 5, 67-68; and Third World aid, 139. See also VOS (Vserossiiskoe Obshchestvo Slepykh) Uzbekistan, visits to, 151 Uzelac, Stefan, 70-71, 72,110, 127, 233П101 Vas, Tibor: and agreements, 78; biography, 211; and ERC, 175; and socialist identity, 71; and
sports, 76, 88; and World Council, 99, 100, 101 Vassio, Guglielmo, 182, 183 veterans: and disability as atonement, 88-89; marginalization of, 144; organization by, 6, 8, 22, 24, 25, 55 Vienna conference (1929), 19, 27-34, 39, 71, 92, 148
INDEX Vietnam: and BSV, 140; exchanges and visits, 141,142; Vietnam War, 116, 135 VIKO (All-Russian ProductionConsumption Union of Invalids), 5, 168 Viktorov, Vladimir Alexandrovich: biography, 211-12; Communist Blind International proposal, 25-34; criticism of Western activism, 31 ; and Esperanto Ligilo, 43; and international interest in VOS, 39-43; and Vienna conference (1929), 19, 28-34, 71, 92, 148 Vilenkin, Izrail' Khaimovich, 63 Villey, Pierre, 33 visibility of disabled persons: and BSV, 13, 14, 68, 125-26; and congenital blindness, 12; inequities in, 12-14; and sports, 12-13, 69, 92; and state social policies, 11-14; and Third World aid, 143-44; and VOS, 13,14, 69 V nogu so zriachimi, 39, 43 VOG (All-Russian Society of the Deaf), 5, 32,82,94, 113, 169, 249nl9 VOKS (All-Union Society for Cultural Ties with Foreign Countries), 27 VOS (Vserossiiskoe Obshchestvo Slepykh): and blind as proletariat, 32, 41, 42; case study, 146-71; and collapse of USSR, 194-96; and Communist Blind Interna tional proposal, 25,27; contamination concerns, 147; correspondence with individuals, 39-43, 80; exchanges and visits, 79, 81-86, 148-57, 158, 169-70; funding of, 151; growth of, 9; and guide dogs, 131-32; and integration debate, 147, 158-70; international interest in, 39-43, 62-63, 70-71, 79, 80, 81; and internation alism development, 67, 68, 69, 79-86; isolationism of, 45, 62-64, 79, 169; leadership of, 9, 149; learning by, 43, 80, 84, 85, 112-13, 146, 156-58, 167, 170; methodology and approach to, 8-9; and Oxford conference (1949), 52; and propaganda, 63, 86, 108,110, 112-13, 146,
154—55, 158; publications, 3 9, 40, 115; Special Design Bureaus, 157, 158; and sports, 79, 80-81, 86-92, 112-13; state control of, 5, 9, 148-51; and superiority, 69, 84-85, 92, 146, 147, 148-55, 158, 167; and Third World, 149,151, 154, 246n93; and Vienna conference (1929), 28-33; visibility of blind in, 13, 14, 69; and World Council, 8, 94, 95-96, 97, 100, 101, 102, 107-13, 115-20, 158-59. See also 287 Medvedev, Vasilii; Viktorov, Vladimir Alexandrovich; Zimin, Boris Vladimirovich Vukas, Petar U., 60 Vyas, Radzhendra, 110,153-54 Wandel, Horst, 134, 144 Waterhouse, Edward J., 58 Watson, Duncan, 189, 212 welfare: and ERC, 173, 184-89; pre-WWII, 30-31, 42; and veterans, 22; and VOS’s reputation, 42, 81, 109, 152 Western activism: criticism of, 31, 66-67, 94, 95; and integration, 1, 147,158-70; and invalidy as capitalist problem, 4-5, 12-14; philanthropy focus of, 1, 3, 4-5, 11, 12, 66; and self-determination approach, 1, 96-98; and Third World, 140; and West as war-mongering, 73-74, 135, 138 West German Union of War Blind, 126 West Germany: and BSV, 105, 124, 126, 131, 136-37; and Committee on Education, 59; and ERC, 175; exchanges with East Germany, 105, 126; and Hallstein doctrine, 95, 126; remilitarization of, 73-74; and reunification, 192-94; rights and supports in, 2, 72; and technology exports, 157; and World Council, 109, 116 white canes, 77-78, 132 WHO (World Health Organization), 47, 54, 55,94 Wilson, John, 60, 61 women activists, 3,14,25-26 work, focus on by socialist activists: and automation, 160,161; blind people as historically underemployed, 152; and BSV,
104,126, 128, 129; and collapse of GDR and USSR, 193, 194-95; and deafness, 6, 11; and increase in opportuni ties, 6; international interest in postWWII, 62-63; international interest in pre-WWII, 30, 40-42; in overview, 5, 6, 11-12; as progressive, 198; and segrega tion, 6, 12, 89, 132, 147, 158-63, 165-70, 198; and socialist internationalism, 70, 71; and Third World aid, 143, 144; and US international policy post-WWII, 47-48; and VOS’s reputation, 81, 85, 118-19; and VOS visits, 151-54, 157-58; and World Council, 116; Yugoslav and Czech approaches to, 89, 162 World Braille Committee, 181-83
288 INDEX World Conference on Work for the Blind. See New York conference (1931); Vienna conference (1929) World Congress of the Blind (NY 1931), 28 World Council for the Welfare of the Blind: alternatives to, 96-98; American influence on, 38, 48-49, 54, 55, 57, 58, 60, 94-95; as ''apolitical," 62; awards, 118-19; and BSV 8, 95—96, 99-107, 111, 126; Committee on Appliances, 56-58; Committee on Education, 58-59,112; executive committee, 115-16, 117; first decade (1951-1961), 53-62; founding of, 34; funding of, 53, 54, 57, 58, 94-95, 96, 104, 108; and hard currency, 103, 109; and integration, 158-70; leadership of, 111, 115-19, 176; New Delhi general assembly (1969), 113-16, 162; and peace struggle, 136; Sâo Paulo assembly (1974), 117, 118; and sighted activists, 48-49, 53, 60-61, 96, 117-18; socialist debates over joining, 98-103; structure and organization, 53; and Third World, 143; and VOS, 8, 94, 95-96, 97, 101, 102, 107-13, 115-20, 158-59. See also European Regional Committee (World Council) World Council on Work for the Blind, 37-39 World Federation of the Deaf, 7,47, 94, 107, 113 World Veterans’ Federation, 55 Wulff, Ernst, 110 Wurzer, August, 160 WWI/WWII and increase in disabled, 46 Yoshimoto, Tadasu, 38 Yugoslavia: and chess, 112; and Committee on Education, 52, 59; exchanges and visits, 81; and socialist identity, 68-69, 70-71; and socialist internationalism development, 74-79; and sports, 87; and Third World, 124; work approach, 89, 162; and World Council, 53-54, 59, 95, 99, 102, 110, 115-16 Zacharias, Walter, 107 Zaric, Nada, 164 Zborovskii, Μ. D., 32 Zemtsova,
Maria Ivanovna, 111, 112, 114 Zhene, Rionisio, 42 Zimin, Boris Vladimirovich: awards, 118-19; biography, 212; and Boulter, 153; and chess, 112-13; and collapse of USSR, 194; and EBU, 189; and ERC, 111, 113; and exchanges and visits, 81-82, 85-86, 154-55, 156-57, 158,169; as leader, 9; and New Delhi general assembly (1969), 114, 116; and propaganda, 146, 154-55; and segregated education, 165; and sports, 87, 88; and workshops, 168, 169; and World Council, 100, 101, 107-13, 115-19, 176; writings, 196 Zurita, Pedro, 149-50,177,212-13 Bayerische Staatsbibliothek München |
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Contents Acknowledgments ix List of Abbreviations xi Introduction: Socialist Blind Activists, the International Disability Movement, and the Forgotten Legacies of the Cold War 1 Part One: A History of International Blind Activism with a View from the East 1. A Communist Blind International 19 2. A Marshall Plan for the Blind of Europe 46 3. Socialist Blind Internationalism 66 4. East German and Soviet Membership in the World Council 94 Part Two: Three Case Studies: BSV, VOS, and ERC 5. Learning, Contributing, and Proving the Capacity of (Some) Blind People 123 6. Ambassadors of Social Progress or Obstacles to Integration? 146 7. “A Disability That Does Not Let Us See Borders on the Map of the World” 172 Epilogue: Postsocialism and the Global Traffic of Disability Ideas 192
viii CONTENTS Appendix: Biographical Notes on Selected Activists Notes 203 215 Research Design and Bibliography Index 279 261
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I N D EX agreements, cultural, 74, 78 Alagiyawanna, Rienzi, 97 All-German Blind Union. See BSV (Blinden- und Sehschwachen-Verband) All-Russian Production-Consumption Union of Invalids (VIKO), 5, 168 All-Russian Society of the Blind. See VOS (Vserossiiskoe Obshchestvo Slepykh) All-Russian Society of the Deaf. See VOG (All-Russian Society of the Deaf) All-Union Society for Cultural Ties with Foreign Countries (VOKS), 27 Altmann, Siegfried, 33, 38 Amblard, Henri, 50, 203 American Association of Instructors for the Blind, 34 American Association of Workers for the Blind, 34 American Foundation for Overseas Blind: and CIA, 50-51; and Third World, 140; and World Council, 54, 55, 58, 94-95 American Foundation for the Blind: and New York conference (1931), 34, 35; and Oxford conference (1949), 51; socialist criticism of, 66; surveys, 61; and VOS, 62; and World Council support, 48, 57, 60 Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA), 1, 2, 185 Ammannato, Aramis, 116, 172, 182, 183 Arnör, Anders, 117 athletics. See sports Babin, Vladimir, 70 Baker, Edwin Albert, 54, 105, 219n23 Baltic Sea Week, 105-6, 124, 126, 137-38, 142 Barakat, Wehdi, 141, 142 Barbieri, Orazio, 80 Barnett, Robert, 55-56, 57 Baz, Aleksandrina, 102 Bel'fort, Jacobo, 42 Benesch, Friedrich, 164 Bentivoglio, Paolo, 56, 104, 203-4, 218nl5 Blinden- und Sehschwachen-Verband der DDR. See BSV (Blinden- und Sehschwachen-Verband) blindness: association of blind with peace struggle, 135-37; association of blind with proletariat, 32, 41, 42, 69; blind as term, 215n8; definitions of, 173,184; as easier to accommodate than other
disabilities, 5, 6; and hygiene, 12,21, 27; as international identity, 172; as international problem, 20-24; potential of blind, 5, 92; as proxy for state health and progressiveness, 12, 61-62, 73; reasons for and inequities in services, 6, 13; as social problem, 29-31; statistics on, 28-29, 61-62 Blind Workers’ Association (Leipzig), 23 Blind Youth Sport Competitions, and ERC, 175. See also Leningrad games (1958); Prague Games (1956) Bol'shakov, L, 108 Borré, Gérard, 50 Boulter, Eric: and International Committee for the Welfare of the Blind, 50; visit to USSR, 152-53, 157; and World Council, 54,95, 110, 111, 115; and Zimin, 116-17 Braille: access to in socialist countries, 6, 30; access to in West, 24, 42, 193; and ERC, 181-84; international interest in, 27, 50, 63, 70, 71, 80, 83, 84, 88, 101, 156-57; and Pielasch, 104, 182; standardization efforts, 132,181-84; and Third World, 140, 141, 144; and US aid, 51, 66; and VOS, 40, 63, 70, 83, 84, 88, 156-57; and World Council, 55, 56 Braille Commission, 181-83 Breitenbach, Hans, 180-81 Brezhnev, Leonid, 80, 81 British Royal Commonwealth Society for the Blind, 140 279
280 INDEX British Royal National Institute of the Blind, 49, 54, 106, 140, 156 Brix, Gerhard, 162 BSV (Blinden- und Sehschwachen-Verband): Baltic Sea Week, 105-6, 124, 126, 137-38, 142; case study, 123-46; and collapse of GDR, 192-94; criticism of post-collapse, 196-97; double inferiority complex, 125, 132-34; and ERC funding, 177; growth of, 9; international events by, 126, 127-31; leadership in, 9; methodology and approach to, 8-9; name changes, 217n33; relations with West, 123,126-34; and self-advocacy approach, 96,123-26,127, 128, 132-34, 139; and socialist identity, 23, 72-74; and socialist internationalism development, 74-79, 80; state control and oversight of, 9; and Third World, 123, 134, 139-44; visibility of blind in, 13, 14, 68, 125-26; and World Council, 8, 95-96, 99-107, 111, 126. See also Pielasch, Helmut built environment, 1, 5, 132 Bulgaria: and Committee on Education, 52, 59; exchanges and visits, 78, 81, 84; and socialist identity, 68-69, 71; and Third World, 124,143; and World Council, 114, 116 Bünte, Jürgen, 194 camps, summer, 88, 179 cane training, 77-78, 132 capitalism: and invalidy, 4-5, 12-14; neoliberalism, 187-88, 193, 194,197,201. See also Western activism Cattani, Rodolfo, 12, 97, 177, 188, 204 charity. See philanthropy chess, 80, 81, 85-86, 112-13 China: exchanges and visits, 81, 82, 83, 86; nonrecognition of, 100-101; and sports, 75, 87 CIA, 50-51 Cohen, Walter, 182 Cohn, Hans Hermann, 112,113 Colligan, John C., 58, 106, 111, 116-17 colonialism: Soviet socialism as answer to, 3, 30, 151; and Third World aid, 140, 142-43; and World Council,
59-60, 61 Comecon (Council for Mutual Economic Assistance), 68 Comintern, 25,32 Commission on Cultural Opportunities (ERC), 183-84 Committee for Sport and Physical Education (USSR), 87 Committee on Appliances (World Council), 56-58 Committee on Education (World Council), 58-59, 112 Committee on Professional and Urban Employment (World Council), 116 Committee on Rural Employment (World Council), 116 Committee on Services for the Deaf-Blind (World Council), 60 Communist Blind International proposal, 25-34 Conference of World Organizations Interested in the Handicapped, 47, 55, 118 congenital blindness, 12, 61 Congress for Cultural Freedom, 52 Cookey-Gam, J. W, 162-63 Cooper, Ted, 40-41 Cromwell, William Nelson, 38 Cuba and BSV 140, 141 currency: currency-free exchanges, 82, 103; and World Council membership, 103,109 Czechoslovakia: and chess, 112; and Committee on Education, 52; and Congress of the Blind (1927), 25; exchanges and visits, 81, 85-86, 105; and socialist identity, 68-69, 71; socialist internationalism development, 74-79; Soviet invasion of, 119; and sports, 74-77, 79, 80-81, 87, 88; work approach, 89, 162; and World Council, 95, 99, 100, 102, 104-5,116 Dabrovski, Adolf, 84 Dai, Le van, 141 deafness: association of deaf with proletariat, 32; as international identity, 172; and segregated spaces, 169; socialist activist groups, 5, 7, 32, 47, 82,113, 167, 169, 249719; WFD, 7, 47, 94, 107, 113; and work, 6, 11 defectology: and education, 5, 82, 157, 163, 164-65; and medical model of disability, 11, 31; Soviet focus on, 5, 60, 82, 154, 165; and World Council, 58-59
Degenhardt, Heinz, 132 Delver, Hillebrand, 184 Denmark: and early international organizations, 49, 50; and ERC, 180; and World Council, 106-7,116
INDEX Desai, H. J. Μ., 162 Die Blindenwelt, 23 Die Gegenwart, 73-74, 130-31 Dimitrescu (Romanian delegate), 100 diplomatic role of activists: and BSV, 13, 123—24, 127, 129-31, 134, 139-44, 193; and ERC, 176; as focus, 3-4, 7-10, 181, 198-99; and sports, 74, 76-77, 87, 91; and US, 34, 47-49, 51-52; and visibility, 69; and VOS, 13, 45, 63, 79-80, 83-87, 91-92, 109, 112, 150-51, 158-59, 169-70, 194; and World Council, 95-96, 103, 105-6, 109. See also exchanges and visits disability: as atonement, 88-89; difficulty of accommodating physical disabilities, 5, 6; focus on "supercrips," 13, 125-26; future research areas, 200-201; medical model of, 11-12, 19-20, 21,148; socialist model of, 29-31; social model of, 12, 148, 185-86. See also blindness; deafness; visibility of disabled persons Disabled People's International, 139 Dittke, Will, 72 Djelloul, Mustapha, 141 dogs, guide, 80, 131-32 Dolanski, Wlodzimierz, 50, 52, 71-72 Dolgov, Konstantin, 95,108 Domuschiev, Dimitr, 71 Drekhsler, Roza, 40-41 Drtina, Jan, 175, 204 Dulles, John Foster, 51 Dyckmans, Achille, 97, 98,116, 128,204 Eagar, Waldo McGillicuddy, 33,38, 50, 52, 63 East German Union of the Deaf, 107 East Germany: and chess, 112; collapse of, 192-94; double inferiority complex in, 125; exchanges with West Germany, 105, 126; proximity to West, 9; recognition of as state, 95, 99, 109, 126-27; and reunification, 192-94; UN membership, 127. See also BSV (Blinden- und Sehschwachen-Verband) ECOSOC (Economic and Social Council of United Nations), 46-47, 54 education. See learning; special education Eger, Gerhard, 105 equality vs.
difference debate, 185-89 Erkkilä, Leena, 164 Esperanto Ligilo, 26, 43, 49 Esperanto, 26, 43, 49 eugenics, 21, 27 281 European Blind Union, 138-39,189-91, 194 European Economic Community, 98, 103, 106-7, 190 European Regional Committee (World Council): and Braille, 181-84; and BSV, 126, 131; case study, 172-91; founding of, 97-98, 174; as front, 176; funding of, 177; and integration, 164; leadership of, 111, 113, 133, 174-75; and publications, 179-81; and rights, 184-89, 196; and sports, 175-76; structure and organization, 174-77; and Third World aid, 143; vacationing program, 178-79; and VOS, 109-10, 111 exchanges and visits: and BSV 105-7,123, 124,126, 131,141-43; and ERC, 178-79; health exchanges, 74, 78; role of, 74, 76, 77, 78, 81-86; structure and organization of, 82-83; and VOS, 79, 81-86,148-57, 158, 169-70. See also Baltic Sea Week; sports Farrell, Gabriel, 58 Fefelov, Valerii, 2 Fichtner, Gerhard, 135 Finck, Willi, 204 Finland: Northern Committee, 49; Oxford conference (1949), 50; and World Council, 116 Finley, John H., 35 France: education of blind in, 157; exchanges and visits, 154, 156-57; US aid to, 51; and World Council, 109, 116 Frankl, Ludwig August, 21 Fraser, Ian, 36 friendship contracts, 141 Fromm, Wolfgang, 129,130, 165 Fuca', Giuseppe, 128, 152 Gäbler-Knibbe, Lothar, 23, 24 Gachechiladze, Vakhtang Μ., 114,156 Gander, Vladimir, 164 Gandhi, Indira, 114 Gauvrit, Henri, 164 Geißler, Horst, 106, 111, 116, 164, 205 Gerber, François, 128 Germany: activism pre-WWII, 20-21, 23-24; reunification, 192-94. See also East Germany; West Germany Getliff, E. H„ 58 Al
Ghanim, Abdullah Μ., 117 gifts, 83, 84, 105, 141, 142, 180 Gissler, Tore, 154
282 INDEX Global South: and association of blindness with poor state conditions, 61; and World Council, 59-60, 117. See also Third World Golwala, Marian, 84, 111, 174 Gorelik, Μ. E., 156 Gottwald, Alfons, 98, 160, 175, 205 Gradev, Yanaki, 175, 189, 205 Grasemann, Paul, 33 Greece: and Oxford conference (1949), 50; US aid to, 51, 58; and World Council, 116 Gugenheim, Jean-Emile, 160 guide dogs, 80, 131-32 Guillemet, Serge, 154, 184 Guinot, Paul, 37, 38, 50, 51 Güterbock, Eduard, 39 Hahn, Herman, 42 Hakkinen, Eero, 117 Hallstein doctrine, 95, 126 Hardy, Raymond, 189, 205 Hausdorf, Johannes, 23, 72, 73, 205-6, 218nl5 health exchanges, 74, 78 Hedkvist, Charles, 115, 116-17, 206 Heister, Friedel, 160 Henk, Gerhard, 165 housing, 6, 7, 80, 156, 159 Hungary: and chess, 112; and early conferences, 52, 59, 77-78, 99; exchanges and visits, 81; and socialist identity, 68-69, 71; and socialist internationalism development, 74-79; and sports, 74-77, 87; and World Council, 95, 99, 102,116 Husveg, Arne, 13 8, 176, 189, 190, 206 hygiene, 12, 21, 27 Iliev, Ivan, 111, 114, 175 India: exchanges and visits, 110,141,149, 151, 153-54; and New Delhi general assembly (1969), 113-16, 162; and World Council, 56,109 inferiority complex, 125, 132-34 Inoue, Takeo, 40 Institute for the Training of Administrators and Engineers (USSR), 84 integration: debates over, 158-66; segrega tion as preparation for, 12; VOS’s inability to accept, 166-69; and Western activism, 1,158-70 International Anti-Trachoma League, 21 International Association for the Prevention of Blindness, 21, 37,118, 235nl4 International
Association of Blind Students, 25,27 International Blind Chess Association, 112-13, 23514 International Blind Sports Association, 176 International Blind Youth Sport Competi tions. See Leningrad games (1958); Prague Games (1956); sports International Committee for the Welfare of the Blind, 50, 52. See also World Council for the Welfare of the Blind International Conference of Educators of Blind Youth, 112 International Conference of Workers for the Blind (Oxford, 1949), 49-52, 56, 59 International Council for the Education of the Visually Handicapped, 235nl4 International Council on Social Welfare, 55 International Federation of the Blind, 97, 118, 187, 189 International Federation of Unions of the Blind, 38-39 internationalism: early approaches to, 20-24; early conferences, 19, 27-39; increase in, 49-52, 66-69; and interest in VOS, 39—43; and isolation of VOS, 62-63, 79, 169; overview of, 46-49. See also European Regional Committee (World Council); exchanges and visits; sports; World Council for the Welfare of the Blind internationalism, socialist: and Communist Blind International proposal, 25-34; and cultural agreements, 74, 78; development of by VOS, 67, 68, 69, 79-86; development of outside of VOS, 74-79; rise of post-WWII, 66-69; and socialist identity, 68-74. See also BSV (Blinden- und Sehschwachen-Verband); exchanges and visits; sports; VOS (Vserossiiskoe Obshchestvo Slepykh) International Labour Organization, 47, 54, 94, 140 International League of Blind Esperantists, 49 International of Former Combatants, 25 International Ophthalmological Congresses, 21
International Proletarian Congress of the Blind, 33-34 International Research Information Service, 57 International Social Security Association, 7, 118
INDEX International Sports Organization of the Disabled, 176 International Symposium on the Early Education of Blind Children (1976), 142 International Symposium on the Profes sional Rehabilitation of Blind Intellectual Workers (1972), 129-30 International Symposium on Vocational Rehabilitation (1967), 127-29, 135, 159-62 International Year declarations, 137, 138, 140,141,199 invalidy as Western/ capitalist problem, 4-5, 12-14 Irwin, Robert, 50, 51, 52, 59 Italy: exchanges and visits, 149,154; organizations in, 37; and Oxford conference (1949), 50; special education in, 104; US aid to, 51; and World Council, 109,116 Ivanov, Sergei Mikhailovich: exchanges and visits, 85-86; and internationalism, 79-81, 94; and self-advocacy approach, 148; and sports, 76, 77, 87, 88, 94; and World Council, 94, 99 Iwahashi, Hideyuki, 117 Jaedicke, Martin, 103,104, 129, 196-97, 206-7 Jakob, Herbert, 137, 207 Japan and World Council, 56,109,117 Jarvis, John: and Berlin Symposium (1967), 127, 128; biography, 207; and chess, 113; and World Council, 98, 106, 108, 109, 110-11,119; and Zimin, 116-17 Jensen, Svend: and ERC, 174,176, 179-80, 184, 186,188,207; and World Council, 115 Jernigan, Kenneth, 96 Jesenskÿ.Jân, 102 Jörgensen, Ernst, 50 journalism and ERC, 179-81 Jursz, Zygmund, 162 Kachur, Ivan Aleksandrovich, 111 Kappallo, Armin, 192 Keller, Helen, 35, 63,136 Kenmore, Jeanne, 130,163-64 Kern, Käthe, 127 Kervin, Roberto, 189 Khafizov, Usman, 111, 162 Khedin, Valborg, 149 Khrushchev, Nikita, 6, 79 Kirchstein, Hedwig, 135 283 Kiselev, Iurii, 2 Kondratov, Anatolii: biography, 206; and integration
debates, 161, 162, 165, 166-67, 169; and International Symposium (1972), 130; and propaganda by VOS, 146, 154; and VOS leadership, 149 Kopydlowski, Wlodzimierz, 175 Kraemer, Rudolf, 23 Kulagin, lu. A., 156 Lapshin, Aleksandr, 169 Larsson, Birger, 149 League of Nations, 21, 26, 33, 38 learning: and BSV, 131-32; and ERC, 179; and exchanges and visits, 84, 85; as socialist strategy, 7; and Third World organizations, 142, 143; by VOS, 43, 69, 80, 84, 85, 112-13, 146, 156-58, 167, 170. See also tutelage Lecogne, Louis, 183 Leningrad games (1958), 81, 86-92, 99 Licina, Milos, 70, 89 Lindqvist, Bengt, 188 Loeff, Eugène, 189, 207 Lukacs, Géza, 76 Lundberg, Alrik, 38 Lykova, Lidiia, 109 Madej, Stanislaw, 107, 174 mainstreaming. See integration Marburg Institute for Blind Students, 24 Marinkov, Omar, 114, 116 Marrero, Yolanda, 141 Marshall Plan, 51, 58, 66,104 Marié, Milos, 70 Medvedev, Vasilii, 52, 63, 70-72, 79,169, 207-8 Mehls, Hartmut, 133, 165 Merendino, Mario, 154 Mermod, Ami, 160-61, 178, 208 Michalak, Mieczyslaw, 76, 88, 99 Migel, Moses Charles, 35, 38 Mikhaelis, Rudolf, 42, 43 mobility training and BSV 131-32 Molina de Stahl, Elisa, 162 Monnier, Jean-Jacques, 25 Monti, Carlo, 149 Mowatt, Godfrey E, 33 Murav'eva, Nonna A., 156 Murrl, Hans, 132 museums for the blind, 22 Mwangosi, T. E. J., 141
284 INDEX Nai, Huang, 76, 99, 100-101 Nasedkin, Filipp I., 79 Nathan, Johann, 25 National Federation of the Blind, 96 National Society for the Prevention of Blindness, 21 Nazi regime, 6, 23, 73, 124-25 Ndunguru, G. A., 141 neoliberalism, 187-88, 193, 194, 197, 201 Neue Zeit, 23 Neumyvakin, Aleksandr, 189, 195, 208 neutrality: of blindness, 172-73; and Esperanto, 26, 43; impossibility of, 20, 48-49, 181, 199-200; and League of Nations, 26, 33; and New York conference (1931), 34, 44; and Vienna conference (1929), 32-33; and World Council, 62, 64, 95,119 New York conference (1931), 33, 34-39 Nicolich, Miguel Mérida, 38 Nicolle, André, 116, 176, 208 Nicolodi, Aurelio, 33, 37, 38, 39, 50 Nicolussi [FRG activist], 183 Nielsen, Tage, 110 Northern Committee, 49 Norway: Committee on Education, 50, 59; exchanges and visits, 133, 154; Northern Committee, 49; US aid to, 51; and World Council, 116 Nowill, Dorina de Gouvea, 117 Oelkers, Hans Ludwig, 129 Oost, Pieter Sybrand, 164 Ostpolitik, 126-27 Oxford International Conference of Workers for the Blind (1949), 49-52, 56, 59 Pablasek, Mathias, 21 peace, struggle for, 73-74, 116,123,125, 127-28, 134-39 Peev, Zhelyazko, 114 pensions: and ERC, 173, 184-85; in GDR, 72, 192, 193; interest in post-WWI, 22, 23-24, 36; in USSR, 42, 81, 109, 152 philanthropy: as bourgeois/capitalist, 4-5, 11, 12,25,31, 40,42, 69, 70; historic focus on in West, 1, 3,4-5,11, 12, 66; and New York conference (1931), 36-37; and Oxford conference (1949), 51; and Third World, 143; turn away from, 160; and tutelage, 37, 60; and World Council for the Welfare of the Blind,
53, 57, 60, 96; and World Council on Work for the Blind, 38, 48—49 Phipps, Walter Glover, 62 Pielasch, Helmut: awards and honors, 133-34, 176; biography, 208-9; and blindjournalism, 179-80; and Braille, 104,182; criticism of, 196-97; death of, 189; and ERC, 111, 126, 133,175,177,179-80,184; and inferiority complex of BSV 132-34; and international events by BSV 127, 129-30,137; as leader, 9; and Leipzig symposium (1960), 88; and peace, 135,136, 138; on self-determination, 145; and socialist internationalism development, 76, 77-78; and sports, 76,88, 176; and Third World aid, 140,142,144; Western travels by, 131, 132-33; and World Council membership debate, 99-107 Poland: and early international organizations, 49, 50, 52, 59; exchanges and visits, 81, 88, 105; and socialist identity, 68-69, 72, 73; and socialist internationalism development, 74-79; and sports, 74-77, 87; and World Council, 95, 99, 100, 102, 107, 116 Polish Union of the Blind: congress (1949), 71-72; cultural agreements, 78; journalism conference (1974), 180-81; and sports, 87; and World Council, 99, 100, 102, 107 Polzin, Gerhard, 138, 189, 209 Portugal and World Council, 107,116 Prague Games (1956), 75, 80-81, 88, 99 Pressel, Otto, 40 Primkulov, Kudrat Primkulovich, 111, 114, 169-70 progressiveness: blindness as proxy measure of, 12, 61-62, 73; of integration approach, 160; of socialist approach, 6, 7, 148-55,198 propaganda: and BSV 124, 129-31, 134,138, 179-80; in overview, 7-10; and peace, 138-39; and sports, 76-77; and US, 63,64; and VOS, 63, 86, 108, 110, 112-13, 146, 154-55, 158 Puchmüller, Ernst, 136,
209 radio, 40 Rajhi, Mohamed, 117 Raverat, Georges, 33, 39, 42, 52 Red Cross, 21, 26 rehabilitation: and ERC, 184-85; and GDR, 72,104,126,127-28,129-32,196; Soviet focus on, 5,7,13,14,159; and Third World, 139,140,141,143; and US, 47-48; and veterans, 22; and VOS, 118,146,149,151, 194-95; and World Council, 55-56,57,60
INDEX Rehabilitation International, 7,47, 55, 159 Rémy, Paul, 42 Reuß, Alexander, 23 Richter, Herbert, 41 rights: and collapse of USSR, 192, 193, 196; and ERC, 184-89, 196; focus on by socialist activists, 6,25,30, 32, 41—42, 70, 71,159, 176; focus on in West, 1, 2, 159; and New York conference (1931), 36, 37; and World Council, 118. See also self-determination approach Rockefeller Foundation, 34, 224n9 Romagnoli, Augusto, 35 Romania: and chess, 112; and ERC, 175; exchanges and visits, 78, 81, 84; and sports, 75, 87; and World Council, 100 Roth, Simon, 49 Scandinavia: and Baltic Sea Week, 107, 126, 137; equality vs. difference debate, 185; internationalism post-WWII, 49; lobbying of by BSV 105-6; work statistics in, 152; and World Council leadership, 115 Schäfer, Alfred, 129 Schaffer, Marguerite, 38 Schiatti, Elio, 149 Schlemonat, Ingeborg, 131,134,137 Schmidt, Hermann, 90, 105, 136, 137 Schmidt, Manfred, 137, 193 Schmitt-Berger, Georges, 40 Schöffler, Max: biography, 209-10; criticism of Western activism, 66-67, 94, 95; and Die Gegenwart, 73; education, 218nl5; political troubles, 23, 89-90; on politics in activism, 26; and Vienna conference (1929), 28 Schumann, Maurice, 118 segregation of blind: criticism of, 1, 147, 159-61, 170, 198; and desire for separate spaces, 168-69; and education, 6, 12, 147, 163-65, 198; and visibility, 92; and work, 6, 12, 89, 132, 147, 158-63, 165-70, 198 Seierup, Hans Cai: and Berlin Symposium (1967), 127; and ERC, 98, 161, 174, 177-78; and exchanges and visits, 106-7, 109-10 Seif, Vita, 39 self-determination approach: and BSV, 96, 123-26,
127, 128, 132-34, 139, 141, 145, 194, 197; and exchanges, 86; as focus, 2-14, 68, 200; pre-WWII, 19-20,22-23, 285 30-32, 36-44; and sports, 69, 91; and Third World, 141, 143; and VOS, 31, 39-43, 148; and Western activism, 1, 96-98; and World Council, 48-49, 95, 97, 117-19; and World Council alternatives, 96-98 Serpokryl, NinaVasil’evna, 111, 114, 156-57 Shah, Fatima, 97, 118 Sheglova, Aleksandra, 165 show sites, 82, 91, 129, 150, 154 Siegal, John, 40 sighted activists: and integration approach, 164; and New York conference (1931), 35-36; and sports, 77, 91; and World Council, 48-49, 53, 60-61, 96, 117-18 Silhan,Jan, 100, 210 Skorokhodova, Olga Ivanovna, 82 Sneiberg, Frantisek, 26 socialist activism: and disability care as function of state, 1-2; discrediting of post-Soviet collapse, 2-3, 196-97; and inability to criticize state, 5-6, 9; methodology and approach to, 8-11; state approaches and policies, 4-7. See also BSV (Blinden- und SehschwachenVerband); diplomatic role of activists; progressiveness; self-determination approach; VOS (Vserossiiskoe Obshchestvo Slepykh) social security, 7, 118, 152 Sommerness, Sverre, 160 Sonntag, Franz, 184, 210 Spain and World Council, 107, 116 Special Design Bureaus (VOS), 157, 158 special education: and BSV 104, 129, 132, 141; and defectology, 5, 82, 157, 163, 164-65; in France, 157; and integration, 1, 147,159,163-69; in Italy, 104; pre-WWII, 20—21, 24, 30; and segregation, 6, 12, 147, 163-65,198; and Third World, 143,144; and VOS, 63, 70, 83, 146, 149, 153, 154, 156-57; and World Council, 58-59,112 sports: and BSV, 134; and ERC, 175-76;
Leningrad games (1958), 81, 86-92, 99; Prague Games (1956), 75, 80-81, 88, 99; role of, 69, 74-77; and Third World, 144; and visibility of disabilities, 12-13, 69, 92; andVOS, 79, 80-81, 86-92, 112-13 statistics on blindness, 28-29, 30, 61-62 St. Dunstan’s, 24, 54 Steffen, Kuno, 138 Stoke Mandeville Games, 12-13, 75 Stolper, Horst, 189, 210
286 INDEX Strehl, Carl: biography, 210; interest in VOS, 39; and International Committee for the Welfare of the Blind, 50; and New York conference (1931), 37; and US aid, 51; and Vienna conference (1929), 27, 32, 33; and World Council, 38, 56, 57, 103, 104, 107, 110-11 Suchardova, Emilie, 25, 43,210-11 Sundquist, Perry, 96 superiority and socialist activism: and BSV 124-25,129-30, 131,133,134, 142; and chess, 112; as general goal, 3, 7; and Soviet superiority complex, 125; and Third World assistance, 142; and VOS, 69, 84-85, 92, 146, 147, 148-55, 158, 167 Sweden: and Committee on Education, 50, 59; exchanges and visits, 137, 158; Northern Committee, 49; and World Council, 104, 105-6, 116 Switzer, Mary E., 47 Technical Committee on Apparatus. See Committee on Appliances (World Council) technology: and BSV 104,131; and Oxford conference (1949), 50, 56, 59; post-WWII interest in, 47, 50; and Third World, 144; and VOS, 63, 146, 156, 157-58; and World Council, 56-58 TenBroek, Jacobus, 96 Tenesescu, Ion, 76 Thilander, Harald, 43 Third World: and BSV, 123,124, 139-44; and integration debates, 162-63; and VOS, 149, 151, 154, 246n93 Tobin, Michael, 164 travel: challenges in, 38, 48, 63, 178, 190; coverage of as positive, 90-91; ERC vacationing program, 178-79. See also exchanges and visits Tschirner, Siegfried, 129, 130, 137, 177, 193, 211 tutelage: and Anglo-American philanthropic approach, 37, 49, 59-60; of sighted to blind, 53, 60-61; and Third World assistance, 142,143; and VOS, 84-85, 92, 93 Tyabji, Maryam Hatim, 154 Tyl, Rudolf, 71, 76, 77, 78, 88, 99, 211 Ukraine, exchanges
and visits, 81 Ulbricht, Walter, 127 UNESCO, 47, 55 UNICEF, 54 Union of Blind Women of Germany, 25-26 Union of the Disabled, 193-94 United Arab Emirates, exchanges and visits, 141,151 United Kingdom: scholarship on, 2; and veterans, 24; VOS visit to, 156; work statistics in, 152; and World Council, 48, 54-62, 109, 116 United Nations: affiliations with, 46-47; Department of Social Affairs, 50; East Germany membership, 127; ECOSOC, 46-47, 54; International Years, 137, 138, 140, 141, 199; and Third World, 140; UNICEF, 54 United States: and ADA, 1, 2; integration approach, 159, 163-64; and international policy post-WWII, 47-49, 51-52; and New York conference (1931), 34—35; nonrecognition of China, 100-101; and Oxford conference (1949), 51-52; scholarship on, 2; socialist criticism of, 66-68; and USSR collapse, 196; as war-mongering, 73-74,138; work statistics in, 152; and World Council, 38, 48-49, 53-62, 102, 104, 109 Universal Congress of Instructors and Friends of the Blind, 21 universalism: as assumption, 198-99; and socialist internationalism, 69; and US approach post-WWII, 47; and World Council, 55-56, 58 US Office of Vocational Rehabilitation, 60 USSR: and chess, 112-13; collapse of, 2-3, 190-91, 194-96; invasion of Czechoslovakia, 119; isolation policy, 6-7; peace focus, 134-35; and Sovietization of Eastern Bloc countries, 5, 67-68; and Third World aid, 139. See also VOS (Vserossiiskoe Obshchestvo Slepykh) Uzbekistan, visits to, 151 Uzelac, Stefan, 70-71, 72,110, 127, 233П101 Vas, Tibor: and agreements, 78; biography, 211; and ERC, 175; and socialist identity, 71; and
sports, 76, 88; and World Council, 99, 100, 101 Vassio, Guglielmo, 182, 183 veterans: and disability as atonement, 88-89; marginalization of, 144; organization by, 6, 8, 22, 24, 25, 55 Vienna conference (1929), 19, 27-34, 39, 71, 92, 148
INDEX Vietnam: and BSV, 140; exchanges and visits, 141,142; Vietnam War, 116, 135 VIKO (All-Russian ProductionConsumption Union of Invalids), 5, 168 Viktorov, Vladimir Alexandrovich: biography, 211-12; Communist Blind International proposal, 25-34; criticism of Western activism, 31 ; and Esperanto Ligilo, 43; and international interest in VOS, 39-43; and Vienna conference (1929), 19, 28-34, 71, 92, 148 Vilenkin, Izrail' Khaimovich, 63 Villey, Pierre, 33 visibility of disabled persons: and BSV, 13, 14, 68, 125-26; and congenital blindness, 12; inequities in, 12-14; and sports, 12-13, 69, 92; and state social policies, 11-14; and Third World aid, 143-44; and VOS, 13,14, 69 V nogu so zriachimi, 39, 43 VOG (All-Russian Society of the Deaf), 5, 32,82,94, 113, 169, 249nl9 VOKS (All-Union Society for Cultural Ties with Foreign Countries), 27 VOS (Vserossiiskoe Obshchestvo Slepykh): and blind as proletariat, 32, 41, 42; case study, 146-71; and collapse of USSR, 194-96; and Communist Blind Interna tional proposal, 25,27; contamination concerns, 147; correspondence with individuals, 39-43, 80; exchanges and visits, 79, 81-86, 148-57, 158, 169-70; funding of, 151; growth of, 9; and guide dogs, 131-32; and integration debate, 147, 158-70; international interest in, 39-43, 62-63, 70-71, 79, 80, 81; and internation alism development, 67, 68, 69, 79-86; isolationism of, 45, 62-64, 79, 169; leadership of, 9, 149; learning by, 43, 80, 84, 85, 112-13, 146, 156-58, 167, 170; methodology and approach to, 8-9; and Oxford conference (1949), 52; and propaganda, 63, 86, 108,110, 112-13, 146,
154—55, 158; publications, 3 9, 40, 115; Special Design Bureaus, 157, 158; and sports, 79, 80-81, 86-92, 112-13; state control of, 5, 9, 148-51; and superiority, 69, 84-85, 92, 146, 147, 148-55, 158, 167; and Third World, 149,151, 154, 246n93; and Vienna conference (1929), 28-33; visibility of blind in, 13, 14, 69; and World Council, 8, 94, 95-96, 97, 100, 101, 102, 107-13, 115-20, 158-59. See also 287 Medvedev, Vasilii; Viktorov, Vladimir Alexandrovich; Zimin, Boris Vladimirovich Vukas, Petar U., 60 Vyas, Radzhendra, 110,153-54 Wandel, Horst, 134, 144 Waterhouse, Edward J., 58 Watson, Duncan, 189, 212 welfare: and ERC, 173, 184-89; pre-WWII, 30-31, 42; and veterans, 22; and VOS’s reputation, 42, 81, 109, 152 Western activism: criticism of, 31, 66-67, 94, 95; and integration, 1, 147,158-70; and invalidy as capitalist problem, 4-5, 12-14; philanthropy focus of, 1, 3, 4-5, 11, 12, 66; and self-determination approach, 1, 96-98; and Third World, 140; and West as war-mongering, 73-74, 135, 138 West German Union of War Blind, 126 West Germany: and BSV, 105, 124, 126, 131, 136-37; and Committee on Education, 59; and ERC, 175; exchanges with East Germany, 105, 126; and Hallstein doctrine, 95, 126; remilitarization of, 73-74; and reunification, 192-94; rights and supports in, 2, 72; and technology exports, 157; and World Council, 109, 116 white canes, 77-78, 132 WHO (World Health Organization), 47, 54, 55,94 Wilson, John, 60, 61 women activists, 3,14,25-26 work, focus on by socialist activists: and automation, 160,161; blind people as historically underemployed, 152; and BSV,
104,126, 128, 129; and collapse of GDR and USSR, 193, 194-95; and deafness, 6, 11; and increase in opportuni ties, 6; international interest in postWWII, 62-63; international interest in pre-WWII, 30, 40-42; in overview, 5, 6, 11-12; as progressive, 198; and segrega tion, 6, 12, 89, 132, 147, 158-63, 165-70, 198; and socialist internationalism, 70, 71; and Third World aid, 143, 144; and US international policy post-WWII, 47-48; and VOS’s reputation, 81, 85, 118-19; and VOS visits, 151-54, 157-58; and World Council, 116; Yugoslav and Czech approaches to, 89, 162 World Braille Committee, 181-83
288 INDEX World Conference on Work for the Blind. See New York conference (1931); Vienna conference (1929) World Congress of the Blind (NY 1931), 28 World Council for the Welfare of the Blind: alternatives to, 96-98; American influence on, 38, 48-49, 54, 55, 57, 58, 60, 94-95; as ''apolitical," 62; awards, 118-19; and BSV 8, 95—96, 99-107, 111, 126; Committee on Appliances, 56-58; Committee on Education, 58-59,112; executive committee, 115-16, 117; first decade (1951-1961), 53-62; founding of, 34; funding of, 53, 54, 57, 58, 94-95, 96, 104, 108; and hard currency, 103, 109; and integration, 158-70; leadership of, 111, 115-19, 176; New Delhi general assembly (1969), 113-16, 162; and peace struggle, 136; Sâo Paulo assembly (1974), 117, 118; and sighted activists, 48-49, 53, 60-61, 96, 117-18; socialist debates over joining, 98-103; structure and organization, 53; and Third World, 143; and VOS, 8, 94, 95-96, 97, 101, 102, 107-13, 115-20, 158-59. See also European Regional Committee (World Council) World Council on Work for the Blind, 37-39 World Federation of the Deaf, 7,47, 94, 107, 113 World Veterans’ Federation, 55 Wulff, Ernst, 110 Wurzer, August, 160 WWI/WWII and increase in disabled, 46 Yoshimoto, Tadasu, 38 Yugoslavia: and chess, 112; and Committee on Education, 52, 59; exchanges and visits, 81; and socialist identity, 68-69, 70-71; and socialist internationalism development, 74-79; and sports, 87; and Third World, 124; work approach, 89, 162; and World Council, 53-54, 59, 95, 99, 102, 110, 115-16 Zacharias, Walter, 107 Zaric, Nada, 164 Zborovskii, Μ. D., 32 Zemtsova,
Maria Ivanovna, 111, 112, 114 Zhene, Rionisio, 42 Zimin, Boris Vladimirovich: awards, 118-19; biography, 212; and Boulter, 153; and chess, 112-13; and collapse of USSR, 194; and EBU, 189; and ERC, 111, 113; and exchanges and visits, 81-82, 85-86, 154-55, 156-57, 158,169; as leader, 9; and New Delhi general assembly (1969), 114, 116; and propaganda, 146, 154-55; and segregated education, 165; and sports, 87, 88; and workshops, 168, 169; and World Council, 100, 101, 107-13, 115-19, 176; writings, 196 Zurita, Pedro, 149-50,177,212-13 Bayerische Staatsbibliothek München |
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| author | Galmarini, Maria Cristina 1976- |
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| author_sort | Galmarini, Maria Cristina 1976- |
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| id | DE-604.BV049568242 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-03T23:29:57Z |
| indexdate | 2024-11-13T01:00:23Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9781501773778 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-034913495 |
| oclc_num | 1419206853 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 DE-19 DE-BY-UBM |
| owner_facet | DE-12 DE-19 DE-BY-UBM |
| physical | xi, 288 Seiten Illustrationen 24 cm |
| psigel | BSB_NED_20240325 |
| publishDate | 2024 |
| publishDateSearch | 2024 |
| publishDateSort | 2024 |
| publisher | Northern Illinois University Press, an imprint of Cornell University Press |
| record_format | marc |
| series2 | NIU series in Slavic, East European, and Eurasian studies |
| spelling | Galmarini, Maria Cristina 1976- Verfasser (DE-588)118842310X aut Ambassadors of social progress a history of international blind activism in the Cold War Maria Cristina Galmarini Ithaca, New York ; London Northern Illinois University Press, an imprint of Cornell University Press 2024 xi, 288 Seiten Illustrationen 24 cm txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier NIU series in Slavic, East European, and Eurasian studies "This book discusses the ways in which blind activists from the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe entered the postwar international blind movement. It analyzes the intersectionality of disability and politics during the Cold War and the ways in which socialist disability activism was rooted in the socialist system of welfare"-- Blinden- und Sehschwachen-Verband der DDR (DE-588)4611265-0 gnd rswk-swf World Council for the Welfare of the Blind European Regional Committee (DE-588)2041072-4 gnd rswk-swf Vserossijskoe Obščestvo Slepych (DE-588)5017436-8 gnd rswk-swf Ost-West-Konflikt (DE-588)4075770-5 gnd rswk-swf Aktivismus (DE-588)4000973-7 gnd rswk-swf Vserossiĭskoe obshchestvo slepykh / History / 20th century Blinden-und-Sehschwachen-Verband der DDR. World Council for the Welfare of the Blind Blind / Government policy / Soviet Union Blind / Government policy / Germany (East) Blind / Political activity / Soviet Union Blind / Political activity / Germany (East) Blindness / Political aspects / Soviet Union Blindness / Political aspects / Germany (East) Personnes aveugles / Politique gouvernementale / URSS. Personnes aveugles / Politique gouvernementale / Allemagne (Est) Personnes aveugles / Activité politique / URSS. Personnes aveugles / Activité politique / Allemagne (Est) Cécité / Aspect politique / URSS. Cécité / Aspect politique / Allemagne (Est) Vserossiĭskoe obshchestvo slepykh Blind / Government policy Germany (East) Soviet Union 1900-1999 History World Council for the Welfare of the Blind European Regional Committee (DE-588)2041072-4 b Vserossijskoe Obščestvo Slepych (DE-588)5017436-8 b Blinden- und Sehschwachen-Verband der DDR (DE-588)4611265-0 b Ost-West-Konflikt (DE-588)4075770-5 s Aktivismus (DE-588)4000973-7 s DE-604 Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe 978-1-5017-7378-5 Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034913495&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034913495&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Literaturverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034913495&sequence=000005&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Register // Gemischte Register |
| spellingShingle | Galmarini, Maria Cristina 1976- Ambassadors of social progress a history of international blind activism in the Cold War Blinden- und Sehschwachen-Verband der DDR (DE-588)4611265-0 gnd World Council for the Welfare of the Blind European Regional Committee (DE-588)2041072-4 gnd Vserossijskoe Obščestvo Slepych (DE-588)5017436-8 gnd Ost-West-Konflikt (DE-588)4075770-5 gnd Aktivismus (DE-588)4000973-7 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4611265-0 (DE-588)2041072-4 (DE-588)5017436-8 (DE-588)4075770-5 (DE-588)4000973-7 |
| title | Ambassadors of social progress a history of international blind activism in the Cold War |
| title_auth | Ambassadors of social progress a history of international blind activism in the Cold War |
| title_exact_search | Ambassadors of social progress a history of international blind activism in the Cold War |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Ambassadors of social progress a history of international blind activism in the Cold War |
| title_full | Ambassadors of social progress a history of international blind activism in the Cold War Maria Cristina Galmarini |
| title_fullStr | Ambassadors of social progress a history of international blind activism in the Cold War Maria Cristina Galmarini |
| title_full_unstemmed | Ambassadors of social progress a history of international blind activism in the Cold War Maria Cristina Galmarini |
| title_short | Ambassadors of social progress |
| title_sort | ambassadors of social progress a history of international blind activism in the cold war |
| title_sub | a history of international blind activism in the Cold War |
| topic | Blinden- und Sehschwachen-Verband der DDR (DE-588)4611265-0 gnd World Council for the Welfare of the Blind European Regional Committee (DE-588)2041072-4 gnd Vserossijskoe Obščestvo Slepych (DE-588)5017436-8 gnd Ost-West-Konflikt (DE-588)4075770-5 gnd Aktivismus (DE-588)4000973-7 gnd |
| topic_facet | Blinden- und Sehschwachen-Verband der DDR World Council for the Welfare of the Blind European Regional Committee Vserossijskoe Obščestvo Slepych Ost-West-Konflikt Aktivismus |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034913495&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034913495&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034913495&sequence=000005&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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