Finland's great famine, 1856-68:
This book will provide a thematic overview of one of European history's most devastating famines, the Great Finnish Famine of the 1860s. In 1868, the nadir of several years of worsening economic conditions, 137,000 people (approximately 8% of the Finnish population) perished as the result of hu...
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| Format: | Book |
| Language: | English |
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Cham, Switzerland
Palgrave Macmillan
[2023]
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| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Literaturverzeichnis Register // Gemischte Register |
| Summary: | This book will provide a thematic overview of one of European history's most devastating famines, the Great Finnish Famine of the 1860s. In 1868, the nadir of several years of worsening economic conditions, 137,000 people (approximately 8% of the Finnish population) perished as the result of hunger and disease. The attitudes and policies enacted by Finland's devolved administration tended to follow European norms, and therefore were often similar to the "colonial" practices seen in other famines at the time. What is distinctive about this catastrophe in a mid-nineteenth-century context, is that despite Finland being a part of the Russian Empire, it was largely responsible for its own governance, and indeed was developing its economic, political and cultural autonomy at the time of the famine. Finland's Great Famine 1856-68 examines key themes such as the use of emergency foods, domestic and overseas charity, vagrancy and crime, emergency relief works, and emigration. |
| Item Description: | Includes bibliographical references and index |
| Physical Description: | xx, 319 Seiten Illustrationen, Diagramme, Karten |
| ISBN: | 9783031194733 303119473X |
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| 520 | 3 | |a This book will provide a thematic overview of one of European history's most devastating famines, the Great Finnish Famine of the 1860s. In 1868, the nadir of several years of worsening economic conditions, 137,000 people (approximately 8% of the Finnish population) perished as the result of hunger and disease. The attitudes and policies enacted by Finland's devolved administration tended to follow European norms, and therefore were often similar to the "colonial" practices seen in other famines at the time. What is distinctive about this catastrophe in a mid-nineteenth-century context, is that despite Finland being a part of the Russian Empire, it was largely responsible for its own governance, and indeed was developing its economic, political and cultural autonomy at the time of the famine. Finland's Great Famine 1856-68 examines key themes such as the use of emergency foods, domestic and overseas charity, vagrancy and crime, emergency relief works, and emigration. | |
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Bibliography Manuscript and Archival Sources National Board op Antiquities, Helsinki Anteil Collection: "Nälkävuoden 1868 pitkäperjantaina sadalle köyhälle tarjottu päivällinen", HK10002:474, Historical Image Collection. National Archives of Finland, Helsinki Finnish History Society, Ndlkavuositoimikunta [Hunger Year Committee] Hyrynsalmi Parish Archive, Population Tables 1815-1863. Juuka Parish Archive, Population and Death Tables 1857-1876. Kauhajoki Parish Archive, Deaths 8c Burials Index, April 1868. Paltamo Parish Archive, Population Tables 1787-1877. Sotkamo Parish Archive, Statistics and Population Tables 1855-1948. National Library of Finland, Helsinki Portrait of Nils Flyckt: National Library of Finland, Signum: I.l.a./II:24. © The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2023 A. G. Newby, Finland’s Great Famine, 1856-68, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-19474-0 283
284 BIBLIOGRAPHY FINNISH Literature Society “Jaakko of The Willows’ Final Roll (A Memory From Winter 1867-68)”. Väinö Laajala. SKS 5, Perho, 1932. “A Memory from the Spring of Hunger”. Väinö Laajala, SKS 4, Perho (Interviewee: Maija Kivelä), 1932. Informant from Varpaisjärvi [born 1849]. SKS PK24:4433.1938. Hull History Centre John Good’s Diary, Hull History Centre, U DGO/36. Kuopio Museum Kuopio Patriotic Society (Isänmaalinen Seura) Collection. Barsokevitsch Photographic Collection. UK National Archives, London Foreign Office: Embassy and Consular Archives. Russia: Helsingfors (Helsinki). Correspondence ofWilliam Campbell 1866-1870. FO768/6/73. Printed Sources Snellman’s Correspondence J.V. Snellman Kootut teokset [Collected Works] http://snellman.kootutteokset. fi/fi (accessed 30 Sep. 2021) [J.V. Snellman] “Nigra ord till allmänhetens lugnande” (30 Dec. 1866, brevkonsept). [J.V. Snellman], “Om Tiggeriets Afvärjande”, Pinlands Allmänna Tidning, 1 Oct. 1867. S.H. Anteil to J.V. Snellman, 10 Feb. 1866. T.S. Thilén to J.V. Snellman, 6 Apr. 1866. C.G.F. Wrede to J.V. Snellman, 4 Apr. 1867. E. Julin to J.V. Snellman, 17 Jun. 1867. J.A. von Essen to J.V. Snellman, 7 Sep. 1867. C.T. Oker-Blom to J.V. Snellman, 20 Sep. 1867. J.A. von Essen to J.V. Snellman, 23 Sep. 1867. G. von Alfthan to J. V. Snellman, 18 Jan. 1868. T.S. Thilén to J.V. Snellman, 16 Mar. 1868.
BIBLIOGRAPHY 285 C.G.F. Wrede to J.V. Snellman, 16 Feb. 1868. [J.V.S.], “Till Redaktionen af Morgonbladet”, Morgonbladet, 1 May 1872. Official Reports William Campbell, “Report by Mr. Consul Campbell on the Trade of Finland for the Year 1867”, in Commercial Reports Received at the Foreign Office from Her Majesty’s Consuls in 1868 (London, 1868), 416-9. William Campbell, “Report by Consul Campbell on the Tenure of Land in the Grand Duchy of Finland”, in Land Tenure (Europe): Accounts and Papers of the House of Commons Ixviii (London, 1870), 250-7. Herman Lorentz (dated Wiborg, March 31, 1863), “Report by Mr. Consul Herman Lorentz on the Trade of Viborg for the Year 1862”, in Commercial Reports received at the Foreign Office from Her Majesty’s Consuls Between July 1st, 1862 and June 30th, 1863 (London, 1863), 373-9. Herman Lorentz (dated Wiborg, April 30,1864), “Report by Mr. Consul Herman Lorentz on the Trade of Wiborg for the Year 1864”, in Commercial Reports received at the Foreign Officefrom HerMajesty’s Consuls (London, 1865), 359-66. Herman Lorentz (dated Wiborg, April 30, 1866), “Wiborg”, in Commercial Reports, Received at the Foreign Office from Her Majesty’s Consuls in 1866 (London, 1866), 291-6. Herman Lorentz, “Report of Mr. Consul Herman Lorentz on the Trade and Commerce of Wiborg for the Year 1867”, in Commercial Reports received at the Foreign Office from Her Majesty’s Consuls in 1868 (London, 1868), 420-4. Protokollfördthos Vdllofliga Borgareständet A Landtdagen i Helsingfors 1863-1864. Första Bandet: Fran landtdagens bärjan tillslutetafar 1863 (Helsingfors,
1864). Redovisning öfter de undsättningsmedel, som influtit tillformAn for degenom sistlidet Ars missvext nödlidande invanarne i UleAborgs, Wasa och Kuopio län, äfvensom öfter den af finska styrelsen till samma ändamal anslagna undsättning, jemte uppgift A det afryska kronan till nedsatta priser aflatna sädesbelopp, som pA HM. Kejsarens nAdiga befallning föryttrats ur ryska kronansforrader i Finland till underlättande af undsättnings-atgärderne för hungersnödens afhjelpande i landet. Intill den 1 juli 1857 (Helsingfors, 1857). Suomen Talonpoikaissäädyn Pöytäkirjat Valtiopäivillä v. 1877-1878. 1 vihko. (Helsinki, 1901). Suomenmaan Wirallinen Tilasto: VI—Väkiluvun-Tilastoa [l:n Vihko] (Helsinki, 1871). Suomenmaan Wirallinen Tilasto: VI—Väkiluvun-Tilastoa [2:n Vihko] (Helsinki, 1871). Suomenmaan Wirallinen Tilasto 11:2—Katsaus Suomen taloudelliseen tilaan vuosina 1866-1870 (Helsinki, 1875)
286 BIBLIOGRAPHY FILMS Hallin Janne (dir. Roland af Hallström, 1950). Näldn Tie (The Road ofHunger, dir. Jouko Aaltonen, 1999). Websites Historismi.net local history and genealogy website: http://www.saunalahti.fi/ hirvela/historismi_sivut/deathsivu.html (accessed 30 Sep. 2021). Newspapers Aamulehti. Abo Tidningar. Abo Underrcittelser. Aftenposten. Aftonbladet. Apu. Athenäum. Aura. Badischer Beobachter. Belfast News-Letter. Berlingske. Birmingham Daily Post. Björneborg. Björneborgs Tidning. Boletin de Comercio. Borgâbladet. Bornholms Tidende. British Friend. Christia nstadsbladet. Dagbladet. Dresdner Nachrichten. Essex Standard. Etelä-Pohjanmaa. Etelä-Saimaa. Eteld-Suomen Sanomat. Fäderneslandet. Faedrelandet. Finland. Finlands Allmcinna Tidning.
BIBLIOGRAPHY Finlands Rôda Kors. Flyveposten. Folkets Avis. Förre och Nu. Folkwännen. Frân nära ochfjerran. Friends Intelligencier. Göteborgs Handels- och Sjöfartstidning. Göteborgsposten. Gotlands Läns Tidning. Hakkapeliitta. Hämäläinen. Härnösandsposten. Helsingfors Dagblad. Helsingfors Tidningar. Helsingin Sanomat. Heräävä Nuoriso. Hufvudstadsbladet. Ilkka. Imarinen. Itä-Suomen Sanomat. Jakobstads Tidning. Juna. Kajaanin Lehti. Kansan Lehti. Karjalan käviä. Karjalatar. Karlsruher Tagblatt. Karlsruher Zeitung. Keski-Suomi. Keskipojhanmaa. Keskisuomalainen. Kokkola. Koti ja Koulu. Kotimaa. Kotiseutu. Köyhäinhoitolehti. Kuopio Tidning. Kuopion Sanomat. Kyrkligt Veckoblad. Lady’s Newspaper. Lapuan Sanomat. 287
288 BIBLIOGRAPHY Lasten Suometar. Leeds Intelligencier. Leeds Mercury. Litteraturblad. Lolland-Flasters Stifts-Tidende. Lunds Weckobladet. Maaseudun Tulevaisuus. Maiden ja merien takaa. Manchester Guardian. Merikarvia Lehti. Mikkelin Wiikko-Sanomia. Missions-Tidning for Finland. Morgenbladet. Morning Chronicle. Morning Post. Naisten Ääni. Le Nord. Norrbottens Kuriren. Nuori Karjala. Ny Tidningför Musik. Nya Dagligt Allehanda. Nya Pressen. Nyland. Opregte Haarlemsche Courant. Österbotten. Otawa. Oulun Wiikko-Sanomia. Padasjoen Sanomat. Pdivälehti. Päivätar. Pall Mall Gazette. Papperslyktan. Pesti Naplo. Pietarin Sunnuntailehti. Pirkkalan Uutiset. Pohjois-Savo. Porin Kaupungin Sanomia. Post- Och Inrikes Tidningar. Punch. Revalsche Zeitung. Rigasche Zeitung. Saarijärven-Paavo. Salmetar.
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290 BIBLIOGRAPHY Other Printed and Secondary Sources --------- “Famine en Finlande”, in Μ. l’abbé Moigno (ed.), Les Mondes: Revue hebdomadiare des sciences et de leurs applications aux arts et a l’industrie, 16 (Jan.Apr. 1868), 179-80. --------- Suomen Valtionrautatiet, 1862-1912: Historiallis-teknillis-taloudellinen kertomus, (2 Vols. Helsinki, 1912-16). Tauri Aaltio, “A Survey of Emigration from Finland to the United States and Canada”, in Ralph J. Jalkanen (ed.), The Finns in North America: A Social Symposium (Hancock, MI, 1969), 63-9. Ingrid Âberg, “Revivalism, Philanthropy and Emancipation. Women’s Liberation and Organization in the Early Nineteenth Century”, Scandinavian Journal of History, 13:4 (1988), 399^20. Jaakko Ahokas, A History ofFinnish Literature (Bloomington, 1973). Eero Alpi, Hallin Janne: Kolminäytöksinen murhanäytelmä (Helsinki, 1920). Donald Harman Akenson, Ireland, Sweden and the Great Migration 1815-1914 (Montréal, 2011). Arnold R. Alanen, “Finnish Settlements in the United States: ‘Nesting Places’ and Finntowns”, in Auvo Kostainen (ed.), Finns in the United States: A History of Settlement, Dissent and Integration (East Lansing, 2014), 55-73. Aulis J. Alanen, Ilmajoki Vuoden 1809Jdlkeen (Ilmajoki, 1953). Anna Amelina, Thomas Faist, Nina Glick Schiller 8c Devrimsel D. Nergiz, “Methodological predicaments of cross-border studies”, in Anna Amelina, Devrimsel D. Nergiz, Thomas Faist 8c Nina Glick Schiller (eds), Beyond Methodological Nationalism: Research Methodologies for Cross-Border Studies (Abingdon, 2012), 1-19. Edgar Anderson, “The Scandinavian Area
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 291 H. Arnold Barton, “Scandinavianism, Fennomania and the Crimean War”, in H. Arnold Barton, Essays on Scandinavian History (Carbondale, 2009), 161-88. Mark Bassin, Imperial Visions: Nationalist Imagination and the Geographical Expansion in the Russian Far East, 1840-1865 (Cambridge, 1999). B.M. Bhatia, Famines in India: A Study in Some Aspects of the Economic History of India with Special Reference to Food Problem, 1860-1990 (3rd ed., Delhi, 1991). Piers Blaikie, Terry Cannon, Ian Davis 8c Ben Wisner, At Risk: Natural Hazards, people’s vulnerability, and disasters (London 8c New York, 1994). Yrjö Blomstedt, Asikkalan Historia (Asikkala, 1981). Ernst Brydolf, “Sverige och Finland under Nödvintern 1856-57”, Nordisk Tidskriftför Vetenskap, Konst och Industri 20 [1944], 416-27. Elihu Burrit, A Journal ofa Visit of Three Days to Skibbereen and its Neighbourhood (London 8c Birmingham, 1847). Malabika Chakrabarti, The Famine of1896-97in Bengal: Availability or Entitlement Crisis? (Hyderabad, 2004). Frank Christianson, Philanthropy in British and American Fiction: Dickens, Hawthorn, Eliot and Howells (Edinburgh, 2007). A.M. Clive-Bayley, Vignettes from Finland; or, Twelve Months in Strawberry Land (London, 1895). John Crowley, “Sites of Memory”, in John Crowley, William J. Smyth 8c Mike Murphy (eds), Atlas of the Great Irish Famine (Cork, 2012), 614-20. Declan Curran 8c Mounir Mahmalat, “Policy divergence across crises of a similar nature: the role of ideas in shaping 19th century famine relief policies”, Review ofInternational Political Economy, 28:3 (2021), 712-38.
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Index1 A Âbo, see Turku Adlerberg, Amalie, 122 Adlerberg, Nicolai, 48, 205 Ahkiolahti Canal, 209, 210, 213 Aizpute, 144 Alahärmä, 87,109 Alajärvi, 4,124 Aland Islands, 71,107 Alaska, 252, 253 Alexander I, Tsar, 24, 26 Alexander II, Tsar, 32,135,143, 241 Algeria, 6, 89, 133 Alkio, Santeri, 92 Alta, 244, 253, 256 America, 15, 237, 240, 247, 248, 251-256 Amur, 235, 242-244 Anteil, Samuel Henrik, 45,178, 216 Archangel, 248 Arnold, David, 167 Arwidsson, A.I., 103n7, 135 Asikkala, 209n48, 275, 276 Aunus (Olonets), 18, 232, 234-236, 238, 244, 256 В Balls (charity), 101,107,116,143 Bältars, 183 Baltic Sea, 45 Barents region, 241-242 Bark, 33, 35, 39, 70, 72-76, 73nl8, 79-81,91-94,141 bark bread, 71-76, 72nl6, 80, 81, 87, 92, 94,107,140 Barley, 70, 72,124nll9 Belgium, 12 Bengal, 6 Berries, 69, 71, 79, 80, 87 Boehm, G.E., 80, 80n61 Bog arum, 71, 80, 81, 94 Boissonnet, Elisabeth, 152 Boissonnet, François, 152 'Note: Page numbers followed by ‘n’ refer to notes. © The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2023 A. G. Newby, Finland’s Great Famine, 1856-68, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-19474-0 309
310 INDEX Borgâ, see Porvoo Bornholm, 246 Bothnia, Gulf of, 90, 135, 244-246 Brahestad, see Raahe (Brahestad) Bremen, 151 Brest-Litovsk, 108 Brewis, Georgina, 133 Britain, see Great Britain Budapest, 148 Burrit, Elihu, 57 Butomus umbellatus, 87, 87n99, 91 C Campbell, William, 4, 5, 53, 83, 87n99,140,169,188-190, 189n97, 218, 229, 256 Canada, 243 Canals, 16, 48, 93, 105, 201, 202, 209-215, 219, 220 Cannibalism, 89 Castrén, Matthias, 27 Charity, 16,103,104,106-108, 111, 116,119,123,125, 126, 131-161,250 and philanthropy, 108 Christian, Christianity, 46, 101, 108, 112,125,140, 146, 149,151 Christiania, 145, 247, 250 Clark, Edward Daniel, 72, 72nl6 Climate, 12n36,19,42, 59, 91, 154, 250 Cloudberg, G.C., 112 Committee for the Relief of Famine in Finland (1857), 34 Copenhagen, 189, 246 Corn, 34, 39, 40,42,141 Cottage industries, 19,45, 46, 48 Courland, see Kurzeme Crime, 10,16, 69, 87,167-193, 240 Crimean War, 10, 31, 32, 35, 133, 155, 159 Crofters, 12, 58, 79, 92,191 Cygnaeus, Fredrik, 27,120 D Daly, Mary, 7, 14 Deaconess Institute, 122 Denmark, 5,137n27,138,145,146, 148,151,189, 246,252 Derry, T.K., 252 Desele, 144 De Waal, Alex, 69, 264, 277 Dickens, Charles, 133 Doctors, medical officers, 5, 5nll,29, 30,51, 59, 72, 75,184n73, 213,214 Dresden, 5,107,151 Duisburg, 118 Durchman, J.W., 56, 57, 57nI85 E Edkins, Jenny, 69, 264 Einonen, Piia, 170 Ekman, Robert, 173 Emigration, 16,18, 229, 230, 232, 233, 235-244, 240n49, 241n50, 244n64,251-256, 263 England, 12, 72,135n20,186, 201, 240,253 Engman, Max, 233 Ericsson, John, 153 Eriksson, Anna-Stiina, 191 Eriksson, Josef, 191 Estates of
Finland, 12, 26, 31,35-37, 74,112,154, 156,239 Estates, meeting of (1863), 36 Estonia, 138,144,147,148,150, 172,231 Ethiopia, 89
INDEX F Famine roads, see Public works Felcht, Frederike, 271 Fennomanes, 7,16,18, 27, 29, 36, 46-48, 60,102, 103,110, 116, 126,131,140,143, 147,148, 153-159,210, 221-223,231, 256, 264, 268, 269, 271,273-275 Finlayson, 136, 141 Finnish Civil War (1918), 4 Finnish Economic Society, 76, 77, 83 Finnish identity/Finnishness, 16, 28, 48,102,146,159, 178, 242, 269, 270 Finnish Literature Society, 27, 77,120 Finnish War (1808-09), 24, 24n4,131 Finnmark, 18,172, 241, 245, 247-250, 253 Fish, fishing, 71, 90, 91, 246-248 Flyckt, Nils, 145 Food, food substitutes, 5,15,16, 35, 37-39,41^3,46, 48,50, 50nl54, 51, 54, 55, 69-72, 69n2, 74-84, 87-89, 91, 92, 94, 95,102n2,118,124,125, 134, 141, 143, 144,167,169, 179,183,191,192, 200, 204, 205,207, 208,210,234, 246, 263 Forests, 12, 30, 31, 45, 70, 76, 91-93, 180, 239, 246n74, 271 Forsberg, Henrik, 8, 271n24 Forsman, Georg, see YrjöKoskinen, Yrjö Forsman, Jaakko, 36 Forssell, Julia, 183 Frankfurt, 37, 43,137,151 Frasa, Alina, 106 Fredrikshamn, see Hamina Free peasantry, 6, 29,116,182 Frogs, 88 311 Frost, 4, 5,12n36,14, 33, 37, 40,43, 71, 77, 79, 83, 91, 124,185, 274 Frosterus, A.E., 113 “Frost Night” (Sep. 1867), 5,42, 43, 78, 82-89,93, 116, 117,176, 181,237 Froude, Anthony, 243 Fungi, see Mushrooms Furuhjelm, Otto, 35, 242 G Gellibrand, William Clarke, 34 Germany, 46,104,118,133, 137, 137n27,138,145, 150, 151, 158,240 Good, John, 74, 178 Gothenburg, 255 Götz, Norbert, 131-133 Governor General of Finland, 144,245 Graves/graveyards, 1, 4, 50nl54, 213, 214,220,220nlll,275 Great Britain, 4, 32, 46, 47, 73, 83, 103,136-138,151, 152,159, 192, 229,
256 Gylling, Edvard, 273, 274 H Haapajärvi, 276 Haapakangas, 234 Haapavesi, 187 Häkkinen, Antti, 8, 54, 56, 94, 102n2,171n21,172,176,177, 190, 207n36, 220 Hallin Janne, 190,190nl01 Hall-Matthews, David, 167 Hamburg, 137,151 Hämeenkyrö, 149,186 Hämeenlinna, 32, 48, 84, 111, 123, 152,179,190, 208,215,222
312 INDEX Häme Province, 57, 84 Hamina, 24, 104nl4,114 Hammarland, 107 Hammerfest, 250 Hanko, 253, 255, 256 Harvest, 5, 9,12, 33, 40-13, 46, 60, 71,105,116,146, 148,155, 181, 184n73,210, 220, 240, 248,266nl4 harvest failure, 6, 8-10,14,15, 30, 31,37, 39, 45, 50, 56, 58,70, 73, 73nl8, 76-78, 80, 81,103, 105,109,116,120nl02,123, 125,126,135,138,154,155, 157,160,168,171,172,176, 178,183,186,230,234, 235, 245, 247, 248, 270, 277, 278 Harvey, Thomas, 33,136 Hausjärvi, 53 Hegel/Hegelianism, 28 Heikkinen, Lars, 214 Heinola, 186, 217, 217n97 Helin, KW., 191 Helsingfors, see Helsinki Helsinki, 4, 23, 53, 75,104, 104nl4, 137,168,173,201,229, 267 Hennala prison camp, 4 Hirveluoto, 191 Hirvenluoto, 191 Hirvensalo, see Hirveluoto Hirvonen, Heidi, 95 Hjelt, Gustaf, 274 Hoffers, Eric, 122 Hollola, 53, 220 Holm, J., 80 Holodomor, 263 Horsemeat, 88 Hospitals, 49, 56, 213, 219, 219nl08 Hudiksvall, 245 Hugo, Victor, 111 Hull, 74,178, 253, 254 Hülphers, John, 153 Humanitarianism, 110,125, 250 Hunfalvy, Pal, 58, 148, 149, 159, 230 Hunger, 1,4, 5, 9,13,14, 33, 37, 39, 41,49,51,54,55,57-59, 80, 81,90,102,108,110,113, 118, 119,123,124,139n34,177, 179,181,189, 201,203nl9, 206,213,214,218, 222,238, 245, 250, 265, 266, 268, 271,273 Hunting, 71, 90, 91 Hyrynsalmi, 34,154, 237n30 li, 254 litti, 110,110n55 Ikaalinen, 5nll, 51 Ikonen, Vappu, 8, 38n90, 39, 102n2,171n21 Ilmajoki, 181,184n73, 220, 237 Indebétou, Mathilde, 106 India, 133, 201, 202nl2, 277 Indrenius, B., 151 Ingria, 232, 232nll International Committee of the Red Cross, 134 Ireland/Irish, 6-10,12,15,47, 50, 57, 89, 90,135n20,173, 180, 192,
201, 202, 221, 229, 243, 253-256, 263, 266, 266nl3, 274, 277 Iron works, 30 Italy, 133,145 J Jaakko of the Willows, 206, 215 Jakobstad (Pietarsaari), 104nl4, 254 Jalasjärvi, 207 James, Trevor, 132,152 Jannsen, J.V., 147
INDEX Järvelä, 220 Jelgava, see Mitau Johansson, Johan, 191 Julin, Erik, 73, 78-81,136, 237, 242,242n58 Juuka, 55,185 К Kaafjord, 253 Kainuu, 28, 54, 72, 75 Kajaani, 30, 73, 75, 181 Kalevala,, 28, 30, 72,133 Kallio, Kalle, 220, 222nl23, 265nl0 Kansanaho, Erkki, 118 Karamzin, Aurore, 108, 117-119, 122,135,235 Karelia, 28, 54, 76, 77, 211, 237 Karis, 183 Karjaa, see Karis Kärsämäki, 183, 187 Karinen Manor, 208 Kauhajoki, 203, 207 Kazan, 144 Keckman, Hilda, 183 Kemi, 247 Kemijärvi, 75 Kero, Reino, 255 Kharkiv, 108, 234n23 Kherson, 238 Khotyn, 144 Kianto, 187 Kiikoinen, 208 Killinkoski, 207 Kivelä, Maria, 51 Kivijärvi, 114, 208 Klinge, Matti, 59 Kokkola, 79, 80, 104nl4 Kola Peninsula, 241 Kondus, see Rajakontu (Kondus) Konnus Canal, 209 Korpilahti, 84 313 Koskimies, Eero, 186 Kraatari, Eliza, 28n30, 46, 49, 112n65,116,192 Krank, Chaplain, 75 Kuhmo, 234 Kunnas, Jan, 94 Kuopio Province, 1, 4, 41, 92, 114, 135,216, 247 Kuopio (town), 34, 35, 41, 53, 55, 81, 87,91,106, 111, 113,115, 123, 125,137,175,178,181, 204, 233, 249 Kuorevesi, 190,190nl00, 190nl01 Kurzeme, 144 Kuusamo, 247 L Ladoga, Lake, 12,173 Laihia, 92 Lakkila, 220 Lamminmäki, Josef Isaksson, 42 Lampuoti, Aapo, 206 Lancashire Cotton Famine, 186 Landless labourers/landless population, 6, 31, 42, 58, 92, 93,182 Language Edict (1863), 36 Lapinkaivo, 203 Lapinlahti, 211, 213 Lappfjärd, 188, 246 Laqueur, Thomas, 132 Latvia, 144 Laukaa, 33 Lautasalo, Juhani, 4 Leijel, Henriette, 106 Lekve, Endre, 215 Lempäälä, 211 Lempoinen Canal, 211 Lestijärvi (Lesti), 238 Lichens, 15, 71, 73n23, 74-78, 80-85, 87, 92-95, 210, 212, 234
314 INDEX Lieksa, 4 Liikanen, Herman, 146 Lindelof, Lorenz, 87 Lindstedt, Arvid, 120 Lisbon, 151 Liverpool, 253, 254 Lohtaja, 239 Lönnholtz, J.F., 208 Lönnrot, Elias, 27, 30, 72, 75 Loorits, Oskar, 147 Lorentz, Herman, 38-41,110, 218 Lotteries, 107,108, 111, Hln57, 114,144 Loviisa, 104nl4,107,107n38 Lübeck, 151 Luleâ, 244, 245 Lund, 149 Lust, Kersti, 200 Lutheranism, 149 Lyytinen, Optatus, 230 Μ Maharatna, Arup, 169 Maijanpoika, Aleksanteri, 190 Malmö, 255 Manchester, 141 Mannerheim, Gustaf, 274 Л/яг^я/Finnish mark, 35, 37-39, 60, 83,143,158nl22, 210 Markkola, Pirjo, 31 Maria Feodorovna, 143 Marseilles, 137,137n29 Martikainen, Jaana, 213 Mattila, Juhani, 190,190nl01 Maximilianovna, Princess Eugenia, 144 Maxmo (Maksama), 245, 246, 246n74 Mechelin, Henrik A., 247 Medical officers, see Doctors, medical officers Memorials, 19, 203nl9, 207, 207n35, 208, 209n48, 220nlll, 256, 263,264,275-277 Merijärvi, 90 Merrick, Boyes 8c Co, 141 Messner, H., 150,150n83 Meurman, Agathon, 13, 36,46,47, 126,168,189,192, 221-223, 252, 265,265nl0, 271,273, 277, 278 Migration, 10,16, 18, 38,41,42,48, 55, 56, 69,167-173,171n21, 175,176,178n52,179-181, 183-185,192, 202, 203, 209, 229-256, 232nll, 246n74 See also Vagrancy Mikkeli Province, 43, 81, 90,114n73 Mikkeli (town), 85, 111, 176, 181,184 Mirkka Lappalainen, 13n42, 71, 71nl3, 89nll0, 168n4 Mitau, 152 Mogilev, 143,144 Molander, C.H., 84 Monetary policy, 39 Montreux, 151 Mortality rates, 10, 23, 50-51, 53, 90, 186, 220, 270 Mullen, Mary, 47 Müller, Charles, 153 Munch, Peter Andreas, 247 Muolaa, 124 Murmansk, 241, 244 Mushrooms, 15, 75-79, 81-84, 88,
92, 93 N Nälkä! museum exhibition (2017-20), 15 Närpes, 188
INDEX Narratives, 7-9,16, 34, 41, 47, 60, 70, 73,89,108,112,116,124, 125,131, 132,138-143, 139n34,153-160, 168,190, 192, 206, 209, 218, 221-223, 229, 256, 264, 268-275 Nationalism/nationalist, 8,9,16, 23, 27, 36, 60,102,104,124, 125, 131,135,168,174,177,192, 201, 206, 216, 242, 263, 264, 266, 268, 269, 273, 274 Nerkoo Canal, 190, 214 Netherlands, 12,150 New York, 137,153 Nicholas I, Tsar, 32,117n87 Nielitz, Theodor, 107 Nilsiä, 41,114 Nixon, Rob, 265 Norman, Hans, 252 Norrland, 245, 246n74, 249 Norrmén, Oscar, 45, 46,118n88, 205 North German Federation, see Germany Norway, 18,145,172, 215, 230, 240, 244, 247, 248, 250, 252-254 Nurmes, 114 Nylander, Edwin, 75 О 0 Grâda, Cormac, 7, 54, 60, 71, 136n24,179,192, 266nl3, 269 Ohmero, Kustaa Salomoninpoika, 203 Öhrberg, C.A., 156 Oker-Blom, Theodor, 115n81, 217 Ollikainen, Aki, 277, 277n37 Olonets, see Aunus (Olonets) Orissa, 6, 89 Orjuela, Camilla, 263 Orta, Timo, 173 Ostrobothnia, 4,18, 50nl54, 54, 74, 87,124,138,172,178,180, 315 183,185,188n92,211,212, 217, 233, 237, 239, 240, 241n52,254 Oulu Province, 40, 41, 53, 73, 81, 86, 90,114n73, 115, 123nll3,154, 175, 201, 216, 232-234, 241, 245,247 Oulu (town), 50,114,125,176, 187, 201 P Pälkäne, 90 Palmgrén, Armida, 114,123 Palojoensuu, 72 Paltamo, 34, 34n70,40 Pan Scandinavism, see Scandinavism Parashar, Swati, 263 Paris, 137 Parkano, 4 Paupers, 50nl54, 54,153,158, 159,178 Pauvres Honteux, 119 Pax Russica, 24 Peas, 34, 71,160 Pelkonen, Mich. Adolf, 40, 41 Pelsonsuo, 201 Peräseinäjoki, 207 Perho, 51,206 Pernâ (Pernaja), 114 Petrosavodsk, 235, 236 Philanthropy, see Charity Phloem, see
Bark Pidisjärvi, 187 Pielavesi, 1, 92 Pielisjärvi, 40,114 Pietarsaari, see Jakobstad (Pietarsaari) Pihtipudas, 114 Pilkington, William, 141 Pitkänen, Kari, 8,10, 23, 37, 40, 43, 56, 58,102,102n2, 124,125, 184,186,192
316 INDEX Poisoning/food poisoning, 54, 83 Poland, 108, 144, 237, 237n31 Polish Revolution (1863), 35 Pomerania, 150 Poor house, see Workhouses Poor Law, 31, 33n60, 40, 50, 82 Population, 1, 6, 9,12,12n36,13, 15,29-31, 35, 37,41,44, 53, 55-57, 59, 74, 75, 82, 83, 85, 93, 111, 116,125,126,141, 150,172, 180,182, 203,218, 219, 230nl, 235, 237, 240, 243, 246n74, 248-251, 256, 267, 268, 274 Pori, 104nl4, 111, 176,184 Porvoo, 26-29, 46 Porvoo (Borgâ), Diet of (1809), 26 Potatoes, 34, 71, 79, 84, 87 Prayer, 46, 47,50, 116, 268 Public works, 10,12,16,18, 48-50, 58,121-123,134,169, 171, 178, 181,185,200-223, 203nl7,205n26, 205n30, 207n34, 256, 265, 275 Pudasjärvi, 73,102,188 Pulkkila,41,187 Puolanka, 254 Pyhäjärvi, 187 Q Quakers, see Society of Friends Qvärnström, Ingrid, 117, 118n88 Rantanen, Lari, 8,19,23, 39 Reijonen, Juho, 91, 92 Relapsing fever, 54 Relief work, see Public works Riihimäki, 16, 48, 171,176, 201, 215,216,219, 221,265,273 Rissanen, Santeri, 214, 214n80, 215 Ristiina, 90, 114n73 Rokassovsky, Platosun, 175 Roots (food surrogate), 39, 69, 71, 79, 92,95,181,235 Rosenqvist, V.T., 47 Rothschild Söhne, 37 Rubella, 56 Ruble, 35, 36, 36n75,48, 108, 135, 136,136n24,137n25, 143 Runeberg, J.L., 27, 29, 73, 79, 120, 145, 240, 240n48, 266 Ruovesi, 56,123, 190nl00, 243,243n61 Rusko, 114 Russia/Russian Empire, 6, 7, 12,15, 18,19, 24-26, 32, 37, 45, 48, 60, 76,103,114,115, 125,135, 137,138,143-145,150, 154, 156-160,172, 173,216, 230-245, 237n30, 244n64,248, 251,252,256 Ruuttula- Vasari, Anne, 91 Rye, 33, 34, 70, 74, 75, 80, 91, 92, 124nll9,136n24,143 S R Raahe (Brahestad), 51, 74
Railway, 16, 32,48, 53,171, 176, 201,202, 209,211,212, 215-223, 222nl23, 265, 265nl0, 269, 273 Rajakontu (Kondus), 232 Saarijärven Paavo, 27, 30, 73, 79,179 Saarijärvi, 112,137n26, 240, 240n48 Saimaa Canal, 32, 40,105, 201, 209 St. Petersburg, 16, 18, 23-26, 45, 48, 49,106-108, 117,118, 123, 135,141,143,149,152,157, 158,171,173,176,185,201,
INDEX 215,217,221,229,231-235, 237, 238, 244, 256, 265, 269-270, 273 Sami, 244, 250 Satakunta, 54, 208, 255 Saturday Society {Launntciiseurci), 27, 28 Savo, 85,114, 209, 211, 217, 232 Scandinavia, 29, 72, 133, 145, 155,244-251 Scandinavism, 29, 145,153 Schauman, EL., 46,104, 111,175 Schauman (Pharmacist), 80 Schröder, A., 150 Scotland, 12,135n20, 215, 277n39 Seal hunting, 90, 91 Second Schleswig War (1864), 146 Self-sufficiency, 6, 7, 27, 28, 37,48, 60, 69-95,102,109,112, 114-119,131,132,138,140, 148, 153-160, 256, 268 Selinder, Anders, 112 Sen, Amartya, 14n52, 26nl8 Senate, Finnish, 24, 25,156 Sestra, River, 232 Siberia, 190,191 Sieveking 8c Droop, 140 Siltala, Juha, 8, 125, 266 Silver standard, 37, 39 Simojärvi, 74 Sinebrychoff, Paul, 122 Sitka, 252, 253 Sivistys, 24-26, 28, 28n30, 29,177, 178,180,256 Skibbereen, 57 Smallpox, 56, 57,118 Snappertuna, 114 Snellman, J.V., 7,16, 27-29, 36, 39, 43,45,46,48,49,59, 60, 75, 78, 81,85,105,109n50, 110-113,112n65,116,119, 126,158, 180-182,186,187, 317 200,201,203,216,217, 269, 270, 277, 278 Society of Friends, 34, 73, 135n20, 136,137,142,151,154, 159 Söderköping, 145 Soikkanen, Hannu, 8,102n2 Sorrel, 80 Sotkamo, 34, 34n70, 232 Soviet Union, 274, 278 Stenbäck, Lars (Lauri), 46, 120 Stenius, Samuel, 185 Stereotypes, 16,133,154 Stjernwall-Walleen, Emil, 45, 60 Stockholm, 123,135,145, 245, 255 Stolbovo, Treaty of, 232 Straw (food Surrogate), 51, 74, 81, 92, 94,191 Sturge, Hannah, 154 Sturge, Joseph, 33, 136, 154 Suomenlinna, 204 Suomussalmi, 102 Svecomanes, 29, 36 Svedberg, Anders, 79, 79n57, 239, 240, 240n48, 240n49, 242 Sweden, 18,
24, 27, 29, 32, 73, 78, 88, 103, 104,110,125, 135-138,137n29,139n34, 145, 146,149,153,155,156,158, 159,172,215,231,240, 244-247, 252-254 Switzerland, 138,151 Syvänoja, 220, 220nl 11 T Taipale Canal, 209, 211, 211n62, 213 Taivalmaa, 207 Tallinn, 108 Tampere, 53, 57, 73, 82, 88, 90,114, 136,141,244n64 Textile trade, 30 Thilén, T., 85,161,180-182
318 INDEX Thoreld, A.F., 85n86 Timashev, Alexandr, 242 Timber industry, 30 Tobolsk, 242 Tokerotie, 207 Topelius, Zachris, 27, 30,104, 111, 120,148,153,154,159, 221,230 Torhola, 219 Torlades Casa Commercial, 151 Tornio, 247 Torschok, 108 Trondheim, 255 Trubetskaya, Princess Elizabeth, 233 Tula, 144 Turku, 24, 27, 73, 78, 80-83, 83n78, 102,103,105,106, 111, 114, 123, 136,173,173n29,182, 184,191,237, 239,242, 242n58, 253 Turku-Pori Province, 4,43, 53, 71,81,123 Tuusniemi, 114 Typhus, 4, 5, 30, 35, 53, 54, 56-59, 118, 119,123,179,210 U Uhde, Ferdinand, 73 Ukraine, 108, 263 Ullanlinna, 122, 204 Ulvila, 111,117,178,179 United States of America, 15, 190nl01,231n8, 237, 240, 243, 247,248,251-256, 256nl26 Uppsala, 149 Uurainen, 33 Uuras, 176 Uusikaupunki, 187, 189 Uusimaa Province, 43, 84, 110n55, 114,115n81, 183,233 V Vääksy Canal, 209, 275 Vaala, 201 Vaasa Province, 4, 33, 34,41, 42, 51, 53,81,87, 92,94,109,114, 114n73, 115,123,125,135, 137,137n29,175,183, 205, 206, 220, 233, 238, 245, 249,254 Vaasa (town), 114 Vadso, 256 Vagrancy, 16, 31, 48, 49, 51, 93,141, 160,167-193, 203,216, 230 Valkesaari, 234 Vällinmäki, Aaro, 92 Varanger, 248, 249 Varkaus, 211 Varpaisjärvi, 213 Vasman, Erik, 245, 246n74 Västervik, 246 Veteli, 114, 238 Vihanti, 187 Viipuri, 32, 38,40,43, 93,102, 104-106,104nl4,110,112, 115n81,118,123,173,176, 188,215,216,218, 232, 233,241 Viitasaari, 114, 204, 208 Virrat, 206 Vjazma, 108 Von Alfthan, Georg, 216, 234 Von Berg (Countess), 105 Von Berg, Friedrich, 34 Von Erlanger, Raphael, 48 Von Essen, C.G., 109,109n50 Von Essen, JA., 84, 85, 85n87, 181 Voutilainen, Miikka,
10, 54, 59 Vuorela, Miikka, 177 Vuorela, Toivo, 203, 203nl7, 208 Vyborg, see Viipuri
INDEX W Wages, 16,108,179, 200, 204, 207, 208,210,212,219, 222,235 Wahlström, John, 245 Walleen, C.J., 151 Warg, Cajsa, 76, 76n41 Wasastjerna, Alfred, 215 Wathén, Anders Johan, 74, 75 Werther, Steffen, 133 Wheat, 70, 87 Wohllebe, Carl, 107 Women’s associations, 104, 109, 111, 114,122nll0,123,149 Workhouses, 16,46, 49-51, 55, 56, 83,87, 92,93,120,121,141, 170,187,192,208,232 319 Wrede, C.G.E, 181,205, 207n34, 239 Y Ylihärmä, 109 Young Fennomanes, 36, 265 Yrjö-Koskinen, Iida, 95 Yrjö-Koskinen, Yrjö, 13n42, 36, 46, 58, 147,148,159, 160, 186n80, 230, 264, 265, 277 Z Zagefka, Hanna, 132,152 Zürich, 137 Bayerische Siaatsbibîiothek München |
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| author | Newby, Andrew G. |
| author_GND | (DE-588)1258201933 |
| author_facet | Newby, Andrew G. |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Newby, Andrew G. |
| author_variant | a g n ag agn |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV049513210 |
| classification_rvk | NP 5800 AR 19220 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)1398599409 (DE-599)KXP1845944968 |
| discipline | Allgemeines Geschichte |
| discipline_str_mv | Allgemeines Geschichte |
| era | Geschichte 1856-1868 gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 1856-1868 |
| format | Book |
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Newby</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="264" ind1=" " ind2="1"><subfield code="a">Cham, Switzerland</subfield><subfield code="b">Palgrave Macmillan</subfield><subfield code="c">[2023]</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="264" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="c">© 2023</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="300" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">xx, 319 Seiten</subfield><subfield code="b">Illustrationen, Diagramme, Karten</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="336" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">txt</subfield><subfield code="2">rdacontent</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="337" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">n</subfield><subfield code="2">rdamedia</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="338" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">nc</subfield><subfield code="2">rdacarrier</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="500" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Includes bibliographical references and index</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="520" ind1="3" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">This book will provide a thematic overview of one of European history's most devastating famines, the Great Finnish Famine of the 1860s. In 1868, the nadir of several years of worsening economic conditions, 137,000 people (approximately 8% of the Finnish population) perished as the result of hunger and disease. The attitudes and policies enacted by Finland's devolved administration tended to follow European norms, and therefore were often similar to the "colonial" practices seen in other famines at the time. What is distinctive about this catastrophe in a mid-nineteenth-century context, is that despite Finland being a part of the Russian Empire, it was largely responsible for its own governance, and indeed was developing its economic, political and cultural autonomy at the time of the famine. 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| geographic | Finnland (DE-588)4017243-0 gnd Russland (DE-588)4076899-5 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Finnland Russland |
| id | DE-604.BV049513210 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-03T23:23:31Z |
| indexdate | 2024-11-11T09:04:11Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9783031194733 303119473X |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-034859211 |
| oclc_num | 1398599409 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-19 DE-BY-UBM DE-11 DE-12 |
| owner_facet | DE-19 DE-BY-UBM DE-11 DE-12 |
| physical | xx, 319 Seiten Illustrationen, Diagramme, Karten |
| psigel | UBM-RCC BSB_NED_20240628 |
| publishDate | 2023 |
| publishDateSearch | 2023 |
| publishDateSort | 2023 |
| publisher | Palgrave Macmillan |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Newby, Andrew G. Verfasser (DE-588)1258201933 aut Finland's great famine, 1856-68 Andrew G. Newby Cham, Switzerland Palgrave Macmillan [2023] © 2023 xx, 319 Seiten Illustrationen, Diagramme, Karten txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Includes bibliographical references and index This book will provide a thematic overview of one of European history's most devastating famines, the Great Finnish Famine of the 1860s. In 1868, the nadir of several years of worsening economic conditions, 137,000 people (approximately 8% of the Finnish population) perished as the result of hunger and disease. The attitudes and policies enacted by Finland's devolved administration tended to follow European norms, and therefore were often similar to the "colonial" practices seen in other famines at the time. What is distinctive about this catastrophe in a mid-nineteenth-century context, is that despite Finland being a part of the Russian Empire, it was largely responsible for its own governance, and indeed was developing its economic, political and cultural autonomy at the time of the famine. Finland's Great Famine 1856-68 examines key themes such as the use of emergency foods, domestic and overseas charity, vagrancy and crime, emergency relief works, and emigration. Geschichte 1856-1868 gnd rswk-swf Hungersnot (DE-588)4160816-1 gnd rswk-swf Finnland (DE-588)4017243-0 gnd rswk-swf Russland (DE-588)4076899-5 gnd rswk-swf Russland (DE-588)4076899-5 g Finnland (DE-588)4017243-0 g Hungersnot (DE-588)4160816-1 s Geschichte 1856-1868 z DE-604 Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe 978-3-031-19474-0 (DE-604)BV048982946 V:DE-603;B:DE-30 application/pdf http://scans.hebis.de/HEBCGI/show.pl?51159221_toc.pdf Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034859211&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Literaturverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034859211&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Register // Gemischte Register |
| spellingShingle | Newby, Andrew G. Finland's great famine, 1856-68 Hungersnot (DE-588)4160816-1 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4160816-1 (DE-588)4017243-0 (DE-588)4076899-5 |
| title | Finland's great famine, 1856-68 |
| title_auth | Finland's great famine, 1856-68 |
| title_exact_search | Finland's great famine, 1856-68 |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Finland's great famine, 1856-68 |
| title_full | Finland's great famine, 1856-68 Andrew G. Newby |
| title_fullStr | Finland's great famine, 1856-68 Andrew G. Newby |
| title_full_unstemmed | Finland's great famine, 1856-68 Andrew G. Newby |
| title_short | Finland's great famine, 1856-68 |
| title_sort | finland s great famine 1856 68 |
| topic | Hungersnot (DE-588)4160816-1 gnd |
| topic_facet | Hungersnot Finnland Russland |
| url | http://scans.hebis.de/HEBCGI/show.pl?51159221_toc.pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034859211&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034859211&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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