A nasty little war: the West's fight to reverse the Russian revolution
"The extraordinary story of how the West tried to reverse the Russian Revolution. In the closing months of the First World War, Britain, America, France and Japan sent arms and 180,000 soldiers to Russia, with the aim of tipping the balance in her post-revolutionary Civil War. From Central Asia...
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| Format: | Book |
| Language: | English |
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London
John Murray Publishers Ltd
2023
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| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Register // Gemischte Register |
| Summary: | "The extraordinary story of how the West tried to reverse the Russian Revolution. In the closing months of the First World War, Britain, America, France and Japan sent arms and 180,000 soldiers to Russia, with the aim of tipping the balance in her post-revolutionary Civil War. From Central Asia to the Arctic and from Poland to the Pacific, they joined anti-Bolshevik forces in trying to overthrow the new men in the Kremlin, in an astonishingly ambitious military adventure known as the Intervention. Fresh, in the case of the British, from the trenches, they found themselves in a mobile, multi-sided conflict as different as possible from the grim stasis of the Western Front. Criss-crossing the shattered Russian empire in trains, sleds and paddlesteamers, they bivouacked in snowbound cabins and Kirghiz yurts, torpedoed Red battleships from speedboats, improvised new currencies and the world's first air-dropped chemical weapons, got caught up in mass retreats and a typhus epidemic, organised several coups and at least one assassination. Taking tea with warlords and princesses, they also turned a blind eye to their Russian allies' numerous atrocities. Two years later they left again, filing glumly back onto their troopships as port after port fell to the Red Army. Later, American veterans compared the humiliation to Vietnam, and the politicians and generals responsible preferred to trivialise or forget. Drawing on previously unused diaries, letters and memoirs, A Nasty Little War brings an episode with echoes down the century since vividly to life"--Publisher's description |
| Physical Description: | xvii, 366 pages, 8 unnumbered pages of plates illustrations, maps 24 cm |
| ISBN: | 9781529326765 9781529326772 |
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| 505 | 8 | |a Introduction -- After the Revolution, February 1917-August 1918 -- The Intervention begins, August 1918-April 1919 -- White advances, April-September 1919 -- White retreats, September 1919-March 1920 -- The end, 1920 | |
| 520 | 3 | |a "The extraordinary story of how the West tried to reverse the Russian Revolution. In the closing months of the First World War, Britain, America, France and Japan sent arms and 180,000 soldiers to Russia, with the aim of tipping the balance in her post-revolutionary Civil War. From Central Asia to the Arctic and from Poland to the Pacific, they joined anti-Bolshevik forces in trying to overthrow the new men in the Kremlin, in an astonishingly ambitious military adventure known as the Intervention. Fresh, in the case of the British, from the trenches, they found themselves in a mobile, multi-sided conflict as different as possible from the grim stasis of the Western Front. Criss-crossing the shattered Russian empire in trains, sleds and paddlesteamers, they bivouacked in snowbound cabins and Kirghiz yurts, torpedoed Red battleships from speedboats, improvised new currencies and the world's first air-dropped chemical weapons, got caught up in mass retreats and a typhus epidemic, organised several coups and at least one assassination. Taking tea with warlords and princesses, they also turned a blind eye to their Russian allies' numerous atrocities. Two years later they left again, filing glumly back onto their troopships as port after port fell to the Red Army. Later, American veterans compared the humiliation to Vietnam, and the politicians and generals responsible preferred to trivialise or forget. Drawing on previously unused diaries, letters and memoirs, A Nasty Little War brings an episode with echoes down the century since vividly to life"--Publisher's description | |
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Record in the Search Index
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Contents Maps Note on Place Names ix xvii Introduction I PARTI After the Revolution, February 1917—August 1918 I. 2. 3. 4. 5. Unerhört! ‘A lot of impossible folks’ Brother Czecho Aide Mémoire ‘We are not here to conquer’ И 21 33 40 51 PART II The Intervention Begins, August 1918—April 1919 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. и. 12. Charley Chaplin’s coup The Hush-hush Brigade ‘Eggs loaded with dynamite’ ‘A feeling of smothering’ Paris and Shenkursk Prinkipo and Siberia L’Entente de ma tante 61 76 87 98 106 120 132 vii
CONTENTS PART III White Advances, April—September 1919 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. Our poor little unarmed soldiers’ Dyer’s Battalion One last packet Honorary Cossacks The stubborn Germaneagle Ironside’s bed 149 157 171 180 196 212 PART IV White Retreats, September 1919—March 1920 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. ‘We liked the Balts’ To Moscow! ‘Russia is a quicksand’ ‘The falls of Niagara’ The Heartland Tak! 227 235 247 257 270 281 PARTV The End, 1920 25. ‘Do we not trade with cannibals?’ 26. Aftermath 293 303 Acknowledgements Picture Credits Notes Select Bibliography Index 311 315 317 339 349 viii
Index Admiral (film) 308 Agar, Lieutenant Gus 203-11 Ajax, HMS 175, 283, 284 Alexander II of Russia, Tsar 180 Alexander, Lieutenant Colonel Harold 200, 233 All-Russian Government (Omsk) 92, 95^7. 128 Allfrey, Major Edward 170, 216-19 Allies see Britain; France; Japan; United States of America (USA) America see United States of America (USA) American Railway Service Corps 249-50 American Red Cross 99, 130-1, 231-2, 252 American Relief Association (ARA) 228 Amet, Admiral 144 Anderson, Godfrey 61, 62, 67-8, 161 Shenkursk in, 117, 118 Andrei Pervozvanny (battleship) 205, 209, 210, 211 Anglo-Russian Brigade (in Yekaterinburg) 152-3, 155-6 Anglo-Soviet Trade Agreement (1920) 302 Anselme, General Philippe d’ 138, 142 Antonov-Ovseyenko, Vladimir 133 Archangel 23, 40, 41, 50, 68, 90, 150, 307 history of 51 Pooles landing in 52—3 Americans arrive in 61—2 Chaplin’s coup 62—4 loucheness of in—12 Americans depart from and Relief Force arrives in 164-6 Ironside ’s pre-evacuation campaign 212-20 British withdraw from 160, 170, 220-2, 212 see also Ironside, General Edmund; Marushevsky, General Vladimir; Miller, General Yevgeniy; Rawlinson, General Henry Armenians 2, 77-8, 79, 80-5, 90, 177 armoured trains 46, 68—73, 268-9, 273-4 Askold (battleship) 22, 31, 32 Astashkevich, Irina 185 Atkins, Private Edwin 66 Attentive, HMS 40, 111-12 Austria 13, 17, 33, 38, 228 Austro-Hungarian Empire 107 Azerbaijan Democratic Republic (ADR) 90, 177-8; see also Baku Azeris 2, 77, 78, 83-4 Babel, Isaac 296-7 Bagratuni, Jacques 84 Baker, Newton 29, 38, 93 Bakhmetev, Yuriy 13, 14 SSI
INDEX Baku 4, 53, 114, 132 history of 76 Dunsterforce expedition to 77-84 Norperforce in 90, 177 Baldwin, Stanley 106 Balfour, Arthur 18, 57, 96, 150 Baltic region 19-20, 89, 149, 154, 200—2 German troops in 196-201, 228-9, 232-3 CMB mission to 203—11 peace treaties 233-4 see also Cowan, Admiral Walter; Estonia; Goltz, General Rüdiger von der; Latvia; Tallents, Stephen Barker, Captain Evelyn 190 Barr, Captain David 169 Barrington Wells 168 Baruch, Bernard 107 Batumi 132, 135 Beaverbrook, Max 108 Bechin, Μ. I. 166 Becvar, Gustav 34, 35, 36, 87, 257, 305 Beeley, Hugh 205, 206, 211 Belayev, General 236-7, 238, 241, 246, 271-2 Benbow, HMS 284, 288 Benckendorff, Moura von 54, 55, 56—7 Bergson, Henri 30 Bermondt-Avalov, Pavel 228, 229 Bernhardt, Sarah 107 Berthelot, General Henri 138, 141 Bichkova, Madame 19 Bilney, Christopher 177-9 Birkenhead, Lord 302 Black Sea 4, 16, 89, 132; see also Odessa Blair, Brigadier-General 251 blockade (of trade with Russia) 293-5 ‘Bloody Sunday’ (1905) 13 ‘Blue Book’ of Bolshevik atrocities 165 Bochkareva, Mariya 112-13 Bogomolyets, General 268—9 Boisvert, Onil 108-9 З52 Bolsheviks take power 17-18 make peace with Germany 18—20 handling of Allied diplomats 21, 25-7, 47-8, 53-6 handling of the Czech Legion 34—6 suppress SR risings 46—7 execute the imperial family 15, 49 Bullitt mission to 120—2 hold the centre of the railway network 149 propaganda 238, 293 trade talks with Britain 294—5, 297-9, 301-2 post-war terror and foundation of the Gulag 307 see also Cheka; Lenin, Vladimir; Radek, Karl; Red Army; Red Terror; Shaumyan, Stepan; Trotsky, Leon
Borden, Robert 91, 120 Brest-Litovsk, Treaty of 19-20, 21, 26, 29 Britain I, 2, 9 relations with tsarist Russia 13, 181 welcome for the February revolution H reaction to the Bolshevik coup 18 reaction to Brest-Litovsk 21 decision to recognise the ‘All-Russian Government’ 95—6 at Paris Peace Conference 107, 120-2, 150 early diplomatic contact with the Bolsheviks 23-7 post-war expectations and unrest 89, 171 post-war ‘khaki’ election 106 Russia debates in parliament and Cabinet 89-90, 109-10, 137, 160, 164-5, 179, 202, 239, 254-5 ‘Hands Off Russia’movement 108, 293
INDEX Ukraine policy 135-6 decision to recognise Kolchak, and its reversal 150-1, 154—5 attitude to White pogroms 191-5, 242-3 Lloyd George’s Guildhall speech 254-6 trade talks with the Bolsheviks 294-8, 301-2 Intervention’s effects on 305 see also British Army; Lloyd George, David British Army 3—4, 6-8, 21, 80 Hampshire Regiment 122, 124-7, из Middlesex Regiment 93-4, 122 Yorkshire Regiment 162 tank unit in the Baltics 228, 230-1 mutinies in the North 160-3, 167, 169-70 see also Anglo-Russian Brigade; Dunsterforce; North Persia Force; North Russian Expeditionary Force; Relief Force; Royal Air Force; Royal Marines Brodsky, Isaak 85 Brooklyn, USS 22, 127 Buchan, John 98 Bulgakov, Mikhail 134, 235 Flight 300 Bullitt, William 121-2 Buxhoeveden, Baroness Sophie 36-7, 123-4, 130 Calypso, HMS 144, 288 Canada 1, 77 opposition to the Intervention 3, 91, 108-9 fierce gunners in the North 73, 88, 117 under-employed troops in Vladivostok 122 see also Borden, Robert Cardiff, HMS 283 Caspian Sea 1, 4, 76, 77, 85, 295 British seaplanes on 177—9 see also Baku Caucasus 4, 154, 176 strategic importance of 76, 77 Milne’s pungent views on, and British withdrawal from 177 see also Armenians; Azerbaijan Democratic Republic; Georgia Cazalet, Captain Victor ‘Teenie’ 123—4, 127, 151-2 Cecil, Lord Robert 97, 181, 194 Centro-Caspian Dictatorship (Baku) 79, 81-3 Ceres, HMS 175, 283, 284 Chaikovsky, Nikolai 53, 100-1 background and personality 51, 62 abducted by Chaplin 63-4 rejects Prinkipo proposal 120 Chaplin, Georgiy (‘Charley’) 52, 62-4, 99, ИЗ Cheka (security agency) 18, 46-7, 55, 281-2
Chelyabinsk 33, 35 Chesma (battleship) 22 Chicherin, Georgiy 45, 46, 50, 55 China 307 Chinese labourers 130 Churchill, Winston 27, 155, 163, 201, 227, 251 joins War Cabinet 109 supports Intervention 109-10, 137, 150, 167, 193-4, 202, 255~6 opposes Prinkipo 120-1 and the Relief Force for the North 164-5 and the ‘Blue Book’ of Bolshevik atrocities 165 Ironside’s sceptical view of 167 Lloyd George’s exasperation with 202-3, 239 and the Μ Devices 219 353
INDEX Churchill, Winston {cont.) confident of Petrograd victory 230 last-ditch scare campaign 277-8 initiates Mackinder mission 278 well-timed holidays 293, 298 backs Denikin 179, 239—40, 256 back-pedals on Denikin 277 attitude to White pogroms 193-4, 230 conspiracy theorising re post-war protest 297 opposes trade talks with the Bolsheviks 298, 302 defends the Intervention in later life CMB mission 203, 205-6, 207, 208-9, 211 Crimea 132, 143-5, 273, 274, 290 British navy’s delightful time in 174-6, 299 Vrangel’s last stand in 299-301 see also Sebastopol Cromie, Francis 52, 54, 55 Crowe, Sir Eyre 194 Culme-Seymour, Rear-Admiral Michael 143, 144 Cumming, Mansfield 203-4, 206, 207 Curzon, Lord 150, 177, 179, 201, 251, 269 and Mackinder 278, 280 and the Anglo-Soviet Trade Agreement 295, 302 Czech Legion 41, 72, 257 background to 33-4 takes control of the Trans-Siberian 304- 305 see also Lloyd George, David City of Marseilles (troopship) 41-2 Clemenceau, Georges 14, 28, 294 background and personality 27 at the Paris Peace Conference 91, 106-7 assassination attempt against 121 switch to policy of cordon sanitaire 35-6 Russian attitudes towards 36-7 drops out of the Civil War 122 trades in Kolchak 266—8 role in interwar Czechoslovakia 304—5 and the imperial gold 268 see also Becvar, Gustav; Gajda, Radola; Masaryk, Tomas Czechoslovakia 1, 171, 304—5 145-6 indignation at Lloyd George’s Guildhall speech 256 Coastal Motor Boats (CMBs) 203-11 Cochrane, HMS 30, 31-2 Cold War 304, 308 Collishaw, Raymond 172, 173—4, 273-4 Comintern 227 Cooper, Merian 296 Cossacks 186-7 Don Cossacks 25,
133—4, 148, 173, 176, 241, 253, 274, 305 Kuban Cossacks 133—4 Orenberg Cossacks 124—7, 155, 265 pogroms and other atrocities 156, 183-6, 244, 272, 297 Cotton, General 272 Cowan, Admiral Walter 196, 200, 232-3 Dardanelles 89, 90, 109 Denikin, General Anton 120, 133—4, 305 background and personality 136 Poole mission to 136-7 British aid to 137, 172, 179 relations with the French 140-1, 145-6 advance into Ukraine 172 British naval support for 174-6 ‘Moscow Directive’ 176 lack of a political programme 182, 238 354
INDEX use of antisemitic propaganda 182-3 and pogroms 184-9, 193, 241-3, 271, 278-80 British reaction to Denikin pogroms 192, 193, 194-5 advance on Moscow 235 corruption within his armies 240-1, 282 goes into retreat 243 Taganrog ‘court’ 245 abandons Taganrog 273 meets Mackinder 279—80 government collapses 286 reburial in Moscow 308 diplomatic corps 23-7, 46, 50, 53-4 Diterikhs, General 249, 257 Don Cossack ‘Host’ see Cossacks Douma, Sergeant 164 Drage, Lieutenant Charles 30—2 Dragomirov, General Vladimir 242 Dukes, Paul 203, 205, 209 Dunsterforce see Dunsterville, MajorGeneral Lionel Dunsterville, Major-General Lionel 77, 78, 79-83, 84, 85 background and personality 77 formation of Dunsterforce 77 sails for Baku 80 defeat at ‘Mud Volcano’ 80 showdown with the Dictators 81-2 evacuation of Baku 82—3 in disgrace 84 Durov, Boris 100-1 Dutov, Ataman Aleksandr 125 Dyer’s Battalion 102, 115, 168-70 formation of 102, 115, 168 White suspicion of 168 mutiny and executions 169—70 Dzerzhinsky, Felix 47 East Prussia 13 Egypt 171 Eliot, Sir Charles 92, 96, 129 Emperor of India, HMS 288,289-90, 303 Ernst von Hohenlohe-Langenburg, Prince 19 Espèrey, General Franchet d’ 141—2, HS Estonia 2, 229 German occupation of 196-8 advance against the Landeswehr 198-9 relations with Yudenich 201-2 Narva PoW camps 231 peace treaty with the Bolsheviks 233 division of Walk 234 Farmer, Florence 130 Fastov (Fastiv) 186-9, 193, 242 February Revolution 13—14 Finland 2, 30, 31—2, 196, 201 civil war and German occupation 30 skirmishes with the British at Pechenga 31 Karelians 157—60 White intransigence
towards 201 CMB raids from Terijoki 204-11 peace treaty with the Bolsheviks 233 Finlayson, Brigadier-General Robert IOI First World War 1, 2, 3-4, 17, 303 Eastern Front 1914-17 13-14 Allied supplies to the Imperial Army 21-2 Bolshevik peace talks with Germany 19-20 'Ludendorff' offensives, spring 1918 21, 27, 56, 201 Allied counter-offensive, summer 1918 56 Armistice 87, 89-90, 101 see also Paris Peace Conference Fletcher, Major 198 Foch, Marshal 120, 121, 239 Forster, E. Μ. 108 355
INDEX France i, 2, 7, 9 welcomes the February Revolution peace talks with the Bolsheviks 19-20 occupation of Ukraine 133 defeat and the Armistice 87—89 Allied policy towards at the Peace Conference 107 occupation of the Baltics 1968 see also First World War; Freikorps; Goltz, Rüdiger von der; Treaty of Brest-Litovsk Gherman, Yevgeniya 52, 165 Glennon, Admiral James 16 Glory, HMS 22, 42 Glow-Worm (gunboat) 220—1 Glyn, Elinor 107 Goldman, Emma 187—9 Goldsmith, Commander Lennon 174, 14 deplores Bolshevik coup 19 early diplomatic contact with the Bolsheviks 23-4, 25-6 reaction to Brest-Litovsk 21 occupation of Odessa 138 evacuation of Odessa 140-3 Ukraine policy 135-6 mutiny at Sebastopol 143—5 withdraws aid to Denikin 145-6 mutiny in the North 163 aid to Poland 295 see also Clemenceau, Georges; Paris Peace Conference France (ship) 144, 145 Francis, David 23, 24, 46, 63—4, 112 Frecheville, William 276-7 Freikorps 197, 198, 199, 304 formation of 197 attack Riga 228-9, 232 destabilise post-war Germany 304 see also Goltz, Rüdiger von der; Salomon, Ernst von frostbite 115, 130 Fyedotov, Lieutenant Dmitri 16, 154, 257-8, 265-6 175, 190 Golitsyn, Prince Dmitri 236 Goltz, General Rüdiger von der background and personality 196—7 mass executions in Riga 197-8 withdrawal from Riga 199 meeting with Tallents 200 defiance of Berlin 198, 228 see also Freikorps; Germany Gorbachev, Mikhail 2, 308 Gough, General Hubert 200-1, 202, 228 Gough-Calthorpe, Admiral Somerset 190-1 Graves, Major-General William 99, 251 background and personality 92—3 appointed to head US mission to Siberia 93—4
opposition to the Intervention 93, 127, 253-4, 269 clashes with Knox 127, 129 journey to Omsk 247-9 collects evidence of White atrocities 128-9, 249-50, 252 leaves Russia and memoirs 269 Gajda, General Radola 35, 122, 250-1, 258-9, 304-5 Galveston, USS 288 Gavriil (guardship) 209, 210 George V King 50, 168-9 withdrawal of asylum offer to Nicholas II 14-15 Georgia 132, 177, 179, 192, 279 Gergel, Nahum 183, 241 Gerhardte, William 268 Futility 94-5, 253, 259-60, 308-9 Germany 1, 2, 9, 18 access to oil 76—7, 84 support for Mannerheim 30 З56
INDEX Great Patriotic War see Second World War Great War see First World War Great White Train (Inter-Allied Typhus Train) 130-1 Greece 1, 171 ‘Greens’ 134, 284, 287 Grishin-Almazov, General Aleksei 138, 145 Gulag 46, 307, 308 Gundry-White, Lionel 243 Hampsheir, Lieutenant John 206-7 ‘Hands Off Russia’ movement 108-9, 293 Harding, Warren 305 Hardinge, Lord 98 Harriman, Florence 112 Harris, Ernest 252—3, 266 Hasek, Jaroslav 35 Heifetz, Elias 182 Henderson, Loy 231-2 Hicks, Captain William 54-5 Hitler, Adolf 231, 234, 305 Hodgson, John 8, 135, 191 Hoffman, General Max 19, 20 Holman, Lieutenant General Herbert 272, 276, 277, 279 background and personality 137 rebukes Denikin for fading to tackle corruption 240-1 refuses to evacuate Yekaterinodar 286 antisemitism of 191 Holocaust 189, 195 Hoover, Herbert 228 Hope Carson, Major Ernest 228, 230-1 Horrocks, Captain Brian 260, 262, 263, 264, 265 Höss, Rudolf 304 House, Edward 38, 49 Howgrave-Graham, Captain Maurice 124-7, 152, ИЗ. 155-6 Hryhoryev, Nikifor 139, 140, 141, 174, 184, 189 Hungary 33, 38, 122, 171 Ignatyev, Vladimir 114, 159 India I, 77, 171 ‘Internationalists’ (Czech and Slovak) 35 Ireland 177, 202, 297, 305 Irkutsk 36, 39, 266—8 Ironside, Edmund background and personality 98 problems on arrival in Archangel 98-100 first trips to the front 101-2 Nevsky Barracks mutinies 100, 102-5 Mudyug prison camp 113-14 loss of Shenkursk 116,118 assassination attempt against 118-19 Dyer’s Battalion 115, 168-70 British and French mutinies 161-3 relations with Marushevksy and Miller 103, 166-7, 214-15 Kotlas plan 167 Μ Devices 219—20
relations with Rawlinson 213 pre-evacuation offensive 216—17 evacuation 220—2 Ishim 248 Islamic Army of the Caucasus 78, 79, 80-1, 82 Italy I, 171 Ivan the Terrible 51 Ivanov-Rinov, General Pavel 129 Janin, General Maurice 122, 266—7, 268 Japan I, 23, 37, 38 Russia policy 29, 150 troops land in Vladivostok 22, 92 Bolsheviks cleared from eastern Siberia 94 357
INDEX Japan (cont.) support for Semyonov and Kalmykov 150, 247, 250, post-war occupation of the Russian Pacific 269 Jean Bart (ship) 144, 145 Jews 8-9, 77, 155, 174, 304 tsarist restrictions on and violence against 13, 180-1 White antisemitism 181—3, 281-2 pogroms 134-5, 156, 180, 183-8, 241—2, 296-7 British attitudes towards 8—9, Ιθ9~95, 242-З, 275, 277-8, 286 American attitudes towards 252—3 see also Britain; Churchill, Winston; Cossacks; Denikin, General Anton; pogroms John, Augustus 107 Joint Jewish Distribution Committee 252 Kalmykov (Far Eastern warlord) 247, 251, 253 Kama River Flotilla 151, 154, 257 Kamenev, Lev 298, 299 Kandalaksha 42-3, 50, 161-2 Kaplan, Fanny 54-5 Karelians 157-60 Kato, Admiral 22 Kazakov, Aleksandr 100 Kedrov, Mikhail 46, 50 Kem 42-4, 64, 157-60 Kemp, Rear Admiral Thomas 22, 40, 44 Kennan, George 304 Kennedy, Captain John 235-8, 241, 246, 271-3, 299 Kent, HMS 151 Kerch peninsula 174—5 Keyes, Colonel Terence 136-8, 192, 279, 286-7 Keynes, John Maynard 107 Kharkov 89, 133, 172, 184, 236, 270 Kherson 9, 132, 138-40, 141, 176 Kiev 25, 133, 282 changes of power in 133-6, 176, 235, 270, 295 pogroms in 184, 188-9, 241-2 Kikuzo, General Otani 92 Kirpichnikov 282-3 Kitsa 116 Knox, General Alfred 96, 155 background and personality 94~5 protests Prinkipo 120 promotion of Kolchak 95-6, 155, 182, 251 and Kolchak’s coup 96—7 on the ‘Express’ 122-4, 151 and the Kama River Flotilla 151, 154 and the Anglo-Russian Brigade 152-3 antisemitism of 120, 165, 253 friction with Graves 127, 129 leaves Omsk 260, 261 bitterness at failure 268 Kochubei, Colonel 138-9
Kolchak, Admiral Aleksandr 16, 308 background and personality 95, 128 overthrows Omsk’s All-Russian Government 95—7 suppression of workers’ rising in Omsk 128 bad appointments 128, 248, 251 rejects Prinkipo proposal 120 advances across the Urals 149-50 Allies decide to give him diplomatic recognition 150-1 goes into retreat 154 refuses to countenance Finnish independence 201 abandons Omsk 257 handed to revolutionaries by the Czech Legion 266—7 interrogation and execution 267 Kosciuszko Squadron 295, 296 358
INDEX Kostya (Konstantin Osipov) 102, 113, 116, 169, 306 Kotlas 65, 167-8 Kozakov, Aleksandr 213-14 Kozma, Lieutenant 276-7 Krasin, Leonid 295, 298, 299, 301, 302 Krasnaya Gorka 205-6, 208 Krasnov, Pyotr 305 Krasnoyarsk 128, 248, 251, 263—4 Kremer, Isa 282 Krivoye Ozero 279-80 Kronstadt 204, 206, 208-10, 211, 302 Kun, Bela 122 Kursk 235, 236-7, 246 Lancaster, Captain J. W. C. 281-3 land reform 182, 238 Landeswehr 197-8, 200, 233 Lansing, Robert 14, 294 background and personality 18 post-Revolution ‘wait and see’ advice 16-18 subsequent support for the Intervention 29, 38 censorship of Rosenblatt 252 memoirs 303 Latvia 2, 91 Goltz’s takeover 196-8 handover of Riga to Ulmanis 199 Freikorps attack Riga 228-9 Freikorps and Red 15th Army driven out 232-3 peace treaty with the Bolsheviks 233 Latvian Riflemen 25, 46, 47, 53—4 Lavergne, General Jean 54, 57 Lawrence, T. E. 107 League of Nations 29, 97, 121, 171 Lenin, Vladimir 17, 42, 45, no, 302 return to Russia 14, 255 authoritarianism of 18 ' relations with Allied diplomats 17, 26, 121-2 peace talks with Germany 19—20 assassination attempt against 54—5 reaction to the Armistice 89 Lever, Captain George 270-1, 273, 276, 285, 290, 299-301 Lewis, Dr Charles 130 Lindley, Francis 63—4, 160 Lister, Lieutenant Colonel Frederick 276,287 Lithuania 180, 233 Litvinov, Maksim 56, 57 Lloyd George, David 14, 15, 27, 98, 181, 257, 277 background and personality 28 at the Paris Peace Conference 106—7 Russia policy 14, 15, 25, 48, 90-1, 120-2, 150, 172, 179 Post-war ‘khaki’ election 106 altercations with Churchill 109—10, 193-4, 202-3, 239, 278,
293 Guildhall speech 255-6, 285 Anglo-Soviet trade talks and agreement 294—5, 297-9, 301—2 memoirs 15, 303 Lobanov-Rostovsky, Prince Andrei 140, 141, 142-3, 245-6, 274, 285, 287-8, 290, 336 Lockhart, Robert Bruce 24-5, 26-7, 45-6, 47, 53-7 Lviv 296, 305 Polish pogrom in 134, 184 Allied representatives meet Petlyura near 135 see also Ukraine Μ Device (gas bomb) 219-20, 221, 244 McCullagh, Francis 260-1, 262, 263, 264, 293 McCully, Admiral Newton 307 McDonald, John 250 MacDonell, Ranald 77-9, 81, 83-4, 85, 171-2, 307 Mackinder, Halford 278-9, 280 359
INDEX Milne, General George 177 Milner, Lord 302 Mirbach, Wilhelm von 45, 47, 48 Mirza Kuchak Khan 77 Mitchell, Lieutenant John 173 Mond, Sir Alfred 193 Morris, Roland 247, 251 Morrow, Colonel Charles 247—8 Moscow 149, 231, 254, 265, 267, 293, 305 Allied representatives move to 25 SR rising in 46—8 Red Terror in 55—6 Denikins ‘Moscow Directive’ 176-7 Denikin’s advance on 235, 236-40, 246, 255, 278, 279 Mott, John 15,38 Mudyug I, 113-14, 308 Murmansk 4, 37, 48, 51-2, 75, 149, 158, 160-2, 214-16, 220 creation of 21—2 friendly local soviet 22, 30, 42, 44-5 fighting at Pechenga 31-2 Maynard briefed on 40-1 Bolshevik raid repulsed 43—4 Mai-Mayevsky, General Vladimir 172, 235 Makhno, Nestor 134, 174, 184 Malleson, General Wilfred 85—6 Malone, Cecil l’Estrange 254 Manchuria 28, 29, 92 Mannerheim, General Carl 196, 201 March, General Peyton 39 Marie, Dowager Empress 143 Marie of Romania, Queen 107 Marlborough, HMS 143, 279, 280 Marsh, Colonel 202 Marty, André 145 Marushevsky, General Vladimir 159 background and personality 102-3, 113 relations with Ironside 103, 162, 168, 170 and the Nevsky Barracks mutiny 103 refusal to withdraw to Murmansk 215 Masaryk, Tomas 34, 35, 37—8 Maynard, Major-General Charles 40-4, 113, 158, 160 medical aid 68, 129—31, 231—2 Mikhailova, Zoya 111-12 military aid 21-2, 121, 137, 145, 179, 245, 255 waste and black-marketeering of 240-1 to Poland 295 Miller’s request for French lingerie 166 Miller, General Yevgeniy 102, 213, 293 background and personality 166 rejects Prinkipo proposal 120 relations with Ironside 166—7, 168, 170 refusal to withdraw to
Murmansk 214—16 last meetings with Ironside 221—2 abducted by Soviet agents 305 Nagoya (troopship) 61—2 Nairana, HMS 52 Namier, Lewis 107 Neilson, Lieutenant Colonel John 124, 125 Nereide (destroyer) 132, 138, 139-40 Nicholas II of Russia, Tsar 20, 22, 133, 138, 143, 258 unpopularity in the West 13 abdication and asylum offer 14—15 execution of 49-50 Nicolson, Harold 107 Nikolayev 132, 141, 283 Nixon, Richard 2 Nizhne-Udinsk 266-7 North Persia Force (Norperforce) 90 North Russia Expeditionary Force 41-2 360
INDEX Northern Government 62, 114, 120, 159, 166 Northwestern Army 200-2, 229-32 Noulens, Joseph 23 Novocherkassk 25, 274—6 Novorossiysk 132, 135, 137, 270, 284-5 Obolensky, Prince 8 Obozerskaya 72 Odessa 132, 133, 174, 190, 235, 243, 256 under French occupation 7, 135, 138, 140-2 first evacuation of 142-3 pogroms in 184 recaptured by Denikin 176 British out-of-depthness in 281—3 second evacuation 283-4 post-war terror in 307 see also France oil 76-7, 84 Oleg (cruiser) 206-7, 208, 211 Olympia, USS 52 Omsk 127, 155, 201, 251 Czech capture of 35 ‘Duma’ and ‘All-Russian’ governments in 92, 95 Kolchak’s coup 95-7 White terror in 128-9, 267 Graves’s trip to 247—50 abandonment of 254, 257—8, 260 Vining group’s retreat from 260-5 O’Reilly, William 251 Orenburg Cossacks 124—7 Orpen, William 107 Oryol 235, 238, 239-40, 243 Osea Island (England) 203-4 Osipov, Konstantin see Kostya Ottoman Empire 107 Paderewski, Ignacy 37 Pale of Settlement 180 Pamyat Azova (depot ship) 209, 210 Pankhurst, Sylvia 108 Paris Peace Conference 91, 109, no, 142, 150, 160, 278 opening of 106—8 Päts, Konstantin 202 Paustowsky, Konstantin 281, 284 peasants stripped by Lenin’s ‘Food Army’ 47 dislike of both Reds and Whites 237-8 stripped by Kolchak armies 263 conscripted 128-9, 152 see also ‘Greens’ Pechenga 31, 33, 40, 201 Percy, General Jocelyn 288-9, 299, 301 Perm 151, 154 Persia 77 Peters, Yakov 54, 56, 57 Petlyura, Symon 133, 135, 174, 184, 189 Petrograd 17, 19, 54, 55, 149 Bolsheviks’ fragile early hold on 25, 227 Yudenich’s advance on 200-1, 227-32, 255 Agar’s courier trips to 203-6, 209, 211
Petropavlovsk 248-9, 254 Petropavlovsk (battleship) 205, 209, 210 Pilsudski, Jozef 133, 295 pogroms 8, 271, 279-80 background to 180—3 documenting of 183 in Lviv 134-5 in Rossava 185-6 in Fastiv 186—8 in Kiev 188, 241-3 during Polish—Soviet war 296-7 White denial of 242-3 British blind eye-turning to and denial of 189-95, 242-3 American denial of 252—3 361
INDEX Poland I, 2, 19, 61, 133, 134, 180, 277 Allied policy towards 146, 154, 295, 298 Polish-Soviet war 295-7, 298, 301 Poole, DeWitt Clinton 24, 26, 49-50, 52-3, 120, 165, 293-4 Poole, Major-General Frederick 45, 50, 54, 99, 165 background and personality 40, 42 lands at Archangel 51-3 supports Chaplins coup 62-4, 96, 98 Vologda/Vyatka offensive 65—75, 118, 149 mission to Denikin 136-8 President Kruger (steamer) 80, 82-3 Prinkipo proposal, 120-1, 150, 255 prisoners of war, 8, 22, 29, 33, 35, 38, 39, 130, 139, 151, 168, 295, 301 Vining group in Krasnoyarsk 263—6 prisoner-killings by Reds at Pechenga 32 by the British at Kem 44 by the Trans-Caspians 85 by Kolchak in Omsk 128, 267 by the ‘Irish Karelians’ 158 by irregulars in Petrovsk 178 by Goltz in Riga 198 by Reds, Whites and the Albes in the North 101, 115, 218 by Reds and Whites in Oryol 238 by Semyonov at Adrianovka and Irkutsk 249—50, 267 by Rozanov in Vladivostok 259—60 by Don Cossacks 244—5 by Reds in Rostov-on-Don, 277 by Reds in Poland 296 by Whites in Sebastopol 300-1 propaganda 3, 9, 19, 278, 301 White 124, 182-3, 189 Red 19, 85-6, 238 British 9, 165 Protocols of the Elders of Zion 183 Proust, Marcel 107 Provisional Government 14, 16, 17 Putin, Vladimir 9—10, 51, 280, 308 Radek, Karl 26, 47—8 railways see armoured trains; Great White Train; Trans-Siberian Ransome, Arthur 26, 47, 94 Rasputin, Grigori 16 Rawlinson, General Henry, Lord 213, 214, 215, 221 Red Army 2, 8, 35, 90, 143-5, 174, 200, 254, 258, 283, 301, 302 expansion and professionalisation of ИЗ-4, 176, 243 pogroms committed by 184, 297 5th Army 264, 268
7th Army 231 15th Army 233 ‘Horse Army’ 243, 295 Ukrainian Red Army 133, 172 Red Fleet in the Caspian 295 in the Baltic 205-11 Red Terror 49, 55-6 refùgees 36, 126-7, 141, 221, 274-5, 287, 289 at Enzeli 83-4 at Odessa 140, 143, 283-4 at Novorossiysk 284-5 on RAF train 273—4 Reilly, Sidney 54 Relief Force (to the North) 164—5, 216-18 Retvizan (steamer) 169, 220 Reval see Estonia Riga see Latvia Robbins, Sergeant Carl 269 Robeck, Admiral John de 175—6, 299, 301, 303 Robien, Louis de 17, 24, 63 Robins, Raymond 24, 26, 29 Rodzianko, General Aleksandr 231
INDEX Rogers, Admiral 127 Rooney, Sergeant Joseph 261, 264 Root, Elihu 15, 16 Root Mission 15-17, 24 Rosenblatt, Dr Frank 252-3 Rossava 185-6 Rostov-on-Don 271, 273, 276—7, 286 Royal Air Force 233, 299 and Vrangel’s advance on Tsaritsyn 172-4, 246 and the Kronstadt raid 208—10, 211 flees to Crimea 273-4 see also Collishaw, Raymond Royal Marines 40-1, 42, 43, 44, 50, 161-2 Royal Navy 90, 132, 298 in the North 30-2, 52 in the Baltic 203-11, 232-3 in the Black Sea 138-40, 144—5, 174-6, 190-1 on the Kama river 151 seaplanes in the Caspian 177—9 see also Cowan, Admiral Walter; • Culme-Seymour, Rear-Admiral Michael; Robeck, Admiral John de Rozanov, General Sergei 248, 251, 254, 258-60, 267 Ruhl, Arthur 230, 231 Russell, Charles Edward 15 Russia 15—17, 307-8 Wests relationship with tsarist 13—14 Interventionists’ experiences in 3—6, 7 effect of the Intervention on 304, 308 2022 invasion of Ukraine 9—10, 308 see also Bolsheviks; Britain; Canada; France; Paris Peace Conference; Russian Revolution (1917); Soviet Union; United States of America; White Russians Russian Army (in the North) too—1, ЮЗ-5, UP, 253-4 Russian Revolution (1917) 1, 17-18, 181-2, 308 Russo-Japanese War 29 Sadoul, Jacques 24, 26, 27, 53 Sakharov, Konstantin 37 Sakhnovsky, Colonel 246 Salomon, Ernst von 197, 199, 229 Salvator, HMS 53 Samara 34-5, 47, 92 Sarin, Colonel 204-5, 206, 207-8 Savinkov, Boris 47 Scheu, Private Clarence 65, 66, 73-4, IIO-II, 161 and fighting at Tulgas 87-9, 116 Sebastopol 16, 175-6, 307 French naval mutiny in 143-5 under Vrangel 299-301 Secret Intelligence Service (SIS) 203 Seletskoye 162
Seltso 66-7, 73-4 Semyonov, Grigoriy 92, 266, 267, 268-9 atrocities committed by 247, 248, 249-50 capture and execution of 305-6 Serge, Victor 227 Settrington, Lord 217 Shackleton, Ernest 113 Shaumyan, Stepan 78, 79, 85-6 Shenkursk 67-8, III, 116-18 Shigemoto, General Oi 258 Shilling, General Nikolai 282-3 Shkuro, General Andrei 137, 185-6, 191, 235, 286, 305 Shtif, Nokhem 183, 184 Siberia 4, 6-7, 37, 38-9, 48-9 post-revolutionary power vacuum in 91-7 Czech Legion’s takeover of 33—6 Kolchak’s rule of 95—7, 128—9, 149-50, 247-50 Allied medical aid in 129—31 363
INDEX Siberia (cent.) see also All-Russian Government; Anglo-Russian Brigade; Graves, Major-General William; Knox, General Alfred; Kolchak, Admiral Aleksandr; Trans-Siberian Railway; Vladivostok Siberian Army 95 Simferopol 144 Skoropadsky, Pavel 133 Slashchyov, General Yakov 300 Smirnov, Admiral 151 Snow, C. P. 303 Socialist Revolutionaries (SRs) 18, 19, 36, 128 anti-Bolshevik risings 46-7, 54 Sokolov, Boris 212, 214, 218, 221 Sokolov, Pyotr 204, 205, 206 Somali (troopship) 61—2 Soviet Union 304, 307-8 soviets, 15, 16, 35, 173 origin of 14 in Archangel 50, 52, 166 in Baku 77-9 in Murmansk 22, 30, 42, 44—5 in Vladivostok 23, 35-6 leaders of Kem soviet killed 44 Spanish influenza 41, 61, 65, 68, 83 Spiridonova, Mariya 47 Stahn, Iosif 51, 173, 234 Steffens, Lincoln 121 Stessel, Colonel Aleksandr 282 Stevens, John 127 Stevenson, Frances 278 Stewart, Colonel George 99—100 Stokes, Colonel Claude 79, 84, 306 Suffolk, HMS 22 Sullivan, Corporal Arthur 217 Taganrog 243, 245-6, 270-4 Tallents, Stephen 197, 201, 228, 231 in Riga 198-200, 229 division of Walk 233—4 Tannenberg, battle of 13 Teague-Jones, Reginald 85-6, 306 Teffi 133, 134, 140 Teusler, Dr Rudolf 130-1, 252 Thatcher, Margaret 2 Thomas, Albert 24, 26 Thomson, General William 90 Thornhill, Colonel Cudbert 42—3, 99, 113, 114 . Thornycroft, John 203 ‘Three Musketeers’ 108,192, 254 Tillon, Charles 145 Tobolsk 254 Toynbee, Arnold 107 Trans-Caspian Committee 85—6 Trans-Siberian Railway 22, 28, 29, 34-6, 39, 93, 261, 266, 268 Trotsky, Leon 18, 22, 42, 45, 47, 173 at the Brest-Litovsk talks 19-20 relations with Allied diplomats 17,
25-6, 46 rupture with the Czech Legion 35 professionalisation of the Red Army 154 in White propaganda 82-3 defence of Petrograd 231 suppression of the Kronstadt rising 302 Tsaritsyn 172-4, 175, 246 Tulgas 74. 87-9, 101, 116, 161 Turkey 2, 171, 307 and the siege of Baku 76, 78, 79-83 ‘Twenty-Six Baku Commissars’ 85-6 typhus 83, 130-1, 151, 187, 231-2, 262, 273-4, 285, 287 Ufa 150, 154 Ukraine 2, 9-10, 25, 132-46, 301 during the First World War 13, 17, 19, 33, hi post-revolutionary chaos in 132—5 Ukrainian People’s Republic 133, 135, 184 З64
INDEX Allied attitude towards 135—6, 138 White advances in 172, 176—7 pogroms in 134-5, 183—95, 241—2 Russia’s 2022 invasion of 9—10, 308 see also Antonov-Ovseyenko, Vladimir; Hryhoryev, Nikifor; Kharkov; Kherson; Kiev; Lviv; Odessa; Petlyura, Symon Ulmanis, Kärlis 197, 199, 229 Ungern-Sternberg, Baron Roman von 92 United States of America (USA) relations with tsarist Russia 13, 22, 181 reaction to the 1917 revolutions 14, 17-18 Root Mission 15—7 and the Czech rising 33, 37—8 decision to send troops to the North 28-30 covert aid to Yudenich 228 post-war isolationism 108, 171 ‘Red Scare’ 294 and the Polish-Soviet war 295 long-term effect of the Intervention on 9, 305 see also Baker, Newton; Francis, David; Graves, Major-General William; Lansing, Robert; Poole, DeWitt Clinton; Robins, Raymond; Wilson, Woodrow US Army 253—4 arrival in Vladivostok 92 inexperience of 61 arrival in Archangel 62, 64—5 ‘Battle of Big Marsh’ 72—3 friction with the British in the North 99—100, 161 loss of Ust-Padenga and Shenkursk 116-18 departure from the North 160—1, 164 pre-evacuation fighting on the Trans-Siberian 268-9 27th Infantry Regiment 92—3, 247-8 339th Infantry Regiment 61, 63, 64-7 see also Anderson, Godfrey; Graves, Major-General William; Scheu, Clarence Ussuri river 94 Venizelos, Eleftherios 138 Verkhnye Uralsk 124—5 Versailles, Treaty of (1919) 171, 198, 200 Veselago, Lieutenant Commander Georgi 42 village-burnings 8, 116, 118, 267 Vining, Major Leonard 260, 261, 263, 265 Vladivostok 21, 22-3, 34, 35-6, 38, 48, 90 Allied landings in 53, 92-4 British Military Mission in 94-5, 122-3
Canadians in 91, 108, 122 British-American friction in 127, 129, 250-1 American—White Russian clashes in 253-4 Gajda rising in 258-60 Allied withdrawal and Japanese takeover 269 see also Graves, Major-General William; Knox, General Alfred; Rozanov, General Sergei Vologda 24, 41, 46, 50, 65 Vologda Force 71—3 Volunteer Army 37, 133, 140—1, 145, 190-1, 193, 243, 246, 277 origins and early Allied funding of 25, 29, 136 under-equipment of 137 З65
INDEX Volunteer Army (cont.) corruption within 240—1 pogroms committed by 182, 184, 186-7, 188-9, 241, 279-80 advance on Moscow 235—8 retreat to Novorossiysk and evacuation 271—2, 284—7, 288-90 Voronezh 235, 243 Vrangel, Baron Pyotr 272—3, 305 advance on Tsaritsyn 172—3, 184 criticism of Denikin 176, 286 in Crimea 299-301 Vyatka 65, 69, 75 Wiart, Adrian Carton de 134, 135 Williamson, Major Hudleston 7, 189-90, 243-5, 274-7, 284, 287, 306 Wilson, Field Marshal Sir Henry 177, 202, 214, 230, 277, 278, 297-8 Wilson, Woodrow 14, 16-17, 303-4 background and personality 27-8 ‘Fourteen Points’and reluctance to join the Intervention 27-9 and the Czech Legion 37-8 decision to intervene and July 17 Aide Mémoire 38-9, 48-9 at the Paris Peace Conference 106-8, 121-2 and the League of Nations 28-9, 121, 154, 171, 256 strokes and incapacity of 122, 230, 256 Wilton, Robert 192 Wolf, Lucien 181, 194, 280 Woods, Lieutenant Colonel Philip 157-60, 306 Wyld, Captain Herbert 132, 138-40 Waldeck-Rousseau (ship) 288 Ward, Colonel John 93—4, 95, 96, 128, 254-5 Wardrop, Oliver 192 Warsaw 13, 295, 298 Wedgwood, Josiah 192—3 Weizmann, Chaim 194 Wells, H. G. 108 White Russians 1-2, 120, 176, 222 Interventionists’ attitudes towards 6-7, 8-9, 90, 150, 170, 177, 189, 190-3, 218-19, 270 Yakushev, Ivan 250, 258, 260 attitudes towards the Allies 7-8, 89, Yaponchik, Mishka 174 Yekaterinburg 49, 155-6, 252-3 9°, 93, 152-3, 157, 159-60, 213, 218—19, 221—2 Yekaterinodar 136, 274, 276, 286—90 Young, Douglas 44, 108 contempt for non-Russian Young, Hilton 69-73 nationalities 37, 135, 141, 157, 159, Yudenich,
General Nikolai 200, 201—2, 179, 201-2 211, 255 belief that Jews behind the Petrograd campaign 227-8, 229-30 Revolution 181—3 abandons his army 231 in emigration 143, 304, 306-7 see also Denikin, General Anton; Yugoslavia 171 Kolchak, Admiral Aleksandr; Yuryev, Aleksei, 22, 45 Marushevsky, General Vladimir; Miller, General Yevgeniy; Vrangel, Zborow 33 Baron Pyotr; Yudenich, General Zveginstev, Major-General Nikolai Nikolai 42 Bayerische Staatsbibliothek München 366 |
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Contents Maps Note on Place Names ix xvii Introduction I PARTI After the Revolution, February 1917—August 1918 I. 2. 3. 4. 5. Unerhört! ‘A lot of impossible folks’ Brother Czecho Aide Mémoire ‘We are not here to conquer’ И 21 33 40 51 PART II The Intervention Begins, August 1918—April 1919 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. и. 12. Charley Chaplin’s coup The Hush-hush Brigade ‘Eggs loaded with dynamite’ ‘A feeling of smothering’ Paris and Shenkursk Prinkipo and Siberia L’Entente de ma tante 61 76 87 98 106 120 132 vii
CONTENTS PART III White Advances, April—September 1919 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. Our poor little unarmed soldiers’ Dyer’s Battalion One last packet Honorary Cossacks The stubborn Germaneagle Ironside’s bed 149 157 171 180 196 212 PART IV White Retreats, September 1919—March 1920 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. ‘We liked the Balts’ To Moscow! ‘Russia is a quicksand’ ‘The falls of Niagara’ The Heartland Tak! 227 235 247 257 270 281 PARTV The End, 1920 25. ‘Do we not trade with cannibals?’ 26. Aftermath 293 303 Acknowledgements Picture Credits Notes Select Bibliography Index 311 315 317 339 349 viii
Index Admiral (film) 308 Agar, Lieutenant Gus 203-11 Ajax, HMS 175, 283, 284 Alexander II of Russia, Tsar 180 Alexander, Lieutenant Colonel Harold 200, 233 All-Russian Government (Omsk) 92, 95^7. 128 Allfrey, Major Edward 170, 216-19 Allies see Britain; France; Japan; United States of America (USA) America see United States of America (USA) American Railway Service Corps 249-50 American Red Cross 99, 130-1, 231-2, 252 American Relief Association (ARA) 228 Amet, Admiral 144 Anderson, Godfrey 61, 62, 67-8, 161 Shenkursk in, 117, 118 Andrei Pervozvanny (battleship) 205, 209, 210, 211 Anglo-Russian Brigade (in Yekaterinburg) 152-3, 155-6 Anglo-Soviet Trade Agreement (1920) 302 Anselme, General Philippe d’ 138, 142 Antonov-Ovseyenko, Vladimir 133 Archangel 23, 40, 41, 50, 68, 90, 150, 307 history of 51 Pooles landing in 52—3 Americans arrive in 61—2 Chaplin’s coup 62—4 loucheness of in—12 Americans depart from and Relief Force arrives in 164-6 Ironside ’s pre-evacuation campaign 212-20 British withdraw from 160, 170, 220-2, 212 see also Ironside, General Edmund; Marushevsky, General Vladimir; Miller, General Yevgeniy; Rawlinson, General Henry Armenians 2, 77-8, 79, 80-5, 90, 177 armoured trains 46, 68—73, 268-9, 273-4 Askold (battleship) 22, 31, 32 Astashkevich, Irina 185 Atkins, Private Edwin 66 Attentive, HMS 40, 111-12 Austria 13, 17, 33, 38, 228 Austro-Hungarian Empire 107 Azerbaijan Democratic Republic (ADR) 90, 177-8; see also Baku Azeris 2, 77, 78, 83-4 Babel, Isaac 296-7 Bagratuni, Jacques 84 Baker, Newton 29, 38, 93 Bakhmetev, Yuriy 13, 14 SSI
INDEX Baku 4, 53, 114, 132 history of 76 Dunsterforce expedition to 77-84 Norperforce in 90, 177 Baldwin, Stanley 106 Balfour, Arthur 18, 57, 96, 150 Baltic region 19-20, 89, 149, 154, 200—2 German troops in 196-201, 228-9, 232-3 CMB mission to 203—11 peace treaties 233-4 see also Cowan, Admiral Walter; Estonia; Goltz, General Rüdiger von der; Latvia; Tallents, Stephen Barker, Captain Evelyn 190 Barr, Captain David 169 Barrington Wells 168 Baruch, Bernard 107 Batumi 132, 135 Beaverbrook, Max 108 Bechin, Μ. I. 166 Becvar, Gustav 34, 35, 36, 87, 257, 305 Beeley, Hugh 205, 206, 211 Belayev, General 236-7, 238, 241, 246, 271-2 Benbow, HMS 284, 288 Benckendorff, Moura von 54, 55, 56—7 Bergson, Henri 30 Bermondt-Avalov, Pavel 228, 229 Bernhardt, Sarah 107 Berthelot, General Henri 138, 141 Bichkova, Madame 19 Bilney, Christopher 177-9 Birkenhead, Lord 302 Black Sea 4, 16, 89, 132; see also Odessa Blair, Brigadier-General 251 blockade (of trade with Russia) 293-5 ‘Bloody Sunday’ (1905) 13 ‘Blue Book’ of Bolshevik atrocities 165 Bochkareva, Mariya 112-13 Bogomolyets, General 268—9 Boisvert, Onil 108-9 З52 Bolsheviks take power 17-18 make peace with Germany 18—20 handling of Allied diplomats 21, 25-7, 47-8, 53-6 handling of the Czech Legion 34—6 suppress SR risings 46—7 execute the imperial family 15, 49 Bullitt mission to 120—2 hold the centre of the railway network 149 propaganda 238, 293 trade talks with Britain 294—5, 297-9, 301-2 post-war terror and foundation of the Gulag 307 see also Cheka; Lenin, Vladimir; Radek, Karl; Red Army; Red Terror; Shaumyan, Stepan; Trotsky, Leon
Borden, Robert 91, 120 Brest-Litovsk, Treaty of 19-20, 21, 26, 29 Britain I, 2, 9 relations with tsarist Russia 13, 181 welcome for the February revolution H reaction to the Bolshevik coup 18 reaction to Brest-Litovsk 21 decision to recognise the ‘All-Russian Government’ 95—6 at Paris Peace Conference 107, 120-2, 150 early diplomatic contact with the Bolsheviks 23-7 post-war expectations and unrest 89, 171 post-war ‘khaki’ election 106 Russia debates in parliament and Cabinet 89-90, 109-10, 137, 160, 164-5, 179, 202, 239, 254-5 ‘Hands Off Russia’movement 108, 293
INDEX Ukraine policy 135-6 decision to recognise Kolchak, and its reversal 150-1, 154—5 attitude to White pogroms 191-5, 242-3 Lloyd George’s Guildhall speech 254-6 trade talks with the Bolsheviks 294-8, 301-2 Intervention’s effects on 305 see also British Army; Lloyd George, David British Army 3—4, 6-8, 21, 80 Hampshire Regiment 122, 124-7, из Middlesex Regiment 93-4, 122 Yorkshire Regiment 162 tank unit in the Baltics 228, 230-1 mutinies in the North 160-3, 167, 169-70 see also Anglo-Russian Brigade; Dunsterforce; North Persia Force; North Russian Expeditionary Force; Relief Force; Royal Air Force; Royal Marines Brodsky, Isaak 85 Brooklyn, USS 22, 127 Buchan, John 98 Bulgakov, Mikhail 134, 235 Flight 300 Bullitt, William 121-2 Buxhoeveden, Baroness Sophie 36-7, 123-4, 130 Calypso, HMS 144, 288 Canada 1, 77 opposition to the Intervention 3, 91, 108-9 fierce gunners in the North 73, 88, 117 under-employed troops in Vladivostok 122 see also Borden, Robert Cardiff, HMS 283 Caspian Sea 1, 4, 76, 77, 85, 295 British seaplanes on 177—9 see also Baku Caucasus 4, 154, 176 strategic importance of 76, 77 Milne’s pungent views on, and British withdrawal from 177 see also Armenians; Azerbaijan Democratic Republic; Georgia Cazalet, Captain Victor ‘Teenie’ 123—4, 127, 151-2 Cecil, Lord Robert 97, 181, 194 Centro-Caspian Dictatorship (Baku) 79, 81-3 Ceres, HMS 175, 283, 284 Chaikovsky, Nikolai 53, 100-1 background and personality 51, 62 abducted by Chaplin 63-4 rejects Prinkipo proposal 120 Chaplin, Georgiy (‘Charley’) 52, 62-4, 99, ИЗ Cheka (security agency) 18, 46-7, 55, 281-2
Chelyabinsk 33, 35 Chesma (battleship) 22 Chicherin, Georgiy 45, 46, 50, 55 China 307 Chinese labourers 130 Churchill, Winston 27, 155, 163, 201, 227, 251 joins War Cabinet 109 supports Intervention 109-10, 137, 150, 167, 193-4, 202, 255~6 opposes Prinkipo 120-1 and the Relief Force for the North 164-5 and the ‘Blue Book’ of Bolshevik atrocities 165 Ironside’s sceptical view of 167 Lloyd George’s exasperation with 202-3, 239 and the Μ Devices 219 353
INDEX Churchill, Winston {cont.) confident of Petrograd victory 230 last-ditch scare campaign 277-8 initiates Mackinder mission 278 well-timed holidays 293, 298 backs Denikin 179, 239—40, 256 back-pedals on Denikin 277 attitude to White pogroms 193-4, 230 conspiracy theorising re post-war protest 297 opposes trade talks with the Bolsheviks 298, 302 defends the Intervention in later life CMB mission 203, 205-6, 207, 208-9, 211 Crimea 132, 143-5, 273, 274, 290 British navy’s delightful time in 174-6, 299 Vrangel’s last stand in 299-301 see also Sebastopol Cromie, Francis 52, 54, 55 Crowe, Sir Eyre 194 Culme-Seymour, Rear-Admiral Michael 143, 144 Cumming, Mansfield 203-4, 206, 207 Curzon, Lord 150, 177, 179, 201, 251, 269 and Mackinder 278, 280 and the Anglo-Soviet Trade Agreement 295, 302 Czech Legion 41, 72, 257 background to 33-4 takes control of the Trans-Siberian 304- 305 see also Lloyd George, David City of Marseilles (troopship) 41-2 Clemenceau, Georges 14, 28, 294 background and personality 27 at the Paris Peace Conference 91, 106-7 assassination attempt against 121 switch to policy of cordon sanitaire 35-6 Russian attitudes towards 36-7 drops out of the Civil War 122 trades in Kolchak 266—8 role in interwar Czechoslovakia 304—5 and the imperial gold 268 see also Becvar, Gustav; Gajda, Radola; Masaryk, Tomas Czechoslovakia 1, 171, 304—5 145-6 indignation at Lloyd George’s Guildhall speech 256 Coastal Motor Boats (CMBs) 203-11 Cochrane, HMS 30, 31-2 Cold War 304, 308 Collishaw, Raymond 172, 173—4, 273-4 Comintern 227 Cooper, Merian 296 Cossacks 186-7 Don Cossacks 25,
133—4, 148, 173, 176, 241, 253, 274, 305 Kuban Cossacks 133—4 Orenberg Cossacks 124—7, 155, 265 pogroms and other atrocities 156, 183-6, 244, 272, 297 Cotton, General 272 Cowan, Admiral Walter 196, 200, 232-3 Dardanelles 89, 90, 109 Denikin, General Anton 120, 133—4, 305 background and personality 136 Poole mission to 136-7 British aid to 137, 172, 179 relations with the French 140-1, 145-6 advance into Ukraine 172 British naval support for 174-6 ‘Moscow Directive’ 176 lack of a political programme 182, 238 354
INDEX use of antisemitic propaganda 182-3 and pogroms 184-9, 193, 241-3, 271, 278-80 British reaction to Denikin pogroms 192, 193, 194-5 advance on Moscow 235 corruption within his armies 240-1, 282 goes into retreat 243 Taganrog ‘court’ 245 abandons Taganrog 273 meets Mackinder 279—80 government collapses 286 reburial in Moscow 308 diplomatic corps 23-7, 46, 50, 53-4 Diterikhs, General 249, 257 Don Cossack ‘Host’ see Cossacks Douma, Sergeant 164 Drage, Lieutenant Charles 30—2 Dragomirov, General Vladimir 242 Dukes, Paul 203, 205, 209 Dunsterforce see Dunsterville, MajorGeneral Lionel Dunsterville, Major-General Lionel 77, 78, 79-83, 84, 85 background and personality 77 formation of Dunsterforce 77 sails for Baku 80 defeat at ‘Mud Volcano’ 80 showdown with the Dictators 81-2 evacuation of Baku 82—3 in disgrace 84 Durov, Boris 100-1 Dutov, Ataman Aleksandr 125 Dyer’s Battalion 102, 115, 168-70 formation of 102, 115, 168 White suspicion of 168 mutiny and executions 169—70 Dzerzhinsky, Felix 47 East Prussia 13 Egypt 171 Eliot, Sir Charles 92, 96, 129 Emperor of India, HMS 288,289-90, 303 Ernst von Hohenlohe-Langenburg, Prince 19 Espèrey, General Franchet d’ 141—2, HS Estonia 2, 229 German occupation of 196-8 advance against the Landeswehr 198-9 relations with Yudenich 201-2 Narva PoW camps 231 peace treaty with the Bolsheviks 233 division of Walk 234 Farmer, Florence 130 Fastov (Fastiv) 186-9, 193, 242 February Revolution 13—14 Finland 2, 30, 31—2, 196, 201 civil war and German occupation 30 skirmishes with the British at Pechenga 31 Karelians 157—60 White intransigence
towards 201 CMB raids from Terijoki 204-11 peace treaty with the Bolsheviks 233 Finlayson, Brigadier-General Robert IOI First World War 1, 2, 3-4, 17, 303 Eastern Front 1914-17 13-14 Allied supplies to the Imperial Army 21-2 Bolshevik peace talks with Germany 19-20 'Ludendorff' offensives, spring 1918 21, 27, 56, 201 Allied counter-offensive, summer 1918 56 Armistice 87, 89-90, 101 see also Paris Peace Conference Fletcher, Major 198 Foch, Marshal 120, 121, 239 Forster, E. Μ. 108 355
INDEX France i, 2, 7, 9 welcomes the February Revolution peace talks with the Bolsheviks 19-20 occupation of Ukraine 133 defeat and the Armistice 87—89 Allied policy towards at the Peace Conference 107 occupation of the Baltics 1968 see also First World War; Freikorps; Goltz, Rüdiger von der; Treaty of Brest-Litovsk Gherman, Yevgeniya 52, 165 Glennon, Admiral James 16 Glory, HMS 22, 42 Glow-Worm (gunboat) 220—1 Glyn, Elinor 107 Goldman, Emma 187—9 Goldsmith, Commander Lennon 174, 14 deplores Bolshevik coup 19 early diplomatic contact with the Bolsheviks 23-4, 25-6 reaction to Brest-Litovsk 21 occupation of Odessa 138 evacuation of Odessa 140-3 Ukraine policy 135-6 mutiny at Sebastopol 143—5 withdraws aid to Denikin 145-6 mutiny in the North 163 aid to Poland 295 see also Clemenceau, Georges; Paris Peace Conference France (ship) 144, 145 Francis, David 23, 24, 46, 63—4, 112 Frecheville, William 276-7 Freikorps 197, 198, 199, 304 formation of 197 attack Riga 228-9, 232 destabilise post-war Germany 304 see also Goltz, Rüdiger von der; Salomon, Ernst von frostbite 115, 130 Fyedotov, Lieutenant Dmitri 16, 154, 257-8, 265-6 175, 190 Golitsyn, Prince Dmitri 236 Goltz, General Rüdiger von der background and personality 196—7 mass executions in Riga 197-8 withdrawal from Riga 199 meeting with Tallents 200 defiance of Berlin 198, 228 see also Freikorps; Germany Gorbachev, Mikhail 2, 308 Gough, General Hubert 200-1, 202, 228 Gough-Calthorpe, Admiral Somerset 190-1 Graves, Major-General William 99, 251 background and personality 92—3 appointed to head US mission to Siberia 93—4
opposition to the Intervention 93, 127, 253-4, 269 clashes with Knox 127, 129 journey to Omsk 247-9 collects evidence of White atrocities 128-9, 249-50, 252 leaves Russia and memoirs 269 Gajda, General Radola 35, 122, 250-1, 258-9, 304-5 Galveston, USS 288 Gavriil (guardship) 209, 210 George V King 50, 168-9 withdrawal of asylum offer to Nicholas II 14-15 Georgia 132, 177, 179, 192, 279 Gergel, Nahum 183, 241 Gerhardte, William 268 Futility 94-5, 253, 259-60, 308-9 Germany 1, 2, 9, 18 access to oil 76—7, 84 support for Mannerheim 30 З56
INDEX Great Patriotic War see Second World War Great War see First World War Great White Train (Inter-Allied Typhus Train) 130-1 Greece 1, 171 ‘Greens’ 134, 284, 287 Grishin-Almazov, General Aleksei 138, 145 Gulag 46, 307, 308 Gundry-White, Lionel 243 Hampsheir, Lieutenant John 206-7 ‘Hands Off Russia’ movement 108-9, 293 Harding, Warren 305 Hardinge, Lord 98 Harriman, Florence 112 Harris, Ernest 252—3, 266 Hasek, Jaroslav 35 Heifetz, Elias 182 Henderson, Loy 231-2 Hicks, Captain William 54-5 Hitler, Adolf 231, 234, 305 Hodgson, John 8, 135, 191 Hoffman, General Max 19, 20 Holman, Lieutenant General Herbert 272, 276, 277, 279 background and personality 137 rebukes Denikin for fading to tackle corruption 240-1 refuses to evacuate Yekaterinodar 286 antisemitism of 191 Holocaust 189, 195 Hoover, Herbert 228 Hope Carson, Major Ernest 228, 230-1 Horrocks, Captain Brian 260, 262, 263, 264, 265 Höss, Rudolf 304 House, Edward 38, 49 Howgrave-Graham, Captain Maurice 124-7, 152, ИЗ. 155-6 Hryhoryev, Nikifor 139, 140, 141, 174, 184, 189 Hungary 33, 38, 122, 171 Ignatyev, Vladimir 114, 159 India I, 77, 171 ‘Internationalists’ (Czech and Slovak) 35 Ireland 177, 202, 297, 305 Irkutsk 36, 39, 266—8 Ironside, Edmund background and personality 98 problems on arrival in Archangel 98-100 first trips to the front 101-2 Nevsky Barracks mutinies 100, 102-5 Mudyug prison camp 113-14 loss of Shenkursk 116,118 assassination attempt against 118-19 Dyer’s Battalion 115, 168-70 British and French mutinies 161-3 relations with Marushevksy and Miller 103, 166-7, 214-15 Kotlas plan 167 Μ Devices 219—20
relations with Rawlinson 213 pre-evacuation offensive 216—17 evacuation 220—2 Ishim 248 Islamic Army of the Caucasus 78, 79, 80-1, 82 Italy I, 171 Ivan the Terrible 51 Ivanov-Rinov, General Pavel 129 Janin, General Maurice 122, 266—7, 268 Japan I, 23, 37, 38 Russia policy 29, 150 troops land in Vladivostok 22, 92 Bolsheviks cleared from eastern Siberia 94 357
INDEX Japan (cont.) support for Semyonov and Kalmykov 150, 247, 250, post-war occupation of the Russian Pacific 269 Jean Bart (ship) 144, 145 Jews 8-9, 77, 155, 174, 304 tsarist restrictions on and violence against 13, 180-1 White antisemitism 181—3, 281-2 pogroms 134-5, 156, 180, 183-8, 241—2, 296-7 British attitudes towards 8—9, Ιθ9~95, 242-З, 275, 277-8, 286 American attitudes towards 252—3 see also Britain; Churchill, Winston; Cossacks; Denikin, General Anton; pogroms John, Augustus 107 Joint Jewish Distribution Committee 252 Kalmykov (Far Eastern warlord) 247, 251, 253 Kama River Flotilla 151, 154, 257 Kamenev, Lev 298, 299 Kandalaksha 42-3, 50, 161-2 Kaplan, Fanny 54-5 Karelians 157-60 Kato, Admiral 22 Kazakov, Aleksandr 100 Kedrov, Mikhail 46, 50 Kem 42-4, 64, 157-60 Kemp, Rear Admiral Thomas 22, 40, 44 Kennan, George 304 Kennedy, Captain John 235-8, 241, 246, 271-3, 299 Kent, HMS 151 Kerch peninsula 174—5 Keyes, Colonel Terence 136-8, 192, 279, 286-7 Keynes, John Maynard 107 Kharkov 89, 133, 172, 184, 236, 270 Kherson 9, 132, 138-40, 141, 176 Kiev 25, 133, 282 changes of power in 133-6, 176, 235, 270, 295 pogroms in 184, 188-9, 241-2 Kikuzo, General Otani 92 Kirpichnikov 282-3 Kitsa 116 Knox, General Alfred 96, 155 background and personality 94~5 protests Prinkipo 120 promotion of Kolchak 95-6, 155, 182, 251 and Kolchak’s coup 96—7 on the ‘Express’ 122-4, 151 and the Kama River Flotilla 151, 154 and the Anglo-Russian Brigade 152-3 antisemitism of 120, 165, 253 friction with Graves 127, 129 leaves Omsk 260, 261 bitterness at failure 268 Kochubei, Colonel 138-9
Kolchak, Admiral Aleksandr 16, 308 background and personality 95, 128 overthrows Omsk’s All-Russian Government 95—7 suppression of workers’ rising in Omsk 128 bad appointments 128, 248, 251 rejects Prinkipo proposal 120 advances across the Urals 149-50 Allies decide to give him diplomatic recognition 150-1 goes into retreat 154 refuses to countenance Finnish independence 201 abandons Omsk 257 handed to revolutionaries by the Czech Legion 266—7 interrogation and execution 267 Kosciuszko Squadron 295, 296 358
INDEX Kostya (Konstantin Osipov) 102, 113, 116, 169, 306 Kotlas 65, 167-8 Kozakov, Aleksandr 213-14 Kozma, Lieutenant 276-7 Krasin, Leonid 295, 298, 299, 301, 302 Krasnaya Gorka 205-6, 208 Krasnov, Pyotr 305 Krasnoyarsk 128, 248, 251, 263—4 Kremer, Isa 282 Krivoye Ozero 279-80 Kronstadt 204, 206, 208-10, 211, 302 Kun, Bela 122 Kursk 235, 236-7, 246 Lancaster, Captain J. W. C. 281-3 land reform 182, 238 Landeswehr 197-8, 200, 233 Lansing, Robert 14, 294 background and personality 18 post-Revolution ‘wait and see’ advice 16-18 subsequent support for the Intervention 29, 38 censorship of Rosenblatt 252 memoirs 303 Latvia 2, 91 Goltz’s takeover 196-8 handover of Riga to Ulmanis 199 Freikorps attack Riga 228-9 Freikorps and Red 15th Army driven out 232-3 peace treaty with the Bolsheviks 233 Latvian Riflemen 25, 46, 47, 53—4 Lavergne, General Jean 54, 57 Lawrence, T. E. 107 League of Nations 29, 97, 121, 171 Lenin, Vladimir 17, 42, 45, no, 302 return to Russia 14, 255 authoritarianism of 18 ' relations with Allied diplomats 17, 26, 121-2 peace talks with Germany 19—20 assassination attempt against 54—5 reaction to the Armistice 89 Lever, Captain George 270-1, 273, 276, 285, 290, 299-301 Lewis, Dr Charles 130 Lindley, Francis 63—4, 160 Lister, Lieutenant Colonel Frederick 276,287 Lithuania 180, 233 Litvinov, Maksim 56, 57 Lloyd George, David 14, 15, 27, 98, 181, 257, 277 background and personality 28 at the Paris Peace Conference 106—7 Russia policy 14, 15, 25, 48, 90-1, 120-2, 150, 172, 179 Post-war ‘khaki’ election 106 altercations with Churchill 109—10, 193-4, 202-3, 239, 278,
293 Guildhall speech 255-6, 285 Anglo-Soviet trade talks and agreement 294—5, 297-9, 301—2 memoirs 15, 303 Lobanov-Rostovsky, Prince Andrei 140, 141, 142-3, 245-6, 274, 285, 287-8, 290, 336 Lockhart, Robert Bruce 24-5, 26-7, 45-6, 47, 53-7 Lviv 296, 305 Polish pogrom in 134, 184 Allied representatives meet Petlyura near 135 see also Ukraine Μ Device (gas bomb) 219-20, 221, 244 McCullagh, Francis 260-1, 262, 263, 264, 293 McCully, Admiral Newton 307 McDonald, John 250 MacDonell, Ranald 77-9, 81, 83-4, 85, 171-2, 307 Mackinder, Halford 278-9, 280 359
INDEX Milne, General George 177 Milner, Lord 302 Mirbach, Wilhelm von 45, 47, 48 Mirza Kuchak Khan 77 Mitchell, Lieutenant John 173 Mond, Sir Alfred 193 Morris, Roland 247, 251 Morrow, Colonel Charles 247—8 Moscow 149, 231, 254, 265, 267, 293, 305 Allied representatives move to 25 SR rising in 46—8 Red Terror in 55—6 Denikins ‘Moscow Directive’ 176-7 Denikin’s advance on 235, 236-40, 246, 255, 278, 279 Mott, John 15,38 Mudyug I, 113-14, 308 Murmansk 4, 37, 48, 51-2, 75, 149, 158, 160-2, 214-16, 220 creation of 21—2 friendly local soviet 22, 30, 42, 44-5 fighting at Pechenga 31-2 Maynard briefed on 40-1 Bolshevik raid repulsed 43—4 Mai-Mayevsky, General Vladimir 172, 235 Makhno, Nestor 134, 174, 184 Malleson, General Wilfred 85—6 Malone, Cecil l’Estrange 254 Manchuria 28, 29, 92 Mannerheim, General Carl 196, 201 March, General Peyton 39 Marie, Dowager Empress 143 Marie of Romania, Queen 107 Marlborough, HMS 143, 279, 280 Marsh, Colonel 202 Marty, André 145 Marushevsky, General Vladimir 159 background and personality 102-3, 113 relations with Ironside 103, 162, 168, 170 and the Nevsky Barracks mutiny 103 refusal to withdraw to Murmansk 215 Masaryk, Tomas 34, 35, 37—8 Maynard, Major-General Charles 40-4, 113, 158, 160 medical aid 68, 129—31, 231—2 Mikhailova, Zoya 111-12 military aid 21-2, 121, 137, 145, 179, 245, 255 waste and black-marketeering of 240-1 to Poland 295 Miller’s request for French lingerie 166 Miller, General Yevgeniy 102, 213, 293 background and personality 166 rejects Prinkipo proposal 120 relations with Ironside 166—7, 168, 170 refusal to withdraw to
Murmansk 214—16 last meetings with Ironside 221—2 abducted by Soviet agents 305 Nagoya (troopship) 61—2 Nairana, HMS 52 Namier, Lewis 107 Neilson, Lieutenant Colonel John 124, 125 Nereide (destroyer) 132, 138, 139-40 Nicholas II of Russia, Tsar 20, 22, 133, 138, 143, 258 unpopularity in the West 13 abdication and asylum offer 14—15 execution of 49-50 Nicolson, Harold 107 Nikolayev 132, 141, 283 Nixon, Richard 2 Nizhne-Udinsk 266-7 North Persia Force (Norperforce) 90 North Russia Expeditionary Force 41-2 360
INDEX Northern Government 62, 114, 120, 159, 166 Northwestern Army 200-2, 229-32 Noulens, Joseph 23 Novocherkassk 25, 274—6 Novorossiysk 132, 135, 137, 270, 284-5 Obolensky, Prince 8 Obozerskaya 72 Odessa 132, 133, 174, 190, 235, 243, 256 under French occupation 7, 135, 138, 140-2 first evacuation of 142-3 pogroms in 184 recaptured by Denikin 176 British out-of-depthness in 281—3 second evacuation 283-4 post-war terror in 307 see also France oil 76-7, 84 Oleg (cruiser) 206-7, 208, 211 Olympia, USS 52 Omsk 127, 155, 201, 251 Czech capture of 35 ‘Duma’ and ‘All-Russian’ governments in 92, 95 Kolchak’s coup 95-7 White terror in 128-9, 267 Graves’s trip to 247—50 abandonment of 254, 257—8, 260 Vining group’s retreat from 260-5 O’Reilly, William 251 Orenburg Cossacks 124—7 Orpen, William 107 Oryol 235, 238, 239-40, 243 Osea Island (England) 203-4 Osipov, Konstantin see Kostya Ottoman Empire 107 Paderewski, Ignacy 37 Pale of Settlement 180 Pamyat Azova (depot ship) 209, 210 Pankhurst, Sylvia 108 Paris Peace Conference 91, 109, no, 142, 150, 160, 278 opening of 106—8 Päts, Konstantin 202 Paustowsky, Konstantin 281, 284 peasants stripped by Lenin’s ‘Food Army’ 47 dislike of both Reds and Whites 237-8 stripped by Kolchak armies 263 conscripted 128-9, 152 see also ‘Greens’ Pechenga 31, 33, 40, 201 Percy, General Jocelyn 288-9, 299, 301 Perm 151, 154 Persia 77 Peters, Yakov 54, 56, 57 Petlyura, Symon 133, 135, 174, 184, 189 Petrograd 17, 19, 54, 55, 149 Bolsheviks’ fragile early hold on 25, 227 Yudenich’s advance on 200-1, 227-32, 255 Agar’s courier trips to 203-6, 209, 211
Petropavlovsk 248-9, 254 Petropavlovsk (battleship) 205, 209, 210 Pilsudski, Jozef 133, 295 pogroms 8, 271, 279-80 background to 180—3 documenting of 183 in Lviv 134-5 in Rossava 185-6 in Fastiv 186—8 in Kiev 188, 241-3 during Polish—Soviet war 296-7 White denial of 242-3 British blind eye-turning to and denial of 189-95, 242-3 American denial of 252—3 361
INDEX Poland I, 2, 19, 61, 133, 134, 180, 277 Allied policy towards 146, 154, 295, 298 Polish-Soviet war 295-7, 298, 301 Poole, DeWitt Clinton 24, 26, 49-50, 52-3, 120, 165, 293-4 Poole, Major-General Frederick 45, 50, 54, 99, 165 background and personality 40, 42 lands at Archangel 51-3 supports Chaplins coup 62-4, 96, 98 Vologda/Vyatka offensive 65—75, 118, 149 mission to Denikin 136-8 President Kruger (steamer) 80, 82-3 Prinkipo proposal, 120-1, 150, 255 prisoners of war, 8, 22, 29, 33, 35, 38, 39, 130, 139, 151, 168, 295, 301 Vining group in Krasnoyarsk 263—6 prisoner-killings by Reds at Pechenga 32 by the British at Kem 44 by the Trans-Caspians 85 by Kolchak in Omsk 128, 267 by the ‘Irish Karelians’ 158 by irregulars in Petrovsk 178 by Goltz in Riga 198 by Reds, Whites and the Albes in the North 101, 115, 218 by Reds and Whites in Oryol 238 by Semyonov at Adrianovka and Irkutsk 249—50, 267 by Rozanov in Vladivostok 259—60 by Don Cossacks 244—5 by Reds in Rostov-on-Don, 277 by Reds in Poland 296 by Whites in Sebastopol 300-1 propaganda 3, 9, 19, 278, 301 White 124, 182-3, 189 Red 19, 85-6, 238 British 9, 165 Protocols of the Elders of Zion 183 Proust, Marcel 107 Provisional Government 14, 16, 17 Putin, Vladimir 9—10, 51, 280, 308 Radek, Karl 26, 47—8 railways see armoured trains; Great White Train; Trans-Siberian Ransome, Arthur 26, 47, 94 Rasputin, Grigori 16 Rawlinson, General Henry, Lord 213, 214, 215, 221 Red Army 2, 8, 35, 90, 143-5, 174, 200, 254, 258, 283, 301, 302 expansion and professionalisation of ИЗ-4, 176, 243 pogroms committed by 184, 297 5th Army 264, 268
7th Army 231 15th Army 233 ‘Horse Army’ 243, 295 Ukrainian Red Army 133, 172 Red Fleet in the Caspian 295 in the Baltic 205-11 Red Terror 49, 55-6 refùgees 36, 126-7, 141, 221, 274-5, 287, 289 at Enzeli 83-4 at Odessa 140, 143, 283-4 at Novorossiysk 284-5 on RAF train 273—4 Reilly, Sidney 54 Relief Force (to the North) 164—5, 216-18 Retvizan (steamer) 169, 220 Reval see Estonia Riga see Latvia Robbins, Sergeant Carl 269 Robeck, Admiral John de 175—6, 299, 301, 303 Robien, Louis de 17, 24, 63 Robins, Raymond 24, 26, 29 Rodzianko, General Aleksandr 231
INDEX Rogers, Admiral 127 Rooney, Sergeant Joseph 261, 264 Root, Elihu 15, 16 Root Mission 15-17, 24 Rosenblatt, Dr Frank 252-3 Rossava 185-6 Rostov-on-Don 271, 273, 276—7, 286 Royal Air Force 233, 299 and Vrangel’s advance on Tsaritsyn 172-4, 246 and the Kronstadt raid 208—10, 211 flees to Crimea 273-4 see also Collishaw, Raymond Royal Marines 40-1, 42, 43, 44, 50, 161-2 Royal Navy 90, 132, 298 in the North 30-2, 52 in the Baltic 203-11, 232-3 in the Black Sea 138-40, 144—5, 174-6, 190-1 on the Kama river 151 seaplanes in the Caspian 177—9 see also Cowan, Admiral Walter; • Culme-Seymour, Rear-Admiral Michael; Robeck, Admiral John de Rozanov, General Sergei 248, 251, 254, 258-60, 267 Ruhl, Arthur 230, 231 Russell, Charles Edward 15 Russia 15—17, 307-8 Wests relationship with tsarist 13—14 Interventionists’ experiences in 3—6, 7 effect of the Intervention on 304, 308 2022 invasion of Ukraine 9—10, 308 see also Bolsheviks; Britain; Canada; France; Paris Peace Conference; Russian Revolution (1917); Soviet Union; United States of America; White Russians Russian Army (in the North) too—1, ЮЗ-5, UP, 253-4 Russian Revolution (1917) 1, 17-18, 181-2, 308 Russo-Japanese War 29 Sadoul, Jacques 24, 26, 27, 53 Sakharov, Konstantin 37 Sakhnovsky, Colonel 246 Salomon, Ernst von 197, 199, 229 Salvator, HMS 53 Samara 34-5, 47, 92 Sarin, Colonel 204-5, 206, 207-8 Savinkov, Boris 47 Scheu, Private Clarence 65, 66, 73-4, IIO-II, 161 and fighting at Tulgas 87-9, 116 Sebastopol 16, 175-6, 307 French naval mutiny in 143-5 under Vrangel 299-301 Secret Intelligence Service (SIS) 203 Seletskoye 162
Seltso 66-7, 73-4 Semyonov, Grigoriy 92, 266, 267, 268-9 atrocities committed by 247, 248, 249-50 capture and execution of 305-6 Serge, Victor 227 Settrington, Lord 217 Shackleton, Ernest 113 Shaumyan, Stepan 78, 79, 85-6 Shenkursk 67-8, III, 116-18 Shigemoto, General Oi 258 Shilling, General Nikolai 282-3 Shkuro, General Andrei 137, 185-6, 191, 235, 286, 305 Shtif, Nokhem 183, 184 Siberia 4, 6-7, 37, 38-9, 48-9 post-revolutionary power vacuum in 91-7 Czech Legion’s takeover of 33—6 Kolchak’s rule of 95—7, 128—9, 149-50, 247-50 Allied medical aid in 129—31 363
INDEX Siberia (cent.) see also All-Russian Government; Anglo-Russian Brigade; Graves, Major-General William; Knox, General Alfred; Kolchak, Admiral Aleksandr; Trans-Siberian Railway; Vladivostok Siberian Army 95 Simferopol 144 Skoropadsky, Pavel 133 Slashchyov, General Yakov 300 Smirnov, Admiral 151 Snow, C. P. 303 Socialist Revolutionaries (SRs) 18, 19, 36, 128 anti-Bolshevik risings 46-7, 54 Sokolov, Boris 212, 214, 218, 221 Sokolov, Pyotr 204, 205, 206 Somali (troopship) 61—2 Soviet Union 304, 307-8 soviets, 15, 16, 35, 173 origin of 14 in Archangel 50, 52, 166 in Baku 77-9 in Murmansk 22, 30, 42, 44—5 in Vladivostok 23, 35-6 leaders of Kem soviet killed 44 Spanish influenza 41, 61, 65, 68, 83 Spiridonova, Mariya 47 Stahn, Iosif 51, 173, 234 Steffens, Lincoln 121 Stessel, Colonel Aleksandr 282 Stevens, John 127 Stevenson, Frances 278 Stewart, Colonel George 99—100 Stokes, Colonel Claude 79, 84, 306 Suffolk, HMS 22 Sullivan, Corporal Arthur 217 Taganrog 243, 245-6, 270-4 Tallents, Stephen 197, 201, 228, 231 in Riga 198-200, 229 division of Walk 233—4 Tannenberg, battle of 13 Teague-Jones, Reginald 85-6, 306 Teffi 133, 134, 140 Teusler, Dr Rudolf 130-1, 252 Thatcher, Margaret 2 Thomas, Albert 24, 26 Thomson, General William 90 Thornhill, Colonel Cudbert 42—3, 99, 113, 114 . Thornycroft, John 203 ‘Three Musketeers’ 108,192, 254 Tillon, Charles 145 Tobolsk 254 Toynbee, Arnold 107 Trans-Caspian Committee 85—6 Trans-Siberian Railway 22, 28, 29, 34-6, 39, 93, 261, 266, 268 Trotsky, Leon 18, 22, 42, 45, 47, 173 at the Brest-Litovsk talks 19-20 relations with Allied diplomats 17,
25-6, 46 rupture with the Czech Legion 35 professionalisation of the Red Army 154 in White propaganda 82-3 defence of Petrograd 231 suppression of the Kronstadt rising 302 Tsaritsyn 172-4, 175, 246 Tulgas 74. 87-9, 101, 116, 161 Turkey 2, 171, 307 and the siege of Baku 76, 78, 79-83 ‘Twenty-Six Baku Commissars’ 85-6 typhus 83, 130-1, 151, 187, 231-2, 262, 273-4, 285, 287 Ufa 150, 154 Ukraine 2, 9-10, 25, 132-46, 301 during the First World War 13, 17, 19, 33, hi post-revolutionary chaos in 132—5 Ukrainian People’s Republic 133, 135, 184 З64
INDEX Allied attitude towards 135—6, 138 White advances in 172, 176—7 pogroms in 134-5, 183—95, 241—2 Russia’s 2022 invasion of 9—10, 308 see also Antonov-Ovseyenko, Vladimir; Hryhoryev, Nikifor; Kharkov; Kherson; Kiev; Lviv; Odessa; Petlyura, Symon Ulmanis, Kärlis 197, 199, 229 Ungern-Sternberg, Baron Roman von 92 United States of America (USA) relations with tsarist Russia 13, 22, 181 reaction to the 1917 revolutions 14, 17-18 Root Mission 15—7 and the Czech rising 33, 37—8 decision to send troops to the North 28-30 covert aid to Yudenich 228 post-war isolationism 108, 171 ‘Red Scare’ 294 and the Polish-Soviet war 295 long-term effect of the Intervention on 9, 305 see also Baker, Newton; Francis, David; Graves, Major-General William; Lansing, Robert; Poole, DeWitt Clinton; Robins, Raymond; Wilson, Woodrow US Army 253—4 arrival in Vladivostok 92 inexperience of 61 arrival in Archangel 62, 64—5 ‘Battle of Big Marsh’ 72—3 friction with the British in the North 99—100, 161 loss of Ust-Padenga and Shenkursk 116-18 departure from the North 160—1, 164 pre-evacuation fighting on the Trans-Siberian 268-9 27th Infantry Regiment 92—3, 247-8 339th Infantry Regiment 61, 63, 64-7 see also Anderson, Godfrey; Graves, Major-General William; Scheu, Clarence Ussuri river 94 Venizelos, Eleftherios 138 Verkhnye Uralsk 124—5 Versailles, Treaty of (1919) 171, 198, 200 Veselago, Lieutenant Commander Georgi 42 village-burnings 8, 116, 118, 267 Vining, Major Leonard 260, 261, 263, 265 Vladivostok 21, 22-3, 34, 35-6, 38, 48, 90 Allied landings in 53, 92-4 British Military Mission in 94-5, 122-3
Canadians in 91, 108, 122 British-American friction in 127, 129, 250-1 American—White Russian clashes in 253-4 Gajda rising in 258-60 Allied withdrawal and Japanese takeover 269 see also Graves, Major-General William; Knox, General Alfred; Rozanov, General Sergei Vologda 24, 41, 46, 50, 65 Vologda Force 71—3 Volunteer Army 37, 133, 140—1, 145, 190-1, 193, 243, 246, 277 origins and early Allied funding of 25, 29, 136 under-equipment of 137 З65
INDEX Volunteer Army (cont.) corruption within 240—1 pogroms committed by 182, 184, 186-7, 188-9, 241, 279-80 advance on Moscow 235—8 retreat to Novorossiysk and evacuation 271—2, 284—7, 288-90 Voronezh 235, 243 Vrangel, Baron Pyotr 272—3, 305 advance on Tsaritsyn 172—3, 184 criticism of Denikin 176, 286 in Crimea 299-301 Vyatka 65, 69, 75 Wiart, Adrian Carton de 134, 135 Williamson, Major Hudleston 7, 189-90, 243-5, 274-7, 284, 287, 306 Wilson, Field Marshal Sir Henry 177, 202, 214, 230, 277, 278, 297-8 Wilson, Woodrow 14, 16-17, 303-4 background and personality 27-8 ‘Fourteen Points’and reluctance to join the Intervention 27-9 and the Czech Legion 37-8 decision to intervene and July 17 Aide Mémoire 38-9, 48-9 at the Paris Peace Conference 106-8, 121-2 and the League of Nations 28-9, 121, 154, 171, 256 strokes and incapacity of 122, 230, 256 Wilton, Robert 192 Wolf, Lucien 181, 194, 280 Woods, Lieutenant Colonel Philip 157-60, 306 Wyld, Captain Herbert 132, 138-40 Waldeck-Rousseau (ship) 288 Ward, Colonel John 93—4, 95, 96, 128, 254-5 Wardrop, Oliver 192 Warsaw 13, 295, 298 Wedgwood, Josiah 192—3 Weizmann, Chaim 194 Wells, H. G. 108 White Russians 1-2, 120, 176, 222 Interventionists’ attitudes towards 6-7, 8-9, 90, 150, 170, 177, 189, 190-3, 218-19, 270 Yakushev, Ivan 250, 258, 260 attitudes towards the Allies 7-8, 89, Yaponchik, Mishka 174 Yekaterinburg 49, 155-6, 252-3 9°, 93, 152-3, 157, 159-60, 213, 218—19, 221—2 Yekaterinodar 136, 274, 276, 286—90 Young, Douglas 44, 108 contempt for non-Russian Young, Hilton 69-73 nationalities 37, 135, 141, 157, 159, Yudenich,
General Nikolai 200, 201—2, 179, 201-2 211, 255 belief that Jews behind the Petrograd campaign 227-8, 229-30 Revolution 181—3 abandons his army 231 in emigration 143, 304, 306-7 see also Denikin, General Anton; Yugoslavia 171 Kolchak, Admiral Aleksandr; Yuryev, Aleksei, 22, 45 Marushevsky, General Vladimir; Miller, General Yevgeniy; Vrangel, Zborow 33 Baron Pyotr; Yudenich, General Zveginstev, Major-General Nikolai Nikolai 42 Bayerische Staatsbibliothek München 366 |
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| author | Reid, Anna 1965- |
| author_GND | (DE-588)1017984980 |
| author_facet | Reid, Anna 1965- |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Reid, Anna 1965- |
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| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV049488380 |
| contents | Introduction -- After the Revolution, February 1917-August 1918 -- The Intervention begins, August 1918-April 1919 -- White advances, April-September 1919 -- White retreats, September 1919-March 1920 -- The end, 1920 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)1422193232 (DE-599)BVBBV049488380 |
| format | Book |
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| id | DE-604.BV049488380 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-03T23:19:14Z |
| indexdate | 2025-03-05T09:00:42Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9781529326765 9781529326772 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-034833753 |
| oclc_num | 1422193232 |
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| owner_facet | DE-12 DE-29 |
| physical | xvii, 366 pages, 8 unnumbered pages of plates illustrations, maps 24 cm |
| psigel | BSB_NED_20240207 BSBWK1 |
| publishDate | 2023 |
| publishDateSearch | 2023 |
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| publisher | John Murray Publishers Ltd |
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| spelling | Reid, Anna 1965- Verfasser (DE-588)1017984980 aut A nasty little war the West's fight to reverse the Russian revolution Anna Reid London John Murray Publishers Ltd 2023 xvii, 366 pages, 8 unnumbered pages of plates illustrations, maps 24 cm txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Introduction -- After the Revolution, February 1917-August 1918 -- The Intervention begins, August 1918-April 1919 -- White advances, April-September 1919 -- White retreats, September 1919-March 1920 -- The end, 1920 "The extraordinary story of how the West tried to reverse the Russian Revolution. In the closing months of the First World War, Britain, America, France and Japan sent arms and 180,000 soldiers to Russia, with the aim of tipping the balance in her post-revolutionary Civil War. From Central Asia to the Arctic and from Poland to the Pacific, they joined anti-Bolshevik forces in trying to overthrow the new men in the Kremlin, in an astonishingly ambitious military adventure known as the Intervention. Fresh, in the case of the British, from the trenches, they found themselves in a mobile, multi-sided conflict as different as possible from the grim stasis of the Western Front. Criss-crossing the shattered Russian empire in trains, sleds and paddlesteamers, they bivouacked in snowbound cabins and Kirghiz yurts, torpedoed Red battleships from speedboats, improvised new currencies and the world's first air-dropped chemical weapons, got caught up in mass retreats and a typhus epidemic, organised several coups and at least one assassination. Taking tea with warlords and princesses, they also turned a blind eye to their Russian allies' numerous atrocities. Two years later they left again, filing glumly back onto their troopships as port after port fell to the Red Army. Later, American veterans compared the humiliation to Vietnam, and the politicians and generals responsible preferred to trivialise or forget. Drawing on previously unused diaries, letters and memoirs, A Nasty Little War brings an episode with echoes down the century since vividly to life"--Publisher's description Intervention der Entente-Mächte in der Russischen SFSR 1918-1920 (DE-588)4325204-7 gnd rswk-swf Russischer Bürgerkrieg (DE-588)4126122-7 gnd rswk-swf Soviet Union / History / Allied intervention, 1918-1920 URSS / Histoire / 1918-1920 (Intervention alliée) Soviet Union 1918-1920 History Russischer Bürgerkrieg (DE-588)4126122-7 s Intervention der Entente-Mächte in der Russischen SFSR 1918-1920 (DE-588)4325204-7 s DE-604 ebook version 9781529326796 Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034833753&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034833753&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Register // Gemischte Register |
| spellingShingle | Reid, Anna 1965- A nasty little war the West's fight to reverse the Russian revolution Introduction -- After the Revolution, February 1917-August 1918 -- The Intervention begins, August 1918-April 1919 -- White advances, April-September 1919 -- White retreats, September 1919-March 1920 -- The end, 1920 Intervention der Entente-Mächte in der Russischen SFSR 1918-1920 (DE-588)4325204-7 gnd Russischer Bürgerkrieg (DE-588)4126122-7 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4325204-7 (DE-588)4126122-7 |
| title | A nasty little war the West's fight to reverse the Russian revolution |
| title_auth | A nasty little war the West's fight to reverse the Russian revolution |
| title_exact_search | A nasty little war the West's fight to reverse the Russian revolution |
| title_exact_search_txtP | A nasty little war the West's fight to reverse the Russian revolution |
| title_full | A nasty little war the West's fight to reverse the Russian revolution Anna Reid |
| title_fullStr | A nasty little war the West's fight to reverse the Russian revolution Anna Reid |
| title_full_unstemmed | A nasty little war the West's fight to reverse the Russian revolution Anna Reid |
| title_short | A nasty little war |
| title_sort | a nasty little war the west s fight to reverse the russian revolution |
| title_sub | the West's fight to reverse the Russian revolution |
| topic | Intervention der Entente-Mächte in der Russischen SFSR 1918-1920 (DE-588)4325204-7 gnd Russischer Bürgerkrieg (DE-588)4126122-7 gnd |
| topic_facet | Intervention der Entente-Mächte in der Russischen SFSR 1918-1920 Russischer Bürgerkrieg |
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