The causes of the First World War: the long blame game
"More than a hundred years after it began, the question of the origins of World War I remains contested. Based on Mombauer's The Origins of the First World War (2002), this thoroughly revised and expanded volume surveys the long debate, taking the analysis from 1914 to the centenary and be...
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| Format: | Book |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
London ; New York
Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group
2024
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| Edition: | [Revised and expanded edition] |
| Series: | Making History |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Literaturverzeichnis Register // Gemischte Register |
| Summary: | "More than a hundred years after it began, the question of the origins of World War I remains contested. Based on Mombauer's The Origins of the First World War (2002), this thoroughly revised and expanded volume surveys the long debate, taking the analysis from 1914 to the centenary and beyond. The causes of the First World War were in dispute before the first shots had even been fired. Recriminations intensified following the Treaty of Versailles when the victors accused Germany and its allies of starting the war. This was the start of a heated blame game. To shift the responsibility to former enemies, historians and politicians on all sides became embroiled in a war of documents and publications. The author examines the circumstances that fuelled these international disagreements, offering an extensive analysis of a complex historical controversy which has been shaped by political and ideological concerns. This volume provides students, teachers, scholars, and non-specialist readers with a comprehensive guide through the maze of conflicting interpretations and arguments over evidence." |
| Item Description: | Original title "The Origins of the First World War: Controversies and Consensus" published by Pearson Education Ltd, 2002 |
| Physical Description: | xii, 386 Seiten |
| ISBN: | 9780815347941 9780815347934 |
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Contents Preface A Note on translations and spellings xi xiii 1 Introduction 1 The beginning of the blame game 14 2 Revisionists and anti-revisionists 73 3 From scholarly stagnation to a paradigm change: the question of continuity in German history 124 4 Beyond the German paradigm 185 5 Centenary debates and beyond 248 Conclusion: The long blame game 316 Bibliography Index 335 373
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International Conciliation, Edmund Munroe Smith and James Brown Scott (eds), The Disclosures from Germany, with an introduction by Munroe Smith, New York, NY 1918. Angelow, Jürgen (ed.), Der Erste Weltkrieg auf dem Balkan. Perspektiven der Forschung, Berlin 2011. Angelow, Jürgen, ‘Zocker, Schlafwandler, Hypochonder. Der Kriegsausbruch von 1914 als Gegenstand der historiographischen Reflexion’, in Jürgen Angelow and Johannes Großmann (eds), Wandel, Umbruch, Umsturz. Perspektiven auf das Jahr 1914, Stuttgart 2014, pp. 11-25. Angelow, Jürgen and Johannes Großmann (eds), Wandel, Umbruch, Umsturz. Perspektiven auf das Jahr 1914, Stuttgart 2014.
336 Bibliography Anic, Zivota, “Kriza uoci rata 1914 - iz diplomatskih arhiva" [Crisis on the Eve of War, 1914: From the Diplomatic Archives], Borba, November 9, 1974-December 19,1974. Anievas, Alexander, ‘Marxist Theory and the Origins of the First World War’, in idem (ed.) Cataclysm 1914: The First World War and the Making of Modern World Politics, Leiden 2015, pp. 96-143. Anon, Die Denkschrift des Fürsten Lichnowsky, edited by ‘a group of peace lovers’, Bern 1918. Anon, ‘Deutsch-französische Vereinbarung über strittige Fragen europäischer Geschichte’, Internationales Jahrbuch für Geschichtsunterricht, 3,1953, pp. 78-109. Antic, Cedormir, ‘The Alleged Responsibility of the Kingdom of Serbia for the Out break of the First World War: Recent Interpretations’, in Drajoljub R. Zivojinovic (ed.), The Serbs and the First World War. Proceedings of the International Conference held at the Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Belgrade, June 1315, 2014, Belgrade 2015. Auswärtiges Amt (ed.), Deutschland Schuldig! Deutsches Weissbuch über die Verant wortlichkeit der Urheber des Krieges, Berlin 1919. Auswärtiges Amt (ed.), Akten zur deutschen Auswärtigen Politik, 1918-1945, Serie A, 1918-1925, Vols. 1-4, Göttingen, 1982-1995, vol. 2,1984. Ayache, G. 1914, une guerre par accident, Paris 2011. Baldwin, Peter (ed.), Reworking the Past: Hitler, the Holocaust and the Historians’ Dispute, Boston, MA 1990. Bandulet, Bruno, Ais Deutschland Großmacht war, Rottenburg 2014. Bantacev, Dragan, ‘The Unseen Shots: Anti-Imperialist and Anti-Colonialist Aspects of Unmade Co-Productions about the
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Index Note: Page numbers followed by “n” denote endnotes. Abyssinian crisis see Ethiopia Adenauer, Konrad 128,133,138, 159-60 Adler, Selig, ‘The War-Guilt Question’ 49, 73, 78, 84 Afflerbach, Holger: Der Dreibund 22628; ‘Einleitung’ 158; ‘Schlafwandelnd in die Schlacht’ 255; ‘What Was the Great War about?’ 319 Agadir Crisis 1911 see Morocco Albania 224, 268 Albertini, Luigi, The Origins of the First World War: Austria-Hungary, attitude to 187; English translation 108,145; Germany, attitude to 125-27,139; Grey, attitude to 108, 196; Italy, attitude to 224; Russia, attitude to 108; sources used by 108; unwissenschaftlich, accusations of 109,154 Aleksov, Bojan 264-65 Allain, Jean-Claude 144 alliances: Balkan League 9; Dual Alliance 7, 212, 227; Entente Cordiale 7-9, 88; Franco-Russian Alliance 7,44, 206, 210-12; Russo-German alliance (abortive) 49; Triple Alliance 7-8,15,193-94; Triple Entente 7-8, 15, 193 Alsace-Lorraine, annexation of 7, 85, 205-7 Amery, Leo 27 Andrian-Werburg, Count Leopold von 189 Anievas, Alexander, Cataclysm 1914 100 Apis see Dimitrijevic Artstetten 279 Asquith, Herbert H. 286-87 Augstein, Rudolf 138 Auschwitz 127,131 Austria-Hungary: Anschluss 53,143; Artstetten 279; ‘blank cheque’ (from Germany) 127,187-88, 192, 228-29, 262, 273; Dual Alliance 7, 212; fragility of 8; Habsburg Empire, collapse of 143; ‘Magyar clique’ 53; Red Book 19; Serbia, ultimatum to 14-15,186-87,193, 218, 221; Serbia, war declared on 10,15, 186,193, 215, 281-83; Triple Alliance 7-8; ‘war council’ see ‘war council’; war guilt 31, 53, 88, 93-96, 142,185-95 Auswärtiges Amt
(Kriegsschuldreferat, war guilt section) 17, 34-42, 45-47, 78, 81-94,101-2 Balkan crisis (1912) 9, 199; Dual Alliance, weakening of 227 Balkan Wars 1912-13 (First and Second) 148-50,192-93,198-99, 212-13, 218-21,274-75 Balkan Wars 1991-2001: Dayton Peace Accord 270-72; disintegration of 167,197, 218-22, 227, 264-70, 326; Rambouillet Agreement 250; ‘Third Balkan War’ see Remak; see also Yugoslavia Barnes, Harry Elmer: The Genesis of the World War 81-82, 96; Grey, attitude to 196; Holocaust, denial of 112n44; revisionism of 79-81, 84-85, 88, 95,109
374 Index Barraclough, Geoffrey, From Agadir to Armageddon 166-67; letters 144-46 Bartulovic, Alenka: ‘Make Up Your Own Mind about Gavrilo!’ 270-71; ‘Representing Gavrilo Princip’ 2 Batakovic, Dusan T. 220 Bauer, Gustav 33 Bauer, Max 28-29 Baumgart, Winfried, Quellenkunde zur deutschen Geschichte der Neuzeit von IS00 bis zur Gegenwart 19 Bausman, Frederick, Let France Explain 79 Beazley, Raymond 90 Becker, Jean-Jacques, ‘1914: Outbreak’ 223 Belgium: atrocities committed in 17, 27, 30, 61n74, 273, 301n42; Grey Book 54; invasion of (‘rape of’) 10-11, 15-17, 24, 31, 85, 198; neutrality of 25,195,198-201, 237n78, 286 Benckendorff, Count Alexander von 212, 285 Berchtold, Count Leopold von 190-93, 216, 277, 281 Berghahn, Volker: Der Tirpitz-Plan 151-52, 201-3; Origins’ in Cambridge History of the First World War 259-60 Berlin, treaty of (1878) 8 Berlin Wall 132-33,163, 248 Bethmann Hollweg, Theobald von: Austria-Hungary, attitude to 226-30, 275; government role of 16,129-32, 150,155-57, 225-28; Great Britain, attitude to 10,195-99, 287; memoirs 36-37; personal papers, lack of 154; portrayal of 132-33,137,142, 146-48; Reichstag speeches 31, 229; Russia, attitude to 208-12, 231-32, 284; Serbia, attitude to 262; war guilt, attitude to 46,108 Bismarck, Otto von, alliance system of 7, 94 Bittner, Ludwig 54 Björkö, treaty of (1905) 49 Black Hand see July Crisis; Serbia, assassination of Franz Ferdinand, foreknowledge of ‘blank cheques’: France to Russia 207; Germany to Austria-Hungary 49, 127, 187-88,192, 228-31, 262, 273; see also ultimata Bloch, Camille 97 Bobroff, Ronald 213 Boeckh,
Katrin, The Wars of Yesterday 227, 263 Boghicevic, Milos 55, 84-88 Bohlen und Halbach, Gustav Krupp von 23 Böhme, Helmuth 139; ‘Primat und Paradigmata’ 125,164 Bonhoeffer, Dietrich 171n54 Bosnia-Herzogovina: Andricgrad 27172; Austro-Hungarian occupation of 266-69; Bosna Film company 222; Bosnian Annexation Crisis (1908-9) 8, 213, 274; independence 222; Museum of Young Bosnia 222; Muslim population of 267-69, 307nl48; Princip, attitude to 267, 270-71; Sarajevo 167, 222, 264, 270, 276 see also Franz Ferdinand, assassination of; Serb population of Republika Srpska 194, 265-66, 269-71; Srebrenica 264, 307nl37; Visegrad 270 Bosphorus 141, 225 Bosworth, Richard, ‘Italy’s War of Illusion’ 223-25 Bracher, Karl Dietrich 162 Brandt, Willy 133,160 Brest-Litovsk, treaty of (1918) 28-29, 320,143 Briand, Aristide 51-52 Bridge, Francis R., From Sadowa to Sarajevo 188 Brockdorff-Rantzau, Ulrich 29-31 Bruckmann, Klaus, ‘Erster Weltkrieg’ 164-65 Buchanan, George 200 Bucharest, treaty of (1918) 143 Bulgaria: Triple Alliance, attitude to 194; war guilt 31 Bülow, Bernhard von (Chancellor) 133, 151,178nl63, 232 Bülow, Bernhard Wilhelm von (Spezialbüro von Bülow) 17-18, 32, 38-39, 46 Caillaux, Henriette (Caillaux affair) 275, 308nl68 Caillaux, Joseph 47-48 Calic, Marie-Janine, ‘Kriegstreiber Serbien?’ 264, 280 Calleo, David, The German Problem Reconsidered 197-98, 201-2 Calmette, Gaston 309nl68
Index Cameron, David 290 Canis, Konrad 293; Der Weg in den Abgrund 212-13, 249-50, 255 Carr, E. H., What Is History? 321-22, 330 Carsten, Francis L. 145-46,153 Chamberlain, Austin 56 Charmley, John, Splendid Isolation? 202, 205 Charpentier, Armand 85 China: Chinese-Vietnam conflict (1979) 166; economic power of 298 Clark, Christopher, The Sleepwalkers: Australian nationality, response to 114n79, 254, 295, 301n36; Austria-Hungary, attitude to 250-52, 259-60, 280-81; contemporary lessons 298-99, 323-27; German response to 249-57, 290-91, 295-96, 317; Germany, attitude to 259; Grey, attitude to 287-89; Historikertag 257; Kaiser Wilhelm II, attitude to 228; Paléologue, attitude to 209; Russia, attitude to 282; Serbia, attitude to 15, 252, 280-81; Serbian response to 6, 252, 261-72, 291, 305nl08; sources used by 255, 261-72 Clausewitz, Carl von 129,153 Clemenceau, Georges 29-31 Cline, Catherine, E. D. Morel 89 Cohen, Warren, The American Revisionists 78 Cold War: Berlin Wall 132-33,163, 248; Cuban Missile Crisis see Cuba; end of 227, 248; First World War, links to 3, 138,166-67,186 Congo: Congo Reform Association 88; French Congo 9 Conrad von Hötzendorf, Franz: July Crisis, role in 18 7,191, 226, 275-77, 279; Moltke, attitude to 189; Serbia, attitude to 9-10,190-93, 216, 278-79 Conze, Eckart, Schatten des Kaiserreichs 256-57, 291-92 Cornelißen, Christoph, ‘“Wege ins Unbekannte’” 248, 259 Cornwall, Mark, ‘Serbia’ 220-21 Corovic, Vladimir 103 Cosic, Ljubisa 269 Crimea, annexation of 123n230,167, 297-99, 326 Crowe, Sir Eyre 50 375 Cuba, Missile Crisis 109,197, 298,326
Czechoslovakia 32 Dardanelles 141 Dawson, William H. 90 Dayton Peace Accord 270-72 Deak, John, ‘The Great War and the Forgotten Realm’ 278 Dedijer, Vladimir, The Road to Sarajevo 220 Dedovic, Ismar, ‘Answering Back to Presumed Accusations’ 268 Dehio, Ludwig: Gleichgewicht oder Hegemonie 124-25; veteran, status as 124,130 Delbrück, Hans, Die Schuldfrage 40, 75-76 Demartial, Georges: ‘France’s Responsibility for the World War’ 86; La guerre de 1914 85 Dimitrijevic, Dragutin (Apis) 263, 276 document collections: Die Grosse Politik der Europäischen Kabinette 46-52, 75, 94,104; Documents on the Foreign Policy of the Kingdom of Serbia 1903-1914 55; I Documenti Diplomatici Italiani 55; International Relations in the Age of Imperialism 53; Les origins et les responsabilités de la Grande Guerre 51; Österreich-Ungarns Aussenpolitik von der Bosnischen Krise 1908 bis zum Kriegsausbruch 1914 54; Reichsinstitut für Geschichte des neuen Deutschlands 135 Dodik, Milorad 272 Dorpalen, Andreas, German History in Marxist Perspective 105 Droz, Jacques 144 Durham, Edith 84-86; The Serajavo Crime 87-90, 263 Dutton, David 251, 261 Ebert, Friedrich 44; Friedrich Ebert Foundation 139 Eckardstein, Hermann Freiherr von, memoirs 50 Eichmann, Adolf, trial of 131 Eisner, Kurt 44 Eley, Geoff, ‘Germany, the Fischer Controversy, and the Context of War: Re-thinking German Imperialism’ 232, 260-61, 318
376 Index Epkenhans, Michael, ‘Der Erste Weltkrieg’ 231, 249, 260-62 Epstein, Fritz T., ‘Die deutsche Ostpolitik im Ersten Weltkrieg’ 144 Epstein, Klaus: ‘Gerhard Ritter and the First World War’ 132-33; ‘German War Aims in the First World War’ 143-44 Erdmann, Karl-Dietrich 161; Handbuch 108; International Historians’ Congress 142; letters 136; Riezler diaries 155-57 Erhard, Ludwig 138 Erzberger, Matthias 27 Ethiopia: Abyssinian crisis 101; invasion of 224 Evans, Robert J. W: The Coming of the First World War 104, 127,188-89; Our Job Is to Explain’ 320, 331 Falkenhayn, Erich von 226, 325 Farrar, L. L., Arrogance and Anxiety 232 Fay, Sydney Bradshaw 22; American Historical Association 87; Origins of the World War 80-81,187, 321; revisionism of 79-81, 87, 95 Fellner, Fritz: ‘Austria-Hungary’ 19194; ‘Die “Mission Hoyos’” 142-43, 188; Riezler diaries, attitude to 157, 188; sources used by 142, 188 Feltman, Jeffrey 298 Ferguson, Niall: The Pity of War 19699, 202, 205; ‘The Wrong War’ (BBC documentary) 312n261 First World War: armistice 26; Battle of Tannenberg 77; Battle of the Marne 130; casualties 26, 32; centenary xi-xii, 2-3, 55,159, 225-33, 249, 266-73; ‘counter-centenary’ 271-72; Cold War, links to see Cold War; historiography see historiography; Second World War, links to see Second World War Fischer, Fritz: Fischer controversy see historiography; Fischer ‘school’ (Fischerite) 2-6, 94-97,135-47, 161-65,185-87; Griff nach der Weltmacht 124-35,138-18,153, 159,196, 268; Krieg der Illusionen 148; Nazi Party, membership of 135; short war myth, belief in 319; sources used by
125-29,133,141-48, 152-57, 256, 323; United States, trip to 136-37; unwissenschaftlich, accusations of 154; Weltmacht oder Niedergang 148-51,158 Fischer, Heinz 270 Fisher, Admiral Sir John 203 Fleischmann, Moritz 285 Förster, Stig 226, 230-31; Tm Reich des Absurden. Die Ursachen des Ersten Weltkrieges’ 202 Forto, Fedzad 269 France: Alsace-Lorraine, annexation of 7, 85, 205-7; ‘blank cheque’ (to Russia) 207; Commission de Publication des Documents relatifs aux Origines de la Guerre de 1914-1918 52; Entente Cordiale 7-9, 88; Franco-Prussian War 30, 207; Franco-Russian Alliance 7, 44, 206, 210-12; French Empire 9; Legion of Honour 86; Les Document Diplomatiques Français 52; Library of Contemporary International Documentation (BDIC) 97; military service law (March 1913) 206; mobilisation, delayed 18; revanche (‘le boche payera’) 27', 205-6, 292 see also Poincaré; revisionism 85; Ruhr, occupation of 41-42, 83, 86, 90, 99, 293; Sorbonne, the 97-98, 144; Triple Entente 15,193; Yellow Book 19, 31, 51, 79, 97, 282 Frankfurt, treaty of (1871) 207 Frank, Walter 135 Franz Ferdinand, Archduke: assassination of see July Crisis; biography see Hannig; Kaiser Wilhelm Π, friendship with 278; ‘man of peace’ 278-81, 310n301; assassination, foreknowledge of 9,14,147,186-91, 219; trialism, attitude to 280 Frauendienst, Werner 39 Freund, Michael, ‘Bethmann-Hollweg, der Hitler des Jahres 1914?’ 131,139 Freytag, Hans 34 Friedrich, Jörg, 14/18. Der Weg nach Versailles 256 Fuchs, Walther Peterm, ‘Kongressbericht’ 153 Fuge, Janina, ‘Vom Nutzen und Nachteil des Streits für die Erinnerung’ 75 Fulbrook,
Mary, ‘Dividing the Past, Defining the Present’ 165
Index 377 Gasser, Adolf, ‘Preussischer Militärgeist und Kriegsentfesselung 1914’ 143, 149 Gatzke, Hans W., PhD dissertation 143 Geiss, Imanuel: ‘Deutschland und Österreich-Ungarn beim Kriegsausbruch 1914’ 218-19, 300n27; ‘Die manipulierte Kriegsschuldfrage’ 102; Julikrise und Kriegsausbruch 139-40; Kantarowitz’s report 94; Studien über Geschichte und Geschichtswissenschaft 158-61 Geneva, treaty of (1932) 78 Gentile, Emilio 223 Geppert, Dominic 257; ‘Die vielen Gesichter des Kaiserreichs’ 6, 291, 297, 305; ‘Warum Deutschland nicht allein schuld ist ’ 257, 301n42, 302 Gerbert, Frank, Endstation Sarajevo 280 Germany: Allied blockade of 30; Allied occupation of 105; Alternative für Deutschland (AfD) 256; Anglo-German naval race 8, 20, 48, 148-52,203-5, 226; Anschluss 53, 143; Arbeitsausschuss Deutscher Verbände (ADV) 41-43,103; Auskreisung 12nl4; Auswärtiges Amt see Auswärtiges Amt; Berlin Wall 132-33,163, 248; Burgfrieden 16; Christlich-Demokratische Union (CDU) 131,138; Christlich-Soziale Union (CSU) 131; ‘Council of People’s Commissars’ 45; defensiveness 3,16-18, 28-29, 131; Dual Alliance 7, 212; East Germany (GDR) 105,133,140, 153,160; Franco-Prussian War 30; ‘Free State of Bavaria’ 44; Flucht nach vorne 231, 261; ‘generation of 1914’ 130; German Centre for the Study of the Causes of the War 85; German Empire 7,102,129; German Historians’ Convention (1964) 135,148; Gesellschaft für die Erforschung der Kriegsursachen 76; Grosser Ostaufmarschplan 149; Hallstein doctrine 133,160, 182n220; Independent Social Democratic Party (USPD) 44-45; inflation 41-42; innocence campaign see
propaganda, innocence campaign; Jews, attitude to 94,124, 127 see also Second World War; Kaiserreich, nostalgia for 43, 297; Kiel canal, widening of 148, 229-30; Kriegsgefahrzustand 216; League of German Patriots 43; Luxembourg, invasion of see Luxembourg, invasion of; Ministerium für Staatssicherheit (Stasi) 141; Mittellage 164, 231, 257; National Socialism (Nazi Party, NSDAP) 92-94, 101-6,131-35,140,165, 256; Ostpolitik 160; Parlamentarischer Untersuchungsausschuss 39, 43-45, 102; partition of 105,133-34,140; Prussian militarism 32, 35, 44, 83, 124,151; reunification 3, 163, 230, 248; Ruhr, occupation of see France, Ruhr, occupation of; Russo-German alliance (abortive) 49; Schlieffen Plan 4,11-15,109,129,149, 205, 284; September Programme 125,129-30, 143,148, 261; Sozial-demokratische Partei Deutschlands (SPD) 132; Spartakus League 22; Spezialbüro von Bülow see Bülow, Wilhelm Bernhard von; students’ protests and revolts 126,132; territory, loss of 32-34; Tirpitz Plan 4,150-52, 2014; Triple Alliance 7-8; University of Bielefeld 151; University of Hamburg 135-39; University of Kiel 93-94; victory, expectation of 16-17, 28; war criminals, list of 40; war guilt see Treaty of Versailles, war guilt; Wehrmacht 258, 329; Weimar government 35, 38-43, 102; Weltpolitik 129-39,151,163,195, 232, 295; West Germany (FRG) 105-6; White Books 19, 24, 31-32; Yugoslavia, occupation of 103; Zentralstelle für die Erforschung der Kriegsursachen 40—43, 76-78, 81,103 Gerstenmaier, Eugen 131,138 Gietinger, Klaus, Der Seelentröster 262 Glaise-Horstenau, Edmund 190 Golovin, Nicholai 281 Goltz, Anna
von der Hindenburg, Power, Myth and the Rise of the Nazis 77 Gooch, George R: Barnes, attitude to 81; Before the War 1, 91, 330-31; The British Documents on the Origins of the War 50-51, 55; Recent
378 Index Revelations of European Diplomacy 90 Gooss, Roderich, Das Wiener Kabinett und die Entstehung des Weitkriges 53 Göring, Hermann 39,102 Görlitz, Walter, Müller’s diaries, editing of 150, 154,176nl47 Goschen, Sir Edward 37,197 Grattan, C. Hartley, Why We Fought 82 Great Britain: Anglo-German naval race 8, 200, 203-5, 226; Belgium, defence of 24-25, 37; Blue Book 19; British Empire, threat to, assumed 8,125, 200-3, 211; Defence of the Realm Act 89; Entente Cordiale 7-9, 88; Irish question 196, 275; London School of Economics 146; neutrality, assumed 195-200, 285-90; Public Record Office, opening of 196; Triple Entente 7-8,15,193; Union of Democratic Control (UDC) 88-89; University of Oxford 146 Greece: Balkan League 9; Triple Alliance, attitude to 194 Greiling, Richard, J’accuse . 21-22, 92 Grey, Sir Edward: biography 287; Germany, attitude to 200-2; government role of 108,116nll0; July Crisis, role in 10, 50, 80-82, 195-98, 286-90; letters 24; ultimatum, attitude to 250 Grosser, Alfred 295 Groß, Gerhard, ‘Annäherung an die Urkatastrophe’ 232 Gutsche, Willibald 142; Wilhelm II149 Habsburg Empire see Austria-Hungary Habsburg-Lothringen, Karl von 270 Hague Peace Convention (1907) 24 Haldane, Viscount Richard 8, 186, 228 Hall, Richard C., The Balkan Wars 227 Hamerow, Theodore S. ‘Guilt, Redemption, and Writing German History’ 127 Hannig, Alma, Franz Ferdinand. Die Biographie 279-80 Hardinge, Charles 91,117nl28 Hastings, Max: Catastrophe 202, 281, 289; ‘The necessary war’ (BBC documentary), 289 Hatton, P.H.S., ‘The First World War’ 146 Hayne, Μ. B., The French Foreign
Office 206-9 Headlam-Morley, James W. 25, 50, 87 Heim, Georg 325 Helfferich, Karl, memoirs 37 Hertling, Georg von 23 Herwig, Holger 199; ‘Clio Deceived’ 35, 43-44, 92,102,135; The First World War 189-91 Herzfeld, Hans: ‘Die deutsche Kriegszielpolitik im Ersten Weltkrieg’ 125,137; veteran, status as 130 Hesse, Hermann 102 Heuss, Theodor 159 Hewitson, Mark, Germany and the Causes of the First World War 199, 231-32 Hildebrand, Klaus: Das vergangene Reich 230; ‘Saturiertheit und Prestige’ 162 Hillgruber, Andreas: Historikerstreit 183n242; Ploetz 161-65 Himmler, Heinrich 258 Hindenburg, Paul von 28, 40, 77,101 Hinsley, F. H., British Foreign Policy under Sir Edward Grey 145 Hirschfeld, Gerhard, Deutschland im Ersten Weltkrieg 272 historiography, historical institutes and conferences: Alleinschuld 231; Alltagsgeschichte 225-26; ‘amateur historians’, dominance of 42, 97; American Historical Association 87; anti-revisionism 95, 136 see also Lichnowsky, Schmitt; Auskreisung 239nl99, 294; Betriebsunfall (work accident) 136; ‘coloured books’ 19-24, 282, 330; continuity thesis see Second World War, First World War, links to; ‘defensive war’ narrative 18, 28-29; Einkreisung 239nl99, 294; Fischer school (Hamburg school) 134,152,157,162, 254, 294 see also Fischer; Franco-German Historians’ Commission 106-8; Hauptschuld 231, 273; Historikerstreit 165, 258, 303n65, 329; Historikertag 106,135,148,170n34,172n68, 257; hostility within see Fischer; improbability thesis 198, 331n4; Institut für Zeitgeschichte 259; International Historians’ Convention {Internationaler Historikertag) (Vienna,
1965) 135,140-42; Marxist 99-100,105,135,140-42; Meistererzählungen 231; Mitschuld
Index 379 259; ‘powder-keg’ theory 97, 274, 306nll2; ‘preventive war’ 21,15051,161-62, 262, 275; revisionism 85, 78-84, 91-92, 284-86, 289, 293 see also Barnes; Delbrück; Demartial; Durham; Karo; Morel; Ritter; Schuldstolz 256, 323; ‘short war myth’ 317-19; sleepwalker thesis see Clark; Sonderbewusstsein 162; Sonderweg 160-61, 313n273; sources, falsified 2,19, 31, 58n34, 59n38, 62n92,103,135, 282, 320, 330; sources, lost (confiscated, destroyed) 2, 54-55, 71n238, 153-57; sources, supressed (omitted, delayed, censored, incomplete, edited) 43-45, 48-49,135-37,157, 320, 328-29 Hitler, Adolf: foreign policy 92, 132; Franz Ferdinand, attitude to 310nl90; radical revisionism 102; Versailles, attitude to 103; war aims 125,129-32,157, 258 Hobson, Rolf, Imperialism at Sea 203 Hofer, Walter, Die Entfesselung des Zweiten Weltkrieges 106 Hohenberg, Sophie von (Sophie Chotek): assassination of see Franz Ferdinand, Archduke; July Crisis 9, 123n226, 270, 277, 280, 324 Holborn, Hajo, letters 139 Hölzle, Erwin ‘Griff nach der Weltmacht?’ 136-37,154 Hopman, Admiral Albert 148, 179nl72 Hoyos, Count Alexander [Alek] von 15, 142,188,193,278 Hubatsch, Walther, Der Weltkrieg 1914/1918 107-8,124 Hull, Isabel, A Scrap of Paper 198 Hürter, Johannes, Der Kriegseintritt Italiens 222 Iggers, Georg, The Social History of Politics 128-29 India 8,117nl28,198, 201, 211 International Court of Justice 219 Ireland, Irish question 196, 275 Isaac, Jules, Un débat historique 98 Isovic, Safet 222 Italy: Albania, invasion of 224; Ethiopia, invasion of 224; intervento 222; Libya, invasion of 225; neutrality 223;
sources, refusal to publish 54-55; territory, gain of 224; Triple Alliance, attitude to 7-8,194; war guilt 108, 222-25 Izvolsky, Alexander 67nl64, 293 Jagow, Gottlieb von: Great Britain, attitude to 200; Kautsky, attitude to 46; letters 17, 22-23, 56, 59n41, 63nl08,68nl79, 81, 112n43; memoirs 36-37; Wolff, relationship with 157 Janssen, Karl-Heinz, ‘Aus Furcht und Verzweiflung’ 126 Janz, Oliver, 14. Der Große Krieg 273; ‘Einführung: Der Erste Weltkrieg in globaler Perspektive’ 292 Japan: modern 298; Russo-Japanese war (1904-5) 9 Jefferies, Matthew, Contesting the German Empire 106,128,152 Joffre, Joseph 18, 26, 207 Joli, James: inaugural lecture (‘unspoken assumptions’) 146-47, 226; introduction to Griff nach der Weltmacht 196; ‘The 1914 Debate Continues’ 130,139,155, 323; The Origins of the First World War 100 Jones, Nigel 251 journals, magazines and newspapers: American Historical Review 79-80; Berliner Börsen-Courier 22; Berliner Monatshefte 103; Berliner Zeitung 142; Bild-Zeitung 298-99; Corriere della Serra 108; Current History 86; Daily News 23; Daily Telegraph 48; Der Spiegel 138,181n209, 251, 255, 258; Der Weg zur Freiheit 41-42; Die Kriegsschuldfrage 42, 76; Die Welt 172n61, 255, 292-95; Die Zeit 92,137,148,181n209, 256; Évolution 85; Foreign Affairs 74, 87-89, 97; Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung 136,162,172n61,181n209, 231; Geschichte in Wissenschaft und Unterricht 136; Historische Zeitschrift 108-9,124,136, 292, 181n209, 292-94; Humanité 85; Journal of Modern History 95; Krasnyi Arkhiv 44, 52, 67nl63; Le Figaro 308nl68; Le Monde 251; New York Times 42, 269, 279;
Politika 267; Politiken 22; Pravda 44; Revue d’histoire de la guerre mondiale 97-, Simplizissimus 81;
380 Index Stern 291; The Economist 298; The Financial Times 298; The New York Times 109, 251; The Spectator 251; The Times 16-17, 46; The Times Literary Supplement 145, 153 Jovanovic, Ljuba, memoirs 56, 86-88, 115n93,116nl07,278 July Crisis: Austria-Hungary, role in 10,104,190, 281-83, 292 see also Franz Ferdinand; France, role in 18, 98,104 see also Poincaré; Germany, role in 10,109,124-25, 163, 231 see also Belgium, invasion of; Grey, role in 10, 195-96; lessons from 297-99, 326; Russia, role in see Russia, mobilisation, accelerated; Serbia, role in 86,104,190-91, 273-77 see also Princip; sources on see Geiss; ‘unspoken assumptions’ 146-47 see also Joli Kagan, Donald, On the Origins of Wars 202 Kahler, Miles, ‘Rumours of War’ 165-66 Kaiser Franz Joseph 14,18, 190-93, 280 Kaiser Wilhelm I, Kaiserwetter 66nl57 Kaiser Wilhelm П: abdication 27-28; accession 7; exile 81; Franz Ferdinand, friendship with 278; ‘insanity’ 27-28; July Crisis, role in 9,15, 23, 228; Kaiserreich, German nostalgia for 43; Kaiserwetter 66nl57; letters 44, 192; marginalia of 48; portrayal of 75, 82, 89,196; telegrams (‘Willy-Nicky’) 16, 215, 242nl99, 284; war council see ‘war council’; war guilt of 27-28, 37, 40, 139,148-49, 250 Kamberovic, Husnija 270 Kanner, Heinrich 92 Kantorowicz, Hermann: Gutachten zur Kriegsschuldfrage 93-94; patriotism, attitude to 138, 328-29; sources used by 19, 40; The Spirit of British Policy 328-29 Karadzic, Radovan 219 Karo, Georg 75-7( Kaufman, David, ‘The “One Guilty Nation” Myth’ 86-88 Kautsky, Karl, Die deutschen Dokumente (‘Kautsky documents’) 45-46, 76,101 Kehr,
Eckart, Schlachtflottenbau und Parteipolitik 147,151-52 Keiger, John: France and the Origins of the First World War 144, 206, 210; Poincaré 44, 86, 97 Kellerhof, Sven Felix 293-96 Kennedy, John E 109, 298 Kennedy, Paul, The Rise of Anglo-German Antagonism 201 Keynes, John Maynard, The Economic Consequences of the Peace 90 Kießling, Friedrich: Gegen den “großen Krieg”? 226-27; ‘Vergesst die Schulddebatte!’ 253 King George V 289 Kissinger, Henry 326 Klein, Fritz: Drinnen und Draußen 14042; Germany in the First World War, 141; ‘Neuere Veröffentlichungen in der BRD’ 158; ‘Über die Verfälschung der historischen Wahrheit’ 49 Коска, Jürgen 151 Kohl, Helmut 163-65, 248 Kohut, Thomas, Wilhelm II and the German 27-28 Korea: diplomatic crisis in 298; Korean War 107 Kosovo, battle of 306nl22 Kraus, Karl, ‘Klarstellung’ 43 Krestic, Vasilije, ‘A Scholarly Project of National Significance Accomplished’ 55 Kronenbitter, Günther 293; Austria-Hungary, attitude to 186-94; Fischer, attitude to 143; “Krieg im Frieden" 278-79 Krumeich, Gerd 39, 294; ‘1914: Outbreak’ 223-25; Clark, attitude to 261-65; Deutschland im Ersten Weltkrieg 272; Fischer, attitude to 126-27; ‘France’s Armaments and the Military Situation in 1914’ 206-11; Historikertag 257; Juli 1914 42, 85, 98, 217, 248, 284, 329; ‘Raymond Poincaré heißt der große Bösewicht’ 297; ‘Unter Schlafwandlern’, 252 Kuczynski, Jürgen 105 Lambert, Nicholas, ‘Transformation and Technology’ 203 Lammert, Norbert 299 Lampson, Miles 87 Langdon, John, The Long Debate 95, 104,109,187
Index 381 Langer, William L., ‘Some Recent Books on International Relations’ 54 Langhorne, Richard, The Collapse of the Concert of Europe 232 League of Nations: foundation of 29, 101; Germany, membership of 77, 91,110n24 Lee, Marshall, German Foreign Policy 1917-1933 34 Leidinger, Hannes, ‘Kriegsschuld’ 281 Le Naour, Jean-Yves, ‘Les somnambules’ 251 Lenin, Vladimir, Imperialism - the Highest State of Capitalism 99 Leonhard, Jörn, Die Büchse der Pandora 272, 290 Lerchenfeld, Hugo Philip Graf von 44 Leslie, John, ‘The Antecedents of Austria-Hungary’s War Aims’ 188-90 Levy, Jack S.: The Outbreak of the First World War 3; ‘Why 1914 but Not Before?’ 192,197, 274-78, 318-19 Libya, Libyan War 212, 224-25 Lichnowsky, Karl Max von: anti-revisionism of 91, 94-95; Auf dem Wege zum Abgrund 94-95; July Crisis, role in 288; ‘My London Mission’ 22-24, 31; telegrams 229 Liebknecht, Karl 20,135 Lieven, Dominic: Russia and the Origins of the first World War 208-18, 27374; Towards the Flame 283-84 Lipstadt, Deborah, Denying the Holocaust 112n44 Lloyd George, David: Grey, attitude to 195; speeches of 9, 27; Versailles, role in 29, 77, 90-91; War Memoirs 91,195, 251,256, 272 Locarno, treaty of (1925) 77, 93,101, llln24 Loez, André 251 London Reparations Conference (1921) 40-41, 77 London, treaty of (1839) 25 London, treaty of (1915) 223 Ludendorff, Erich von 26-27,130 Lüdke, Christian, Hans Delbrück und Weimar 76 Lutz, Hermann, Die europäische Politik in der Julikrise 1914 40, 92-93 Luxembourg, invasion of 11,15-16, 31,290 Luxemburg, Rosa 135 Lynn-Jones, Sean Μ., ‘Détente and Deterrence’
199-200 Lyon, James, Serbia and the Balkan Front 194, 267 MacDonald, Ramsey 47 Macmillan, Harold 109 MacMillan, Margaret: ‘The Rhyme of History. Lessons from the Great War’ 298; The War that Ended Peace 27374, 279 Macron, Emanuel 298 Maltzan, Ago von 83 Mann, Golo, History of Germany 108, 133,153,323 Mann, Thomas 102 Marder, Arthur, The Anatomy of British Sea Power 203 Margerie, Pierre de 51-52 Margueritte, Victor 85 Marmann, Hans 137 Marne, Battle of the 130 Marten, Michael 270 Martel, Gordon, The Month that Changed the World 73, 276; The Origins of the First World War 100, 219, 249 Marxism see historiography, Marxist Marx, Wilhelm, ‘The Responsibility for the War’ 47, 74-77 May, Ernest, ‘Identity of Opinion’ 189-91,278 McLean, Roderick, Germany from Reich to Republic 230 McMeekin, Sean 293; July 1914. Countdown to War 273-75; The Russian Origins of the First World War 211-13, 217, 231, 249, 255, 281-84,319 Menning, Bruce, ‘Russian Military Intelligence’ 281-84 Merkel, Angela 300n28 Michalka, Wolfgang, German Foreign Policy 1917-1933 34 Miller-Melamed (Miller) Paul, ‘Austrian Ambivalence’ 274-76, 280 Mitterand, François 248 Mladic, Ratko 219 Moltke, Helmuth von 64nll0, 225, 275; Conrad von Hötzendorf, attitude to 189; papers, unavailability of 155; Russia, attitude to 285; Serbia, attitude to 148-50, 226-28
382 Index Mombauer, Annika 208, 230, 287, 299n2, 315n313 Mommsen, Wolfgang: ‘The Debate on German War Aims’ 153; ‘Domestic Factors in German Foreign Policy’ 134, 149; Fischer, attitude to 153 Montenegro 9 Montgelas, Maximilian von: Germany, attitude to 21; Great Britain, attitude to 51; Leitfaden zur Kriegsschuldfrage 76; revisionism of 40, 45-46, 76 Monts, Count Anton 280 Moore, Robert C., ‘Die deutsche Legende vom “aufgezwungenen Verteidigungskrieg” 1914’ 293-95 Morel, E, D.: imprisonment of 89; Owen, attitude to 83; revisionism 84, 87-90; Truth and the War 25, 89 Morhardt, Mathias, Les Preuves, le crime de droit commun 84-85 Morocco: First Moroccan Crisis 7-8, 49, 116nll0, 202; Second Moroccan (Agadir) Crisis 7, 9, 47,150,166-67, 199; revolt, French suppression of (1911) 9 Moses, John A., Twisting the Lion’s Tail 79; The War Aims of Imperial Germany 126 Muehlon, Wilhelm, Oie Verheerung Europas 23, 31, 92 Müller, Admiral Georg Alexander von, diaries 16,148-50,154, 229, 285 Mulligan, William: ‘The Trial Continues’ 213, 252, 285; ‘Why 1914 but Not Before?’ 192,197, 274-78, 318-19 Munich crisis (1938) 101, 297 Münkler, Herfried, Der große Krieg 256-57, 299, 302n49, 302n53, 302n56, ЗОЗпбб, 315n314 Munroe Smith, Edmund, Lichnowsky memorandum 24 Neck, Rudolf 142 Neilson, Keith, Britain and the Origins of the First World War 196, 200, 205, 212-13, 217 Netherlands, the 27 Nevinson, Henry W. 90 New Cambridge Modern History 215 Nikolic, Tomislav 267-68, 271 Nipperdey, Thomas, Deutsche Geschichte 1866-1918 231 Nippold, Otfried, The Guilt of the German Government for the World War 22
Nolte, Ernst 183n242,165, 258, 303n64 North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO): Rambouillet Agreement 250; West German membership of 107,131 Novick, Peter, That Noble Dream 80, 95-96 Oberndorff, Count Alfred von 45 Oder-Neisse Border 160 Otte, T. G. 145, 319; ‘Détente 1914’ 1, 185, 200; The Foreign Office and Defence of Empire’ 204; July Crisis. The World’s Descent into War 213, 225, 274, 287; “‘Outcast from History’” 147,185, 200; Statesman of Europe. A Life of Sir Edward Grey 287, 290 Ottoman Empire: Balkan League, war with 9; Battle of Kosovo (1389) 306nl22; Constantinople 211-13, 319; disintegration of 8, 212; ‘sick empire’ 212, 234nl2; war guilt 31; ‘Young Turk’ Revolution 8 Owen, Robert Latham 82-83,113n64 Page, Walter Hines 289 Paléologue, Maurice 85, 97, 206-9, 282 Paris Peace Conference 29, 44, 62n82, 76, 90, 320; see also Versailles, Treaty of Pasic, Nikola 56, 86,116nl07, 243n216, 278 Peball, Kurt, ‘Österreichische militärische Forschung’ 188 Petranovic, Branko 220 Petzold, Stephan, ‘The Social Making of a Historian’ 135 Pogge von Strandmann, Hartmut, The Coming of the First World War 21, 104, 127 Poincaré, Raymond: Au Service de la France 97; bomb (fake), response to 16; reparations, attitude to 41, 99 see also France, Ruhr, occupation of; revanche, accusations of (‘Poincaré-la-guerre’) 51-52, 76, 85-86, 96-97, 205-7, 225, 292; St. Petersburg, state visit to (July 1914) 10, 108, 206-8; Viviani, attitude to 210
Index 383 Pokrovsky (Pokrovskii), Mikhail N. 47; Krasni Arkiv, editor of 52-53; Turkey, attitude to 212 Poland: invasion of 258, 164; Oder-Neisse Border 160; territory, gain of 32; territory, loss of 258; see also Second World War Ponsonby, Arthur, Falsehood in Wartime 89-90 Popovic, Nikola B. 220 Potiorek, Oskar 280 Pourtalès, Friedrich Count von 81 Princip, Gavrilo: motives of 218-22, 263, 325-26; portrayal of 266-70, 273, 276-77, 279, 306nll8 Professors’ Memorandum {Deutschland Schuldig?} 32, 38 propaganda: ‘battle of manifestos’ 17; Deutschland Schuldig? (‘professors’ memorandum’) 32, 38; ‘innocence’ campaign 15-19, 34-44, 85, 91, 100, 208; Kriegsschuldreferat see Germany, Kriegsschuldreferat·, präventive Abwehr 156; posters 18; The Real ‘Truth about Germany’ 20; ‘Russian archive’ 17-18, 38; Truth about Germany: Facts about the War 20; ultimate 10,14; Why We Are at War 24; see also document collections; journals, magazines and newspapers Prost, Antoine The Great War in History 98 Rambouillet Agreement 250 Ramek, Rudolf 54 Raschdau, Ludwig 76 Rauchensteiner, Manfried: Der Erste Weltkrieg und das Ende der Habsburger-Monarchie 281-82; Der Tod des Doppeladlers 189-91, 221 Remak, Joachim, 1914 - The Third Balkan War 159,185-86, 207, 221, 227, 316 Remarque, Erich Maria, All Quiet on the Western Front 84 Renouvin, Pierre: BDIC, librarian of 97; ‘How the War Came’ 2; institute 98; letters 107; Paléologue, conversation with 209; Renouvin-Duroselle school 144 reparations: London Reparations Conference (1921) 40-41, 77; Poincaré, Raymond, attitude to 41, 99; Versailles, Treaty of
26-29, 3435, 40-42, 51-52, 74-77, 90 Retallack, James, Germany in the Age of Kaiser Wilhelm II163-64 Ribbentrop, Joachim von 103 Richter, Hedwig 313n273 Riezler, Kurt: diaries 154-59; letters 324; memoranda 129-30; White Book 19 Riezler, Walter 156 Ritter, Gerhard: Fischer, attitude to 124, 128-32,145,153-55; imprisonment of 171n54; International Historians’ Congress, absence at 142; letters 136; Nazi Party, resistance to 135; revisionism of 106-7; short war myth, belief in 319; Staatskunst und Kriegshandwerk 125,13233; veteran, status as 130, 134,162 Ri, Yong Ho 298 Röhl, John C. G.: Clark, attitude to 261; dedication xii; ‘Germany’ 36; ‘Goodbye to All That (Again)?’ 317, 322; ‘Lichnowsky, Karl Max Fürst’ 95; sources used by 228-30; Tirpitz, attitude to 149-50; ‘war council’, attitude to xii, 176nl47, 177nl56 see also war council; ‘War Premeditated?’ 157, 229 Romania 194 Romeo, Rosario, L’Italia unita e la prima guerra mondiale 223 Rose, Andreas: “‘.two rival syndicates’” 203-5, 255, 293; Zwischen Empire und Kontinent 204 Rosenberg, Hans, letters 137 Rothfels, Hans, Riezler’s diaries 128,155 Rudd, Kevin 298 Rüger, Jan 199-201 Ruhr, occupation of 41-42, 83, 86, 90, 99, 293 Rumpier, Helmut, Österreichische Geschichte 1804-1914 189 Russell, Bertrand 18-19,117nll5 Russia: Bolshevism 38, 44, 99; Constantinople, interest in 211-13, 319; Crimea, annexation of 123n230, 167, 297-99, 326; France, loans from 44; Franco-Russian Alliance 7, 44, 206, 210-12; Marxism see Marxism; military expansion 21011; mobilisation, accelerated 210,
384 Index 215-17, 231, 256, 273, 281-86; Orange Book 19, 282; ‘protector of the Slavs’ 8,15, 37, 218, 255, 269; Reinsurance Treaty (1887) 7; Russian Empire (Eroberungsziel) 211-13; Russian Revolution 30; Russo-German alliance (abortive) 49; Russo-Japanese war (1904-5) 9, 213; Serbia, support for 8,104, 212-14; Soviet Union 91, 165; Triple Entente 7-8,15,193; Ukraine, invasion of 297-99, 326; war guilt 38, 43, 5253,141,212-13 Rutar, Sabine, The Wars of Yesterday 227, 263 Sarenac, Danilo 265 Sauerbeck, Ernst von, Der Kriegsausbruch 40, 84-85 Sazonov, Sergei: Constantinople, attitude to 212; France, attitude to 208-9; Great Britain, attitude to 200; mobilisation, attitude to 108, 216-17,283-85 Schaer, Wilhelm 101-2 Scheidemann, Philipp 33, 90 Schieder, Theodor 129,136 Schimmelpenninck van der Oye, David, ‘Russia’s War Aims’ 214 Schleier, Hans, Die bürgliche deutsche Geschichtsschreibung der Weimarer Republik 48 Schmidt, Helmut 163, 299 Schmidt-Klügmann, Annette, Bernhard Wilhelm von Bülow 39 Schmidt, Rainer E: Kaiserdämmerung 295-97; “Revanche pour Sedan” 292-95 Schmidt, Stefan 249-52, 293; Frankreichs Außenpolitik 207-8 Schmitt, Bernadotte E. 47, 317; anti-revisionism of 95; The Coming of the War 321; ‘Fifty Years of Exploring History’ 321-22; ‘July 1914’ 96-97; letters 139; ‘The Origins of the War’ 321 Schöllgen, Gregor, Escape into War? 161-63, 227 Schorske, Carl, ‘Historical Conflict - Historical Controversy’ 129, 153 Schröder, Gerhard 136, 231 Schröder, Stephen, Die englisch-russische Marinekonvention 226 Schroeder, Paul, ‘Stealing Horses to Great Applause’ 280-81
Schubert, Carl von 89 Schulte, Bernd-Felix, Die deutsche Armee 1900-1914 149 Schwendemann, Karl 78, 94 Schwertfeger, Bernhard, Der Weltkrieg der Dokumente 47-49 Sebek, Nenad 269 Second World War: aftermath of see Germany, Allied occupation of; Auschwitz 127,131; First World War, links to (continuity thesis) 3-5, 100-6,125-31,140,151,158-59, 296-97 see also Fischer; Holocaust 112n44, 303n65, 327 see also Hitler; see also Germany, National Socialism Seligmann, Matthew: Germany from Reich to Republic 230; “‘.the greatest danger to this country that exists” 203-5 Serbia: ‘Albanian Golgotha’ (‘Great Retreat’) 268; assassination of Franz Ferdinand, foreknowledge of Serbian government 218-20, 243n216, 244n221, 263-67, 277-78, 330; Balkan League 9; Battle of Kosovo 306nl22; Belgrade, shelling of 186,193, 216, 281 see also Austria Hungary, Serbia, war declared on; Blue Book 19, 31, 55, 71n238; Clark, attitude to 252, 261-72, 291, 305nl08; European Union, hope of joining 265, 268; July Crisis, role in 218-22; Nathalie’s ramonde 268; regicide 263-64; Serbian documents taken during the war 71n238; South Slav question (expansionist ambitions, ‘Greater Serbia’) 8-9, 189, 219-22; ultimatum see Austria Hungary, Serbia, ultimatum issued to; war guilt 85-90, 218-22, 227 Seton-Watson, R. W: Durham, attitude to 87,115-16nl05; letters 190 Sèvres, treaty of (1920) 62n80 Shebeko, Nicolas 282 Showalter, Dennis, ‘The Great War and Its Historiography’ 35-36 Simons, Walter 77 Sindboeck Andersen, Tea, ‘Answering Back to Presumed Accusations’ 268 Sladen, Douglas, Germany’s Great Lie 20 Snell, John
137
Index Sondhaus, Lawrence, Franz Conrad von Hötzendorf 279 Soroka, Marina, ‘Debating Russia’s Choice’ 212 Sösemann, Bernd, ‘Die Tagebücher Kurt Riezlers’ 157 Spain, civil war 101, 224 Spenkuch, Hartwin 297 Steed, Wickham 190 Steiner, Zara, Britain and the Origins of the First World War 196, 200, 287 Stelzel, Philip 139 Stephan, Cora 255 Stern, Fritz: ‘Bethmann Hollweg and the War’ 154-56, 322; German Historians’ Convention 136 Stevenson, David, The Outbreak of the First World War 167, 217 St. Germain, treaty of (1919) 53 Stibbe, Matthew, ‘Reactions from the Other Germany’ 140-42 Stieve, Friedrich, letters 93 Stojadinovic, Milan 103 Stone, Norman 278 Strachan, Hew, ‘Der Krieg des Kaisers’ 228 Strauss, Franz Josef 131,170n38 Stresemann, Gustav 93,133 Stürmer, Michael, ‘A Nation-State against History and Geography’ 163-65, 232 Subotic, Jelena, ‘Terrorists Are Other People’ 265-67 Sukhomlinov, Vladimir A. 216, 284 Sumida, John, ‘British Preparations for Global Naval War’ 203 Sweden 22 Switzerland: geopolitical position of 164; Locarno see Locarno, treaty of; ‘Société d’Etudes Documentaires et Critiques sur la Guerre’ 85 Sywotteck, Arnold, ‘Fischer-Kontroverse’ 152 Tannenberg, Battle of 77 Tanovic, Danis 271 Taylor, A.J.P.: The Origins of the Second World War 101,146; sources used by 49, 96; status of 145-47; ‘The War Aims of the Allies in the First World War’ 211; War by Timetable 109 Temperley, Harold W. V.: The British Documents on the Origins of the 385 War 50-51; History of the Peace Conference 30-32 Tesdorpf, Paul 27 Thimme, Friedrich 42, 45-49, 54; letters 68nl79;
Lichnowsky, attitude to 94 Tönnies, Ferdinand, Die Schuldfrage 75-76 Tirpitz, Admiral Alfred von 48, 64nll0, 146-48; see also Germany, Tirpitz Plan Tisza, Count Istvan 190,193, 277 Trianon, treaty of (1920) 62n80 Tsar Nicholas II: letters 44; mobilisation, order for 11, 283-85; Poincaré, meeting with 208; portrayal of 75, 214-15, 225; telegrams (‘Willy-Nicky’) 16, 215, 242nl99, 284; see also Russia Tuchman, Barbara, The Guns of August 109-10; President Kennedy’s interest in 298 Turkey see Ottoman Empire Turner, L.C.F., ‘The Russian Mobilization in 1914’ 209, 216, 283 Tyrrell, William 200 Uebersberger, Hans, ‘Das entscheidende Aktenstück zur Kriegsschuldfrage 1914’ 103; Österreich zwischen Russland und Serbien 121nl97, 309ml81 Ukraine, Russian invasion of 2014 297-98, 326 Ullrich, Volker: article in Die Zeit 256; Die nervöse Großmacht 228; ‘Zündschnur und Pulverfass’ 262 ultimata: Allies to Germany post-Versailles 33, 40; Austria-Hungary to Serbia 14-15, 186-93, 218-21, 250, 275, 277-81; Germany to Belgium 11; Germany to Russia 214, 216; NATO to Yugoslavia 250; see also blank cheques United States of America: anti-revisionism 95, 136; Berkeley 137; entry into the war 14,17, 20-21, 78, 83-84,112n44; Great Depression 84; isolationism (‘America First’) 82-84; Legislative Reference Service 83-84; propaganda, effect on 77-79; revisionism 78-84, 91-92; Tulane University 137
386 Index Vasquez, John. A: ‘The First World War and International Relations Theory’ 263-64; The Outbreak of the First World War 3 Versailles Peace Conference: Allied Commission on the Responsibility of the Authors of the War and on Enforcement of Penalties 31; anniversaries of 43, 77; treaty of see Treaty of Versailles Versailles, Treaty of: reparations 26-29, 34-35, 40-42, 51-52, 74-77, 90 see also London Reparations Conference (1924); rescinding of 103; resistance and revision, attempts at 29, 73-92, 134, 143, 316; surrender of 33, 40; territory see Germany, territory, loss of; war criminals; war guilt allegation (Article 231) xi-xii, 4-5, 26-35, 74-77, 83, 320 Vidovdan (St. Vitus Day) 220, 267, 306nl22 Viviani, René 206, 209-10 Vojinovic, Milos: ‘1918 and a Hundred Years of Habsburg and Yugoslav Historiography’ 103, 269; Clark, attitude to 265-66 Vojnovic, Lujo 115n93 Vucic, Aleksandar 272 Wallace, Stuart, War and the Image of Germany 17, 24,125 ‘war council’ (December 1912) 4,14854,199, 227-30, 250, 261 Warsaw, treaty of (1970) 182n220 Wegerer, Alfred von: Berliner Monatshefte, editorship of 103; Der Ausbruch des Weltkrieges 1914 1034; Die Kriegsschuldfrage, editorship of 42, 76; letters 78; sources used by 84; Zentralstelle, leadership of 40-41, 76, 81 Wehberg, Hans 92 Wehler, Hans-Ulrich 322; Clark, attitude to 259-61; critical social history 126, 151; Fischer, attitude to 126,164 Wendel, Hermann 92 Wendt, Bernd-Jürgen ‘Fritz Fischer’ 135 Wette, Wolfram, Der Krieg des kleinen Mannes 225 Wilcox, Vanda, Italy in the Era of the Great War 223 Wilhelmstrasse SI, 156-57 (
Bayerische Staatsbibliothek I München Williamson Samuel R., Jr.: Austria-Hungary and the Origins of the First World War 188,197-98; ‘Identity of Opinion’, 189-91; ‘July 1914 Revisited and Revised’ 257; The Origins of a Tragedy 166, 225; sources used by 217-18 Wilson, Keith Μ.: Forging the Collective Memory 56; Lloyd George, attitude to 195; The Policy of the Entente 203-5; Russia, attitude to 198-200 Wilson, Sir Arthur 199 Wilson, Woodrow: election of 83; ‘Fourteen Points’ 21, 28-29; Versailles, role in 29 Winkler, Heinrich August: Der Lange Weg nach Westen 231; ‘Und erlöse uns von der Kriegsschuld’ 256-58, 293 Winder, Simon 279 Winter, Jay, The Great War in History 98 Wirsching, Andreas, ‘Schlafwandler und Selbstmitleid’ 258-59, 273 Wittgens, Herman, ‘German War Guilt’ 40-41 Wolff, Theodor, diaries 37-38,157 Wolf, Winfried, Der Seelentröster 262 Wyrwa, Ulrich, ‘Zum Hundersten nichts Neues’ 249, 256-59, 292 Yanushkevich, Nikolai N. 216 Young Bosnia 72n246, 222 ‘Young Turk’ Revolution 8 Yugoslavia, Kingdom of: attack on, 1941 220; Balkan Wars see Balkan Wars; Bosnia-Herzogovina see Bosnia-Herzogovina; creation of 219, 266-67; disintegration of 219, 269; occupation of 103; Serbia see Serbia; Young Bosnia 222 Zametica, John, Folly and Malice 191, 278-79 Zechlin, Egmont 137,156,161-62; International Historians’ Congress 142; ‘Probleme des Kriegskalküls und der Kriegsbeendigung’ 130, veteran, status as 130, 162 Zilliacus, Konni, The Mirror of the Past 99-100 Zimmermann, Arthur 17, 20, 59n41 Zivojinovic, Dragoljub R. 268 |
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| index_date | 2024-07-03T23:18:51Z |
| indexdate | 2024-11-11T09:04:00Z |
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| spelling | Mombauer, Annika 1967- Verfasser (DE-588)1050523067 aut The origins of the First World War The causes of the First World War the long blame game Annika Mombauer [Revised and expanded edition] London ; New York Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group 2024 xii, 386 Seiten txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Original title "The Origins of the First World War: Controversies and Consensus" published by Pearson Education Ltd, 2002 "More than a hundred years after it began, the question of the origins of World War I remains contested. Based on Mombauer's The Origins of the First World War (2002), this thoroughly revised and expanded volume surveys the long debate, taking the analysis from 1914 to the centenary and beyond. The causes of the First World War were in dispute before the first shots had even been fired. Recriminations intensified following the Treaty of Versailles when the victors accused Germany and its allies of starting the war. This was the start of a heated blame game. To shift the responsibility to former enemies, historians and politicians on all sides became embroiled in a war of documents and publications. The author examines the circumstances that fuelled these international disagreements, offering an extensive analysis of a complex historical controversy which has been shaped by political and ideological concerns. This volume provides students, teachers, scholars, and non-specialist readers with a comprehensive guide through the maze of conflicting interpretations and arguments over evidence." Geschichte gnd rswk-swf Erster Weltkrieg (DE-588)4079163-4 gnd rswk-swf Kriegsschuldfrage (DE-588)4165715-9 gnd rswk-swf World War, 1914-1918 / Causes Germany / Foreign relations / 1888-1918 Erster Weltkrieg (DE-588)4079163-4 s Kriegsschuldfrage (DE-588)4165715-9 s Geschichte z DE-604 Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe 978-1-351-16844-1 Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034830804&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034830804&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Literaturverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034830804&sequence=000005&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Register // Gemischte Register |
| spellingShingle | Mombauer, Annika 1967- The causes of the First World War the long blame game Erster Weltkrieg (DE-588)4079163-4 gnd Kriegsschuldfrage (DE-588)4165715-9 gnd |
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| title | The causes of the First World War the long blame game |
| title_alt | The origins of the First World War |
| title_auth | The causes of the First World War the long blame game |
| title_exact_search | The causes of the First World War the long blame game |
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| title_full | The causes of the First World War the long blame game Annika Mombauer |
| title_fullStr | The causes of the First World War the long blame game Annika Mombauer |
| title_full_unstemmed | The causes of the First World War the long blame game Annika Mombauer |
| title_short | The causes of the First World War |
| title_sort | the causes of the first world war the long blame game |
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| topic_facet | Erster Weltkrieg Kriegsschuldfrage |
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