The Gulag doctors: life, death, and medicine in Stalin's labour camps
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New Haven ; London
Yale University Press
[2024]
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| Physical Description: | xviii, 344 Seiten 35 Illustrationen und Porträts 24 x 16 cm |
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CONTENTS List of illustrations Note on the text Glossary Preface and acknowledgements wi ix X xii Introduction. A ‘Ukrainian Mark Twain’ and the essence of Gulag medicine 1 PARTI. DOCTORS INSIDE THE BARBED WIRE 1 ‘They were the first’: Pioneers of the Gulag medical service 39 2 Ά nightmare parallel world’: A chekist in the clinic? 61 3 Ί Chose Kolyma’: From the medical school benches to the hospitals of the Gulag 87 PARTII. CAREERS IN GULAG MEDICINE 4 ‘Feeling my way’: Apprenticeships behind barbed wire 119 5 Sisters of mercy and Komsomol girls: Nursing in the Gulag 152 V
CONTENTS 6 The place where Death delights in helping Life: A prisoner in the morgue 180 PART III. RESEARCHERS AND DREAMERS 7 Ί do not assist simulators’: A prisoner-psychiatrist challenges Gulag conventions 203 8 ‘You will be singing these songs’: The radium-water spa of the zeks 227 Conclusion. ‘No archival materials will be gathered, and people will scatter .’ 254 Notes Select bibliography Index 267 320 337 vi
INDEX Abez camp, 167,170,172,174,177 Academy of Sciences, 196,243-4,250, 263 accidents, 45,188,192,306n46 Akolzin, Aleksei Ivanovich, 169 Akolzina, Raisa Ivanovna, 167-9 Aleksandrovsky, Vadim Gennadievich, 34,119-20,137-51,257,259, 262-3 ‘alimentary dystrophy’, see starvation and malnutrition American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee (the ‘Joint’), 234, 251-3 Andreev, Leonid Nikolaevich, 222-3 Antipina, Edit Fedorovna (Runge), 50-1 anti-Semitism, 231,233-4,250-3, 317n66 Arkhangelsk (city and province), 32, 34,43-4,64,120,136,137-8, 146,167 avitaminosis, vitamin deficiency (scurvy, pellagra), 47,54-6,58, 82-4,100,107-9,123-4, 128-9,135,146,173,186,199, 220,221,242,281nn45,46 Belichya camp hospital, 96-7,104—6, 109-13,153,164,230,289n30, 291nn74,77,292n84 Belova, Klavdia Petrovna, 170 Berzin, Eduard Petrovich, 40,51-3,55, 56-60,280n35 blood transfusion, 112-13,162, 292n83 Bulgakov, Mikhail, 21,144—5 Baev, Aleksandr Aleksandrovich, 196-7,308n61 В ardach, Janusz, 120,293n3 Dalstroi (Kolyma), 10,25,26,32,34, 40,51-60,89-90,92,96-8, 103-5,112-14,120-1,138, cancer, 5,195,199,235,250,305n32 ‘chekists’, 34,51-2,61-4,72-4,75,76, 81-2,86,100-1,148,161,167, 252 ‘chekist illness’, 72,283n25 Chudnovskaya, Liubov Abramovna, 88-9 Communist Party (Bolsheviks), 8, 16-18,19,21,22,61,66,89, 98,105,106,153,165,191, 228,233,261,313n6,318n7 foreign communists, 66,87,140 Komsomol (Young Communist League), 87,88,92,95,97,98, 122,166-7,173,176,177,179, 275n71,287nl4,289n25, 298n22 337
INDEX 152-3,166,182,185,191,199, 229-30,252,263,281n54, 283π21,286η7,291η76, 292n78,295n39,303n7, 307п48,308п68 Talaya sanatorium, 104,229-30, 313n6 see also Magadan Davydenko, Serafima Stepanovna, 167-9,170,176-7,262 Davydov, Lev Lvovich, 135,315n37 Demidov, Georgy Georgievich, 193 Deriabina, Liubov Mikhailovna, 166-7,171,172-3 Dmitlag, see Moscow-Volga Canal Construction Camp ‘Doctors’ Plot’, 250-3 Drukker, Ervin Sigizmundovich, 140-1,142-6,148 dysentery, 189,192,194-5,305n34 Eizenbraun, Emil Vilgelmovich, 31, 74-5 feldshers, 1-2,4,6,7,12-14,22,31, 56,61,64-5, 81,101,103, 105-6,119-51,153,154-7, 167,169,234,244,254, 256-60,273n43,277n97, 286nll,292n84,293n3, 295n29 Fidelgolts, Yuri, 31,32,293n3 Filshtinsky, Isaak Moiseevich, 138-9 frostbite, 47,147,195,199 Georgia, 30,42,229,235,291n72,313 n6 Giliarovsky, Vasily Alekseevich, 211, 218,312n52 Ginzburg, Eugenia Solomonovna, 22-3,29,32,95,97,105, 109-12,120,152-3,155,156, 164-6,173,179,258-9,264, 277n90,291nn72,74,76, 301n59 Glazov, Nikolai Aleksandrovich, 34, 47,61-86,90,100,129,135, 257,264,282n9,284n36, 285n53,289n28 338 Glazova, Margarita Nikolaevna, 62,63, 68,78,80,84-5,264,319n24 Great Terror (1937-38), 23,32,40, 45,48,56-60,64,72-6,100, 122,135,140,191,208-9,212, 264,269nl3,284nn30,31, 308nn68,4 ‘wives of traitors’, 58,216,299n29, 310n27 Griazneva, Vera Ivanovna, 181,188, 189,190,195-6,197,200 Gulag burial and cemeteries in, 110-12, 132,144,164-5,170,176,184, 192-3,198,255-6,259, 292n80,307nn47,48,50 colonisation mission of, 6-7,9-11, 22,33,60,167,229,257-8, 289n38 Commandants of, 1,4,5,13-14,28,
29,30,34,39-40,56-60,63, 75,76-9,80,86,90,97-101, 102,103-5,106,109,111-12, 133,144,146,150,183,191, 208,218-19,229,238,241, 243,247,252,253,257,260, 288n20,290n40,310n22 Cultural-Education Sections in, 71-2,76,126-7,145,207-10 economic model of, 9,18 exhaustion through labour in, 4,14, 48,49,52,59,81-3,111,124, 164,191,203,256,271n24 internal security police in, 14, 64,72, 75-6,79-81,103-4,131,191, 218,257 production bosses, 5,14,17,82, 99-100,103,207 Sharashka (prisoner research institute) in, 6,137,269nl0, ‘work refusal’ in, 207-10,219-20, 226 Gulag medical provision amputation in, 109,147,182,199, 250 children and infants in, 54,130, 152-3,163,166 clinics (‘sanchasti’) in, 3,5,44,45, 48,50,62,68,75-8,82,94,
INDEX 122,124-5 131,133,140-8, 150,157,158-9,161-3,165, 169,308n4 dentists and dentistry, 12, 78-9,147, 158,277n97,286nll,305n27 drugs and medicines in, 12, 69, 78-9,83,90,124,128,144-5, 147,170,176,178,189-90, 296n71,300n51 ‘expert’ (medical) versus ‘sovereign’ (penal) power in, 13-14,33,36, 46-7,63-4,90,102-4,183, 217-18,226,248,256-7 ‘food trafficking’and barter, 112, 163,174,177 hospitalisation as therapy, 81,120-1, 159-61,178-9 hospitals, 3,11,13,14,32,34,35, 40,54,69,81,96-7,106, 109-13,120-1,129-32,146, 150,152,159-60,162-3,169, 178-9,180-1,187-98,207, 209,212-13,219-21,243,258, see also namedfacilities labour categorisation commissions, 77-8,80-1,101-2,133,142-3, 147,149,158,207,303n7, 304nl0 medical conferences in, 112,129, 135-6,156,172,175,183,185, 204-5,217,237-8,294n21, 295n39 medical literature in, 71-2,92, 125-8,130,144-5,147,187, 191,217-18,287nl2,294nl3, 296n67,307n57,310n33, non-disclosure pledges in, 23,93, 114,288nl8 obstetrics and gynaecology, 50, 129-31,133,155 pathological anatomy, 109,133,155, 180-200,294n21,306n41, 308n68 pharmacies and pharmacists, 12,31, 69,81-2,133,147,155,158, 170,228,277n97,286nll, 308n64 physiotherapy, 228-30,235-6, 239-43,315n37 psychiatry and psychiatrists in, 31, 35,126,155,174,203-26,231, 255,261,310n22 ‘literary diagnosis’, 222-4 recruitment of free medical workers, 12,23,26-7,34,46,87-93, 155-6,166-8,276n85,287nl2, 298n22,301nn67,69 ‘release to die’ practices, 53-4,72-4, 103,111-12,268nl,278n99, 280n41,295n46 salaries and rewards, 14,48,53, 92-3,155,167-9,171-3,179, 287nnl2,14 sanatoria in, 104,105,227-48, 253 ‘sanitary
and epidemiological service’, 169-70,179 Sanitary Department (Sanotdel), 5, 7,11,12,13,27,29-30,33, 45-9,52-60,69,82,86,88-9, 93,94,98,100,104-5,113, 132-6,148,179,187,197,209, 213,216,236-8,239,299n33, 303n7,304nl0 statistics in, 77, 111, 170,195,220, 237,272 n 36,273n42,284n39, 286n9,299n22,304nl0 ‘tufta’ (medical), 76-9, 86,194—7, 199-200,257,284n39 weakened prisoners’ and invalids’ facilities, 49,53-4,68,75,83, 124,284n33,296n57 work-release on medical grounds in, 14,81,85,103,109,131, 141-4,160,162,207,209, 296n57 Gurvich, Oskar Yosifovich, 224-6, 312n57 Guzikova, Sofia Lazarevna, 34, 87-102,107-9,113-15,167, 264,276n85,288nnl8,24,25, 289n37,290n41,305n21 Gzhytsky, Volodymyr Zenonovich, 77-8 heart conditions, 63,65-6,76,189, 196,221 hypertension, 144,147,263 339
INDEX Inta camp, 67,83,264 Ivanovo Feldsher School, 167 Ivanovo Medical Institute, 122,136-7 Kalembet, Petr Semyonovich, 113, 292n84 Kaminsky, Yakov Yosifovich, 35,48-9, 59,134,135,136,216,230-53, 254,261,312n57,314nl7, 316n48 Kaneva, Anna N., 44,47,51,265 Karaganda camp, 58,155,273n43 Kargopol Camp complex, 137-9,144, 147,295n46 Kashketin, Efim Yosifovich, 75, 284n36 Kazan State University, 213-14 Kazan State Institute for the Professional Development of Physicians, 215-16 Kazanivskaya, Zenoviya Mikhailovna, 255-6,312n57 Kersnovskaya, Eufrosinia Antonovna, 35,180-200,261-2,303n5, 305nn22,31,306n46,308n61 Kharechko, Evgeny Ivanovich, 128-9, 131,133,135,250 Kharkiv Medical Institute, 128, 287nl2 Kharkova, Elena Ivanovna, 169,172, 175-6 Khoroshev, Aleksei Fedorovich, 112, 113,258 Kliashko, Anna, 31-2,34,90—1,95, 185,230,252,258,263, 274n58,276n85,286n7, 287nl4,289n37,294nnl3, 21, 295n39,296n71,318n21 Klimenko, Olga Konstantinovna, 35, 156-66,174,262 Kliuchevsky, Vasily Osipovich, 8,9 Kniazev, Grigory Vlasovich, 80-2 Kolinenko, Maria Petrovna, 169,171, 172,176-8,257,262,301n66 Kolyma, see Dalstroi Komi Republic, 1,2,10,25,32,43,51, 68,69,133,157,246,250,260, 264,265,266,287nl7,315n31 Komlev, Boris Vasilyevich, 176-7 340 Komleva, Maria Ivanovna, 167,171, 176-7 Komsomol, see Communist Party Kotlas camp, 46,236,287nl2 Kovrov Feldsher-Midwife School, 167 Kozlov, Alexander Grigorievich 111, 281n54,291n76 Kozlov, Nikolai Vladimirovich, 56,58 Kropyvnytskyi (Ukraine), 232,233, 313nl0 Kuznetsov, Viktor Alekseevich, 181, 188-9,191,305n31 Kyiv, 88,94,130,231,234 ‘labour therapy’, 164,211
‘Leningrad Affair’, 119,293nl Leningrad Institute for the Professional Development of Doctors, 262 Lesniak, Boris Nikolaevich, 95, 97, 106,112,197,263-4,289n30, 291n77,292n34 Liudvig, Zigurd Genrikhovich, 186-7, 188,191,303n7,305n33, 306n41 Loidin, David Maximovich, 237-8 Maccabi Society for Jewish Fitness, 233,236,252-3 Magadan (city), 10-11,22,25,30,32, 40,51-4,56-8,89,96,98,104, 106, 111, 113-14,120,185, 229,252,258,263,264,286n7, 296n71,318n7 Central Provincial Hospital, 97,112, 263,308n68,318n8 see also Dalstroi malingering (simulation of illness), 35, 77-8,142,203-26,231, 269nll,309nl3,311n36 Mardna, Leonard Bernardovich, 180, 183,188-9,190-1,195,199, 305nn32,33 marriage, ‘politically disloyal’, 59-60, 97,105-7,174,177-8,197, 255,262 medical memoirs, 21,27-9,31-2, 34-5,62-3,65-6,68,77,80-2, 83,84-6,89-90,92-7,100-2,
INDEX 105,107-9,109-13,114,120, 127,132,138-9,146,149-51, 152,156-7,165-6,181,186-7, 193,197,232,248-9,252, 254-5,259-60,262,264, 276nn85,87,288nn24,25, 289n28,291n76,293nnl,5, 297n80,305n22 medical provision (civilian and military) autopsy in, 129,184-5,199-200 ‘dispensarisation’, 242-3 ‘embedded’ medical systems, 7, 11-13,16,29-30,89,92-3, 115,238,257-8,272n37, 273n40 funding for, 15-16,18 hippocratic values in, 16-17,28-9, 33,35,90,111,114-15,121, 153,165,206,218,224,233, 274n58,291n76 Latin use in, 19-20,73,153,155, 158,180-1,190,199,301n59 military medicine, 1-2,7,16,41-2, 44,46,52,61-2,64-6,69,71, 89,92,94-5,109,119,137, 149,154-5,206-7,211, 214-15,234,235,249,257, 262-3,264,283n25,288n24, 292nl,298nl2 naval medicine, 61,65,119,149, 156,214-16,293nl physical culture, 232,233,235-6, 244-6,252 private practice, 16,235,262 psychiatry, 210-12,214-17, 283n25, 311n48,312nn50,52 salaries and rewards, 20,92,287 n 14 ‘Soviet’values in, 3-4,16-17,20-1, 28-9,33,40,60,63-4,110-11, 114-15,146,165-6,178-9, 185,257,291n76 training and education, 17-21,40-2, 64-5,94,95-6,100,119-20, 136-8,153-5,184-5,211,214, 232-6,275n66 Memorial Societies, 24,25,31-3,78, 94-5,157,224,232,252,264, 277n96,281n2,289n28,313n9 memory politics, 21-7,56,93-4, 259-60,265 mental illness, 35,103-4,107,125, 133,141,144,203-26,231, 242,261 Military Feldsher School (St Petersburg), 64 Military Medical Academy (St Petersburg-PetrogradLeningrad), 41-2,65,119,137, 149 Ministry of Public Health, see People’s Commissariat of Public Health Moroz, Yakov Moiseevich, 1,13,48, 227,243,260-1,279n25 morphine,
65,78,86,196,298nl3 Moscow Institute of Psychiatry, 211 Moscow Medical Institute (First), 87-8,89,92,96,100,186, 286n4,287nl6,290n44 Moscow-Volga Canal Construction Camp (Dmitlag), 155,161, 208,273n43 Motuza-Matuziavichius, Boleslav, 245 museums Magadan Province Regional Museum, 26,95 Pechora Historical-Regional Museum, 26,35,157,167 State Museum of the History of the Gulag (Moscow), 25 Ukhta Museum of the History of Public Health, 26,31,41,122, 157,252,265 Ukhta State Technological University Museum, 26 Nakhapetov, Boris Aleksandrovich, 27, 149,262-3,293nl national and ethnic minorities, 1-2, 19-20,34,35,39,50-1,52,66, 74,77,90,94,95-6,101-2, 110,127-8,128-9,131,133, 173,177,180-2,188,203-4, 213,220-1,227,230-1,232-4, 245,250-3,260,261,262,263, 265-6,275n67,317n69 Nazi German camp medicine, 6-7,29, 83-4,269nl3,276n86,277n90 341
INDEX night blindness, 123-4 Nikishin, Pavel Yevdokimovich, 191-2, 194,196-7,200,306n41 Nikishov, Ivan Fedorovich, 98,103-4, 289n37 Norilsk (camp complex), 10,13,32, 35,180-200,261,286nl2, 303nn7,8 Central Camp Hospital, 35,180-2, 187-91,194,197 Nagorny mine, 182,198 Shmidtikha cemetery, 193,307n47 Novosibirsk Medical Institute, 90 nurses, 2,4,7,12-14,22,26,28-9,31, 35,57,58,70,71,125,126-32, 152-79,182,187-90,256-7, 258-60,273n43,277n97, freely hired, 35,132,166-78,187, 189-90,242,258-9,262, 286nll,299n32,302n87, 305n27,315n40, male, 124-32,154,225-6,298nl3, prisoner, 35,57,110-12,120,132, 157-66,180,187,188-90, 258-9,262,299n29,300n49, 305n27 social mobility for, 166-9,301n59 Odesa, 181,230-6,252,261,314nl7 Institute of Physical Culture, 235-6 Medical Institute of, 236 Memorial Society, 232,248,252, 313n9 University of, 232-3,234 Oleinik, Tatyana, 31,255-6,259 patients, 15,16-17,34,71,189-90, 206-7,210,222-4,233,241-2, 244,248,257,289n37,315n37, 318n8 disabled, ‘invalid’, 49,52,53-4,58, 68,78,80-1,83,110-11,124, 207,235,295n46 ‘free’, 72,75,80,146,149,184, 229-30,248,250,315n39 prisoner, 4,13,28-30,31,62,70, 73-4,77-9,81,101-3,105, 108,110-13,129-30,132,135, 141-3,147,159-63,164-5, 342 170,173-4,176,178-9,182, 188,189,203-4,213,218-21, 224-6,237-8,242-3,248, 268nll,302n87,308n4, 312n57,316n47 Pechora, 2,10,13,22,25-6,30-1,35, 45,47,114,157,166-7,168, 170-4,175,177,258,295n39, 299n32,301n69 pellagra, see avitaminosis penicillin, 147,189-90,296n71 People’s Commissariat (1946-91 Ministry) of Public Health, 7, 15,17-19, 88,95,154,156, 210-11,246,301n67 Petrozavodsk,
49,121-2,262,297n81 physicians, 12—13,14-21,54—5,57, 59-60,62-3,80-1,97-9, 135-6,140-3,154,178,184-5, 187-9,194-7,204-6,206-7, 211-13,222-4,232-8,250-3, 257-9,276nn85,86,283n21, 289n38 ex-prisoner, 47-50,125-6,149-51, 176-7,261-3,264-5 female, 19-20,83,87-115,289n38, 298nl2 freely hired, 2,11,27-8,40,46-7, 52-3,65,82-3,87-115,181, 188,190,197,238,239-40, 258,263-4,287nnl6,17 prisoner, 12,25-7,28-9,39-40, 44-5,68-72,76-9,85-6, 128-31,146-9,191-2, 197-200,216-17,226,236-8, 242-3,248-9,254-5,292n84, 311n36 pneumonia, 147,189,196 Pullerits, Elena Yakovlevna, 51,58,264 Pullerits, Margarita Yanovna, 51,57, 58,264 Pullerits, Yan Yanovich, 34,40,51-60, 62,88,257,264,281nn47,54 radioactivity, diseases of, 36,231-2, 240-1,242-3,248-50 radiology and X-ray treatment, 13, 35-6,48-9,70,217,231, 234—6,244,261,314nl7
INDEX radium, 36,43,135,169,227-53 Leningrad Institute of, 241 production of, 239-43,244,246, 247-8,316nn54,55,57,59 toothpaste, 242 water therapy, 36,135,169,241-3, 244-6,247,248,253,315nn37, 39 Ramzi, Manon A, 1,260 Repyeva, Tatyana Dmitrievna, 104, 113-15,258,290n54 resort therapy studies {kurortologiia\ 228-30,231-2,235,239-43, 244-6,249,253,313nn5,6, 315nn31,36,37,38 Institute of Resort Studies (Moscow), 239,240-1,242, 244,246,249,315n32 Rozenblat, Yakov Moiseevich, 234—5 Samsonov, Viktor Aleksandrovich, 35, 49-50,59,121-37,148, 149-51,156,169,175-6,186, 237,254-6,259,262,293n5, 295n40,297nn80,81,312n57 Savoeva, Nina Vladimirovna, 34, 89-90,92,93,95-7,98,102-7, 109-13,113-15,144,153,161, 162,165,167,174,178,197, 229-30,257,263-4,276n85, 283n21,289nn29,30,291nn71, 76,77,292n84 scurvy, see avitaminosis self-mutilation, 206,207,309nl3, 311136 Semashko, Nikolai Aleksandrovich, 15-18 sexually transmitted diseases, 16,84, 135,189,210 Shalamov, Varlam Tikhonovich, 5-6, 22-3,32,56,95,97,105-6, 110,111-13,120-1,128,156, 160,191,199,259,269nll, 273n43,289n30,291nn71,76, 292n84,293n4,307n57 Shapiro, Viktor Mikhailovich, 258, 318n8 Sokolov, Yakov Petrovich, 2-3,12,26-7, 39-40,46-7,93,239-40,287nl6 Sokolova, Yulia Grigorievna, 167,170, 173-5,302nn76,87 Sokolovsky, Lev Grigorevich, 31,35, 126,203-26,231,255,257, 261,310nn26,27,29,311n33, 312n57 Solzhenitsyn, Alexander, 5-7,22-3,33, 101,120,122-3,150,173,175, 185-6,256-7,269nl0,290n45, 292n80,297n80,302n87 Sorbonne (medical school), 180-1, 194,199 ‘Stakhanovites’, 66,160 Stanislavsky, Konstantin Sergeevich, 223-4,312n53 starvation
and malnutrition, 47,49,59, 81,84,100,108, 111, 142,173, 189,192,195,199,220-1,224, 234,256,292n78,306n46, 307n57,311n42 ‘alimentary dystrophy’, 135,195, 221,305n34,311n42,312n57 emaciation, 6,14,46,47,52,126,142, 163,173,182,188,191-2,221, 226,237,257,306n42,307n57, 311n44,312n57,316n47 Stepun, Oskar Avgustovich, 243-4, 315n41,316n47 suicide, 57,197-8,203-4 sulphapyridine, 189-90,196 Syktyvkar Feldsher-Midwifery School, 133 syphilis, see sexually transmitted diseases Toropov, Fyodor Aleksandrovich, 247-8,316n55 ‘Trotskyites’, 62,66-7,73,74,152,231, 236-7,284n31,312n57 Tsetsulesku, Aleksandr, 31-2,314n22 tuberculosis, 72-4,83,94,110-11,129, 134,135,146,163-5,170,189, 195-6,199,204,210,220-1, 231,235,236-8,261,311n44 Ukhta, Ukhtpechlag (Chibyu) OGPU Factory No. 2’, 228,231 Sangorodok (hospital), 68,69-74, 135,187,245,250,255-6,259, 283nl7,285n53 343
INDEX Vetlosian Central Camp Hospital, 35,48-50,122,124-37,150, 169,175,187,203-26,230-1, 236-8,244,248,254-5,259, 312n57 Vodny (Vodnyi Promysel), 169,172, 175,228,230-2,239-50, 315n40,316nn47,54,55,57 Umansky, Yakov Mikhailovich, 199-200,306n40,307n57, 308n68 uranium-processing, 241,246-50,316n54 veterinary medicine, 78, 86,146,155, 181,196,277n97 Vetlosian Central Camp Hospital, see Ukhta Vishera Cellulose-Paper Complex (camp), 40,52-3,60 Viktorov, Nikolai Aleksandrovich, 33-4,39-51,59-60,69,86, 125-6,216,236-7,265 Bayerische Staatsbibliothek München vitamin supplements, 54-6,124,135, 146,164,190,243,281η 47 Vittenburg, Vilhelm Vladimirovich, 129-31,135,137,148,254 Vodny, Vodnyi Promysl, see Ukhta Vologda, 138,157,161-3,299n 25, 300n39 Vorkuta, 10,62,68,74-6,81,175,236, 284n33 Vyshnia, Ostap (Pavlo Mikhailovych Hubenko), 1-4,21,25-6,39, 44-5,131,227-9,244,260-1, 265-6,294n25 Vyterga camp, 94,99,107 White Sea-Baltic Canal, 9,208, 268n2 Yoshkar-Ola Medical College, 166-7 Zhivago, Yuri (Doctor Zhivago), 233, 313nl4 344 |
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CONTENTS List of illustrations Note on the text Glossary Preface and acknowledgements wi ix X xii Introduction. A ‘Ukrainian Mark Twain’ and the essence of Gulag medicine 1 PARTI. DOCTORS INSIDE THE BARBED WIRE 1 ‘They were the first’: Pioneers of the Gulag medical service 39 2 Ά nightmare parallel world’: A chekist in the clinic? 61 3 Ί Chose Kolyma’: From the medical school benches to the hospitals of the Gulag 87 PARTII. CAREERS IN GULAG MEDICINE 4 ‘Feeling my way’: Apprenticeships behind barbed wire 119 5 Sisters of mercy and Komsomol girls: Nursing in the Gulag 152 V
CONTENTS 6 The place where Death delights in helping Life: A prisoner in the morgue 180 PART III. RESEARCHERS AND DREAMERS 7 Ί do not assist simulators’: A prisoner-psychiatrist challenges Gulag conventions 203 8 ‘You will be singing these songs’: The radium-water spa of the zeks 227 Conclusion. ‘No archival materials will be gathered, and people will scatter .’ 254 Notes Select bibliography Index 267 320 337 vi
INDEX Abez camp, 167,170,172,174,177 Academy of Sciences, 196,243-4,250, 263 accidents, 45,188,192,306n46 Akolzin, Aleksei Ivanovich, 169 Akolzina, Raisa Ivanovna, 167-9 Aleksandrovsky, Vadim Gennadievich, 34,119-20,137-51,257,259, 262-3 ‘alimentary dystrophy’, see starvation and malnutrition American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee (the ‘Joint’), 234, 251-3 Andreev, Leonid Nikolaevich, 222-3 Antipina, Edit Fedorovna (Runge), 50-1 anti-Semitism, 231,233-4,250-3, 317n66 Arkhangelsk (city and province), 32, 34,43-4,64,120,136,137-8, 146,167 avitaminosis, vitamin deficiency (scurvy, pellagra), 47,54-6,58, 82-4,100,107-9,123-4, 128-9,135,146,173,186,199, 220,221,242,281nn45,46 Belichya camp hospital, 96-7,104—6, 109-13,153,164,230,289n30, 291nn74,77,292n84 Belova, Klavdia Petrovna, 170 Berzin, Eduard Petrovich, 40,51-3,55, 56-60,280n35 blood transfusion, 112-13,162, 292n83 Bulgakov, Mikhail, 21,144—5 Baev, Aleksandr Aleksandrovich, 196-7,308n61 В ardach, Janusz, 120,293n3 Dalstroi (Kolyma), 10,25,26,32,34, 40,51-60,89-90,92,96-8, 103-5,112-14,120-1,138, cancer, 5,195,199,235,250,305n32 ‘chekists’, 34,51-2,61-4,72-4,75,76, 81-2,86,100-1,148,161,167, 252 ‘chekist illness’, 72,283n25 Chudnovskaya, Liubov Abramovna, 88-9 Communist Party (Bolsheviks), 8, 16-18,19,21,22,61,66,89, 98,105,106,153,165,191, 228,233,261,313n6,318n7 foreign communists, 66,87,140 Komsomol (Young Communist League), 87,88,92,95,97,98, 122,166-7,173,176,177,179, 275n71,287nl4,289n25, 298n22 337
INDEX 152-3,166,182,185,191,199, 229-30,252,263,281n54, 283π21,286η7,291η76, 292n78,295n39,303n7, 307п48,308п68 Talaya sanatorium, 104,229-30, 313n6 see also Magadan Davydenko, Serafima Stepanovna, 167-9,170,176-7,262 Davydov, Lev Lvovich, 135,315n37 Demidov, Georgy Georgievich, 193 Deriabina, Liubov Mikhailovna, 166-7,171,172-3 Dmitlag, see Moscow-Volga Canal Construction Camp ‘Doctors’ Plot’, 250-3 Drukker, Ervin Sigizmundovich, 140-1,142-6,148 dysentery, 189,192,194-5,305n34 Eizenbraun, Emil Vilgelmovich, 31, 74-5 feldshers, 1-2,4,6,7,12-14,22,31, 56,61,64-5, 81,101,103, 105-6,119-51,153,154-7, 167,169,234,244,254, 256-60,273n43,277n97, 286nll,292n84,293n3, 295n29 Fidelgolts, Yuri, 31,32,293n3 Filshtinsky, Isaak Moiseevich, 138-9 frostbite, 47,147,195,199 Georgia, 30,42,229,235,291n72,313 n6 Giliarovsky, Vasily Alekseevich, 211, 218,312n52 Ginzburg, Eugenia Solomonovna, 22-3,29,32,95,97,105, 109-12,120,152-3,155,156, 164-6,173,179,258-9,264, 277n90,291nn72,74,76, 301n59 Glazov, Nikolai Aleksandrovich, 34, 47,61-86,90,100,129,135, 257,264,282n9,284n36, 285n53,289n28 338 Glazova, Margarita Nikolaevna, 62,63, 68,78,80,84-5,264,319n24 Great Terror (1937-38), 23,32,40, 45,48,56-60,64,72-6,100, 122,135,140,191,208-9,212, 264,269nl3,284nn30,31, 308nn68,4 ‘wives of traitors’, 58,216,299n29, 310n27 Griazneva, Vera Ivanovna, 181,188, 189,190,195-6,197,200 Gulag burial and cemeteries in, 110-12, 132,144,164-5,170,176,184, 192-3,198,255-6,259, 292n80,307nn47,48,50 colonisation mission of, 6-7,9-11, 22,33,60,167,229,257-8, 289n38 Commandants of, 1,4,5,13-14,28,
29,30,34,39-40,56-60,63, 75,76-9,80,86,90,97-101, 102,103-5,106,109,111-12, 133,144,146,150,183,191, 208,218-19,229,238,241, 243,247,252,253,257,260, 288n20,290n40,310n22 Cultural-Education Sections in, 71-2,76,126-7,145,207-10 economic model of, 9,18 exhaustion through labour in, 4,14, 48,49,52,59,81-3,111,124, 164,191,203,256,271n24 internal security police in, 14, 64,72, 75-6,79-81,103-4,131,191, 218,257 production bosses, 5,14,17,82, 99-100,103,207 Sharashka (prisoner research institute) in, 6,137,269nl0, ‘work refusal’ in, 207-10,219-20, 226 Gulag medical provision amputation in, 109,147,182,199, 250 children and infants in, 54,130, 152-3,163,166 clinics (‘sanchasti’) in, 3,5,44,45, 48,50,62,68,75-8,82,94,
INDEX 122,124-5 131,133,140-8, 150,157,158-9,161-3,165, 169,308n4 dentists and dentistry, 12, 78-9,147, 158,277n97,286nll,305n27 drugs and medicines in, 12, 69, 78-9,83,90,124,128,144-5, 147,170,176,178,189-90, 296n71,300n51 ‘expert’ (medical) versus ‘sovereign’ (penal) power in, 13-14,33,36, 46-7,63-4,90,102-4,183, 217-18,226,248,256-7 ‘food trafficking’and barter, 112, 163,174,177 hospitalisation as therapy, 81,120-1, 159-61,178-9 hospitals, 3,11,13,14,32,34,35, 40,54,69,81,96-7,106, 109-13,120-1,129-32,146, 150,152,159-60,162-3,169, 178-9,180-1,187-98,207, 209,212-13,219-21,243,258, see also namedfacilities labour categorisation commissions, 77-8,80-1,101-2,133,142-3, 147,149,158,207,303n7, 304nl0 medical conferences in, 112,129, 135-6,156,172,175,183,185, 204-5,217,237-8,294n21, 295n39 medical literature in, 71-2,92, 125-8,130,144-5,147,187, 191,217-18,287nl2,294nl3, 296n67,307n57,310n33, non-disclosure pledges in, 23,93, 114,288nl8 obstetrics and gynaecology, 50, 129-31,133,155 pathological anatomy, 109,133,155, 180-200,294n21,306n41, 308n68 pharmacies and pharmacists, 12,31, 69,81-2,133,147,155,158, 170,228,277n97,286nll, 308n64 physiotherapy, 228-30,235-6, 239-43,315n37 psychiatry and psychiatrists in, 31, 35,126,155,174,203-26,231, 255,261,310n22 ‘literary diagnosis’, 222-4 recruitment of free medical workers, 12,23,26-7,34,46,87-93, 155-6,166-8,276n85,287nl2, 298n22,301nn67,69 ‘release to die’ practices, 53-4,72-4, 103,111-12,268nl,278n99, 280n41,295n46 salaries and rewards, 14,48,53, 92-3,155,167-9,171-3,179, 287nnl2,14 sanatoria in, 104,105,227-48, 253 ‘sanitary
and epidemiological service’, 169-70,179 Sanitary Department (Sanotdel), 5, 7,11,12,13,27,29-30,33, 45-9,52-60,69,82,86,88-9, 93,94,98,100,104-5,113, 132-6,148,179,187,197,209, 213,216,236-8,239,299n33, 303n7,304nl0 statistics in, 77, 111, 170,195,220, 237,272 n 36,273n42,284n39, 286n9,299n22,304nl0 ‘tufta’ (medical), 76-9, 86,194—7, 199-200,257,284n39 weakened prisoners’ and invalids’ facilities, 49,53-4,68,75,83, 124,284n33,296n57 work-release on medical grounds in, 14,81,85,103,109,131, 141-4,160,162,207,209, 296n57 Gurvich, Oskar Yosifovich, 224-6, 312n57 Guzikova, Sofia Lazarevna, 34, 87-102,107-9,113-15,167, 264,276n85,288nnl8,24,25, 289n37,290n41,305n21 Gzhytsky, Volodymyr Zenonovich, 77-8 heart conditions, 63,65-6,76,189, 196,221 hypertension, 144,147,263 339
INDEX Inta camp, 67,83,264 Ivanovo Feldsher School, 167 Ivanovo Medical Institute, 122,136-7 Kalembet, Petr Semyonovich, 113, 292n84 Kaminsky, Yakov Yosifovich, 35,48-9, 59,134,135,136,216,230-53, 254,261,312n57,314nl7, 316n48 Kaneva, Anna N., 44,47,51,265 Karaganda camp, 58,155,273n43 Kargopol Camp complex, 137-9,144, 147,295n46 Kashketin, Efim Yosifovich, 75, 284n36 Kazan State University, 213-14 Kazan State Institute for the Professional Development of Physicians, 215-16 Kazanivskaya, Zenoviya Mikhailovna, 255-6,312n57 Kersnovskaya, Eufrosinia Antonovna, 35,180-200,261-2,303n5, 305nn22,31,306n46,308n61 Kharechko, Evgeny Ivanovich, 128-9, 131,133,135,250 Kharkiv Medical Institute, 128, 287nl2 Kharkova, Elena Ivanovna, 169,172, 175-6 Khoroshev, Aleksei Fedorovich, 112, 113,258 Kliashko, Anna, 31-2,34,90—1,95, 185,230,252,258,263, 274n58,276n85,286n7, 287nl4,289n37,294nnl3, 21, 295n39,296n71,318n21 Klimenko, Olga Konstantinovna, 35, 156-66,174,262 Kliuchevsky, Vasily Osipovich, 8,9 Kniazev, Grigory Vlasovich, 80-2 Kolinenko, Maria Petrovna, 169,171, 172,176-8,257,262,301n66 Kolyma, see Dalstroi Komi Republic, 1,2,10,25,32,43,51, 68,69,133,157,246,250,260, 264,265,266,287nl7,315n31 Komlev, Boris Vasilyevich, 176-7 340 Komleva, Maria Ivanovna, 167,171, 176-7 Komsomol, see Communist Party Kotlas camp, 46,236,287nl2 Kovrov Feldsher-Midwife School, 167 Kozlov, Alexander Grigorievich 111, 281n54,291n76 Kozlov, Nikolai Vladimirovich, 56,58 Kropyvnytskyi (Ukraine), 232,233, 313nl0 Kuznetsov, Viktor Alekseevich, 181, 188-9,191,305n31 Kyiv, 88,94,130,231,234 ‘labour therapy’, 164,211
‘Leningrad Affair’, 119,293nl Leningrad Institute for the Professional Development of Doctors, 262 Lesniak, Boris Nikolaevich, 95, 97, 106,112,197,263-4,289n30, 291n77,292n34 Liudvig, Zigurd Genrikhovich, 186-7, 188,191,303n7,305n33, 306n41 Loidin, David Maximovich, 237-8 Maccabi Society for Jewish Fitness, 233,236,252-3 Magadan (city), 10-11,22,25,30,32, 40,51-4,56-8,89,96,98,104, 106, 111, 113-14,120,185, 229,252,258,263,264,286n7, 296n71,318n7 Central Provincial Hospital, 97,112, 263,308n68,318n8 see also Dalstroi malingering (simulation of illness), 35, 77-8,142,203-26,231, 269nll,309nl3,311n36 Mardna, Leonard Bernardovich, 180, 183,188-9,190-1,195,199, 305nn32,33 marriage, ‘politically disloyal’, 59-60, 97,105-7,174,177-8,197, 255,262 medical memoirs, 21,27-9,31-2, 34-5,62-3,65-6,68,77,80-2, 83,84-6,89-90,92-7,100-2,
INDEX 105,107-9,109-13,114,120, 127,132,138-9,146,149-51, 152,156-7,165-6,181,186-7, 193,197,232,248-9,252, 254-5,259-60,262,264, 276nn85,87,288nn24,25, 289n28,291n76,293nnl,5, 297n80,305n22 medical provision (civilian and military) autopsy in, 129,184-5,199-200 ‘dispensarisation’, 242-3 ‘embedded’ medical systems, 7, 11-13,16,29-30,89,92-3, 115,238,257-8,272n37, 273n40 funding for, 15-16,18 hippocratic values in, 16-17,28-9, 33,35,90,111,114-15,121, 153,165,206,218,224,233, 274n58,291n76 Latin use in, 19-20,73,153,155, 158,180-1,190,199,301n59 military medicine, 1-2,7,16,41-2, 44,46,52,61-2,64-6,69,71, 89,92,94-5,109,119,137, 149,154-5,206-7,211, 214-15,234,235,249,257, 262-3,264,283n25,288n24, 292nl,298nl2 naval medicine, 61,65,119,149, 156,214-16,293nl physical culture, 232,233,235-6, 244-6,252 private practice, 16,235,262 psychiatry, 210-12,214-17, 283n25, 311n48,312nn50,52 salaries and rewards, 20,92,287 n 14 ‘Soviet’values in, 3-4,16-17,20-1, 28-9,33,40,60,63-4,110-11, 114-15,146,165-6,178-9, 185,257,291n76 training and education, 17-21,40-2, 64-5,94,95-6,100,119-20, 136-8,153-5,184-5,211,214, 232-6,275n66 Memorial Societies, 24,25,31-3,78, 94-5,157,224,232,252,264, 277n96,281n2,289n28,313n9 memory politics, 21-7,56,93-4, 259-60,265 mental illness, 35,103-4,107,125, 133,141,144,203-26,231, 242,261 Military Feldsher School (St Petersburg), 64 Military Medical Academy (St Petersburg-PetrogradLeningrad), 41-2,65,119,137, 149 Ministry of Public Health, see People’s Commissariat of Public Health Moroz, Yakov Moiseevich, 1,13,48, 227,243,260-1,279n25 morphine,
65,78,86,196,298nl3 Moscow Institute of Psychiatry, 211 Moscow Medical Institute (First), 87-8,89,92,96,100,186, 286n4,287nl6,290n44 Moscow-Volga Canal Construction Camp (Dmitlag), 155,161, 208,273n43 Motuza-Matuziavichius, Boleslav, 245 museums Magadan Province Regional Museum, 26,95 Pechora Historical-Regional Museum, 26,35,157,167 State Museum of the History of the Gulag (Moscow), 25 Ukhta Museum of the History of Public Health, 26,31,41,122, 157,252,265 Ukhta State Technological University Museum, 26 Nakhapetov, Boris Aleksandrovich, 27, 149,262-3,293nl national and ethnic minorities, 1-2, 19-20,34,35,39,50-1,52,66, 74,77,90,94,95-6,101-2, 110,127-8,128-9,131,133, 173,177,180-2,188,203-4, 213,220-1,227,230-1,232-4, 245,250-3,260,261,262,263, 265-6,275n67,317n69 Nazi German camp medicine, 6-7,29, 83-4,269nl3,276n86,277n90 341
INDEX night blindness, 123-4 Nikishin, Pavel Yevdokimovich, 191-2, 194,196-7,200,306n41 Nikishov, Ivan Fedorovich, 98,103-4, 289n37 Norilsk (camp complex), 10,13,32, 35,180-200,261,286nl2, 303nn7,8 Central Camp Hospital, 35,180-2, 187-91,194,197 Nagorny mine, 182,198 Shmidtikha cemetery, 193,307n47 Novosibirsk Medical Institute, 90 nurses, 2,4,7,12-14,22,26,28-9,31, 35,57,58,70,71,125,126-32, 152-79,182,187-90,256-7, 258-60,273n43,277n97, freely hired, 35,132,166-78,187, 189-90,242,258-9,262, 286nll,299n32,302n87, 305n27,315n40, male, 124-32,154,225-6,298nl3, prisoner, 35,57,110-12,120,132, 157-66,180,187,188-90, 258-9,262,299n29,300n49, 305n27 social mobility for, 166-9,301n59 Odesa, 181,230-6,252,261,314nl7 Institute of Physical Culture, 235-6 Medical Institute of, 236 Memorial Society, 232,248,252, 313n9 University of, 232-3,234 Oleinik, Tatyana, 31,255-6,259 patients, 15,16-17,34,71,189-90, 206-7,210,222-4,233,241-2, 244,248,257,289n37,315n37, 318n8 disabled, ‘invalid’, 49,52,53-4,58, 68,78,80-1,83,110-11,124, 207,235,295n46 ‘free’, 72,75,80,146,149,184, 229-30,248,250,315n39 prisoner, 4,13,28-30,31,62,70, 73-4,77-9,81,101-3,105, 108,110-13,129-30,132,135, 141-3,147,159-63,164-5, 342 170,173-4,176,178-9,182, 188,189,203-4,213,218-21, 224-6,237-8,242-3,248, 268nll,302n87,308n4, 312n57,316n47 Pechora, 2,10,13,22,25-6,30-1,35, 45,47,114,157,166-7,168, 170-4,175,177,258,295n39, 299n32,301n69 pellagra, see avitaminosis penicillin, 147,189-90,296n71 People’s Commissariat (1946-91 Ministry) of Public Health, 7, 15,17-19, 88,95,154,156, 210-11,246,301n67 Petrozavodsk,
49,121-2,262,297n81 physicians, 12—13,14-21,54—5,57, 59-60,62-3,80-1,97-9, 135-6,140-3,154,178,184-5, 187-9,194-7,204-6,206-7, 211-13,222-4,232-8,250-3, 257-9,276nn85,86,283n21, 289n38 ex-prisoner, 47-50,125-6,149-51, 176-7,261-3,264-5 female, 19-20,83,87-115,289n38, 298nl2 freely hired, 2,11,27-8,40,46-7, 52-3,65,82-3,87-115,181, 188,190,197,238,239-40, 258,263-4,287nnl6,17 prisoner, 12,25-7,28-9,39-40, 44-5,68-72,76-9,85-6, 128-31,146-9,191-2, 197-200,216-17,226,236-8, 242-3,248-9,254-5,292n84, 311n36 pneumonia, 147,189,196 Pullerits, Elena Yakovlevna, 51,58,264 Pullerits, Margarita Yanovna, 51,57, 58,264 Pullerits, Yan Yanovich, 34,40,51-60, 62,88,257,264,281nn47,54 radioactivity, diseases of, 36,231-2, 240-1,242-3,248-50 radiology and X-ray treatment, 13, 35-6,48-9,70,217,231, 234—6,244,261,314nl7
INDEX radium, 36,43,135,169,227-53 Leningrad Institute of, 241 production of, 239-43,244,246, 247-8,316nn54,55,57,59 toothpaste, 242 water therapy, 36,135,169,241-3, 244-6,247,248,253,315nn37, 39 Ramzi, Manon A, 1,260 Repyeva, Tatyana Dmitrievna, 104, 113-15,258,290n54 resort therapy studies {kurortologiia\ 228-30,231-2,235,239-43, 244-6,249,253,313nn5,6, 315nn31,36,37,38 Institute of Resort Studies (Moscow), 239,240-1,242, 244,246,249,315n32 Rozenblat, Yakov Moiseevich, 234—5 Samsonov, Viktor Aleksandrovich, 35, 49-50,59,121-37,148, 149-51,156,169,175-6,186, 237,254-6,259,262,293n5, 295n40,297nn80,81,312n57 Savoeva, Nina Vladimirovna, 34, 89-90,92,93,95-7,98,102-7, 109-13,113-15,144,153,161, 162,165,167,174,178,197, 229-30,257,263-4,276n85, 283n21,289nn29,30,291nn71, 76,77,292n84 scurvy, see avitaminosis self-mutilation, 206,207,309nl3, 311136 Semashko, Nikolai Aleksandrovich, 15-18 sexually transmitted diseases, 16,84, 135,189,210 Shalamov, Varlam Tikhonovich, 5-6, 22-3,32,56,95,97,105-6, 110,111-13,120-1,128,156, 160,191,199,259,269nll, 273n43,289n30,291nn71,76, 292n84,293n4,307n57 Shapiro, Viktor Mikhailovich, 258, 318n8 Sokolov, Yakov Petrovich, 2-3,12,26-7, 39-40,46-7,93,239-40,287nl6 Sokolova, Yulia Grigorievna, 167,170, 173-5,302nn76,87 Sokolovsky, Lev Grigorevich, 31,35, 126,203-26,231,255,257, 261,310nn26,27,29,311n33, 312n57 Solzhenitsyn, Alexander, 5-7,22-3,33, 101,120,122-3,150,173,175, 185-6,256-7,269nl0,290n45, 292n80,297n80,302n87 Sorbonne (medical school), 180-1, 194,199 ‘Stakhanovites’, 66,160 Stanislavsky, Konstantin Sergeevich, 223-4,312n53 starvation
and malnutrition, 47,49,59, 81,84,100,108, 111, 142,173, 189,192,195,199,220-1,224, 234,256,292n78,306n46, 307n57,311n42 ‘alimentary dystrophy’, 135,195, 221,305n34,311n42,312n57 emaciation, 6,14,46,47,52,126,142, 163,173,182,188,191-2,221, 226,237,257,306n42,307n57, 311n44,312n57,316n47 Stepun, Oskar Avgustovich, 243-4, 315n41,316n47 suicide, 57,197-8,203-4 sulphapyridine, 189-90,196 Syktyvkar Feldsher-Midwifery School, 133 syphilis, see sexually transmitted diseases Toropov, Fyodor Aleksandrovich, 247-8,316n55 ‘Trotskyites’, 62,66-7,73,74,152,231, 236-7,284n31,312n57 Tsetsulesku, Aleksandr, 31-2,314n22 tuberculosis, 72-4,83,94,110-11,129, 134,135,146,163-5,170,189, 195-6,199,204,210,220-1, 231,235,236-8,261,311n44 Ukhta, Ukhtpechlag (Chibyu) OGPU Factory No. 2’, 228,231 Sangorodok (hospital), 68,69-74, 135,187,245,250,255-6,259, 283nl7,285n53 343
INDEX Vetlosian Central Camp Hospital, 35,48-50,122,124-37,150, 169,175,187,203-26,230-1, 236-8,244,248,254-5,259, 312n57 Vodny (Vodnyi Promysel), 169,172, 175,228,230-2,239-50, 315n40,316nn47,54,55,57 Umansky, Yakov Mikhailovich, 199-200,306n40,307n57, 308n68 uranium-processing, 241,246-50,316n54 veterinary medicine, 78, 86,146,155, 181,196,277n97 Vetlosian Central Camp Hospital, see Ukhta Vishera Cellulose-Paper Complex (camp), 40,52-3,60 Viktorov, Nikolai Aleksandrovich, 33-4,39-51,59-60,69,86, 125-6,216,236-7,265 Bayerische Staatsbibliothek München vitamin supplements, 54-6,124,135, 146,164,190,243,281η 47 Vittenburg, Vilhelm Vladimirovich, 129-31,135,137,148,254 Vodny, Vodnyi Promysl, see Ukhta Vologda, 138,157,161-3,299n 25, 300n39 Vorkuta, 10,62,68,74-6,81,175,236, 284n33 Vyshnia, Ostap (Pavlo Mikhailovych Hubenko), 1-4,21,25-6,39, 44-5,131,227-9,244,260-1, 265-6,294n25 Vyterga camp, 94,99,107 White Sea-Baltic Canal, 9,208, 268n2 Yoshkar-Ola Medical College, 166-7 Zhivago, Yuri (Doctor Zhivago), 233, 313nl4 344 |
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| author | Healey, Dan 1957- |
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| discipline | Politologie Geschichte |
| discipline_str_mv | Politologie Geschichte |
| era | Geschichte 1920-1953 gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 1920-1953 |
| format | Book |
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| index_date | 2024-07-03T23:18:06Z |
| indexdate | 2025-02-25T11:01:48Z |
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| isbn | 9780300187137 |
| language | English |
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| spelling | Healey, Dan 1957- Verfasser (DE-588)130596469 aut The Gulag doctors life, death, and medicine in Stalin's labour camps Dan Healey New Haven ; London Yale University Press [2024] © 2024 xviii, 344 Seiten 35 Illustrationen und Porträts 24 x 16 cm txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Geschichte 1920-1953 gnd rswk-swf Straflager (DE-588)4243878-0 gnd rswk-swf Arzt (DE-588)4003157-3 gnd rswk-swf Medizinische Versorgung (DE-588)4038270-9 gnd rswk-swf Arbeitslager (DE-588)4002716-8 gnd rswk-swf Sowjetunion (DE-588)4077548-3 gnd rswk-swf Prison physicians / Soviet Union / History / 20th century Forced labor / Soviet Union / History / 20th century Sowjetunion (DE-588)4077548-3 g Arbeitslager (DE-588)4002716-8 s Straflager (DE-588)4243878-0 s Medizinische Versorgung (DE-588)4038270-9 s Arzt (DE-588)4003157-3 s Geschichte 1920-1953 z DE-604 Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe 978-0-300-27737-1 Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034825800&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034825800&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Register // Gemischte Register |
| spellingShingle | Healey, Dan 1957- The Gulag doctors life, death, and medicine in Stalin's labour camps Straflager (DE-588)4243878-0 gnd Arzt (DE-588)4003157-3 gnd Medizinische Versorgung (DE-588)4038270-9 gnd Arbeitslager (DE-588)4002716-8 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4243878-0 (DE-588)4003157-3 (DE-588)4038270-9 (DE-588)4002716-8 (DE-588)4077548-3 |
| title | The Gulag doctors life, death, and medicine in Stalin's labour camps |
| title_auth | The Gulag doctors life, death, and medicine in Stalin's labour camps |
| title_exact_search | The Gulag doctors life, death, and medicine in Stalin's labour camps |
| title_exact_search_txtP | The Gulag doctors life, death, and medicine in Stalin's labour camps |
| title_full | The Gulag doctors life, death, and medicine in Stalin's labour camps Dan Healey |
| title_fullStr | The Gulag doctors life, death, and medicine in Stalin's labour camps Dan Healey |
| title_full_unstemmed | The Gulag doctors life, death, and medicine in Stalin's labour camps Dan Healey |
| title_short | The Gulag doctors |
| title_sort | the gulag doctors life death and medicine in stalin s labour camps |
| title_sub | life, death, and medicine in Stalin's labour camps |
| topic | Straflager (DE-588)4243878-0 gnd Arzt (DE-588)4003157-3 gnd Medizinische Versorgung (DE-588)4038270-9 gnd Arbeitslager (DE-588)4002716-8 gnd |
| topic_facet | Straflager Arzt Medizinische Versorgung Arbeitslager Sowjetunion |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034825800&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034825800&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT healeydan thegulagdoctorslifedeathandmedicineinstalinslabourcamps |