The politics and everyday practice of international humanitarianism:
"Through a combination of eleven in-depth case studies of humanitarian emergencies and thematic chapters which cover key concepts, actors and activities, this book explores the work of the largest international humanitarian agencies. Its central argument is that politics play a fundamental role...
Gespeichert in:
1. Verfasser: | |
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Format: | Buch |
Sprache: | English |
Veröffentlicht: |
Oxford
Oxford University Press
[2023]
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Schlagworte: | |
Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
Zusammenfassung: | "Through a combination of eleven in-depth case studies of humanitarian emergencies and thematic chapters which cover key concepts, actors and activities, this book explores the work of the largest international humanitarian agencies. Its central argument is that politics play a fundamental role in determining humanitarian needs, practices, and outcomes. In making this argument, the book highlights the many challenges and dilemmas facing humanitarian agencies in the contemporary world. It covers significant ground-temporally, geographically and thematically. The case study chapters range from the late 1960s to the present, and include emergencies in Africa, Asia, the Caribbean and Europe. The thematic chapters are divided into three sections: the first explains key concepts and trends in international humanitarianism; the second discusses how the work of international humanitarian agencies interacts with a range of other actors-including media, celebrities, donors, states, civil society, military forces and armed groups-who have significant impacts on humanitarian response and outcomes; and the third turns to the operations and activities undertaken by aid agencies on a daily basis"-- |
Beschreibung: | xvi, 480 Seiten Diagramme 24 cm |
ISBN: | 9780198840701 9780198840695 |
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adam_text | Contents xiii List ofAbbreviations 1 1. Introduction: Humanitarian Emergencies Crises in the contemporary world Disasters Famine Health crises Conflictand violence Constructing humanitarian emergencies Privileged actors in humanitarianization Discursive practices and visual imagery Consequences of humanitarianization The meaning of humanitarianism and the focus of this book 2 2 4 6 7 8 9 11 12 16 I: CASE STUDIES Introduction to Part I: A Brief History of Modern Humanitarian Action 2. Nigerian Civil War, 1967-1970 Background Causes of the war Conflict dynamics Global public response International humanitarian response Political impacts: Supporting the secessionists and prolonging the war Longer-term significance of the humanitarian response to the war in Biafra Conclusions 21 27 28 28 30 32 36 39 41 43 3. Drought and Famine in Ethiopia, 1983-1985 45 Causes of the famine Media coverage Celebrity humanitarianism International humanitarian response Underestimating the need for external assistance Importance and impact of depoliticizing the famine 46 47 49 50 50 52
vi Contents Non-cooperation and access restrictions imposed by the government Use of food aid for non-humanitarian ends International responses to restrictions on, and abuse of, aid Wider impact of Western media and celebrity portrayals of the famine Conclusions 4. Bosnian War, 1992-1995 Background International discourses International military response International humanitarian response In-country protection ‘Humanitarian alibi’ Manipulation of humanitarian assistance Conclusions 5. Genocide in Rwanda and Its Aftermath, 1994-1996 Background Genocide International inaction Mass exodus to neighbouring countries Humanitarianization of the crisis International humanitarian response Diversion, manipulation, and unintended consequences of aid Closing the camps Conclusions 6. Afghanistan, 2001-2014 Background Humanitarian needs and vulnerability Funding for humanitarian response International humanitarian response Integration and coordination Addressing violations of international humanitarian law Instrumentalization of aid by military actors Insecurity and aid agency access Aid agency responses to these challenges Conclusions 7. Indian Ocean Tsunami, 2004 The tsunami and its immediate aftermath Media coverage Funding for humanitarian response International humanitarian response 53 54 55 56 57 59 60 62 63 65 66 68 70 71 73 74 76 78 81 82 83 85 88 90 91 92 94 95 97 98 99 101 104 105 108 109 110 112 114 116
Contents Emergency response Recovery and rehabilitation Coordination, competition, ownership, and accountability Conclusions 8. Sri Lanka, 2008-2009 Background Final stages and immediate aftermath of the war International humanitarian response Manipulation of aid and aid agencies A failure of protection Advocacy vs access and assistance? Conclusions 9. Haiti Earthquake, 2010 Background and context Western discourses, media coverage, and celebrity engagement Funding for humanitarian response International response Fortification and militarization Emergency assistance Recovery and rehabilitation Coordination and ownership Accountability Conclusions 10. Famine in Somalia, 2011-2012 Background Proximate causes of famine Early warning, late response Funding for humanitarian response International humanitarian response Cash programming Diversion, manipulation, and instrumentalization of aid Impartiality Conclusions 11. Ebola in West Africa, 2014-2015 Timeline and trajectory of the outbreak Afailure of global health governance A public health emergency of international concern International funding Discourses and panic Stereotyping affected populations A global crisis? vii 116 118 121 122 125 125 127 129 133 135 138 140 141 142 144 146 148 149 150 152 155 156 158 159 160 163 165 167 168 171 173 174 176 177 178 180 181 183 184 184 185
viii Contents Militarization and securitization Just a health crisis? International humanitarian response Community outreach and messaging Treatment of Ebola patients Burial practices Conclusions 186 188 188 190 192 195 197 12. European‘Migrant Crisis’, 2015-2016 199 Background European legal and policy framework A humanitarian emergency? Humanitarian response Search and rescue Lesvos Calais Conclusions 200 201 206 208 208 213 215 217 II: CONCEPTS AND TRENDS Introduction to Part II: The Boundaries of Humanitarianism 221 13. Politics, Principles, and Humanitarian Action 225 Principles of humanity, impartiality, neutrality, and independence Political or apolitical humanitarian action Feasibility of apolitical action Desirability of apolitical action Perspectives of the largest international humanitarian agencies Stated commitments to principles Interpretation and implementation of these principles in practice Conclusions 14. Law and International Humanitarianism Processes and politics of law-making International legal frameworks International humanitarian law International disaster response law International displacement and migration law International human rights law Implementation and enforcement of the law ‘Soft’ enforcement measures Harder enforcement measures International justice 226 228 230 231 234 234 236 240 243 243 245 246 248 251 254 255 256 256 257
Contents Criminalization of humanitarian action Counter-terror legislation Criminalization of support for migrants Conclusions 15. Shifting Parameters of Humanitarian Emergencies Protracted ‘emergencies’ Urbanization Europeanization People on the move Conclusions 16. Nexus Concept Linking Relief, Rehabilitation, and Development (LRRD) Beyond LRRD: The security-development nexus and whole-of-government approaches Disaster risk reduction and ‘building back better’ Resilience The New Way of Working and the Comprehensive Refugee Response Framework Conclusions ix 259 259 263 265 267 267 271 273 276 279 281 284 285 287 290 292 296 III: AGENTS AND ACTORS Introduction to Part III: Humanitarian Engagement with Other Actors 299 17. Media and Celebrities 303 Setting the agenda Framing the agenda Shaping (policy) responses Conclusions 18. Donors and the Funding of Humanitarian Action Donors In accordance with need? Other factors shaping funding decisions Media coverage and celebrity engagement Strategic interests of donor governments (and other powerful states) Prior relationships and humanitarian agency activism Independence, earmarking, and conditionality Initiatives to improve the allocation and quality of humanitarian financing Good Humanitarian Donorship 304 306 308 311 313 314 318 320 320 321 324 324 327 327
X Contents 328 331 332 Pooled funding mechanisms The Grand Bargain Conclusions 19. Government and Civil Society in Affected States 333 State sovereignty, responsibility, and practice International aid agencies and the governments of affected states Substituting for the state Supporting the state Holding the state to account Combining different ways of relating to the state Civil society actors Localization agenda Conclusions 334 338 338 340 342 344 345 347 351 20. Armed Actors 353 National militaries of affected states Non-state armed groups International military forces Conclusions 354 356 361 366 IV: OPERATIONS AND ACTIVITIES Introduction to Part IV: Humanitarian Assistance and Protection 21. Needs Assessment, Evaluation, and Response Decisions Assessing needs, contexts, and capacities Monitoring and evaluation Allocating resources, choosing response modalities, and designing programmes Conclusions 22. Material Assistance and Direct Service Provision Providing goods and services Politics of camps Politics of food aid Cash and voucher assistance Modalities of CVA Pros and cons of CVA Recent developments in CVA Technology and the digital revolution Conclusions 371 375 376 382 387 392 393 394 396 399 401 402 403 407 409 411
Contents 23. Dialogue, Negotiation, and Advocacy Direct engagement with authorities Relationship-building interactions Access negotiations Protection dialogue Sharing information with third parties Public advocacy and criticism of authorities Neutrality, access, and humanitarian space Threat reduction Complicity Conclusions 24. Conclusion: International Humanitarianism after COVID-19 Bibliography Index xi 413 414 415 417 421 423 426 426 428 430 432 433 439 467
|
adam_txt |
Contents xiii List ofAbbreviations 1 1. Introduction: Humanitarian Emergencies Crises in the contemporary world Disasters Famine Health crises Conflictand violence Constructing humanitarian emergencies Privileged actors in humanitarianization Discursive practices and visual imagery Consequences of humanitarianization The meaning of humanitarianism and the focus of this book 2 2 4 6 7 8 9 11 12 16 I: CASE STUDIES Introduction to Part I: A Brief History of Modern Humanitarian Action 2. Nigerian Civil War, 1967-1970 Background Causes of the war Conflict dynamics Global public response International humanitarian response Political impacts: Supporting the secessionists and prolonging the war Longer-term significance of the humanitarian response to the war in Biafra Conclusions 21 27 28 28 30 32 36 39 41 43 3. Drought and Famine in Ethiopia, 1983-1985 45 Causes of the famine Media coverage Celebrity humanitarianism International humanitarian response Underestimating the need for external assistance Importance and impact of depoliticizing the famine 46 47 49 50 50 52
vi Contents Non-cooperation and access restrictions imposed by the government Use of food aid for non-humanitarian ends International responses to restrictions on, and abuse of, aid Wider impact of Western media and celebrity portrayals of the famine Conclusions 4. Bosnian War, 1992-1995 Background International discourses International military response International humanitarian response In-country protection ‘Humanitarian alibi’ Manipulation of humanitarian assistance Conclusions 5. Genocide in Rwanda and Its Aftermath, 1994-1996 Background Genocide International inaction Mass exodus to neighbouring countries Humanitarianization of the crisis International humanitarian response Diversion, manipulation, and unintended consequences of aid Closing the camps Conclusions 6. Afghanistan, 2001-2014 Background Humanitarian needs and vulnerability Funding for humanitarian response International humanitarian response Integration and coordination Addressing violations of international humanitarian law Instrumentalization of aid by military actors Insecurity and aid agency access Aid agency responses to these challenges Conclusions 7. Indian Ocean Tsunami, 2004 The tsunami and its immediate aftermath Media coverage Funding for humanitarian response International humanitarian response 53 54 55 56 57 59 60 62 63 65 66 68 70 71 73 74 76 78 81 82 83 85 88 90 91 92 94 95 97 98 99 101 104 105 108 109 110 112 114 116
Contents Emergency response Recovery and rehabilitation Coordination, competition, ownership, and accountability Conclusions 8. Sri Lanka, 2008-2009 Background Final stages and immediate aftermath of the war International humanitarian response Manipulation of aid and aid agencies A failure of protection Advocacy vs access and assistance? Conclusions 9. Haiti Earthquake, 2010 Background and context Western discourses, media coverage, and celebrity engagement Funding for humanitarian response International response Fortification and militarization Emergency assistance Recovery and rehabilitation Coordination and ownership Accountability Conclusions 10. Famine in Somalia, 2011-2012 Background Proximate causes of famine Early warning, late response Funding for humanitarian response International humanitarian response Cash programming Diversion, manipulation, and instrumentalization of aid Impartiality Conclusions 11. Ebola in West Africa, 2014-2015 Timeline and trajectory of the outbreak Afailure of global health governance A public health emergency of international concern International funding Discourses and panic Stereotyping affected populations A global crisis? vii 116 118 121 122 125 125 127 129 133 135 138 140 141 142 144 146 148 149 150 152 155 156 158 159 160 163 165 167 168 171 173 174 176 177 178 180 181 183 184 184 185
viii Contents Militarization and securitization Just a health crisis? International humanitarian response Community outreach and messaging Treatment of Ebola patients Burial practices Conclusions 186 188 188 190 192 195 197 12. European‘Migrant Crisis’, 2015-2016 199 Background European legal and policy framework A humanitarian emergency? Humanitarian response Search and rescue Lesvos Calais Conclusions 200 201 206 208 208 213 215 217 II: CONCEPTS AND TRENDS Introduction to Part II: The Boundaries of Humanitarianism 221 13. Politics, Principles, and Humanitarian Action 225 Principles of humanity, impartiality, neutrality, and independence Political or apolitical humanitarian action Feasibility of apolitical action Desirability of apolitical action Perspectives of the largest international humanitarian agencies Stated commitments to principles Interpretation and implementation of these principles in practice Conclusions 14. Law and International Humanitarianism Processes and politics of law-making International legal frameworks International humanitarian law International disaster response law International displacement and migration law International human rights law Implementation and enforcement of the law ‘Soft’ enforcement measures Harder enforcement measures International justice 226 228 230 231 234 234 236 240 243 243 245 246 248 251 254 255 256 256 257
Contents Criminalization of humanitarian action Counter-terror legislation Criminalization of support for migrants Conclusions 15. Shifting Parameters of Humanitarian Emergencies Protracted ‘emergencies’ Urbanization Europeanization People on the move Conclusions 16. Nexus Concept Linking Relief, Rehabilitation, and Development (LRRD) Beyond LRRD: The security-development nexus and whole-of-government approaches Disaster risk reduction and ‘building back better’ Resilience The New Way of Working and the Comprehensive Refugee Response Framework Conclusions ix 259 259 263 265 267 267 271 273 276 279 281 284 285 287 290 292 296 III: AGENTS AND ACTORS Introduction to Part III: Humanitarian Engagement with Other Actors 299 17. Media and Celebrities 303 Setting the agenda Framing the agenda Shaping (policy) responses Conclusions 18. Donors and the Funding of Humanitarian Action Donors In accordance with need? Other factors shaping funding decisions Media coverage and celebrity engagement Strategic interests of donor governments (and other powerful states) Prior relationships and humanitarian agency activism Independence, earmarking, and conditionality Initiatives to improve the allocation and quality of humanitarian financing Good Humanitarian Donorship 304 306 308 311 313 314 318 320 320 321 324 324 327 327
X Contents 328 331 332 Pooled funding mechanisms The Grand Bargain Conclusions 19. Government and Civil Society in Affected States 333 State sovereignty, responsibility, and practice International aid agencies and the governments of affected states Substituting for the state Supporting the state Holding the state to account Combining different ways of relating to the state Civil society actors Localization agenda Conclusions 334 338 338 340 342 344 345 347 351 20. Armed Actors 353 National militaries of affected states Non-state armed groups International military forces Conclusions 354 356 361 366 IV: OPERATIONS AND ACTIVITIES Introduction to Part IV: Humanitarian Assistance and Protection 21. Needs Assessment, Evaluation, and Response Decisions Assessing needs, contexts, and capacities Monitoring and evaluation Allocating resources, choosing response modalities, and designing programmes Conclusions 22. Material Assistance and Direct Service Provision Providing goods and services Politics of camps Politics of food aid Cash and voucher assistance Modalities of CVA Pros and cons of CVA Recent developments in CVA Technology and the digital revolution Conclusions 371 375 376 382 387 392 393 394 396 399 401 402 403 407 409 411
Contents 23. Dialogue, Negotiation, and Advocacy Direct engagement with authorities Relationship-building interactions Access negotiations Protection dialogue Sharing information with third parties Public advocacy and criticism of authorities Neutrality, access, and humanitarian space Threat reduction Complicity Conclusions 24. Conclusion: International Humanitarianism after COVID-19 Bibliography Index xi 413 414 415 417 421 423 426 426 428 430 432 433 439 467 |
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spelling | Bradley, Miriam Verfasser (DE-588)1090803265 aut The politics and everyday practice of international humanitarianism Miriam Bradley Oxford Oxford University Press [2023] © 2023 xvi, 480 Seiten Diagramme 24 cm txt rdacontent sti rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier "Through a combination of eleven in-depth case studies of humanitarian emergencies and thematic chapters which cover key concepts, actors and activities, this book explores the work of the largest international humanitarian agencies. Its central argument is that politics play a fundamental role in determining humanitarian needs, practices, and outcomes. In making this argument, the book highlights the many challenges and dilemmas facing humanitarian agencies in the contemporary world. It covers significant ground-temporally, geographically and thematically. The case study chapters range from the late 1960s to the present, and include emergencies in Africa, Asia, the Caribbean and Europe. The thematic chapters are divided into three sections: the first explains key concepts and trends in international humanitarianism; the second discusses how the work of international humanitarian agencies interacts with a range of other actors-including media, celebrities, donors, states, civil society, military forces and armed groups-who have significant impacts on humanitarian response and outcomes; and the third turns to the operations and activities undertaken by aid agencies on a daily basis"-- Geschichte 1967- gnd rswk-swf Humanitäre Hilfe (DE-588)4438965-6 gnd rswk-swf Internationale Organisation (DE-588)4027366-0 gnd rswk-swf Humanitarianism Humanitarian assistance Humanitarianism / Political aspects Humanitarian assistance / Political aspects Humanitarian intervention Humanitarian law Aide humanitaire Aide humanitaire / Aspect politique Droit d'ingérence humanitaire Droit international humanitaire Case studies Études de cas Internationale Organisation (DE-588)4027366-0 s Humanitäre Hilfe (DE-588)4438965-6 s Geschichte 1967- z DE-604 Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034809155&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
spellingShingle | Bradley, Miriam The politics and everyday practice of international humanitarianism Humanitäre Hilfe (DE-588)4438965-6 gnd Internationale Organisation (DE-588)4027366-0 gnd |
subject_GND | (DE-588)4438965-6 (DE-588)4027366-0 |
title | The politics and everyday practice of international humanitarianism |
title_auth | The politics and everyday practice of international humanitarianism |
title_exact_search | The politics and everyday practice of international humanitarianism |
title_exact_search_txtP | The politics and everyday practice of international humanitarianism |
title_full | The politics and everyday practice of international humanitarianism Miriam Bradley |
title_fullStr | The politics and everyday practice of international humanitarianism Miriam Bradley |
title_full_unstemmed | The politics and everyday practice of international humanitarianism Miriam Bradley |
title_short | The politics and everyday practice of international humanitarianism |
title_sort | the politics and everyday practice of international humanitarianism |
topic | Humanitäre Hilfe (DE-588)4438965-6 gnd Internationale Organisation (DE-588)4027366-0 gnd |
topic_facet | Humanitäre Hilfe Internationale Organisation |
url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034809155&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
work_keys_str_mv | AT bradleymiriam thepoliticsandeverydaypracticeofinternationalhumanitarianism |