Introduction to ethics: concepts, theories, and contemporary issues
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| Format: | Book |
| Language: | English |
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Singapore
Springer Nature Singapore
2023
Singapore Springer 2023 |
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| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Physical Description: | XXIII, 768 Seiten Illustrationen (teilweise farbig) |
| ISBN: | 9789819907069 |
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Introduction to ethics |b concepts, theories, and contemporary issues |c by Chhanda Chakraborti |
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| 650 | 4 | |a Moral Philosophy and Applied Ethics | |
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| adam_text | Contents 1 Introducing Ethics .......................................................................................... What is Ethics? ................................................................................... What Ethics is Not ............................................................................. Ethics as an Academic Discipline...................................................... Understanding Values ......................................................................... Ethics, Values, and Axiology.............................................................. Why Study Ethics? .............................................................................. Ethos and Ethics .................................................................................. Normative and Descriptive.................................................................. Three Main Divisions in Ethics: Normative Ethics, Metaethics, and Applied Ethics......................................................... 1.10 Free Will and Ethics ........................................................................... 1.11 Chapter Summary ............................................................................... Study Questions.............................................................................................. Research Exercises ......................................................................................... Case Study Discussion ................................................................................... Key Terms
...................................................................................................... 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 2 A Few More Introductory Points.................................................................. 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 What May We Reasonably Expect from Ethics? ............................ 2.1.1 Action Guidance................................................................... 2.1.2 Imparting an Ethical Decision-Making Skill .................... 2.1.3 Self-Improvement and a Life Plan ...................................... 2.1.4 Discourse Ethics................................................................... Value Identification ............................................................................. 2.2.1 Why is It Important to Identify the Values? ...................... 2.2.2 ‘Hidden’ Ethical Values: Identification .............................. Value Clarification............................................................................... How to Identify if a Decision or a Behavior Has an Ethical Dimension? ............................................................................. 51 Moral Intensity: Factors that Influence.............................................. 1 2 7 8 9 12 14 19 20 23 25 30 30 31 31 32 33 34 34 36 36 39 40 43 45 51 55 XV
Contents xvi Nature of the Ethical Issues ........................................................... 2.6.1 More Than One‘Right’Answers...................................... 2.6.2 Right Versus Right ............................................................ 2.7 Ethical Dilemmas .......................................................................... 2.7.1 How to Respond to an Ethical Dilemma? ......................... 2.8 Complex Ethical Issues ................................................................. 2.8.1 Ethics in Human Organ Transplantation ........................... 2.8.2 Organ Trading: The Unethical and the Illegal ................. 2.8.3 Ethical Issue #2: A Fair Sourcing .................................... 2.8.4 Ethical Issue #3: A Fair Allocation of the Organs ............ 2.9 The Legal Position in India: Human Organ Transplantation......... 2.10 Chapter Summary .......................................................................... Study Questions......................................................................................... Research Exercises ................................................................................... Case Discussion and Questions................................................................. Key Terms ................................................................................................ 2.6 56 56 58 60 63 64 65 69 71 77 80 83 83 84 84 86 3 Metaethics I ............................................................................................ 89 3.1 What is Metaethics?
...................................................................... 90 3.2 Metaethical Queries and Debates ......................................... ·....... 93 3.2.1 Ethical Statements ........................................................... 93 3.2.2 Moral Realism Versus Anti-realism: A Metaethical Debate ................................................................ 94 3.2.3 Conclusion on the Moral Realism-Anti-realism Debate ................................................................ 102 3.3 Ethical Universalism/Absolutism Versus Ethical Relativism: Another Metaethical Debate .............................................. 102 3.3.1 Ethical Absolutism........................................................... 103 3.3.2 Objections Against Ethical Absolutism/Universalism/Objectivism ............................. 108 3.3.3 Ethical Relativism ........................................................... Ill 3.3.4 Arguments in Favor of Ethical Relativism ...................... 123 3.3.5 Objections Against Ethical Relativism ............................. 125 3.3.6 Is There a Resolution in This Debate?............................... 129 3.4 Chapter Summary .......................................................................... 133 Study Questions......................................................................................... 134 Research Exercises ................................................................................... 136 Case Study Discussion ............................................................................. 136 Key Terms
................................................................................................ 139 4 Metaethics II .......................................................................................... 4.1 What is the Origin of Ethics? .... ..................................................... 4.2 Religious Origin of Ethics ............................................................. 4.2.1 On Religion....................................................................... 4.2.2 Classification of Religion ................................................. 4.2.3 Dharma and Religion........................................................ 141 142 143 144 145 148
Contents The Theory of Religious Origin of Ethics ........................................ 4.3.1 Divine Origin of Ethics: Exemplars from Ancient Civilizations ........................................................... 150 4.3.2 Divine Command Theory ................................................... 4.3.3 In Favor of Religious Origin of Ethics .............................. 4.3.4 Objections to Religious Origin of Ethics .......................... 4.4 Study questions on Religious Origin of Ethics ................................ 4.5 Biological Origin of Ethics ............................................................... 4.5.1 Darwin’s Evolutionary Hypothesis ..................................... 4.5.2 Evolution and Biological Origin of Ethics ........................ 4.5.3 Evolutionary Ethics .............................................................. 4.5.4 Edward O. Wilson and His Sociobiology .......................... 4.5.5 Reciprocal Altruism of Robert Trivers and the‘Selfish Gene’of Richard Dawkins ....... 185 4.5.6 Frans de Waal and the‘Good-Natured’Us........................ 4.5.7 Objections Against Biological Origin of Ethics................. 4.5.8 Conclusion on Biological Origin of Ethics......................... 4.6 Social Origin of Ethics ....................................................................... 4.6.1 Contractarianism ................................................... 4.6.2 Thomas Hobbes on the Social Origin of Ethics and Social Order..................................................... 212 4.6.3 John Locke on Social Contract and Ethics
......................... 4.6.4 Jean-Jac Rousseau on Social Originof Ethics ................... 4.6.5 Summary and Concluding Remarks on Social Origin of Ethics ..................................................... 222 4.6.6 Objections Against Social Origin of Ethics Position........ 4.7 Conclusion on Origin of Ethics ......................................................... 4.8 Law and Ethics ................................................................................... 4.9 Experimental Research in Ethics....................................................... 4.9.1 The Trolley Problem ........................................................... 4.10 Summary and Conclusion of the Chapter ........................................ Research Exercises ......................................................................................... Key Terms ...................................................................................................... 4.3 5 xvii 149 152 158 159 165 167 167 168 169 180 197 203 206 207 209 217 218 223 228 229 233 233 238 239 239 Conceptual Toolkit for Ethics..................................................................... 243 5.1 Concepts in the Toolkit........................................................................ 244 5.2 Moral Responsibility............................................................................ 245 5.2.1 Moral Responsibility as a Pre-condition for Moral Praise or Blame...................................................... 247 5.2.2 Elements in Moral Responsibility ...................................... 247
5.2.3 Acts of Commission and Acts of Omission ...................... 248 5.2.4 Moral Responsibility from the Philosophical Perspective ............................................................ 252
xviii Contents 5.2.5 5.2.6 5.2.7 5.2.8 Moral Responsibility for the Non-philosophers ................ Conditions for Attributing Moral Responsibility .............. The Excusing Conditions .................................................... Degrees of Moral Responsibility and Factors for Mitigated Responsibility ................................ 5.3 Rights ................................................................................................... 5.3.1 Different Kinds of Rights .................................................... 5.3.2 How to Apply the Concept of Rights?............................... 5.3.3 Conflict of Rights .................................................................. 5.3.4 How to Resolve the Situation of Competing Rights ........ 5.3.5 Non-human Rights ............................................................... 5.4 Duty....................................................................................................... 5.4.1 Kinds of Duties...................................................................... 5.4.2 When Applying the Concept of Duty ................................ 5.5 Justice .................................................................................................. 5.5.1 Ancient and Modern Philosophers on Justice..................... 5.5.2 Conceptual Contrasts in Justice ........................................... 5.5.3 Distributive Justice................................................................ 5.5.4 Need and Relevance of Distributive Justice ....................... 5.5.5 A Relevant and Fair
Criterion............................................... 5.5.6 Theories of Distributive Justice: Principles to Ensure Fairness ................................................ 331 5.5.7 Principle of Equality ............................................................ 5.5.8 Principle of Equity ................................................................ 5.5.9 Desert-Based Principles of DistributiveJustice .................. 5.5.10 Socialist Notion of Distributive Justice ........................... 5.5.11 Communist Distributive Justice ........................................... 5.5.12 Justice as Fairness: Rawls’s Theory of Distributive Justice .................................................................... 367 5.6 Amartya Sen’s Capability Approach ............................................... 5.6.1 Capability Approach and the Concept of Agency ............ 5.6.2 The Right Measure of Well-Being: Conversion Factors ...................................... 397 5.6.3 Differences Acknowledged by Capabilities Approach ... 5.7 Martha Nussbaum’s Capabilities Approach..................................... 5.7.1 The Central Human Capabilities ....................................... 5.8 Conclusion on Justice ......................................................................... 5.9 Summary and Conclusion of the Chapter ....................................... Study Questions.............................................................................................. Research Exercise ..........................................................................................
Case Study Discussion ................................................................................... Key Terms ...................................................................................................... 258 261 268 271 277 279 286 290 290 294 299 301 304 306 311 316 325 327 329 337 354 356 362 365 392 394 400 401 404 407 408 408 410 411 415
xix Contents 6 421 Role of the Theories of Normative Ethics ........................................ 422 Consequentialist and Non-consequentialist Ethical Theories ........ 425 6.2.1 Kinds of Consequentialism .................................................... 427 6.2.2 The Non-consequentialist Theories ...................................... 432 6.3 Utilitarianism....................................................................................... 433 6.3.1 History of Hedonistic and Utilitarian Thoughts................. 435 6.4 Classical Utilitarianism ........................................................................ 439 6.4.1 Before Bentham and Mill ....................................................... 439 6.4.2 The Social Milieu of Bentham and Mill ............................... 441 6.4.3 Bentham: Utilitarianism ........................................................ 443 6.4.4 Mill: Utilitarianism ................................................................ 448 6.5 Act Utilitarianism and Rule Utilitarianism ........................................ 456 6.5.1 Act Utilitarianism.................................................................... 456 6.5.2 Rule Utilitarianism.................................................................. 458 6.5.3 Act Utilitarianism or Rule Utilitarianism? ........................... 461 6.6 Summary of Classical Utilitarianism .................................................. 462 6.7 Applying Utilitarianism in the Personal Context ............................... 462 6.8 Utilitarianism After Bentham and Mill, and Negative
Utilitarianism.............................................................. 463 6.9 Weighing and Calculating the Consequences ..................................... 466 6.9.1 Calculating the Consequences .............................................. 466 6.9.2 Consequences: Benefit and Cost .......................................... 466 6.9.3 Utilitarian Benefit and Cost Calculation and the Principle of Double Effect....................... 468 6.10 The Utilitarian Scheme of Duties ........................................................ 471 6.11 Maximize the Utility for Whom? ........................................................ 474 6.11.1 How Not to Count: Not Self-Interest Maximization ........ 474 6.11.2 How to Count: The Stakeholder Theory ............................ 476 6.11.3 Utilitarianism is not Majoritarianism.................................... 479 6.12 Applying Utilitarianism in the Context of the Society ...................... 480 6.13 Strengths of Utilitarianism................................................................... 484 6.14 Objections Against Utilitarianism....................................................... 486 6.15 Summary of the Chapter....................................................................... 497 Study Resources .............................................................................................. 498 Study Questions................................................................................................ 498 Research Exercises
.......................................................................................... 500 Case Study Discussion ..................................................................................... 501 Key Terms ........................................................................................................ 504 Normative Ethical Theories: I ...................................................................... 6.1 6.2 7 507 Non-consequentialism ......................................................................... 508 Kant’s Deontological Ethics ............................................................... 511 7.2.1 Kant’s Duty is Not the Duty of the Military Model.......... 512 7.2.2 Kant on Human Nature and on Moral Autonomy ............ 515 Normative Ethical Theories: II ...................................................................... 7.1 7.2
Contents XX 7.2.3 7.2.4 7.2.5 7.2.6 7.2.7 7.2.8 7.2.9 8 519 522 528 530 541 541 Kant on Human Dignity ...................................................... Kant on Good Will and the Duty Motive ........................... The Categorical Imperative.................................................. Formulations of Categorical Imperative ............................. Conclusion on Kant’s Categorical Imperative ................... Objections Against Kant’s Ethics........................................ The Rights-Based Deontological Ethics: Ethics of Rights ................................................................ 547 7.2.10 Summary and Conclusion on Kant’s Deontological Ethics ...................................................................... 549 7.3 Virtue Ethics: Aristotle....................................................................... 7.4 Virtue Ethics: Aristotle....................................................................... 7.4.1 What is a Virtue? .................................................................. 7.4.2 Aristotle on Practical Wisdom ............................................ 7.4.3 Aristotle on Character .......................................................... 7.4.4 On Eudaimonia...................................................................... 7.4.5 Summary of Aristotle’s Virtue Ethics ................................ 7.4.6 Other Virtue Theories .......................................................... 7.4.7 Objections to Virtue Ethics .................................................. 7.4.8 Conclusion on Aristotle’s
Virtue Ethics ............................. 7.5 Ethics of Care ..................................................................................... 7.5.1 What is Feminist Ethics?...................................................... 7.5.2 Characteristics of Ethics of Care ........................................ 7.5.3 What is Care? ........................................................................ 7.5.4 What is Ethical in Care? ...................................................... 7.5.5 Limitations of Ethics of Care .............................................. 7.5.6 Conclusion on Ethics of Care .............................................. Study Questions.............................................................................................. Research Exercises ......................................................................................... Case Study Discussion ................................................................................... Key Terms ...................................................................................................... 551 551 552 564 566 567 569 571 573 576 577 577 588 598 603 605 608 609 610 611 617 Applied Ethics: AI and Ethics ................................................................... 8.1 What is Applied Ethics?..................................................................... 8.1.1 Example: Ethics of Gene Therapy ...................................... 8.1.2 Is Applied Ethics Merely Ethics Applied? ......................... 8.1.3 The Rise of Applied
Ethics.................................................. 8.2 Methods of Applied Ethics ............................................................... 8.2.1 Top-Down Approach ............................................................ 8.2.2 Bottom-Up Approach .......................................................... 8.2.3 Reflective Equilibrium .......................................................... 8.2.4 Conclusion on the Discussion on the Methods................... 8.2.5 Anti-theory ........................................................................... 8.3 What is Artificial Intelligence or AI? ............................................... 8.3.1 ‘Intelligence’as in the Artificial Systems ........................... 619 619 621 625 627 629 629 631 632 635 636 638 642
Contents xx* 8.3.2 Types of AI Research............................................................... 644 8.3.3 The Turing Test......................................................................... 644 8.3.4 John Searle’s Chinese Room Argument ................................ 646 8.3.5 Is AI the same as Data Science?.......................................... 650 8.4 Advances in AI ................................................................................... 651 8.4.1 Machine Learning ................................................................ 653 8.4.2 Deep Learning ..................................................................... 658 8.4.3 Big Data and the AI Revolution .......................................... 661 8.4.4 Some Notable Applications of AI and Data Science........ 662 8.5 Applied Ethics: AI, Data Science, and Ethics .................................. 663 8.5.1 Why Choose Ethics of AI and Data Science as an Example of Applied Ethics? ........................ 663 8.5.2 Moral Status of an AI System: Agency and Attribution of Moral Responsibility .............. 667 8.5.3 Key Ethical Issues in AI and Data Science......................... 686 8.5.4 Data Privacy and Privacy Protection ................................... 686 8.5.5 Data Sharing, and Data Re-use for Non-intended Purposes................................................................... 704 8.5.6 Newer Forms of Manipulation and Exploitation by AI and DS ....................................................................... 709 8.5.7 Digital Divide and
Inequalities............................................. 721 8.5.8 Gender Digital Divide and Inequalities.............................. 724 8.5.9 Fake Data, Fake News, “Deep Fake”.................................... 725 8.5.10 Trust in AI Systems ............................................................... 733 8.5.11 Trustworthy AI ....................................................................... 735 8.6 Summary of the Chapter....................................................................... 747 Study Questions................................................................................................. 748 Research Exercises ......................................................................................... 750 Case Study Discussion ..................................................................................... 751 Key Terms ...................................................................................................... 752 References .............................................................................................................. 755
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Contents 1 Introducing Ethics . What is Ethics? . What Ethics is Not . Ethics as an Academic Discipline. Understanding Values . Ethics, Values, and Axiology. Why Study Ethics? . Ethos and Ethics . Normative and Descriptive. Three Main Divisions in Ethics: Normative Ethics, Metaethics, and Applied Ethics. 1.10 Free Will and Ethics . 1.11 Chapter Summary . Study Questions. Research Exercises . Case Study Discussion . Key Terms
. 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 2 A Few More Introductory Points. 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 What May We Reasonably Expect from Ethics? . 2.1.1 Action Guidance. 2.1.2 Imparting an Ethical Decision-Making Skill . 2.1.3 Self-Improvement and a Life Plan . 2.1.4 Discourse Ethics. Value Identification . 2.2.1 Why is It Important to Identify the Values? . 2.2.2 ‘Hidden’ Ethical Values: Identification . Value Clarification. How to Identify if a Decision or a Behavior Has an Ethical Dimension? . 51 Moral Intensity: Factors that Influence. 1 2 7 8 9 12 14 19 20 23 25 30 30 31 31 32 33 34 34 36 36 39 40 43 45 51 55 XV
Contents xvi Nature of the Ethical Issues . 2.6.1 More Than One‘Right’Answers. 2.6.2 Right Versus Right . 2.7 Ethical Dilemmas . 2.7.1 How to Respond to an Ethical Dilemma? . 2.8 Complex Ethical Issues . 2.8.1 Ethics in Human Organ Transplantation . 2.8.2 Organ Trading: The Unethical and the Illegal . 2.8.3 Ethical Issue #2: A Fair Sourcing . 2.8.4 Ethical Issue #3: A Fair Allocation of the Organs . 2.9 The Legal Position in India: Human Organ Transplantation. 2.10 Chapter Summary . Study Questions. Research Exercises . Case Discussion and Questions. Key Terms . 2.6 56 56 58 60 63 64 65 69 71 77 80 83 83 84 84 86 3 Metaethics I . 89 3.1 What is Metaethics?
. 90 3.2 Metaethical Queries and Debates . ·. 93 3.2.1 Ethical Statements . 93 3.2.2 Moral Realism Versus Anti-realism: A Metaethical Debate . 94 3.2.3 Conclusion on the Moral Realism-Anti-realism Debate . 102 3.3 Ethical Universalism/Absolutism Versus Ethical Relativism: Another Metaethical Debate . 102 3.3.1 Ethical Absolutism. 103 3.3.2 Objections Against Ethical Absolutism/Universalism/Objectivism . 108 3.3.3 Ethical Relativism . Ill 3.3.4 Arguments in Favor of Ethical Relativism . 123 3.3.5 Objections Against Ethical Relativism . 125 3.3.6 Is There a Resolution in This Debate?. 129 3.4 Chapter Summary . 133 Study Questions. 134 Research Exercises . 136 Case Study Discussion . 136 Key Terms
. 139 4 Metaethics II . 4.1 What is the Origin of Ethics? . . 4.2 Religious Origin of Ethics . 4.2.1 On Religion. 4.2.2 Classification of Religion . 4.2.3 Dharma and Religion. 141 142 143 144 145 148
Contents The Theory of Religious Origin of Ethics . 4.3.1 Divine Origin of Ethics: Exemplars from Ancient Civilizations . 150 4.3.2 Divine Command Theory . 4.3.3 In Favor of Religious Origin of Ethics . 4.3.4 Objections to Religious Origin of Ethics . 4.4 Study questions on Religious Origin of Ethics . 4.5 Biological Origin of Ethics . 4.5.1 Darwin’s Evolutionary Hypothesis . 4.5.2 Evolution and Biological Origin of Ethics . 4.5.3 Evolutionary Ethics . 4.5.4 Edward O. Wilson and His Sociobiology . 4.5.5 Reciprocal Altruism of Robert Trivers and the‘Selfish Gene’of Richard Dawkins . 185 4.5.6 Frans de Waal and the‘Good-Natured’Us. 4.5.7 Objections Against Biological Origin of Ethics. 4.5.8 Conclusion on Biological Origin of Ethics. 4.6 Social Origin of Ethics . 4.6.1 Contractarianism . 4.6.2 Thomas Hobbes on the Social Origin of Ethics and Social Order. 212 4.6.3 John Locke on Social Contract and Ethics
. 4.6.4 Jean-Jac Rousseau on Social Originof Ethics . 4.6.5 Summary and Concluding Remarks on Social Origin of Ethics . 222 4.6.6 Objections Against Social Origin of Ethics Position. 4.7 Conclusion on Origin of Ethics . 4.8 Law and Ethics . 4.9 Experimental Research in Ethics. 4.9.1 The Trolley Problem . 4.10 Summary and Conclusion of the Chapter . Research Exercises . Key Terms . 4.3 5 xvii 149 152 158 159 165 167 167 168 169 180 197 203 206 207 209 217 218 223 228 229 233 233 238 239 239 Conceptual Toolkit for Ethics. 243 5.1 Concepts in the Toolkit. 244 5.2 Moral Responsibility. 245 5.2.1 Moral Responsibility as a Pre-condition for Moral Praise or Blame. 247 5.2.2 Elements in Moral Responsibility . 247
5.2.3 Acts of Commission and Acts of Omission . 248 5.2.4 Moral Responsibility from the Philosophical Perspective . 252
xviii Contents 5.2.5 5.2.6 5.2.7 5.2.8 Moral Responsibility for the Non-philosophers . Conditions for Attributing Moral Responsibility . The Excusing Conditions . Degrees of Moral Responsibility and Factors for Mitigated Responsibility . 5.3 Rights . 5.3.1 Different Kinds of Rights . 5.3.2 How to Apply the Concept of Rights?. 5.3.3 Conflict of Rights . 5.3.4 How to Resolve the Situation of Competing Rights . 5.3.5 Non-human Rights . 5.4 Duty. 5.4.1 Kinds of Duties. 5.4.2 When Applying the Concept of Duty . 5.5 Justice . 5.5.1 Ancient and Modern Philosophers on Justice. 5.5.2 Conceptual Contrasts in Justice . 5.5.3 Distributive Justice. 5.5.4 Need and Relevance of Distributive Justice . 5.5.5 A Relevant and Fair
Criterion. 5.5.6 Theories of Distributive Justice: Principles to Ensure Fairness . 331 5.5.7 Principle of Equality . 5.5.8 Principle of Equity . 5.5.9 Desert-Based Principles of DistributiveJustice . 5.5.10 Socialist Notion of Distributive Justice . 5.5.11 Communist Distributive Justice . 5.5.12 Justice as Fairness: Rawls’s Theory of Distributive Justice . 367 5.6 Amartya Sen’s Capability Approach . 5.6.1 Capability Approach and the Concept of Agency . 5.6.2 The Right Measure of Well-Being: Conversion Factors . 397 5.6.3 Differences Acknowledged by Capabilities Approach . 5.7 Martha Nussbaum’s Capabilities Approach. 5.7.1 The Central Human Capabilities . 5.8 Conclusion on Justice . 5.9 Summary and Conclusion of the Chapter . Study Questions. Research Exercise .
Case Study Discussion . Key Terms . 258 261 268 271 277 279 286 290 290 294 299 301 304 306 311 316 325 327 329 337 354 356 362 365 392 394 400 401 404 407 408 408 410 411 415
xix Contents 6 421 Role of the Theories of Normative Ethics . 422 Consequentialist and Non-consequentialist Ethical Theories . 425 6.2.1 Kinds of Consequentialism . 427 6.2.2 The Non-consequentialist Theories . 432 6.3 Utilitarianism. 433 6.3.1 History of Hedonistic and Utilitarian Thoughts. 435 6.4 Classical Utilitarianism . 439 6.4.1 Before Bentham and Mill . 439 6.4.2 The Social Milieu of Bentham and Mill . 441 6.4.3 Bentham: Utilitarianism . 443 6.4.4 Mill: Utilitarianism . 448 6.5 Act Utilitarianism and Rule Utilitarianism . 456 6.5.1 Act Utilitarianism. 456 6.5.2 Rule Utilitarianism. 458 6.5.3 Act Utilitarianism or Rule Utilitarianism? . 461 6.6 Summary of Classical Utilitarianism . 462 6.7 Applying Utilitarianism in the Personal Context . 462 6.8 Utilitarianism After Bentham and Mill, and Negative
Utilitarianism. 463 6.9 Weighing and Calculating the Consequences . 466 6.9.1 Calculating the Consequences . 466 6.9.2 Consequences: Benefit and Cost . 466 6.9.3 Utilitarian Benefit and Cost Calculation and the Principle of Double Effect. 468 6.10 The Utilitarian Scheme of Duties . 471 6.11 Maximize the Utility for Whom? . 474 6.11.1 How Not to Count: Not Self-Interest Maximization . 474 6.11.2 How to Count: The Stakeholder Theory . 476 6.11.3 Utilitarianism is not Majoritarianism. 479 6.12 Applying Utilitarianism in the Context of the Society . 480 6.13 Strengths of Utilitarianism. 484 6.14 Objections Against Utilitarianism. 486 6.15 Summary of the Chapter. 497 Study Resources . 498 Study Questions. 498 Research Exercises
. 500 Case Study Discussion . 501 Key Terms . 504 Normative Ethical Theories: I . 6.1 6.2 7 507 Non-consequentialism . 508 Kant’s Deontological Ethics . 511 7.2.1 Kant’s Duty is Not the Duty of the Military Model. 512 7.2.2 Kant on Human Nature and on Moral Autonomy . 515 Normative Ethical Theories: II . 7.1 7.2
Contents XX 7.2.3 7.2.4 7.2.5 7.2.6 7.2.7 7.2.8 7.2.9 8 519 522 528 530 541 541 Kant on Human Dignity . Kant on Good Will and the Duty Motive . The Categorical Imperative. Formulations of Categorical Imperative . Conclusion on Kant’s Categorical Imperative . Objections Against Kant’s Ethics. The Rights-Based Deontological Ethics: Ethics of Rights . 547 7.2.10 Summary and Conclusion on Kant’s Deontological Ethics . 549 7.3 Virtue Ethics: Aristotle. 7.4 Virtue Ethics: Aristotle. 7.4.1 What is a Virtue? . 7.4.2 Aristotle on Practical Wisdom . 7.4.3 Aristotle on Character . 7.4.4 On Eudaimonia. 7.4.5 Summary of Aristotle’s Virtue Ethics . 7.4.6 Other Virtue Theories . 7.4.7 Objections to Virtue Ethics . 7.4.8 Conclusion on Aristotle’s
Virtue Ethics . 7.5 Ethics of Care . 7.5.1 What is Feminist Ethics?. 7.5.2 Characteristics of Ethics of Care . 7.5.3 What is Care? . 7.5.4 What is Ethical in Care? . 7.5.5 Limitations of Ethics of Care . 7.5.6 Conclusion on Ethics of Care . Study Questions. Research Exercises . Case Study Discussion . Key Terms . 551 551 552 564 566 567 569 571 573 576 577 577 588 598 603 605 608 609 610 611 617 Applied Ethics: AI and Ethics . 8.1 What is Applied Ethics?. 8.1.1 Example: Ethics of Gene Therapy . 8.1.2 Is Applied Ethics Merely Ethics Applied? . 8.1.3 The Rise of Applied
Ethics. 8.2 Methods of Applied Ethics . 8.2.1 Top-Down Approach . 8.2.2 Bottom-Up Approach . 8.2.3 Reflective Equilibrium . 8.2.4 Conclusion on the Discussion on the Methods. 8.2.5 Anti-theory . 8.3 What is Artificial Intelligence or AI? . 8.3.1 ‘Intelligence’as in the Artificial Systems . 619 619 621 625 627 629 629 631 632 635 636 638 642
Contents xx* 8.3.2 Types of AI Research. 644 8.3.3 The Turing Test. 644 8.3.4 John Searle’s Chinese Room Argument . 646 8.3.5 Is AI the same as Data Science?. 650 8.4 Advances in AI . 651 8.4.1 Machine Learning . 653 8.4.2 Deep Learning . 658 8.4.3 Big Data and the AI Revolution . 661 8.4.4 Some Notable Applications of AI and Data Science. 662 8.5 Applied Ethics: AI, Data Science, and Ethics . 663 8.5.1 Why Choose Ethics of AI and Data Science as an Example of Applied Ethics? . 663 8.5.2 Moral Status of an AI System: Agency and Attribution of Moral Responsibility . 667 8.5.3 Key Ethical Issues in AI and Data Science. 686 8.5.4 Data Privacy and Privacy Protection . 686 8.5.5 Data Sharing, and Data Re-use for Non-intended Purposes. 704 8.5.6 Newer Forms of Manipulation and Exploitation by AI and DS . 709 8.5.7 Digital Divide and
Inequalities. 721 8.5.8 Gender Digital Divide and Inequalities. 724 8.5.9 Fake Data, Fake News, “Deep Fake”. 725 8.5.10 Trust in AI Systems . 733 8.5.11 Trustworthy AI . 735 8.6 Summary of the Chapter. 747 Study Questions. 748 Research Exercises . 750 Case Study Discussion . 751 Key Terms . 752 References . 755 |
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| spelling | Chakraborti, Chhanda Verfasser (DE-588)1315991098 aut Introduction to ethics concepts, theories, and contemporary issues by Chhanda Chakraborti Singapore Springer Nature Singapore 2023 Singapore Springer 2023 XXIII, 768 Seiten Illustrationen (teilweise farbig) txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Moral Philosophy and Applied Ethics Meta-Ethics Normative Ethics Ethics Metaethics Normativity (Ethics) Metaethik (DE-588)4169556-2 gnd rswk-swf Ethik (DE-588)4015602-3 gnd rswk-swf Ethik (DE-588)4015602-3 s Metaethik (DE-588)4169556-2 s DE-604 Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe 978-981-9907-07-6 Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034731954&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Chakraborti, Chhanda Introduction to ethics concepts, theories, and contemporary issues Moral Philosophy and Applied Ethics Meta-Ethics Normative Ethics Ethics Metaethics Normativity (Ethics) Metaethik (DE-588)4169556-2 gnd Ethik (DE-588)4015602-3 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4169556-2 (DE-588)4015602-3 |
| title | Introduction to ethics concepts, theories, and contemporary issues |
| title_auth | Introduction to ethics concepts, theories, and contemporary issues |
| title_exact_search | Introduction to ethics concepts, theories, and contemporary issues |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Introduction to ethics concepts, theories, and contemporary issues |
| title_full | Introduction to ethics concepts, theories, and contemporary issues by Chhanda Chakraborti |
| title_fullStr | Introduction to ethics concepts, theories, and contemporary issues by Chhanda Chakraborti |
| title_full_unstemmed | Introduction to ethics concepts, theories, and contemporary issues by Chhanda Chakraborti |
| title_short | Introduction to ethics |
| title_sort | introduction to ethics concepts theories and contemporary issues |
| title_sub | concepts, theories, and contemporary issues |
| topic | Moral Philosophy and Applied Ethics Meta-Ethics Normative Ethics Ethics Metaethics Normativity (Ethics) Metaethik (DE-588)4169556-2 gnd Ethik (DE-588)4015602-3 gnd |
| topic_facet | Moral Philosophy and Applied Ethics Meta-Ethics Normative Ethics Ethics Metaethics Normativity (Ethics) Metaethik Ethik |
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