Bioterrorism and biological warfare: disease as a weapon of war
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| Format: | Buch |
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Yorkshire
Pen & Sword Military
2023
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| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Literaturverzeichnis Register // Gemischte Register |
| Beschreibung: | XXIV, 278 Seiten, 8 ungezählte Seiten Tafeln Illustrationen, Diagramme |
| ISBN: | 9781399090803 |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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| adam_text | Table of Contents List ofPlates Preface About the Author Introduction Abbreviations X xiv XV. xvi XXV Chapter 1 Sumerians, Hittites, Assyrians and Scythians 1 Chapter 2 Ancient Greeks: Myth and History 8 Chapter 3 Biological Warfare in the Bible 27 Chapter 4 Rome and her Enemies 49 Chapter 5 The Middle Ages 59 Chapter 6 The Seventeenth to Nineteenth Centuries 67 Chapter 7 The First World War and After 88 Chapter 8 The Second World War 108 Chapter 9 The Biological Warfare Labs 151 Chapter 10 The Soviet Biological Weapons Programme 168 Chapter 11 The Cold War Years 183 Chapter 12 The Later Twentieth and Early Twenty-First Centuries 206 Chapter 13 Biological Weapons in the Arab World 214 Chapter 14 China 225 Chapter 15 Bioterrorism in the Modern World 228
viii Bioterrorism and Biological Warfare Chapter 16 The Biowarfare and Bioterror Future 247 Epilogue The Illegal 2022 Russian Invasion of Ukraine 254 Appendix Arms Treaties Sources and Bibliography Index 256 260 271
Sources and Bibliography Introduction Abdulkadir, Gunduz, 2011, ‘The Honey, The Poison, The Weapon’, Wilderness and Environmental Medicine, 22,182-184 Alibek, K., 1999, Biohazard, New York Ansari, 1,2020, ‘Deliberate release: Plague - A review’,JBiosafBiosecur 2(1): 10-22 Arnon, S.S., 2001, ‘Botulinum toxin as a biological weapon: medical and public health management’. JAMA, 2001; 285 (8):1059-1070 Barnaby, Wendy, 1999, The Plague Makers: The Secret World ofBiological Warfare, Frog Ltd, 1999 Barras V., 2014, ‘History of biological warfare and bioterrorism’, Clin Microbiol Infect, 20(6): 497-502 Brainard,}., 2016,‘Contextual Factors Among Indiscriminate or Large Attacks on Food or Water Supplies’, 1946-2015, Health Security, 14(1): 19-28 Carus, W.S., 2015, ‘The history of biological weapons use: what we know and what we don’t’, Health Security, 13(4): 219-255 Chrystal, Paul, 2021, A History of the World in 100 Pandemics, Plagues and Epidemics, Barnsley Cole, Leonard A., 1996, The Eleventh Plague: The Politics ofBiological and Chemical Warfare, Basingstoke Councell, Clara E., 1941,‘War and Infectious Disease’, Public Health Reports {1896-1970), 56, No. 12 (1941): 547-73 Cox, Rory, 2018, ‘The Ethics of War up to Thomas Aquinas’ in (eds. Lazar Frowe) The Oxford Handbook ofEthics of War, Oxford Croddy, Eric, 2005, Weapons of Mass Destruction: An Encyclopedia of Worldwide Policy, Technology, and History, ABC-CLIO Dembek, Zygmunt (ed.), 2007, Medical Aspects of Biological Warfare, Washington, DC: Borden Institute Demircan A., 2009, ‘Mad honey sex: therapeutic misadventures from an
ancient biological weapon, Annals ofEmergency Medicine, 54 (6): 824-9 Dennis D.T, 2001, ‘Tularemia as a biological weapon: medical and public health management’, JAMIA, 285 (21): 2763-73 ’ Eckart, Wolfgang Uwe, (2006), Man, Medicine, and the State: The Human Body as an Object of Government Sponsored Medical Research in the 20th Century, Franz Steiner Verlag Eitzen, Edward M., 1997, MedicalAspects ofChemical and Biological Warfare (PDF), United States Government Printing Office Eneh, O.C.,2012,‘Biological weapons - agents for life and environmental destruction, Res J Environ Toxicol, 2012; 6,65—87 Friedlander, A.M., 1997, ‘Anthrax’, in Sidell, F.R., ed., Medical Aspects of Chemical and Biological Warfare, Falls Church, VA: Office of the Surgeon General (Army); 467-478 Frischknecht, F. 2003, ‘The history of biological warfare human experimentation, modern nightmares and lone madmen in the twentieth century’ , EMBO Rep. 2003; 4, available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1326439
Sources and Bibliography 261 Harris, Robert Paxman, Jeremy, 2002, A Higher Form of Killing: The Secret History of Chemical and Biological Warfare, London Henderson, D.A., ‘Smallpox as a biological weapon: medical and public health management’, JAMA, 1999, Vol. 281,2127-37 Inglesby, T.V., 1999, ‘Anthrax as a biological weapon: medical and public health management’,JAMA, 281,1735-45 Inglesby,T.V.,2000,‘Plague as a biological weapon: medical and public health management’, Working Group on Civilian Biodefense, JAMA,283(17):2281-2290 Kirby, Reid, ‘Using the flea as weapon’ (web version via findarticles.com), Army Chemical Review, July 2005, accessed 11 November 2021 Lee, M.R., 2009, ‘The history of ergot of rye (Claviceps purpurea) I: from antiquity to 1900’,/. Royal College Physicians ofEdinburgh, 39:179-184 Lockwood, J.A., 2009, Six-legged Soldiers: Insects as Weapons of War, Terror, and Torture, Oxford Mangold, Tom, 1999, Plague Wars: a true story ofbiological warfare, London Maves, R.C., 2020, ‘Zoonotic Infections and Biowarfare Agents in Critical Care: Anthrax, Plague, and Tularemia’, in Hidalgo, J., (ed.) Highly Infectious Diseases in Critical Care, Heidelberg Maynard, R.M. Tetley, T.D., ‘Bioterrorism: the lung under attack’, Thorax, 2004; 59: 188-189 Mayor, Adrienne, 2014, Animals in Warfare’, in Campbell, Gordon Lindsay (ed.), The Oxford Handbook ofAnimals in Classical Thought and Life, Oxford, 292-293 Orent, Wendy, 2004, Plague, The Mysterious Past and Terrifying Future of the Worlds Most Dangerous Disease, New York Patrick, William C., 1994, ‘Biological Warfare: An
Overview’, in Directors Series on Proliferation, Livermore, California: Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Pita, René, 2010, ‘Anthrax as a Biological Weapon: From World War I to the Amerithrax Investigation, InternationalJournal ofIntelligence and Counter Intelligence, 23:1,61-103 Pohanka, M., 2020, ‘Bacillus anthracis as a biological warfare agent: infection, diagnosis and countermeasures’, BratislLekListy, 121(3):175-181 Poupart, J.A., 1992, ‘History of biological warfare: catapults to capsomeres’, Ann NTAcad Sei. ЬЬС. 9-20 Riedel, S., 2005, ‘Anthrax: a continuing concern in the era of bioterrorism’, Proc (Bayl Univ M^CM-18(3):234-43 Robertson, A.G., 1995, ‘From asps to allegations: biological warfare in history’, Mil Med, 1995; 160: 369-373 Sidell, Frederick, Jane’s Chem-Bio Handbook, 2005, Second Edition, Jane’s Information Group Sotos, J.G., 2001, ‘Botulinum toxin in biowarfare’, JAMA, 285(21):2716 Tansey, T, 2014, ‘Typhus and tyranny’, Nature, 511(7509), 291 Van Huis, A., 2021, ‘Cultural aspects of ants, bees and wasps, and their products in subSaharan Africa’, IntJTrop Insect Sei 41,2223-2235 Van Zandt, Kristopher E., 2013, ‘Glanders: an overview of infection in humans’, Orphanet Journal ofRare Diseases, 8:131 Whitby, Simon M., 2002, Biological Warfare Against Crops, Basingstoke 1. Sumerians, Hittites, Assyrians and Scythians Anglim, Simon, 2003, Fighting Techniques of the Ancient World (3000sc to 500ad): Equipment, Combat Skills, and Tactics, Dunne Books Bradford, Alfred S., 2001, With Arrow, Sword, and Spear: A History of Warfare in the Ancient World, Praeger
Publishing
262 Bioterrorism and Biological Warfare Drews, Robert, 1995, The End of the Bronze Age: changes in warfare and the catastrophe C.1200BC, Princeton University Press Ellis,John, 2004, Cavalry: The History ofMounted Ийг/àrc, Barnsley Keegan, John, A History of Warfare, London, 1993 Kelhoffer, J.A., 2005, John the Baptist’s “Wild Honey” and “Honey” in Antiquity’, Greek, Roman, and Byzantine Studies 45: 59—73 Kern, Paul Bentley, 1999, Ancient Siege Warfare, Indiana University Press, 1999 Khamsi, Roxanne, 2007, ‘Were “cursed” rams the first biological weapons?’, New Scientist, 26 November 2007 Kuznetsov, P.F., 2006,‘The emergence of Bronze Age chariots in eastern Europe’,Antiquity, 80 (309): 638-45 Littauer, M.A., 1979, Wheeled vehicles and ridden animals in the ancient Near East’, Leiden Lorenzi, Rossella, 2007, ‘Killer Donkeys were First Bioweapon’, Discovery News, 3 December 2007 Martin-Serradilla, J.L, 2008, ‘Was the “Hittite plague” an epidemic of tularemia?’, Med Hypotheses 71(1):154~5 Mayor, Adrienne, 2009, Greek Fire, Poison Arrows and Scorpion Bombs: Biological A Chemical Warfare in the Ancient World, New York Sidnell, R, 2006, Warhorse: Cavalry in Ancient Warfare, London Trevisanato, S.L, 2004, ‘Did an epidemic of tularemia in Ancient Egypt affect the course of world history?’, Med Hypotheses 63(5): 905-10 Trevisanato, S.L, 2007, ‘The “Hittite plague”, an epidemic of tularemia and the first record of biological warfare’, Med Hypotheses, 69(6): 1371-4 2. Ancient Greeks: Myth and History Camp, J.M., 1977, ‘The Water Supply of Ancient Athens from 3000 to 86 вс’, Ph.D
dissertation, Princeton University Cartledge, Paul, 2020, Thebes: The Forgotten City ofAncient Greece, London Gaebel, Robert E. (2004), Cavalry Operations in the Ancient Greek World, Norman, OK Gantz, Timothy, 1993, Early Greek Myth:A Guide to Literary andArtistic Sources, Baltimore, MD Gregory, Raymond, 2010, The Greco-Roman Roots ofthe Western Just War Tradition, London Grmek, Mirko, D., 1983, Diseases in the Ancient Greek World, Baltimore Harden, А., ШП), Animals in the Classical World: Ethical Perspectivesfrom Greek and Roman Texts, Springer Kousoulis, A.A., 2012, ‘The plague ofThebes, a historical epidemic in Sophocles’ Oedipus Rex’, Emerg Infect Dis. 18(1):153-7 Neville, James W, 1977, ‘Herodotus on the Trojan War’, Greece IA Rome 24,1: 3-12. O’Driscoll, Cian, 2015, ‘Rewriting the Just War Tradition: Just War in Classical Greek Political Thought and Practice’, International Studies Quarterly Papagrigorakis, M.J., 2013, ‘The Plague of Athens: an ancient act of bioterrorism?’, Biosecur Bioterror. ll(3):228-9 Powell, Corrin, 2013, ‘A Philological, Epidemiological, and Clinical Analysis of the Plague of Athens’ (2013), Senior Honors Projects, 22, http://collected.jcu.edu/honorspapers/22 Ross, Ronald, 1906, ‘Malaria in Greece’,/«/ Trop.Med. 9,341-7 Scott, J.A., 1924,‘The Use of Poisoned Arrows in the Odyssey’, ClassicalJournal 240—1 Smith, Christine A., ‘Plague in the Ancient World: A Study from Thucydides to Justinian’, The Loyola University History Department Student HistoricalJournal 28,1996—1997 Sutherland, Caroline, 2001, ‘Archery in the Homeric Epics’, Classics
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Sources and Bibliography 263 3. Biological Warfare in the Bible Cunningham, Andrew, 2000, The Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse: Religion, War, Famine and Death in Reformation Europe, Cambridge Ehrenkranz, N. Joel, 2008, ‘Origin of the Old Testament Plagues: Explications and Implications’, TaleJ Biol Med. 81(1): 31-42 Freemon, Frank R., 2005, ‘Bubonic plague in the Book of Samuel’, JR Soc Med, 2005 Sep, 98(9): 436 Jones, Lori . Nevell, Richard, 2016, ‘Plagued by Doubt and Viral Misinformation: The Need for Evidence-based Use of Historical Disease Images’, in The Lancet: Infectious Diseases[l], volume 16, issue 10,235-240 Marr, J.S., 1996, ‘An epidemiologic analysis of the ten plagues of Egypt’, Caduceus (Springfield, Ill.), 12: 7-24 Neufeld, Edward, 1980, ‘Insects as Warfare Agents in the Ancient Near East (Ex. 23:28; Deut. 7:20; Josh. 24:12; Isa. 7:18-20)’, Orientalia, NOVA SERIES, 49, No. 1,30-57 Sabbatani, S., 2010, ‘The plague of the Philistines and other pestilences in the Ancient World: exploring relations between the religious-literary tradition, artistic evidence and scientific proof’, Infez Med, 18:199—207 Trevisanato, S.I., 2005, The Plagues ofEgypt: Archaeology, History, and Science Look at the Bible, Georgia Press Trevisanato, S.I., 2005, ‘Ancient Egyptian doctors and the nature of the biblical plagues’, Medical Hypotheses, 65: 811—813 4. Rome and her Enemies Chadwick, Nora, 1958, Scela Mum Meic Datho: The Story of Mac Datho’s Pig’, Scottish Gaelic Studies, 8:130-45 • Dawson, A. ‘Hannibal and Chemical Warfare’, The Classical Journal, 63, No. 3 (1967): 117-25
Fears, J.R., 2004, ‘The plague under Marcus Aurelius and the decline and fall of the Roman Empire’, Infect Dis Clin North Am, 2004,18(1): 65-77 Green, M., 1992, Animals in Celtic Life and Myth, London Mayor, Adrienne, 2009, Poison King: The Life and Legend ofMithridates the Great, Rome’s Deadliest Foe, Princeton Meyer, Kuno, ed., 1894, ‘The Story of Mac Datho’s Pig and Hound’, Hibernica Minora, Anecdota Oxoniensia: Mediaeval and Modern Series 4: Part 8, Oxford: pp. 51-64 Sabbatani, S., 2009, ‘The antonine plague and the decline of the Roman Empire’, Infez Med, 17(4): 261-275 Scheidel, Walter, 2009, ‘Disease and Death in the Ancient City of Rome’, Princeton/ Stanford Working Papers in Classics 5. The Middle Ages Derbes, V.J., 1966, ‘De Mussis and the great plague of 1348. A forgotten episode of bacteriological warfare’, JAMA, 196:59-62 Jones, David E., 2007, Poison Arrows: North American Indian Hunting and Warfare, University ofTexas Press Voigtländer, N., 2012, ‘Persecution Perpetuated: The Medieval Origins of Anti-Semitic Violence in Nazi Germany’, The Quarterly Journal ofEconomics, 127(3): 1339—1392 Wheelis, M., ‘Biological warfare at the 1346 Siege of Caffa’, Emerg Infect Dis. 2002, 8 (9): 971-975 6. The Seventeenth to Nineteenth Centuries Carus, W.S., 2016, ‘Biological warfare in the 17th century’, Emerg Infect Dis, 2016 Conway, Stephen, 1986, ‘To Subdue America: British Army Officers and the Conduct of the Revolutionary War’, The William and Mary Quarterly, 43, No. 3,78
264 Bioterrorism and Biological Warfare Dixon, David, 2005, Never Come to Peace Again: Pontiac’s Uprising and the Fate ofthe British Empire in North America, Norman, OK Dowd, Gregory Evans, 2002, War under Heaven: Pontiac, the Indian Nations, the British Empire, Baltimore Fenn, Elizabeth A., 2002, ‘Biological Warfare in Eighteenth-Century North America: Beyond Jeffery Amherst’, Journal ofAmerican History, 86, No. 4: 133-4 Finzsch, Norbert, 2008, ‘Extirpate or remove that vermine: genocide, biological warfare and settler imperialism in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries’, Journal of Genocide Research, 10 (2): 215-232 Jacobs, Wilbur R., 1972, ‘Pontiac’s War-A Conspiracy?’: Dispossessing the American Indian: Indians and Whites on the Colonial Frontier, New York Knollenberg, Bernhard, 1954, ‘General Amherst and Germ Warfare’, Mississippi Valley Historical Review, 41 (3): 489-494 Mayor, Adrienne, 1995, ‘The Nessus Shirt in the New World: Smallpox Blankets in History and Legend’, The Journal ofAmerican Folklore, 108 (427) 54-77 Mear, C., ‘The origin of the smallpox in Sydney in 1789’ , Journal of the Royal Australian Historical Society, 94 (1): 1-22 Ranlet, Philip, 2000, ‘The British, the Indians, and Smallpox: What Actually Happened at Fort Pitt in 1763?’, Pennsylvania History: A Journal of Mid-Atlantic Studies, 67 (3), 427-441 Thalassinou, E., 2015, ‘Biological warfare plan in the 17th century - the Siege of Candia, 1648-1669’, Emerg Infect Dis., 21(12): 2148-2153 Ua hEaluighthe, Dian nuid, 1952, ‘St Gobnet of В allyvourney . Journal ofthe Cork Historical andArchaeological
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268 Bioterrorism and Biological Warfare Korea Chen, Shiwei, 2009, ‘History of Three Mobilizations: A Reexamination of the Chinese Biological Warfare Allegations against the United States in the Korean War’ Journal of American-East Asian Relations, 16.3 213-247 Cowdrey, Albert E., 1984, ‘Germ Warfare and Public Health in the Korean Conflict’, Journal ofthe History ofMedicine andAllied Sciences, 3 9 Ellis, John, 1992, ‘Biological Warfare Allegations: The Korean War Case’, Annals of the New York Academy ofSciences, 666 Endicott, Stephen, 1979, ‘Germ Warfare and “Plausible Denial”: The Korean War, 19521953’, Modern China, 5.1,79-104 12. The Later Twentieth and Early Twenty-first Centuries Rhodesia; Project Coast, South Africa Cross, G., 2017, Dirty War: Rhodesia and Chemical Biological Warfare, 1975-1980, Helion Company Gould, Chandré, 2006, ‘South Africa’s Chemical and Biological Warfare programme 1981-1995’, PhD thesis, Rhodes University Gould, Chandré, 2002, Project Coast:Apartheid ï Chemical and Biological Warfare Programme, United Nations Publications Martinez, Ian, ‘The History of the Use of Bacteriological and Chemical Agents during Zimbabwe’s Liberation War of 1965-80 by Rhodesian Forces’, Third World Quarterly, 23 (6): 1159-1179 Melson, C.D., 2005, ‘Top Secret War: Rhodesian Special Operations’, Small Wars and Insurgencies (No. 1 ed.), 16: 57-82 Purkitt, Helen E., 2001, ‘The Rollback of South Africa’s Chemical and Biological Warfare Program’, Air University, Counterproliferation Center, Maxwell Airforce Base, Alabama Purkitt, Helen E., 2005, South Africa’s Weapons
ofMass Destruction, Bloomington Singh, J.A., 2008,’ Project Coast: eugenics in apartheid South Africa’, Endeavour, 32(1): 5-9 Stiff, P., 1982, Selous Scouts: Top Secret War, Alberton, South Africa Purkitt, Helen, E., 2001,‘The Rollback of South Africa’s Chemical and Biological Warfare Program’, Air University, Counterproliferation Center, Maxwell Airforce Base, Alabama 13. Biological Weapons in the Arab World Aboul-Enein, ‘Islamic Rulings on Warfare, Strategic Studies Institute’, US Army War College, Darby PA Cordesman, A.H., 1991, Weapons ofMass Destruction in the Middle East, Brassey s Ltd. Shoham, Dany 2000, ‘The Chemical and Biological Threat of Islam’, https://www. semanticscholar.org/paper/The-Chemical-and-Biological-Threat-of-Islam-Shoham/ afbfdl7afl7el5c26797c4ae612302e319220fdl 14. Bioterrorism in the Modern World Atlas, R.M, 2001,‘Bioterrorism before and after September 11’, Crit Rev Microbiol, 21(4): 355-79 Berger, T, ‘Toxins as biological weapons for terror-characteristics, challenges and medical countermeasures: a mini-review’, Disaster Mil Med., 2016; 2:7 Bower, W.A., 2015, ‘Clinical Framework and Medical Countermeasure Use During an Anthrax Mass-Casualty Incident’, MMWR Recomm Rep, 2015,4; 64(4):l-22 Carus, W. Seth, 2002, Working Paper: ‘Bioterrorism and Biocrimes. The Illicit Use of Biological Agents Since 1900’, Feb 2001 revision
Sources and Bibliography 269 Chrystal, Paul, 2021, The History of the World in 100 Pandemics, Plagues and Epidemics, Barnsley Cleri, D.J., 2003, ‘Smallpox, bioterrorism, and the neurologist’, Arch Neurol, 60(4): 489-494 Erenler, A.K., 2018, ‘How Prepared Are We for Possible В ioterrorist Attacks: An Approach from Emergency Medicine Perspective’, Scientific WorldJournal, 8 Gage, Beverly, 2009, The Day Wall Street Exploded: A Story ofAmerica in Its First Age of Terror, New York Haberman, Clyde, ‘Retro Report: The Battle Over the Medfly’, New York Times, 14 March 2014 Henderson, D.A., 1999, ‘The looming threat of bioterrorism’, Science, 1999,283,1279-82 Henderson, D.A., 2014, ‘John Bartlett and Bioterrorism’, Clinical Infectious Diseases, Vol. 59,2014, S76-S79 Jernigan, J.A, 2001, ‘Bioterrorism-related inhalational anthrax: the first 10 cases reported in the United States’, Emerging Infectious Diseases, 7(6), 933-944 Khan, A.S., 2000, ‘Biological and chemical terrorism: strategic plan for preparedness and response’, MMWR Recomm Rep., 2000; 49(RR-4):1—14 Koblentz, G.D., 2012, ‘From biodefence to biosecurity: the Obama administration’s strategy for countering biological threats’, IntAff. 88(1): 131-48 Kournikakis, B., 2011, ‘Anthrax letters in an open office environment: effects of selected CDC response guidelines on personal exposure and building contamination’,/Occup Environ Hyg., 8:113-22 McCann, Joseph T, 2006, Terrorism on American Soil: A Concise History of Plots and Perpetratorsfrom the Famous to the Forgotten, Sentient Publications Melnick, Alan L., 2008, Biological,
Chemical, and Radiological Terrorism: Emergency Preparedness and Responsefor the Primary Care Physician, Heidelberg Nelson, C.A.,2021,‘Antimicrobial Treatment and Prophylaxis ofPlague: Recommendations for Naturally Acquired Infections and Bioterrorism Response’, MMWR Recomm Rep., 70(3): 1-27 Nestle, Marion, 2003, Safe Food: Bacteria, Biotechnology, and Bioterrorism, University of California Press O’Brien, C., 2021, ‘The electrochemical detection of bioterrorism agents: a review of the detection, diagnostics, and implementation of sensors in biosafety programs for Class A bioweapons’, Microsyst Nanoeng, 7,16 Oliveira, M., 2020, ‘Biowarfare, bioterrorism and biocrime: A historical overview on microbial harmful applications’, Forensic Sei Int, 314 Ralston, M.S.A., ‘Neuroterrorism Preparedness for the Neurohospitalist’, The Neurohospitalist, 2019; 9(3): 151—159 Sanders, Richard, 2002, ‘The History of Bioterrorism in America, Race and History’, http://raceandhistory.com, Sunday, 24 November 2002 Seto, Yasuo, 2001,‘The Sarin Gas Attack in Japan and the Related Forensic Investigation’, Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons, 1 June 2001 Sheer, Jennifer L.O., 2011, ‘Breeders: A Case Study’, Encyclopedia ofBioterrorism Defense, 15 Takahashi, H., 2004,‘Bacillus anthracis incident, Kameido, Tokyo, 1993’,Emerg Infect Dis. 10(1): 117-20 Thompson, Christopher M,, 2006, ‘The Bioterrorism Threat By Non-State Actors’ (PDF), United States Navy Wright, S., 2006, ‘Terrorists and biological weapons: Forging thé linkage in the Clinton Administration, Politics Life Sei., 25(1-2):
57-115 Zink, T.K., 2011, Anthrax attacks: lessons learned on the 10th anniversary of the anthrax attacks’, Disaster Med Public Health Prep. 5(3): 173-4
270 Bioterrorism and Biological Warfare Aum Shinrikyo Danzig, Richard, 2000, ‘Aum Shinrikyo Insights into How Terrorists Develop Biological and Chemical Weapons’ (PDF), Center for a New American Security Kaplan, David E., 1996, The Cult at the End of the World: The Terrifying Story of the Aum Doomsday Cult,from the Subways ofTokyo to the Nuclear Arsenals ofRussia, New York Lifton, Robert Jay, 2000, Destroying the World to Save It: Aum Shinrikyo, Apocalyptic Violence, and the New Global Terrorism, New York Metraux, Daniel A., 1995, ‘Religious Terrorism in Japan: The Fatal Appeal of Aum Shinrikyo’, Asian Survey, 35 (12): 1153 Olson, Kyle B.,1999,‘Aum Shinrikyo: Once and Future Threat?’, Emerg Infect Dis, 5 (4): 513-6 Reader, Ian, 2000, Religious Violence in Contemporary Japan: The Case ofAum Shinrikyo, 2000, Curzon Press Epilogue ‘Ukraine war: Fact-checking Russia’s biological weapons claims’, BBC News, 15 March 2022 Wong, Edward (2022-03-11), ‘US Fights Bioweapons Disinformation Pushed by Russia and China’, New York Times In Ukraine, US-military-linked labs could provide fodder for Russian disinformation’, Bulletin ofthe Atomic Scientists, 2022-03-09 Landay, Jonathan; (2022-03-11), ‘UN says no evidence to back Russian claim of Ukraine biological weapons program’, Reuters China Pushes Conspiracy Theory About US Labs in Ukraine’, Bloomberg, 8 March 2022
Index 48th Central Scientific Research Institute, Yekaterinburg, see Sverdlovsk 1922 Treaty Relating to the Use of Submarines and Noxious Gases in Warfare, 256 1925 Geneva Conference for the Supervision of the International Traffic in Arms, 256 1925 Geneva Protocol for the Pacific Settlement of International Disputes, 152 1972 Biological Weapons Convention (BWC), 176,183 1989 Biological Weapons Anti-Terrorism Act, 229 1993 Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC),216,257 2001 USA Patriot Act, 259 2002 International Symposium on the Crimes of Bacteriological Warfare, Changde, China, 124 Accidents, 154-5,157,159,162-3,165, 189-94,196,226,244 Achilles, 9 Aelian, 24 Aeneas Tacticus, 23-4 Afghanistan, 203 African swine fever, 176,202 Agamemnon, 9-10 Agent Orange, 200-201 Agricultural ruination, 5,30, 111, 113-15, 117,126-7,131-2,173,176,186,199, 200-201,234-5 Agroterrorism, 246 AIDS/HIV,255 Airborne dissemination of disease/chemicals, 99,136,154-5,161-2,183,199,227, 240-1 Akhenaten, 3 Aleph, 243 Alexander the Great, 22,25 Alibek, Ken (Kanatjan Alibekov), 168,170-1, 203,226,256 All-Union Science Production Association Biopreparat (Биопрепарат), see Biopreparat Al-Qaeda, 229,247 American mainland, biological attacks on, 123-4 American Type Culture Collection, Rockville, Maryland, 219 Amerithrax, see Anthrax Letters, the Anatolia, 4 Animals, infected as vectors, 88-9, 111, 126 Annales Xantenses, 5 Anthrax, xx-xxi, 54, 88,90,92-6,99,110-11, 116-18,122,126-7,132-4,154-5,158-9, 165,168,174,178,189-90,194,204-208, 216,218-19,239 Anthrax Letters, the, 235-6 Anthrax simulant (Bacillus
globigit), 109,110, 154,162 Anti-crop bombs, 110 Antidotes, 53-4 Anti-Plague Scientific Research Institute, Almaty, 179 Anti-plant balloon bomb, 157 Antonine Plague, 56-8 Apache ant torture, 84 Apollo, 9-10,12,16,20-1,51 Apollodorus, 8,12 Appian, 51,54,56 Aquillius, Manlius, 52 Aralsk-7 smallpox outbreak, 192-3 Ark of the Covenant as plague vector, 34 Armies as disease spreaders, 4 Army Epidemic Prevention Research Laboratory, Japan, see Unit 731 Arrowheads, poisoned, 1,7,25,56,75, 179-80,185,215 Assassin bugs, 86-7 Artemis and Niobe, 17 Arzawans, 3 Ashurbanipal, 7 Asian Holocaust, the, 127 Assyria, 4—7 Athens, Plague of, 19ff Aum Shinrikyo attack, Tokyo, 219,228-9, 237-40,247 Auschwitz, 139,148
212 Bio terrorism and Biological Warfare Australian Aborigines, smallpox atrocities against, 77-8 Autariatae, 51 Avian flu, 194 Babylon, 45 ■ Banting, Sir Frederick Grant, 96-7 Baoshan raid, the, 121-2 Barracks as reservoirs of infection spread, 2 Becker-Freyseng, Hermann, 142-3 Bees, 55-6,59-60,66-7,70,94,113-14, 199-200,202-203 Bees, Battle of, or The Battle of Tanga, 1914, 94 Bible,The,TÎ Biocrime, 180-1,249-50 Biological agents, xix, 152 Biological bombs, 89,90-1, 99,101,118,132 Bio(logical) - warfare, xix, 3,6,10-11,28-39, 74-5,98,128,161,176-7,183,195, 249-50 Biological warfare, opposition to, 49,52,79, 98,147,228 Biological Warfare Committee (US), 109 Biological weapons, xviii-xvix, 79,87,99, 106-108,136,152,188,198 Biological Weapons Convention 1975, The, 191,225 Biopreparat, 151,168ff, 204,249 Biosecurity, 165,249-50 Bioterrorism, xx, 6,28-39,55,95,106-107, 112-13,157-9,175,183,229-31,249-50 motivational factors for, 233-4 psychological, political, social and economic impact of, 232,236,252 B. abortus, 26 B. pseudomallei, see Melioidosis B. subtills (also known as B. globigii or BG), 154-5 B. subtilis var niger, 162 B. suis, 110,146,156,166 Blackburn, Dr Luke Pryor and yellow fever, 82 Biome, Kurt, 136,139-41,148 Blood coagulation experiments and Polygal, 139,151 Blood transfusion experiments, 117-18 Blowback, 114,118,120,222 ‘Blue on blue’, 54,118,120,201,222-4 Boils, plague of, 30-1 Bolivian haemorrhagic fever, 157,159,175 Bond, James 007,185 Botulinum toxin, 99,109, 111, 118,133,172, 175,209,216-18,241-2 Breeders, The, 234-5 British Germ Defence Unit, 92
Brucellosis, 26,99,109,110,174,195 Porcine brucellosis (agent US); Bovine brucellosis (agent AA); Caprine brucellosis (agent AM), 166 Buchenwald, 137-8 Bug Pit of Bukhara, The, 85-6 Building 470, Fort Detrick, 159 Burkholderia mallei, see glanders Cabbage, poisoned torture, 210 Calmative/pacifying agents, 209 Cambodia, 202 Camp Detrick, see Fort Detrick Canadian biological warfare programme, the, 134 Candia, Siege of, 68-9 Castro, Fidel, 189 CDC, Atlanta, Georgia, 175 Chemical Defence Experimental Establishment (CDEE), Porton Down, the, 154 Chemical warfare/experimentation, xx, 70, 102,110,118-19,152,154,188,208, 209-10,214,220 Chernobyl, 159 Chimeras, 174,177 China, 157-8,196-7,225-7,251 and COVID-19,225-6 and ‘The Unnatural Origin of SARS and New Species of Man-Made Viruses as Genetic Bioweapons’ (2015), 225 and the illegal Russian invasion of Ukraine, 254 Chiron, 12 Chloropicrin, 100 Cholera, 64,72,89,91,108,114,116-18, 122,129,184,196,197-9,207-208,216 Chrysame of Thessally and the mad bull, 13-14 CIA/CIA s Technical Services Division (TSD), 184-6,209,255 Cicero, 49 Claviceps purpurea (ergot fungus), 5 Clearchus of Hereclea,23 Clostridium perfringens (food poisoning/ gangrene), 7,101,137,208-209,219 Clostridium tetani (tetanus), 1,7,101,137 Colorado potato beetle, 115,186-7 Columbia, 184 Comfort women, 127 Commodus, 56 Corpses, rotting, xiii, xv-xvi, xviii, 6,17,22, 52,60,62,65,70-1,90,113,197,211,215 COVID-19,175,215,249,252
Index 273 COVID-19 conspiracy, 157-8 Crimes against humanity, 102-105,144-5 CRISPR (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats), 251-2 Crop spraying with bacteria, 98, 111 Crouch, Archie, 119-20 CS gas, 154 Cuba, 201 Curare, 92,179-80 Cushing, Frank Hamilton, 85 CX powder and gas, 208 Cyanide L-pill, 175 Cyprian, Plague of, 57 Dachau, 135-8,148 Dark Harvest Commando, 112-13 Darkness, plague of, 32 Darts, poisoned, 185 David, King, 38 Death of the firstborn children, plague of Egypt, 32-3 Decapitation, 103 Decontamination, 159,173,188,194 Defence Science and Technology Laboratory (Dstl), 151,154 Defoliants, 110,131,156,189,200-201 Deianeira, 15 Dengue fever, 202 Deuteronomy, Book of, 28,36,40,46 DICE Trials, 163 D.I. Ivanovskii Institute of Virology, Moscow, 172 Dilger, Anton Casimir, 89 Dio Cassius, 54,56 Dio Chrysostom, 8 Diodorus Siculus, 12,25,52 Diphtheria, 184,204 Disease, affliction by, 46,52 Disease mortality in war, xvii, 200-201 Displacement, population, 201 Divine retribution, xvii, 1,4,20,27,36-8, 41-2,46-7,50,51,57-8 Doctors’Trial, the, 135,144 Dog slobber, 70 Domitian, 56 Dorset Biological Warfare Experiments, 154-5,163 Dracunculiasis, 38 Drone technology, 241-2 Drugs, medicinal, 208-209 Drugs, recreational, 208-209,242 Dugway Proving Ground, Utah, 134,156, 158,163-6,194 Dugway sheep incident, the, 165 Dysentry, 108,116 Earth Liberation Front (ELF), 245 Ebola, xxi, 157,174,194,241-2 Economic ruin, 4-5,36-7 Ecotage, 244-5 Ecoterrorism, 245-6 Edessa, Siege, of, 58 Eggs, as a biological weapon, 110-11 Egypt, 1,4,216 ‘Ekologiya (Ecology), 173
Encephalitis, 197 • Enslavement; 40 Entomological Division of the SS Institute for Practical Research in Military Science, 136 Entomology, 24-5,113-14,163,202 Epidemic Intelligence Service (EIS), the, 167 Epidemic jaundice experiments, 137 Epidemic prevention measures, China, 197-8 Epidemic Prevention Research Laboratory, Tokyo, 102,116 Epidemic Prevention and Water Purification Department of the North China Army of the Imperial Japanese Army, Beijing, 129 Epidemic Prevention and Water Supply Units, 105 Ergotism, 5-6 Eshnunna Code, Babylon, 1 ‘Essential Oils for Biological Warfare Preparedness’, 54 Ethics of biowarfare, 154 Ethnic cleansing/genocide, 40, 73,79,82-4, 211,255 Exodus, Book of, 27-8 Ezekiel, Book of, 47-8 Faeces, death by, 25,65,200 Fake news/disinformation, 212,254,255 Famine, 35-9,40-1,46,47 Fildes, Sir Paul Gordon, 133,153 Floras, 52 Flu, see influenza Fomite transmission, 2,35,68-9,70-2, 80-1 Food contamination, 63,90,100,117,127, 132,138,150,182,189,206,209 Foot and mouth disease, 98,136,141,167, 173,176,194-5 Fort Detrick, Maryland, 109-10,133,151, 155f, 159,160 Fort Terry, Plum Island, Long Island, 166-7, 194 Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse, 40-1 France, 251-2 Francisella tularensis released against German troops, 171 Frontinus, 51
274 Bioterrorism and Biological Warfare Frostbite research, 104,116,123 Fu-go fire balloons, 123-4 Gas gangrene experiments, 148 Gates, Bill, 248-9 Gebhardt, Karl Franz, 143,148 Geneva Convention 1925,108 Genocide, 40,211 Genzken, Karl August, 143-4 German Military Bacteriological Institute, Berlin, 98 German Village and Japanese Village set piece domestic ‘hamlets’ for practice in the firebombing of homes, 164 Germany and biological weapons in WWI, 88, 98 Germ warfare, see biowarfare Germany’s biological warfare programme, 1939,108,144 Glanders, 88,90-2,122,126-7,203 Glasshouse, Los Angeles, 219 Gobnait, Saint, 59-60 ‘God’ as bioterrorist and warmonger, xvii, 1,4, 20,27,36-9,51 ‘God’ and pestilence, xvii, 1,4,20,27,35-9, 42,51,57-8 Granite Peak Installation (GPI), Maryland, 165-6 grayanotoxin poisoning (mad honey), 53 Gruinard Island, 111-13,133,153,159 Gulf War (1990-91), The, 209,220-1 Gulf War Syndrome, 222-4 Hailstones, plague of, 31 Halabja massacre, 213 Hamas, 229 Hansen’s Disease, 46 Harmatelian-envenomated arrows, 25 Harris, Sheldon, 130-1 Health Control Station of the Hungarian Royal Defence Forces, 101 Hellebore, 18 Hepatitis A, 160 Heracles, 13-15 Herodotus, 7,8,18-19,20 Hesiod, 249-50 Hezbollah, 229 High altitude experimentation, 96,138 Hille Feyken, 15-16 Himilco, 50-2 Hippocrates, xviii, 26,51 Hitler, Adolf, 209 Hittites, xx, 2-3 Honey, mad, see grayanotoxin Human subject experimentation (nonconsensual), 108 Germany (Blitzableiter (Lightning Rod)), 134f, 137,148 Japan, 102-106,116-17,123,127,130 North Korea, 210 USA, 161 Human subject experimentation
(voluntary), 106,137,156,160 Humoral theory, xviii Hunter Program, the, 205 Hydrogen cyanide, Shinjuku station, Tokyo, 242-3 Iliad, The, 8-10,12 Immersion hypothermia project, the, 136-7 Immunisation, 222 India, 22 Indigenous populations, infecting with diseases, 70-4,76,79-0,81-4,97 Inebriation, 4,11,50-1,62,65 Infection control, 2 Influenza, 1,51,97,217 Insects, 24-5,30,35,41,55,57,66,84,85, 113-21,128,136,163,196,199 Iran, 217-18,227 Iraq, 176,184,209,213,218 Iraqi Biological Research Centre for Military Defence, 221 Ishii, Surgeon General Shirö, 102,116-19, 125 Islamic State (ISIS), 213,247,250-1 Israel, 211-12,215-16 biological weapons programme, 224 Israel Institute for Biological Research, Nes Топа, 224 Italy, biological weapons programme, 101 Japan, 213 Japan, biological weapons programme, 116ff Jebel Akhdar War, Oman, 1957,183—4 Jews and others, persecution of, 147 Jews, scapegoating of, 63,238 Julius Caesar, 55 Justinian, Plague of, 57-8,63 Karlstejn Castle, 65 Kazakhstani BW facilities, 177,215 KGB, 185,191-192,255 Khabarovsk war crime trials, the, 131-2 Kirrha, Siege of, 17-18 Korean War, The, 195f Kostov, Vladimir, 182 Kuwait, 221 Kwantung Army Military Horse Epidemic Prevention Workshop (or Kwantung Army Warhorse Disease Prevention Shop or Manchuria Unit 100), 105,126
Index 275 Kwantung Army Technical Testing Department (later Manchuria Unit 516), 105 Laboratory 1, Laboratory 12, Kamera, see Poison laboratory of the Soviet secret services, 179 Lagash and Umma, 7 Laos, 202 Large Area Coverage (LAC) concept, 155 Legionella (Legionnaires’ disease), 204 Leprosy, see Hansen’s Disease Leviticus, Book of, 46 Libya, 217—18 Livestock, infection of, 88-9,92-3 Livy, 50-2 Locusts, plague of, 31-2,42-3 Lucius Licinius Lucullus, 55 Lupus, 203-204 M33 cluster bomb, 156,166 Ml 14 4 lb antipersonnel bomb, which held Brucella suis, 156 M143,188-9 M210 warhead, 188 Maddison, Leading Aircraftman Ronald, 154 Maggot bomb, see Yagi bomb Maharbal, 50-1 Malaria experimentation, 23,52,77-8,130 German, 135-6 Malathion, 234-5 Malayan Emergency, The, 200 Mandrake, 50-1,55 Marburg virus, 174-5,194 Mari Tablets, 2 Markov, Georgi Ivanov, 180-2 Matsumoto sarin attack, 239-40 Medfly attack, California 1989,239 Melioidosis, 92,99 Mengele, Josef, 102 Merck, George W., 109 MI6,146,170 Microbiological Research Establishment (MRE), Porton Down, 153 Microbiology, 87 Middle East, 214f Ministry of Defence, MOD, Moscow, 169, 192 Miriam, 46 Mithridates, 53f Mithridatium, 54 Monkeypox, 255 Mosquitos as vector, 156,161,163-4,202 Multiple sclerosis (MS), 203-204 Mustard agent, 223 Mycotoxins, 202 Nagel, Hans-Christoph, 136 Naphtha, 57 Napoleon Bonaparte and his use of malaria, 78 National Consortium for the Study of Terrorism and Responses to Terrorism, xvii, xxiii Native American Indians, smallpox atrocities against, 71-7 Nazi biological warfare programme, the, 134, 144 Nazi
concentration camps, 147 Nazi scientists and engineers, 146-7,148-9 Nazi War Crimes Disclosure Act, 1998,146 Nazi-Japanese biological warfare collaboration, 144 Nebuchadnezzar II, 1,39 Needle sticking, 56,194 Nessus, 13-16 Newcastle disease, 201 Nineveh, 1 Ningbo, 119-20 NKVD, 149,170,171 North Korea, 209-10,217-18 Numbers, Book of, 46-7 Nuremberg trials, 147 Odysseus, 11,12 Odyssey, The, 11 Oedipus, 25-6 Oggins, Isaiah, 180 Olympia Oil and Cake Company, Tinsley, Sheffield, 132 Operation Alberich, 93-4 Operation Big Buzz, 163—4 Operation Big Itch, 163 Operation Denver, 255 Operation Desert Fox, 222 Operation Desert Shield, 221 Operation Dew, 162 Operation Drop Kick, 164 Operation Granby, 221 Operation May Day, 164 Operation Osoaviakhim (Операция Осоавиахим), 145,148-9 Operation Overcast, 145 Operation Paperclip, 138,144-7,150 Operation Ranch Hand, 200 Operation Seaspray, 162 Operation Trail Dust, 200 Operation Vegetarian, 132-3 Operation Whitecoat, 156,160 Opium poppy crop, 189 Orion, 12 Osenberg List, the, 146 Ovid, 7,8,12-13,15
276 Bioterrorism and Biological Warfare Owen, Wilfred, 88 Oxygen deprivation experiments, 139 Palestine, 211-12 Pandemic, 51 Paratyphoid, 116-17 Pasteur Institute, Paris, 99-101 Pasteur, Louis, xviii Pathogens, xix Patrick III, William C., 158-9 Pausanias, 12-13 Pestilence, 1,21,28-39,46-7,52,60 Pestilentia manufacta, 56 Pheretima, 18-19 Philoctetes, 16 Phosphorous bomb experiments, 138 Pine Bluff Arsenal, Arkansas, 156,158,166, 195 Pingfang, see Unit 731 Plague, 6,68,70,95-6,98-9, 111, 116 In The AeneidfO In The Bible, 28-43,45-7,54,217 In Egypt, 217 In Germany, 108,148 In The Iliad, 10 In Japan, 103,105,117-19,127,129-30 In Korea, 196 In the Middle Ages, 62-4 In the Roman Republic and Empire, 52, 54,56-8 In the UK, 152,154 In the US, 160,229 In the USSR, 170,174,176,182,204-205 In Vietnam, 199 Of Thebes, 25-6 Plan A — Jewish Holocaust revenge water poisoning, 150 Planthoppers pestiferous, 201 Pleuropneumonitis, 106 Pliny the Elder, 13,54 PNIL - Aralsk-7’, 172-3 Poison gas, 69-70,96,153 Poison laboratory of the Soviet secret services, 179 Poisoning/drugging, 50-1,53-6,64-5,127, 138,182,185,210,232 Polish biological sabotage operations, 101 Polyaenus, 13-14,18,22-3,50 Popov, Sergei, 203 Porton Down, 98,111-12,132-3,151-3, 161,182 Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), 223 Pot bombs, 57 Pregnancy experiments, 123 Project 112,131,161 Project Bonfire, 204-205 Project Coast: the South African biological warfare programme, 207-208 Project Factor, 204 Project MKNAOMI, 184 Project MKULTRA, 184 Project SHAD, 160-1 Psittacosis, 109-11,176 Public health surveillance, 1 Public
safety, 21,23,68,100,134,159,162 Pyridine, 208-209 QAnon, 254 Q_Fever (Coxiella burnetii}, 160,171,175 QinetiQ, Porton Down, 154 Quarantine, 2,68-9,83,112,120,197,219 Quran, The, and war, 214 Rabies, 1,70 Racism, see xenophobia/racism Rajneesh cult, 228,231 Rape, 40,103,127 experiments, 123 Rascher, Sigmund, 137-8 Rat fleas {Xenopsylla cheopis), 163 Ravensbruck, 135,137 Rawalpindi experiments, the, 152-3 Red Army’s Vaccine-Sera Laboratory, Vlasikha, the, 169 Redrust fungus, 126-7 Report of the Committee on Chemical, Biological and Radiological Warfare and Recommendations, 195 Reval, Sweden, 70 Revelation, Book of, 40-3,238 Revelation 8: the Seven Trumpets, 42f Revelation 16: the Seven Bowls, 43-5 Rheumatoid arthritis, 203-204 Rhodesia (Zimbabwe), BW programme 206 Rice blast fungus, 131,164 Ricin, 91,96,180,216,229 Rift Valley Fever, 160,167,217 Rinderpest, 99, 111, 176 RISE, Chicago, 210-11 Rodents, 41, 85,98,120,130,163,189-90 Romzha, Archbishop Theodore, 180 Rose, Gerhart, 136,144 Russia, illegal invasion of Ukraine, 254 Rye ergot, 5 Sachsenhausen, 137 Saipan, attack on, 123 Salad bar, Oregon attack, 228-33 Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi, 21,111 Salmonella paratyphi, 101 Salmonella typhimurium, 228,231-3
Index 277 Samson, 48 Sanitary Technical Institute (STI) Gorodomlya Island, USSR, 170-1 Sargon II and Sennacherib, 4—5 Sarin, 153-4,161,223,228-9,239-40,242 Scapegoating, 63 Scaphism, 24-5,84 Schilling, Claus, 136,142 Schreiber, Walter, 147 Schreibtischtäter, ‘desk murderers’, 150 Schwäble, Colonel Frank, 198 Scientific Experimental and Production Base (SNOPB), Stepnogorsk, 177-8 Scientific Research Agricultural Institute (NISKhI), Gvardeyskiy, Kazakhstan, 172, 178 Scientific-Research Institute of Bacterial Vaccine Preparations, Sverdlovsk, 190 Scientific-Research Institute of Epidemiology and Hygiene, Kirov, 172 Scientific-Research Institute of Vaccines and Sera,Tbilisi, Georgia, 191 Scientific-Research Sanitary Institute (NIIS), Zagorsk, 172 Scientific-Research Technical Bureau (NITB), 173 Scorpions, 34,38,57,200 Scythian archers, 7 Second Sino-Japanese War, the, 101,128, 140 Selous Scouts, Rhodesia, 206-207 Seneca the Elder, 56 Serbia, 211 Serratia marcescens, 162-3 Shigella dysenteriae, 101 Siemienowicz, Kazimirz, 69-70 Simyra, 3-4 Singapore biological weapons base, 130 Smallpox, 70-4,76,79-80,82-4,118,157, 175,176,196,222,228,243-4 Smallpox: Soviet development as a biological weapon, 106-107,174,176,192-3,196 Snakes, 38,43,54 Social distancing, 2 SOD (the Special Operations Division), USA, 162 Solomon, 39 Solzhenitsyn, Alexander, 180 Soman, 153 Sophocles, Oedipus Rex, 25 South African biological warfare programme, 207-208,217-18 Soviet biological weapon programme, 106-107,202-203 Sparta, 21 Srebrenica, 211 St Anthony’s Fire (ergotism), 5 staphylococcus toxin, 178
Starvation, 117,130,132,211 State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology (VECTOR), see VECTOR Institute State Research Institute, Insel Riems, 136 Stele of the Vultures, 7 STIs, injections of, 118,123 Storms, 31,51 Strabo, 54 Strughold, Hubertus, 138 Strychnine, 14 Submarine mine, 157 Suffield Experimental Station, Alberta, 96 Sugar cane, Cuba, 201 Sulphonamide experiments, 137 ‘Super Soldier’, the 251-2 Surface infection, 2,35,232 Sverdlovsk, 203 Sverdlovsk incident, the, 189-90 Syphilis as a weapon, 64-5 experiments, 123 Syria, biological and chemical arms programmes, 215-16 Tabun, 153,220 Taliban, the, 247 Tetrahedron, 54 Thrips palmi, 201 Thucydides, 8,19-20 Tiglath Pileser 1,1 Tito, Josip Broz, 182 Tokyo subway sarin attack, 241-2 ‘Tony’s Lab’, Washington DC, 89 (Medical) Torture, 24-5,54,84—7,116-18, 135,137-8,210 Toxicology, 53-4 Trade as a spreader of disease, 4,50 Traub, Erich, 136,141-2 Trillat, André, 99 Trojan War, 8-10 Tuberculosis, 6,62 Tularaemia, F. tularensis (rabbit fever), 3,4, 99,105-106,118,160,174,188-9 Tumours and haemorrhoids, 34-5 Turkeys, infected, 201 Typhoid fever, 100 Typhus, 108,114,117,129,136,168,170-1 Ugarit, 4 UK Animal and Plant Health Agency, Caernarfon, 194 Ukraine, illegal invasion of by Russia, 254 Unit 100, Japan, 126-7,171
278 Bioterrorism and Biological Warfare Unit 731, Japan, 102-105,116-17,125-6, 132,171 Unit 864, Japan, 129-30 Unit 1855, Japan, 129 Unit Ei 1644, Japan, 128 US Army Chemical, Biological, and Radiological Weapons School, 165 US Army Chemical Corps, 91,164,166 US Army Chemical Warfare Service (CWS), 164 United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), 160,235 US Biological Weapons Programme, 108-109,155f US Central Command (CENTCOM), 250-1 USSR Ministry of Defence’s ScientificResearch Institute of Hygiene, Sverdlovsk, 172,190 Uzbekistan, 215 Vaccinations, 80,83,93,191,199,222 Vaccinations, withheld, 79-80, 83 Vaccines, 195,197-9 VECTOR Institute, Koltsovo, Novosibirsk Oblast, 175,194,203-204 Vectors, xix, 3,34-5,88-9,115,156,163,175 ‘Vegetable killer acid’, VKA (2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid), 166 Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus, 111, 155,160,175 Vietnam War, 199f Vigo Ordnance Plant, Indiana, 109 Vipers, 25 Virgil, 8,49-50 Vivisection, human, 103-104,117,125 on pregnant women, 123,138 Von Rosen, Baron Otto Karl, 92 VX nerve agent, 153,161,239 War crimes, Japanese, suppression of in the West, 126,130-1 Bayerische Staatsbibliothek München War crimes trials, Japan, 125-7,131 War Research Service (WRS), 109 Water deprivation, 22,24,62,103,117, 212-13 Water sources poisoning, 17-18,21,22-4, 29-30,52,60,128,150,183-4,206-207, 209,210-11,213,231 Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMDs), xix, 108,165,215,221,252 Weapons of Mass Disruption, 252 Weber, Bruno, 139 Wehrforschungsgemeinschaft (Defence Research Association), 146 Weigl, Rudolf Stefan Jan,
114-15 Well poisoning, 5-7,61-3,90,93-4,113, 117,128,211-12 Wheat stem rust, 189,195 Wild animals, 55-6 Wirths, Eduard, 142 Wine poisoning, 50-1,55,64 Wuhan Institute of Biological Products, China, 226 Wuhan Institute of Virology, China, 226 Xenophobia/racism, 63-4 Xenophon and the honey trap, 24,53 Yagi bomb, 122 Yamaguchi-gumi, 242 Yellow fever, 81-2,108,156,160,164 Zhongma Fortress - Zhong Ma Prison Camp or Unit Togo, Japan, covert biological warfare research, 101-102 Zimbabwe, see Rhodesia ZnCds (microscopic zinc cadmium sulphide), 154-5,162 Zoonotic infection/experiments, 3,10,26, 126,157 Zyklon-B, 108,147
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Table of Contents List ofPlates Preface About the Author Introduction Abbreviations X xiv XV. xvi XXV Chapter 1 Sumerians, Hittites, Assyrians and Scythians 1 Chapter 2 Ancient Greeks: Myth and History 8 Chapter 3 Biological Warfare in the Bible 27 Chapter 4 Rome and her Enemies 49 Chapter 5 The Middle Ages 59 Chapter 6 The Seventeenth to Nineteenth Centuries 67 Chapter 7 The First World War and After 88 Chapter 8 The Second World War 108 Chapter 9 The Biological Warfare Labs 151 Chapter 10 The Soviet Biological Weapons Programme 168 Chapter 11 The Cold War Years 183 Chapter 12 The Later Twentieth and Early Twenty-First Centuries 206 Chapter 13 Biological Weapons in the Arab World 214 Chapter 14 China 225 Chapter 15 Bioterrorism in the Modern World 228
viii Bioterrorism and Biological Warfare Chapter 16 The Biowarfare and Bioterror Future 247 Epilogue The Illegal 2022 Russian Invasion of Ukraine 254 Appendix Arms Treaties Sources and Bibliography Index 256 260 271
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262 Bioterrorism and Biological Warfare Drews, Robert, 1995, The End of the Bronze Age: changes in warfare and the catastrophe C.1200BC, Princeton University Press Ellis,John, 2004, Cavalry: The History ofMounted Ийг/àrc, Barnsley Keegan, John, A History of Warfare, London, 1993 Kelhoffer, J.A., 2005, John the Baptist’s “Wild Honey” and “Honey” in Antiquity’, Greek, Roman, and Byzantine Studies 45: 59—73 Kern, Paul Bentley, 1999, Ancient Siege Warfare, Indiana University Press, 1999 Khamsi, Roxanne, 2007, ‘Were “cursed” rams the first biological weapons?’, New Scientist, 26 November 2007 Kuznetsov, P.F., 2006,‘The emergence of Bronze Age chariots in eastern Europe’,Antiquity, 80 (309): 638-45 Littauer, M.A., 1979, Wheeled vehicles and ridden animals in the ancient Near East’, Leiden Lorenzi, Rossella, 2007, ‘Killer Donkeys were First Bioweapon’, Discovery News, 3 December 2007 Martin-Serradilla, J.L, 2008, ‘Was the “Hittite plague” an epidemic of tularemia?’, Med Hypotheses 71(1):154~5 Mayor, Adrienne, 2009, Greek Fire, Poison Arrows and Scorpion Bombs: Biological A Chemical Warfare in the Ancient World, New York Sidnell, R, 2006, Warhorse: Cavalry in Ancient Warfare, London Trevisanato, S.L, 2004, ‘Did an epidemic of tularemia in Ancient Egypt affect the course of world history?’, Med Hypotheses 63(5): 905-10 Trevisanato, S.L, 2007, ‘The “Hittite plague”, an epidemic of tularemia and the first record of biological warfare’, Med Hypotheses, 69(6): 1371-4 2. Ancient Greeks: Myth and History Camp, J.M., 1977, ‘The Water Supply of Ancient Athens from 3000 to 86 вс’, Ph.D
dissertation, Princeton University Cartledge, Paul, 2020, Thebes: The Forgotten City ofAncient Greece, London Gaebel, Robert E. (2004), Cavalry Operations in the Ancient Greek World, Norman, OK Gantz, Timothy, 1993, Early Greek Myth:A Guide to Literary andArtistic Sources, Baltimore, MD Gregory, Raymond, 2010, The Greco-Roman Roots ofthe Western Just War Tradition, London Grmek, Mirko, D., 1983, Diseases in the Ancient Greek World, Baltimore Harden, А., ШП), Animals in the Classical World: Ethical Perspectivesfrom Greek and Roman Texts, Springer Kousoulis, A.A., 2012, ‘The plague ofThebes, a historical epidemic in Sophocles’ Oedipus Rex’, Emerg Infect Dis. 18(1):153-7 Neville, James W, 1977, ‘Herodotus on the Trojan War’, Greece IA Rome 24,1: 3-12. O’Driscoll, Cian, 2015, ‘Rewriting the Just War Tradition: Just War in Classical Greek Political Thought and Practice’, International Studies Quarterly Papagrigorakis, M.J., 2013, ‘The Plague of Athens: an ancient act of bioterrorism?’, Biosecur Bioterror. ll(3):228-9 Powell, Corrin, 2013, ‘A Philological, Epidemiological, and Clinical Analysis of the Plague of Athens’ (2013), Senior Honors Projects, 22, http://collected.jcu.edu/honorspapers/22 Ross, Ronald, 1906, ‘Malaria in Greece’,/«/ Trop.Med. 9,341-7 Scott, J.A., 1924,‘The Use of Poisoned Arrows in the Odyssey’, ClassicalJournal 240—1 Smith, Christine A., ‘Plague in the Ancient World: A Study from Thucydides to Justinian’, The Loyola University History Department Student HistoricalJournal 28,1996—1997 Sutherland, Caroline, 2001, ‘Archery in the Homeric Epics’, Classics
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Sources and Bibliography 263 3. Biological Warfare in the Bible Cunningham, Andrew, 2000, The Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse: Religion, War, Famine and Death in Reformation Europe, Cambridge Ehrenkranz, N. Joel, 2008, ‘Origin of the Old Testament Plagues: Explications and Implications’, TaleJ Biol Med. 81(1): 31-42 Freemon, Frank R., 2005, ‘Bubonic plague in the Book of Samuel’, JR Soc Med, 2005 Sep, 98(9): 436 Jones, Lori . Nevell, Richard, 2016, ‘Plagued by Doubt and Viral Misinformation: The Need for Evidence-based Use of Historical Disease Images’, in The Lancet: Infectious Diseases[l], volume 16, issue 10,235-240 Marr, J.S., 1996, ‘An epidemiologic analysis of the ten plagues of Egypt’, Caduceus (Springfield, Ill.), 12: 7-24 Neufeld, Edward, 1980, ‘Insects as Warfare Agents in the Ancient Near East (Ex. 23:28; Deut. 7:20; Josh. 24:12; Isa. 7:18-20)’, Orientalia, NOVA SERIES, 49, No. 1,30-57 Sabbatani, S., 2010, ‘The plague of the Philistines and other pestilences in the Ancient World: exploring relations between the religious-literary tradition, artistic evidence and scientific proof’, Infez Med, 18:199—207 Trevisanato, S.I., 2005, The Plagues ofEgypt: Archaeology, History, and Science Look at the Bible, Georgia Press Trevisanato, S.I., 2005, ‘Ancient Egyptian doctors and the nature of the biblical plagues’, Medical Hypotheses, 65: 811—813 4. Rome and her Enemies Chadwick, Nora, 1958, 'Scela Mum Meic Datho: The Story of Mac Datho’s Pig’, Scottish Gaelic Studies, 8:130-45 • Dawson, A. ‘Hannibal and Chemical Warfare’, The Classical Journal, 63, No. 3 (1967): 117-25
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ofMass Destruction, Bloomington Singh, J.A., 2008,’ Project Coast: eugenics in apartheid South Africa’, Endeavour, 32(1): 5-9 Stiff, P., 1982, Selous Scouts: Top Secret War, Alberton, South Africa Purkitt, Helen, E., 2001,‘The Rollback of South Africa’s Chemical and Biological Warfare Program’, Air University, Counterproliferation Center, Maxwell Airforce Base, Alabama 13. Biological Weapons in the Arab World Aboul-Enein, ‘Islamic Rulings on Warfare, Strategic Studies Institute’, US Army War College, Darby PA Cordesman, A.H., 1991, Weapons ofMass Destruction in the Middle East, Brassey's Ltd. Shoham, Dany 2000, ‘The Chemical and Biological Threat of Islam’, https://www. semanticscholar.org/paper/The-Chemical-and-Biological-Threat-of-Islam-Shoham/ afbfdl7afl7el5c26797c4ae612302e319220fdl 14. Bioterrorism in the Modern World Atlas, R.M, 2001,‘Bioterrorism before and after September 11’, Crit Rev Microbiol, 21(4): 355-79 Berger, T, ‘Toxins as biological weapons for terror-characteristics, challenges and medical countermeasures: a mini-review’, Disaster Mil Med., 2016; 2:7 Bower, W.A., 2015, ‘Clinical Framework and Medical Countermeasure Use During an Anthrax Mass-Casualty Incident’, MMWR Recomm Rep, 2015,4; 64(4):l-22 Carus, W. Seth, 2002, Working Paper: ‘Bioterrorism and Biocrimes. The Illicit Use of Biological Agents Since 1900’, Feb 2001 revision
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Chemical, and Radiological Terrorism: Emergency Preparedness and Responsefor the Primary Care Physician, Heidelberg Nelson, C.A.,2021,‘Antimicrobial Treatment and Prophylaxis ofPlague: Recommendations for Naturally Acquired Infections and Bioterrorism Response’, MMWR Recomm Rep., 70(3): 1-27 Nestle, Marion, 2003, Safe Food: Bacteria, Biotechnology, and Bioterrorism, University of California Press O’Brien, C., 2021, ‘The electrochemical detection of bioterrorism agents: a review of the detection, diagnostics, and implementation of sensors in biosafety programs for Class A bioweapons’, Microsyst Nanoeng, 7,16 Oliveira, M., 2020, ‘Biowarfare, bioterrorism and biocrime: A historical overview on microbial harmful applications’, Forensic Sei Int, 314 Ralston, M.S.A., ‘Neuroterrorism Preparedness for the Neurohospitalist’, The Neurohospitalist, 2019; 9(3): 151—159 Sanders, Richard, 2002, ‘The History of Bioterrorism in America, Race and History’, http://raceandhistory.com, Sunday, 24 November 2002 Seto, Yasuo, 2001,‘The Sarin Gas Attack in Japan and the Related Forensic Investigation’, Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons, 1 June 2001 Sheer, Jennifer L.O., 2011, ‘Breeders: A Case Study’, Encyclopedia ofBioterrorism Defense, 15 Takahashi, H., 2004,‘Bacillus anthracis incident, Kameido, Tokyo, 1993’,Emerg Infect Dis. 10(1): 117-20 Thompson, Christopher M,, 2006, ‘The Bioterrorism Threat By Non-State Actors’ (PDF), United States Navy Wright, S., 2006, ‘Terrorists and biological weapons: Forging thé linkage in the Clinton Administration, Politics Life Sei., 25(1-2):
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270 Bioterrorism and Biological Warfare Aum Shinrikyo Danzig, Richard, 2000, ‘Aum Shinrikyo Insights into How Terrorists Develop Biological and Chemical Weapons’ (PDF), Center for a New American Security Kaplan, David E., 1996, The Cult at the End of the World: The Terrifying Story of the Aum Doomsday Cult,from the Subways ofTokyo to the Nuclear Arsenals ofRussia, New York Lifton, Robert Jay, 2000, Destroying the World to Save It: Aum Shinrikyo, Apocalyptic Violence, and the New Global Terrorism, New York Metraux, Daniel A., 1995, ‘Religious Terrorism in Japan: The Fatal Appeal of Aum Shinrikyo’, Asian Survey, 35 (12): 1153 Olson, Kyle B.,1999,‘Aum Shinrikyo: Once and Future Threat?’, Emerg Infect Dis, 5 (4): 513-6 Reader, Ian, 2000, Religious Violence in Contemporary Japan: The Case ofAum Shinrikyo, 2000, Curzon Press Epilogue ‘Ukraine war: Fact-checking Russia’s biological weapons claims’, BBC News, 15 March 2022 Wong, Edward (2022-03-11), ‘US Fights Bioweapons Disinformation Pushed by Russia and China’, New York Times In Ukraine, US-military-linked labs could provide fodder for Russian disinformation’, Bulletin ofthe Atomic Scientists, 2022-03-09 Landay, Jonathan; (2022-03-11), ‘UN says no evidence to back Russian claim of Ukraine biological weapons program’, Reuters China Pushes Conspiracy Theory About US Labs in Ukraine’, Bloomberg, 8 March 2022
Index 48th Central Scientific Research Institute, Yekaterinburg, see Sverdlovsk 1922 Treaty Relating to the Use of Submarines and Noxious Gases in Warfare, 256 1925 Geneva Conference for the Supervision of the International Traffic in Arms, 256 1925 Geneva Protocol for the Pacific Settlement of International Disputes, 152 1972 Biological Weapons Convention (BWC), 176,183 1989 Biological Weapons Anti-Terrorism Act, 229 1993 Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC),216,257 2001 USA Patriot Act, 259 2002 International Symposium on the Crimes of Bacteriological Warfare, Changde, China, 124 Accidents, 154-5,157,159,162-3,165, 189-94,196,226,244 Achilles, 9 Aelian, 24 Aeneas Tacticus, 23-4 Afghanistan, 203 African swine fever, 176,202 Agamemnon, 9-10 Agent Orange, 200-201 Agricultural ruination, 5,30, 111, 113-15, 117,126-7,131-2,173,176,186,199, 200-201,234-5 Agroterrorism, 246 AIDS/HIV,255 Airborne dissemination of disease/chemicals, 99,136,154-5,161-2,183,199,227, 240-1 Akhenaten, 3 Aleph, 243 Alexander the Great, 22,25 Alibek, Ken (Kanatjan Alibekov), 168,170-1, 203,226,256 All-Union Science Production Association Biopreparat (Биопрепарат), see Biopreparat Al-Qaeda, 229,247 American mainland, biological attacks on, 123-4 American Type Culture Collection, Rockville, Maryland, 219 Amerithrax, see Anthrax Letters, the Anatolia, 4 Animals, infected as vectors, 88-9, 111, 126 Annales Xantenses, 5 Anthrax, xx-xxi, 54, 88,90,92-6,99,110-11, 116-18,122,126-7,132-4,154-5,158-9, 165,168,174,178,189-90,194,204-208, 216,218-19,239 Anthrax Letters, the, 235-6 Anthrax simulant (Bacillus
globigit), 109,110, 154,162 Anti-crop bombs, 110 Antidotes, 53-4 Anti-Plague Scientific Research Institute, Almaty, 179 Anti-plant balloon bomb, 157 Antonine Plague, 56-8 Apache ant torture, 84 Apollo, 9-10,12,16,20-1,51 Apollodorus, 8,12 Appian, 51,54,56 Aquillius, Manlius, 52 Aralsk-7 smallpox outbreak, 192-3 Ark of the Covenant as plague vector, 34 Armies as disease spreaders, 4 Army Epidemic Prevention Research Laboratory, Japan, see Unit 731 Arrowheads, poisoned, 1,7,25,56,75, 179-80,185,215 Assassin bugs, 86-7 Artemis and Niobe, 17 Arzawans, 3 Ashurbanipal, 7 Asian Holocaust, the, 127 Assyria, 4—7 Athens, Plague of, 19ff Aum Shinrikyo attack, Tokyo, 219,228-9, 237-40,247 Auschwitz, 139,148
212 Bio terrorism and Biological Warfare Australian Aborigines, smallpox atrocities against, 77-8 Autariatae, 51 Avian flu, 194 Babylon, 45 ■ Banting, Sir Frederick Grant, 96-7 Baoshan raid, the, 121-2 Barracks as reservoirs of infection spread, 2 Becker-Freyseng, Hermann, 142-3 Bees, 55-6,59-60,66-7,70,94,113-14, 199-200,202-203 Bees, Battle of, or The Battle of Tanga, 1914, 94 Bible,The,TÎ Biocrime, 180-1,249-50 Biological agents, xix, 152 Biological bombs, 89,90-1, 99,101,118,132 Bio(logical) - warfare, xix, 3,6,10-11,28-39, 74-5,98,128,161,176-7,183,195, 249-50 Biological warfare, opposition to, 49,52,79, 98,147,228 Biological Warfare Committee (US), 109 Biological weapons, xviii-xvix, 79,87,99, 106-108,136,152,188,198 Biological Weapons Convention 1975, The, 191,225 Biopreparat, 151,168ff, 204,249 Biosecurity, 165,249-50 Bioterrorism, xx, 6,28-39,55,95,106-107, 112-13,157-9,175,183,229-31,249-50 motivational factors for, 233-4 psychological, political, social and economic impact of, 232,236,252 B. abortus, 26 B. pseudomallei, see Melioidosis B. subtills (also known as B. globigii or BG), 154-5 B. subtilis var niger, 162 B. suis, 110,146,156,166 Blackburn, Dr Luke Pryor and yellow fever, 82 Biome, Kurt, 136,139-41,148 Blood coagulation experiments and Polygal, 139,151 Blood transfusion experiments, 117-18 Blowback, 114,118,120,222 ‘Blue on blue’, 54,118,120,201,222-4 Boils, plague of, 30-1 Bolivian haemorrhagic fever, 157,159,175 Bond, James 007,185 Botulinum toxin, 99,109, 111, 118,133,172, 175,209,216-18,241-2 Breeders, The, 234-5 British Germ Defence Unit, 92
Brucellosis, 26,99,109,110,174,195 Porcine brucellosis (agent US); Bovine brucellosis (agent AA); Caprine brucellosis (agent AM), 166 Buchenwald, 137-8 Bug Pit of Bukhara, The, 85-6 Building 470, Fort Detrick, 159 Burkholderia mallei, see glanders Cabbage, poisoned torture, 210 Calmative/pacifying agents, 209 Cambodia, 202 Camp Detrick, see Fort Detrick Canadian biological warfare programme, the, 134 Candia, Siege of, 68-9 Castro, Fidel, 189 CDC, Atlanta, Georgia, 175 Chemical Defence Experimental Establishment (CDEE), Porton Down, the, 154 Chemical warfare/experimentation, xx, 70, 102,110,118-19,152,154,188,208, 209-10,214,220 Chernobyl, 159 Chimeras, 174,177 China, 157-8,196-7,225-7,251 and COVID-19,225-6 and ‘The Unnatural Origin of SARS and New Species of Man-Made Viruses as Genetic Bioweapons’ (2015), 225 and the illegal Russian invasion of Ukraine, 254 Chiron, 12 Chloropicrin, 100 Cholera, 64,72,89,91,108,114,116-18, 122,129,184,196,197-9,207-208,216 Chrysame of Thessally and the mad bull, 13-14 CIA/CIA's Technical Services Division (TSD), 184-6,209,255 Cicero, 49 Claviceps purpurea (ergot fungus), 5 Clearchus of Hereclea,23 Clostridium perfringens (food poisoning/ gangrene), 7,101,137,208-209,219 Clostridium tetani (tetanus), 1,7,101,137 Colorado potato beetle, 115,186-7 Columbia, 184 Comfort women, 127 Commodus, 56 Corpses, rotting, xiii, xv-xvi, xviii, 6,17,22, 52,60,62,65,70-1,90,113,197,211,215 COVID-19,175,215,249,252
Index 273 COVID-19 conspiracy, 157-8 Crimes against humanity, 102-105,144-5 CRISPR (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats), 251-2 Crop spraying with bacteria, 98, 111 Crouch, Archie, 119-20 CS gas, 154 Cuba, 201 Curare, 92,179-80 Cushing, Frank Hamilton, 85 CX powder and gas, 208 Cyanide L-pill, 175 Cyprian, Plague of, 57 Dachau, 135-8,148 Dark Harvest Commando, 112-13 Darkness, plague of, 32 Darts, poisoned, 185 David, King, 38 Death of the firstborn children, plague of Egypt, 32-3 Decapitation, 103 Decontamination, 159,173,188,194 Defence Science and Technology Laboratory (Dstl), 151,154 Defoliants, 110,131,156,189,200-201 Deianeira, 15 Dengue fever, 202 Deuteronomy, Book of, 28,36,40,46 DICE Trials, 163 D.I. Ivanovskii Institute of Virology, Moscow, 172 Dilger, Anton Casimir, 89 Dio Cassius, 54,56 Dio Chrysostom, 8 Diodorus Siculus, 12,25,52 Diphtheria, 184,204 Disease, affliction by, 46,52 Disease mortality in war, xvii, 200-201 Displacement, population, 201 Divine retribution, xvii, 1,4,20,27,36-8, 41-2,46-7,50,51,57-8 Doctors’Trial, the, 135,144 Dog slobber, 70 Domitian, 56 Dorset Biological Warfare Experiments, 154-5,163 Dracunculiasis, 38 Drone technology, 241-2 Drugs, medicinal, 208-209 Drugs, recreational, 208-209,242 Dugway Proving Ground, Utah, 134,156, 158,163-6,194 Dugway sheep incident, the, 165 Dysentry, 108,116 Earth Liberation Front (ELF), 245 Ebola, xxi, 157,174,194,241-2 Economic ruin, 4-5,36-7 Ecotage, 244-5 Ecoterrorism, 245-6 Edessa, Siege, of, 58 Eggs, as a biological weapon, 110-11 Egypt, 1,4,216 ‘Ekologiya' (Ecology), 173
Encephalitis, 197 • Enslavement; 40 Entomological Division of the SS Institute for Practical Research in Military Science, 136 Entomology, 24-5,113-14,163,202 Epidemic Intelligence Service (EIS), the, 167 Epidemic jaundice experiments, 137 Epidemic prevention measures, China, 197-8 Epidemic Prevention Research Laboratory, Tokyo, 102,116 Epidemic Prevention and Water Purification Department of the North China Army of the Imperial Japanese Army, Beijing, 129 Epidemic Prevention and Water Supply Units, 105 Ergotism, 5-6 Eshnunna Code, Babylon, 1 ‘Essential Oils for Biological Warfare Preparedness’, 54 Ethics of biowarfare, 154 Ethnic cleansing/genocide, 40, 73,79,82-4, 211,255 Exodus, Book of, 27-8 Ezekiel, Book of, 47-8 Faeces, death by, 25,65,200 Fake news/disinformation, 212,254,255 Famine, 35-9,40-1,46,47 Fildes, Sir Paul Gordon, 133,153 Floras, 52 Flu, see influenza Fomite transmission, 2,35,68-9,70-2, 80-1 Food contamination, 63,90,100,117,127, 132,138,150,182,189,206,209 Foot and mouth disease, 98,136,141,167, 173,176,194-5 Fort Detrick, Maryland, 109-10,133,151, 155f, 159,160 Fort Terry, Plum Island, Long Island, 166-7, 194 Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse, 40-1 France, 251-2 Francisella tularensis released against German troops, 171 Frontinus, 51
274 Bioterrorism and Biological Warfare Frostbite research, 104,116,123 Fu-go fire balloons, 123-4 Gas gangrene experiments, 148 Gates, Bill, 248-9 Gebhardt, Karl Franz, 143,148 Geneva Convention 1925,108 Genocide, 40,211 Genzken, Karl August, 143-4 German Military Bacteriological Institute, Berlin, 98 German Village and Japanese Village set piece domestic ‘hamlets’ for practice in the firebombing of homes, 164 Germany and biological weapons in WWI, 88, 98 Germ warfare, see biowarfare Germany’s biological warfare programme, 1939,108,144 Glanders, 88,90-2,122,126-7,203 Glasshouse, Los Angeles, 219 Gobnait, Saint, 59-60 ‘God’ as bioterrorist and warmonger, xvii, 1,4, 20,27,36-9,51 ‘God’ and pestilence, xvii, 1,4,20,27,35-9, 42,51,57-8 Granite Peak Installation (GPI), Maryland, 165-6 grayanotoxin poisoning (mad honey), 53 Gruinard Island, 111-13,133,153,159 Gulf War (1990-91), The, 209,220-1 Gulf War Syndrome, 222-4 Hailstones, plague of, 31 Halabja massacre, 213 Hamas, 229 Hansen’s Disease, 46 Harmatelian-envenomated arrows, 25 Harris, Sheldon, 130-1 Health Control Station of the Hungarian Royal Defence Forces, 101 Hellebore, 18 Hepatitis A, 160 Heracles, 13-15 Herodotus, 7,8,18-19,20 Hesiod, 249-50 Hezbollah, 229 High altitude experimentation, 96,138 Hille Feyken, 15-16 Himilco, 50-2 Hippocrates, xviii, 26,51 Hitler, Adolf, 209 Hittites, xx, 2-3 Honey, mad, see grayanotoxin Human subject experimentation (nonconsensual), 108 Germany (Blitzableiter (Lightning Rod)), 134f, 137,148 Japan, 102-106,116-17,123,127,130 North Korea, 210 USA, 161 Human subject experimentation
(voluntary), 106,137,156,160 Humoral theory, xviii Hunter Program, the, 205 Hydrogen cyanide, Shinjuku station, Tokyo, 242-3 Iliad, The, 8-10,12 Immersion hypothermia project, the, 136-7 Immunisation, 222 India, 22 Indigenous populations, infecting with diseases, 70-4,76,79-0,81-4,97 Inebriation, 4,11,50-1,62,65 Infection control, 2 Influenza, 1,51,97,217 Insects, 24-5,30,35,41,55,57,66,84,85, 113-21,128,136,163,196,199 Iran, 217-18,227 Iraq, 176,184,209,213,218 Iraqi Biological Research Centre for Military Defence, 221 Ishii, Surgeon General Shirö, 102,116-19, 125 Islamic State (ISIS), 213,247,250-1 Israel, 211-12,215-16 biological weapons programme, 224 Israel Institute for Biological Research, Nes Топа, 224 Italy, biological weapons programme, 101 Japan, 213 Japan, biological weapons programme, 116ff Jebel Akhdar War, Oman, 1957,183—4 Jews and others, persecution of, 147 Jews, scapegoating of, 63,238 Julius Caesar, 55 Justinian, Plague of, 57-8,63 Karlstejn Castle, 65 Kazakhstani BW facilities, 177,215 KGB, 185,191-192,255 Khabarovsk war crime trials, the, 131-2 Kirrha, Siege of, 17-18 Korean War, The, 195f Kostov, Vladimir, 182 Kuwait, 221 Kwantung Army Military Horse Epidemic Prevention Workshop (or Kwantung Army Warhorse Disease Prevention Shop or Manchuria Unit 100), 105,126
Index 275 Kwantung Army Technical Testing Department (later Manchuria Unit 516), 105 Laboratory 1, Laboratory 12, Kamera, see Poison laboratory of the Soviet secret services, 179 Lagash and Umma, 7 Laos, 202 Large Area Coverage (LAC) concept, 155 Legionella (Legionnaires’ disease), 204 Leprosy, see Hansen’s Disease Leviticus, Book of, 46 Libya, 217—18 Livestock, infection of, 88-9,92-3 Livy, 50-2 Locusts, plague of, 31-2,42-3 Lucius Licinius Lucullus, 55 Lupus, 203-204 M33 cluster bomb, 156,166 Ml 14 4 lb antipersonnel bomb, which held Brucella suis, 156 M143,188-9 M210 warhead, 188 Maddison, Leading Aircraftman Ronald, 154 Maggot bomb, see Yagi bomb Maharbal, 50-1 Malaria experimentation, 23,52,77-8,130 German, 135-6 Malathion, 234-5 Malayan Emergency, The, 200 Mandrake, 50-1,55 Marburg virus, 174-5,194 Mari Tablets, 2 Markov, Georgi Ivanov, 180-2 Matsumoto sarin attack, 239-40 Medfly attack, California 1989,239 Melioidosis, 92,99 Mengele, Josef, 102 Merck, George W., 109 MI6,146,170 Microbiological Research Establishment (MRE), Porton Down, 153 Microbiology, 87 Middle East, 214f Ministry of Defence, MOD, Moscow, 169, 192 Miriam, 46 Mithridates, 53f Mithridatium, 54 Monkeypox, 255 Mosquitos as vector, 156,161,163-4,202 Multiple sclerosis (MS), 203-204 Mustard agent, 223 Mycotoxins, 202 Nagel, Hans-Christoph, 136 Naphtha, 57 Napoleon Bonaparte and his use of malaria, 78 National Consortium for the Study of Terrorism and Responses to Terrorism, xvii, xxiii Native American Indians, smallpox atrocities against, 71-7 Nazi biological warfare programme, the, 134, 144 Nazi
concentration camps, 147 Nazi scientists and engineers, 146-7,148-9 Nazi War Crimes Disclosure Act, 1998,146 Nazi-Japanese biological warfare collaboration, 144 Nebuchadnezzar II, 1,39 Needle sticking, 56,194 Nessus, 13-16 Newcastle disease, 201 Nineveh, 1 Ningbo, 119-20 NKVD, 149,170,171 North Korea, 209-10,217-18 Numbers, Book of, 46-7 Nuremberg trials, 147 Odysseus, 11,12 Odyssey, The, 11 Oedipus, 25-6 Oggins, Isaiah, 180 Olympia Oil and Cake Company, Tinsley, Sheffield, 132 Operation Alberich, 93-4 Operation Big Buzz, 163—4 Operation Big Itch, 163 Operation Denver, 255 Operation Desert Fox, 222 Operation Desert Shield, 221 Operation Dew, 162 Operation Drop Kick, 164 Operation Granby, 221 Operation May Day, 164 Operation Osoaviakhim (Операция Осоавиахим), 145,148-9 Operation Overcast, 145 Operation Paperclip, 138,144-7,150 Operation Ranch Hand, 200 Operation Seaspray, 162 Operation Trail Dust, 200 Operation Vegetarian, 132-3 Operation Whitecoat, 156,160 Opium poppy crop, 189 Orion, 12 Osenberg List, the, 146 Ovid, 7,8,12-13,15
276 Bioterrorism and Biological Warfare Owen, Wilfred, 88 Oxygen deprivation experiments, 139 Palestine, 211-12 Pandemic, 51 Paratyphoid, 116-17 Pasteur Institute, Paris, 99-101 Pasteur, Louis, xviii Pathogens, xix Patrick III, William C., 158-9 Pausanias, 12-13 Pestilence, 1,21,28-39,46-7,52,60 Pestilentia manufacta, 56 Pheretima, 18-19 Philoctetes, 16 Phosphorous bomb experiments, 138 Pine Bluff Arsenal, Arkansas, 156,158,166, 195 Pingfang, see Unit 731 Plague, 6,68,70,95-6,98-9, 111, 116 In The AeneidfO In The Bible, 28-43,45-7,54,217 In Egypt, 217 In Germany, 108,148 In The Iliad, 10 In Japan, 103,105,117-19,127,129-30 In Korea, 196 In the Middle Ages, 62-4 In the Roman Republic and Empire, 52, 54,56-8 In the UK, 152,154 In the US, 160,229 In the USSR, 170,174,176,182,204-205 In Vietnam, 199 Of Thebes, 25-6 Plan A — Jewish Holocaust revenge water poisoning, 150 Planthoppers pestiferous, 201 Pleuropneumonitis, 106 Pliny the Elder, 13,54 PNIL - Aralsk-7’, 172-3 Poison gas, 69-70,96,153 Poison laboratory of the Soviet secret services, 179 Poisoning/drugging, 50-1,53-6,64-5,127, 138,182,185,210,232 Polish biological sabotage operations, 101 Polyaenus, 13-14,18,22-3,50 Popov, Sergei, 203 Porton Down, 98,111-12,132-3,151-3, 161,182 Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), 223 Pot bombs, 57 Pregnancy experiments, 123 Project 112,131,161 Project Bonfire, 204-205 Project Coast: the South African biological warfare programme, 207-208 Project Factor, 204 Project MKNAOMI, 184 Project MKULTRA, 184 Project SHAD, 160-1' Psittacosis, 109-11,176 Public health surveillance, 1 Public
safety, 21,23,68,100,134,159,162 Pyridine, 208-209 QAnon, 254 Q_Fever (Coxiella burnetii}, 160,171,175 QinetiQ, Porton Down, 154 Quarantine, 2,68-9,83,112,120,197,219 Quran, The, and war, 214 Rabies, 1,70 Racism, see xenophobia/racism Rajneesh cult, 228,231 Rape, 40,103,127 experiments, 123 Rascher, Sigmund, 137-8 Rat fleas {Xenopsylla cheopis), 163 Ravensbruck, 135,137 Rawalpindi experiments, the, 152-3 Red Army’s Vaccine-Sera Laboratory, Vlasikha, the, 169 Redrust fungus, 126-7 Report of the Committee on Chemical, Biological and Radiological Warfare and Recommendations, 195 Reval, Sweden, 70 Revelation, Book of, 40-3,238 Revelation 8: the Seven Trumpets, 42f Revelation 16: the Seven Bowls, 43-5 Rheumatoid arthritis, 203-204 Rhodesia (Zimbabwe), BW programme 206 Rice blast fungus, 131,164 Ricin, 91,96,180,216,229 Rift Valley Fever, 160,167,217 Rinderpest, 99, 111, 176 RISE, Chicago, 210-11 Rodents, 41, 85,98,120,130,163,189-90 Romzha, Archbishop Theodore, 180 Rose, Gerhart, 136,144 Russia, illegal invasion of Ukraine, 254 Rye ergot, 5 Sachsenhausen, 137 Saipan, attack on, 123 Salad bar, Oregon attack, 228-33 Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi, 21,111 Salmonella paratyphi, 101 Salmonella typhimurium, 228,231-3
Index 277 Samson, 48 Sanitary Technical Institute (STI) Gorodomlya Island, USSR, 170-1 Sargon II and Sennacherib, 4—5 Sarin, 153-4,161,223,228-9,239-40,242 Scapegoating, 63 Scaphism, 24-5,84 Schilling, Claus, 136,142 Schreiber, Walter, 147 Schreibtischtäter, ‘desk murderers’, 150 Schwäble, Colonel Frank, 198 Scientific Experimental and Production Base (SNOPB), Stepnogorsk, 177-8 Scientific Research Agricultural Institute (NISKhI), Gvardeyskiy, Kazakhstan, 172, 178 Scientific-Research Institute of Bacterial Vaccine Preparations, Sverdlovsk, 190 Scientific-Research Institute of Epidemiology and Hygiene, Kirov, 172 Scientific-Research Institute of Vaccines and Sera,Tbilisi, Georgia, 191 Scientific-Research Sanitary Institute (NIIS), Zagorsk, 172 Scientific-Research Technical Bureau (NITB), 173 Scorpions, 34,38,57,200 Scythian archers, 7 Second Sino-Japanese War, the, 101,128, 140 Selous Scouts, Rhodesia, 206-207 Seneca the Elder, 56 Serbia, 211 Serratia marcescens, 162-3 Shigella dysenteriae, 101 Siemienowicz, Kazimirz, 69-70 Simyra, 3-4 Singapore biological weapons base, 130 Smallpox, 70-4,76,79-80,82-4,118,157, 175,176,196,222,228,243-4 Smallpox: Soviet development as a biological weapon, 106-107,174,176,192-3,196 Snakes, 38,43,54 Social distancing, 2 SOD (the Special Operations Division), USA, 162 Solomon, 39 Solzhenitsyn, Alexander, 180 Soman, 153 Sophocles, Oedipus Rex, 25 South African biological warfare programme, 207-208,217-18 Soviet biological weapon programme, 106-107,202-203 Sparta, 21 Srebrenica, 211 St Anthony’s Fire (ergotism), 5 staphylococcus toxin, 178
Starvation, 117,130,132,211 State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology (VECTOR), see VECTOR Institute State Research Institute, Insel Riems, 136 Stele of the Vultures, 7 STIs, injections of, 118,123 Storms, 31,51 Strabo, 54 Strughold, Hubertus, 138 Strychnine, 14 Submarine mine, 157 Suffield Experimental Station, Alberta, 96 Sugar cane, Cuba, 201 Sulphonamide experiments, 137 ‘Super Soldier’, the 251-2 Surface infection, 2,35,232 Sverdlovsk, 203 Sverdlovsk incident, the, 189-90 Syphilis as a weapon, 64-5 experiments, 123 Syria, biological and chemical arms programmes, 215-16 Tabun, 153,220 Taliban, the, 247 Tetrahedron, 54 Thrips palmi, 201 Thucydides, 8,19-20 Tiglath Pileser 1,1 Tito, Josip Broz, 182 Tokyo subway sarin attack, 241-2 ‘Tony’s Lab’, Washington DC, 89 (Medical) Torture, 24-5,54,84—7,116-18, 135,137-8,210 Toxicology, 53-4 Trade as a spreader of disease, 4,50 Traub, Erich, 136,141-2 Trillat, André, 99 Trojan War, 8-10 Tuberculosis, 6,62 Tularaemia, F. tularensis (rabbit fever), 3,4, 99,105-106,118,160,174,188-9 Tumours and haemorrhoids, 34-5 Turkeys, infected, 201 Typhoid fever, 100 Typhus, 108,114,117,129,136,168,170-1 Ugarit, 4 UK Animal and Plant Health Agency, Caernarfon, 194 Ukraine, illegal invasion of by Russia, 254 Unit 100, Japan, 126-7,171
278 Bioterrorism and Biological Warfare Unit 731, Japan, 102-105,116-17,125-6, 132,171 Unit 864, Japan, 129-30 Unit 1855, Japan, 129 Unit Ei 1644, Japan, 128 US Army Chemical, Biological, and Radiological Weapons School, 165 US Army Chemical Corps, 91,164,166 US Army Chemical Warfare Service (CWS), 164 United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), 160,235 US Biological Weapons Programme, 108-109,155f US Central Command (CENTCOM), 250-1 USSR Ministry of Defence’s ScientificResearch Institute of Hygiene, Sverdlovsk, 172,190 Uzbekistan, 215 Vaccinations, 80,83,93,191,199,222 Vaccinations, withheld, 79-80, 83 Vaccines, 195,197-9 VECTOR Institute, Koltsovo, Novosibirsk Oblast, 175,194,203-204 Vectors, xix, 3,34-5,88-9,115,156,163,175 ‘Vegetable killer acid’, VKA (2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid), 166 Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus, 111, 155,160,175 Vietnam War, 199f Vigo Ordnance Plant, Indiana, 109 Vipers, 25 Virgil, 8,49-50 Vivisection, human, 103-104,117,125 on pregnant women, 123,138 Von Rosen, Baron Otto Karl, 92 VX nerve agent, 153,161,239 War crimes, Japanese, suppression of in the West, 126,130-1 Bayerische Staatsbibliothek München War crimes trials, Japan, 125-7,131 War Research Service (WRS), 109 Water deprivation, 22,24,62,103,117, 212-13 Water sources poisoning, 17-18,21,22-4, 29-30,52,60,128,150,183-4,206-207, 209,210-11,213,231 Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMDs), xix, 108,165,215,221,252 Weapons of Mass Disruption, 252 Weber, Bruno, 139 Wehrforschungsgemeinschaft (Defence Research Association), 146 Weigl, Rudolf Stefan Jan,
114-15 Well poisoning, 5-7,61-3,90,93-4,113, 117,128,211-12 Wheat stem rust, 189,195 Wild animals, 55-6 Wirths, Eduard, 142 Wine poisoning, 50-1,55,64 Wuhan Institute of Biological Products, China, 226 Wuhan Institute of Virology, China, 226 Xenophobia/racism, 63-4 Xenophon and the honey trap, 24,53 Yagi bomb, 122 Yamaguchi-gumi, 242 Yellow fever, 81-2,108,156,160,164 Zhongma Fortress - Zhong Ma Prison Camp or Unit Togo, Japan, covert biological warfare research, 101-102 Zimbabwe, see Rhodesia ZnCds (microscopic zinc cadmium sulphide), 154-5,162 Zoonotic infection/experiments, 3,10,26, 126,157 Zyklon-B, 108,147 |
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| illustrated | Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-03T23:03:41Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T10:06:03Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9781399090803 |
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| publisher | Pen & Sword Military |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Chrystal, Paul 1954- Verfasser (DE-588)107334049X aut Bioterrorism and biological warfare disease as a weapon of war Paul Chrystal Yorkshire Pen & Sword Military 2023 XXIV, 278 Seiten, 8 ungezählte Seiten Tafeln Illustrationen, Diagramme txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Geschichte gnd rswk-swf Biologische Waffe (DE-588)4145624-5 gnd rswk-swf Terrorismus (DE-588)4059534-1 gnd rswk-swf Bioterrorism / History Biological warfare / History Bioterrorisme / Histoire Biological warfare Bioterrorism History Biologische Waffe (DE-588)4145624-5 s Terrorismus (DE-588)4059534-1 s Geschichte z DE-604 Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe 9781399090810 Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034727503&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034727503&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Literaturverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034727503&sequence=000005&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Register // Gemischte Register |
| spellingShingle | Chrystal, Paul 1954- Bioterrorism and biological warfare disease as a weapon of war Biologische Waffe (DE-588)4145624-5 gnd Terrorismus (DE-588)4059534-1 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4145624-5 (DE-588)4059534-1 |
| title | Bioterrorism and biological warfare disease as a weapon of war |
| title_auth | Bioterrorism and biological warfare disease as a weapon of war |
| title_exact_search | Bioterrorism and biological warfare disease as a weapon of war |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Bioterrorism and biological warfare disease as a weapon of war |
| title_full | Bioterrorism and biological warfare disease as a weapon of war Paul Chrystal |
| title_fullStr | Bioterrorism and biological warfare disease as a weapon of war Paul Chrystal |
| title_full_unstemmed | Bioterrorism and biological warfare disease as a weapon of war Paul Chrystal |
| title_short | Bioterrorism and biological warfare |
| title_sort | bioterrorism and biological warfare disease as a weapon of war |
| title_sub | disease as a weapon of war |
| topic | Biologische Waffe (DE-588)4145624-5 gnd Terrorismus (DE-588)4059534-1 gnd |
| topic_facet | Biologische Waffe Terrorismus |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034727503&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034727503&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034727503&sequence=000005&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT chrystalpaul bioterrorismandbiologicalwarfarediseaseasaweaponofwar |