A history of Tatarstan: the Russian yoke and the vanishing Tatars
"A History of Tatarstan: The Russian Yoke and the Vanishing Tatars surveys the history of the Tatar people living along the Volga river and argues that the Volga Tatars were Russia's first colonized people"--
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| Format: | Buch |
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Lanham ; Boulder ; New York ; London
Lexington Books
[2023]
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| Zusammenfassung: | "A History of Tatarstan: The Russian Yoke and the Vanishing Tatars surveys the history of the Tatar people living along the Volga river and argues that the Volga Tatars were Russia's first colonized people"-- |
| Beschreibung: | XVIII, 313 Seiten Karten 23,5 x 15,9 cm |
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| 505 | 8 | |a Historiography, terms, concepts -- The early centuries: Islam, the Jochids, and independent Kazan -- Muscovy's Volga Tatars -- The dawn of modern imperialism (1725-1855) -- The rise of nationalism and the fall of Tsarist Russia -- Soviet Tatarstan -- Post Soviet Tatarstan -- Epilogue: Contemporary problems and prospects -- Appendix: Khans of Kazan (1438-1552) -- Glossary | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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| adam_text | Contents Maps ix Acknowledgments xi Chronology xiii Introduction 1 1 Indelible Stigma: The Name of the Volga Tatars 7 PART I: HISTORIOGRAPHY, TERMS,CONCEPTS 2 What Is Missing and Why Is It Missing: The Historiography of Tatarstan 13 15 3 Historiographical Milestones and Evolution 25 4 Why This Matters 29 5 Tatars and Non-Tatars 37 PART Π: THE EARLY CENTURIES: ISLAM, THE JOCHIDS, AND INDEPENDENT KAZAN 47 6 Before the Mongols 49 7 The Chingissids and the Black Death (1230s-1430s) 55 8 Khanlygy: The Kazan Khanate 59 9 Kazan’s Politics, Society, Culture, and Religion V 69
Contents vi PART III: MUSCOVY’S VOLGA TATARS 79 10 Early Russian Rule over the Realm of Kazan 11 Protest, Evasion, Accommodation, and Adaptation 93 12 Sliyane (Fusion) 103 81 PART IV: THE DAWN OF MODERN IMPERIALISM, 1725-1855 111 13 Russia Rediscovers Its Tatars 113 14 The Crises of the 1770s: The Tatars in Pugachev’s Rebellion 125 15 Catherine and the Survival of Tatar Tradition 133 PART V: THE RISE OF NATIONALISM AND THE FALL OF TSARIST RUSSIA 145 16 Birth of the Tatar Nation: The Late Imperial Era (1855-1917) 147 17 Revolution and Civil War 161 PART VI: SOVIET TATARSTAN 173 18 The Creation of Soviet Tatarstan 175 19 Sultan-Galiev’s Impossible Program 179 20 Famine 185 21 Collectivization in Tatarstan 191 22 Tatarization or Russification 199 23 The Great Terror in Tatarstan 207 24 Nationalism, Islam, and Espionage in the Great Terror 217 25 The Second World War and Beyond 227 PART VII: POST-SOVIET TATARSTAN 235 26 The Impossibility of Independence 237 27 Siuiumbike’s Tower and Qol Sharif’s Mosque: Azatlyk! 245 Epilogue: Contemporary Problems and Prospects 251 Appendix: Khans of Kazan (1438-1552) 261
Contents vii Glossary 263 Bibliography 275 Index 295 About the Author 3]3
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Index Abramov, Kiiam Alimbekovich, 201, 205,219, 224 Abramova, Z. A., 201, 221, 224 accident insurance, 180, 212 affirmative action, 168, 182 Africa, 129-30, 149-50 African Americans, 256 Age of Discovery, 60 agnosticism, 42 agriculture, 30, 33, 40, 51, 61-63, 68, 70, 88, 96, 98, 104, 142, 156, 164, 179, 186, 191, 195, 202, 207, 23132. See also collectivization airplanes, 205, 255 Akhmadullina, Bella, 30 Akhmetov, Rinat, 30, 234 Aksakov, Sergei, 138, 142 Aksyonov (Aksënov), Pavel, 8, 208, 213 Aksyonov (Aksënov), Vasily P., 7-8, 12, 19, 30 akusherki, 202 al-Afghani, Jamal al-Din, 151 Alekperov, Vagit lu., 254 Aleksei Mikhailovich, tsar of Russia, 95-96 Alemasov, A. Μ., 211-12, 215 Alexander I, Russian emperor, 133, 139 Alexander Π, Russian emperor, 134-35, 150, 251 Alexander III, Russian emperor, 32, 134 Algeria, 151 All-Russian Constituent Assembly (1918), 163, 167 Al’mukhametov, 217 American Relief Agency (ARA), 187 Amirev, Ivan, 104 Amsterdam, 38, 116 Anabaptists, 84 Ancients and Moderns, 119 Anderson, Benedict, 42 Andrei I Bogoliubskii, Eastern-Slav grand prince, 52 anglicized, 256 Anna Ioannovna, Russian empress, 115, 121 anthropology, 18, 27, 29. See also ethnography anti-nationalist policies (Soviet), 11, 16, 19, 32, 59, 169, 177, 180-81, 183, 188, 199-204, 207, 210-13, 217-25, 229-30 anti-religious policies (Soviet), 11, 175, 179-81, 192-94, 199-201, 212, 218, 222-23, 230 Antwerp, 60 Arabian peninsula, 51 Arabic, 2, 17, 21, 51, 64, 120, 122, 152, 259 295
296 Index Arabie script, 2, 64, 122, 200 Arassbekov, Ivan Romanovich, 104 archeology, 11, 17-18, 45, 49, 55, 66, 68, 117, 123 aristocracy, 15, 33, 69, 76, 103^1, 121, 132 arithmetic, 69 Armenia, 37 arms, 53, 62, 74, 88, 96, 134, 219, 241, 254 army, 4, 52, 61, 69, 73-74, 82, 88, 102, 104, 106-7, 118, 126, 130, 132, 154-55, 161-63, 167-68, 172, 175, 195,212,219, 221,227-28 artisanry, 51, 56, 62, 68, 70, 106, 142, 180 Asia, 7, 21, 23, 31-33, 38^11, 49-51, 61,70, 90, 107, 116, 121, 129-30, 138, 141, 149-50, 154, 157-58, 162, 168, 195, 241. See also Central Asia; Eurasia; Inner Asia Asiatic mode of production, 66, 149, 157 Astrakhan, 38, 61, 74, 76, 78, 86, 94, 97, 106, 135, 203 atalyks, 69, 262 atheism, 42, 85, 166, 175, 200, 247 Atlantik Wall, 228 Atlasov, Gadyi Μ., 152-53 Atnagulov, 217 automobiles, 255 Azeris, 39, 153 Aztecs, 55 Badashmin, G. S., 152 Baichurin, Gumer G., 219 Bakchisarai, capital of Crimean Tatars, 74 Baltic coast, 94 Balyn-Godzha, 63-64, 72 Bantysh-Kamenskii, Nikolai, 100, 147^18, 256 Bashkiria. See Bashkortostan Bashkirs, ix, 29, 33, 39, 42, 45, 65, 72, 96-98, 101, 104, 106, 119, 126-29, 131-32, 134, 139, 14M2, 151, 154, 156, 158, 160-64, 166, 171, 175-78, 181, 203^1, 210, 215, 218, 229-30, 254-56 Bashkir-Tatar republic. See Idel-Ural Republic Bashkortostan, 33, 176-78, 254, 257 basic military training, 154 Basmachi rebellion, 168 Basque, 255 Batu Khan, Mongolian ruler, 7, 38-40, 55, 83 BBC English, 255 beks, 69 Belarus, 175, 178, 229 Benke, 55 Beria, Lavrentii, 221 Bering, Vitus, 116 Berlin, 120, 220 Bessermians, 41 Bhabha, Homi, 97 Bible, 18 Bilär, 51,
53, 55-56, 63-67, 72, 95-96, 101, 113, 115, 119 Binner, Rolf, 212 birthrate, 70 Bismarck, Otto von, 153 Black Death (bubonic plague, pest pandemic), 55-57, 70, 85, 125, 129-30 Black Lake, 208 Black Sea, 40, 49, 51, 73, 95, 125 blank spots (belye piatnye) Bolghar (Bulgar) people, 33-34, 38, 40-42, 44-46, 49-52, 55-56, 61, 63, 65, 68-69, 76, 95, 143, 151, 197, 203 Bolghar (Bulgar/Bulgarian) state, 3, 9, 17-18, 30, 37, 40, 46, 49-52, 55-57, 59, 64-65, 67, 83, 117-18, 143 Bolghar (town), 49-52, 55-57, 64, 95, 119, 121-22 Bolsheviks, 11, 161-70, 176, 180-82, 187, 192, 199, 207, 210, 212. See also Communists
Index Bonwetsch, Bernd, 212 books, 11, 16, 19, 30, 121, 157, 181, 201,208,214, 231,234 borderlands, 31, 51,61, 73, 95, 115, 125, 127-29, 135, 139, 156 borders, 9, 17, 21, 37, 39, 42, 65, 93, 101, 125, 128, 132, 141, 156, 164, 203, 239, 257 Boris Godunov, tsar of Russia, 94, 108 bourgeoisie. See middle class bourgeois nationalism, 16, 32, 169, 181, 183, 188, 200-1, 205, 212, 222, 229. See also anti-nationalist policies (Soviet) boxcars, 195 Braudel, Fernand, 17, 33 Breton, 255 brick, 62 Bruyn, Cornelis de, 247 Buddhism, 125 Bug river, 71 Bukharin, Nikolai, 208, 223 Bukharinites, 212, 218, 220 Bulat Timur, 56, 64 Bulavin uprising, 114 Bulgakov, Mikhail, 30 Bulgakov, Sergei, 30 Bulgaria (modem state), 40, 49 bulqaq (unrest), 56 bureaucracy, 18, 87, 104, 106, 117, 134-36, 149, 196, 242 burlaki, 66 Byzantine Empire, 49-50, 87 cadasters, 65 caliphate, 151 cameralism, 135-36 Canada, 41, 238-39, 242, 256 canadianized, 256 Cancun, 121 cannibalism, 187 capitalism, 32, 60, 191-92, 220 caravans, 66 Caspian Sea, 21, 30, 51, 73-74, 87, 97, 125-26 297 Catalunya, 255-56, 259 Catherina (Ekaterina) II, the Great, Russian empress (Sophia von Anhalt-Zerbst), 15, 97, 115-18, 125-30, 134-40, 150 cattle, 10, 53, 62, 96, 98, 187, 197, 203, 232 Caucasoid, 40 Caucasus, 50-51, 61, 78, 107, 129, 149-50, 175, 222. See also Armenia; Azeris; Chechnya; Georgia census, 31, 259 census of 1719, 106, 114 census of 1896-97, 43, 132, 134, 15556, 164-65, 170-71, 179 census of 1926, 178, 205 census of 1937, 228 census of 1939, 228 Central Asia, 23, 32, 38, 40-41,49-51, 61, 121, 150, 154, 158, 162, 168, 175, 241
Central-Committee decrees of 1944 and 1945, 229-30 Central Committee secretary, 169 centralization (under Putin), 19, 238, 241, 257 Central Powers, 165 ceramics, 51, 62 chabataly morzalar, 104 Chanyshev, lakub Dzhangirovich, 221 Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, 60 Chechnya, 19, 237, 240-43, 252-55, 257 Cheremis. See Mari China, 51, 119, 125,256 Chinese language, 11, 38 Chinese Turkestan. See Jungaria Chingis Khan, 39, 49, 56 Chingissids (descendants of Chingis Khan), 3, 38^11, 44-9, 55-57, 6061, 64-65, 73-75, 125, 230. See also Jochids; Qipchaks Chistopol’, 155, 192 Christianity, 7, 9-10, 18, 31, 38, 41^12, 45, 50, 52, 55, 67, 71-73, 76, 81-85,
298 Index 90, 96, 99, 103-5, 108, 113-14, 117, 121, 127-28, 136, 138, 149-54, 171, 230, 249, 257. See also Eastern Orthodoxy; Lutherans; RussianOrthodox Church chronicles; Western Christianity chronicles, 7, 67, 74, 81-82, 118, 148 chura (slaves), 70 church buildings, 62, 83-85, 96, 127, 230 Chuvash, 21, 38, 41, 45, 51-52, 61, 65, 71, 96, 98-99, 106, 128, 152, 16466, 176, 180, 196, 229, 256 Chuvashia, 37, 257 civilizing mission, 119, 148-49, 152, 199 civilizing process (Elias), 15 class conflict, 192 Clausewitz, 76 clinics, 202, 232 Cold War, 8, 32 collectivization (of agriculture), 2, 20, 23, 156, 185, 191-99, 207, 212-13, 231, 233 colonialism, 5, 12, 16, 21, 29, 86, 93, 128, 142, 148-49, 155, 166, 187, 196, 229, 241. See also Russian colonialism Committee for Aid to the Hungry (Pomgol), 187 communication, 29, 66, 106, 136, 168, 182, 201, 255-56 communism (as a political philosophy), 32, 60, 166, 169, 179-80, 182, 188, 199,217-18, 238 Communist Party (of the Soviet Union), 2, 11, 18, 22, 30, 42, 161, 163-69, 175-77, 179-89, 191-92, 196, 203, 205, 208, 210-12, 217, 223, 229, 231, 238, 252 See also Bolsheviks; Communists Communists, 8, 163-69, 175-77, 179-88, 191-92, 196, 207, 215, 228-29, 240. See also Bolsheviks; Communist Party computers, 255 confessionalization, 71 conscription, 126, 153-54, 156, 162 Constantinople, 49, 84. See also Constituent Assembly. See All-Russian Constituent Assembly Constitutional-Democrats (Kadets), 152 constitution of the Soviet Union (of 1924), 181-82 construction, 62-63, 66, 74, 82, 85, 87, 95, 192, 195,205, 232 consumer revolution, 138
Control Commission of Communist Party, 169, 208 conversion, 32, 38, 40-41, 44-45, 4951, 70, 93, 103-5, 107, 113-15, 126, 128, 149, 152-53, 155, 251,257. See also converts; Islam; religious conversion conversas, 85 converts (novokreshennye), 71, 85, 89, 93, 98-99, 107-8, 120, 142, 151 Cook, James, 116 copper, 62 corruption, 99, 253, 257-58 Cortes, Hemân, 148 Cossacks, 15, 73, 76, 97, 125-31, 147. See also Don Cossacks; Pugachev, Emel’ian; Razin, Stepan Timofeevich (Stenka) Council of People’s Commissars of RSFSR, 207 counterrevolutionaries, 209-10, 217, 219, 221, 223, 229 Covid-19 pandemic, 255, 259 crime, 141,208-10, 253 Crimea, 8, 38, 72-76, 95, 125, 222, 230 Crimean Tatars, 8, 10, 31-32, 38-39, 59-61, 72-76, 78, 86, 88, 93-95, 114, 125, 222, 229-30 Crimean War, 149, 159 crusades, 98, 114 Cumans. See Polovtsy Cyrillic script, 2, 200-1, 214 Czechia, 257
Index Czech POWs, 167 dacha, 207 dairy, 186-87, 193 danishmends, 69 Dar-al-Islam, 43, 150 Dargins, 39 Darwin, Charles, 148, 153 Dasaev, Rinat, 30 Daulet, Shafiga, 27, 65, 70-71 Davies, Brian, 75 Davlet’iarov, A. Μ., 219 Day of Mourning (October), 245 D-Day, 228 defense industries, 195, 202, 219, 241 dekulakization (“razkulachivanie ), 191, 194 deportations, 195, 230, 240 Derrick, Matthew, 40, 248 derwishes, 69 d’iak, 104-5 dialects, 255 Dinmukhametov (troika member in 1937), 212 diseases, 70, 86, 129, 140, 187-88, 232, 254. See also Black Death disenchantment (Max Weber), 147, 153 dissident movement, 8 divan, 73 “Dizzy with Success”, (“Golovokruzhenie ot uspekhov”), 194 DNA, 40 Dnestr river, 71 Dnipro river, 73, 129 documents (as historical sources), 11, 17-18, 118, 137,219,246-47 Donbas, 1, 20,171, 180, 183, 232, 234 Don Cossacks, 127-31. See also Cossacks; Pugachev, Emel’ian; Razin, Stepan Timofeevich (Stenka) drought, 180, 186, 231 Duchy of Burgundy, 60-61, 67 Dudaev, Dzhokhar, 240, 252 Duma (of Imperial Russia), 32, 152-53, 156, 159, 179 299 Dutch, 38, 99, 116, 259 Dzerzhinskii, Feliks, 182 Eastern Europe, 7-9, 39^10, 49, 56, 60-61,71,84 Eastern Orthodoxy, 7, 84, See also Eastern Slavs (Belarusyn, Russians, Ukrainians), 7, 9, 40, 71 economic warfare, 74 economy, 26, 31-32, 40-41, 49-50, 60-62, 70, 74, 81, 85, 103, 105-6, 128, 132, 137-39, 157, 175, 180, 183, 185-87, 202-5, 237-40, 252, 256-57. See also agriculture; industrialization; trade Edney, Matthew, 115 education, 2, 15,28,31-32, 42,71, 117, 120, 124, 129, 133, 137, 139^10, 150-56, 168, 176, 179, 181, 183,
187-88, 199-201, 230-32, 239, 252, 256. See also madrases (medreses); mektebs; schools Ekaterinburg (Sverdlovsk), 31 Elias, Norbert, 15 Elizabeth (Elizaveta Petrovna), Russian empress, 32, 114-15, 128, 134 El’vov, N. N„ 208, 217 emirs, 69 enemies of the people, 8, 211-12 English Canadians, 41, 256 Enlightenment, 82, 115-16, 120, 129 Ershov, Nikolai, 163 espionage, 210, 212, 217-23 Estonia, 229 ethnic cleansing, 164. See also deportations ethnography, 29, 97, 100-1, 115-16, 120, 122, 139 Etkind, Alexander, 115, 251 Eurasia, 7, 33, 38-40, 57, 61, 70, 116, 138, 195 Europe. See Eastern Europe; Western Europe European Russia, 201
300 European Union, 255 European world economy, 26 evacuations, 188, 202 evacuees, 227-28 Ezhov, Nikolai, 30, 168-69, 208-9, 211-12, 214, 217-18, 220-21, 223 factions, 161, 164, 167, 169, 186 fairs, 61 Fäiz, Ildus, 253 Faizkhanov (Faydkhanov), Huscyn, 46, 151 falconers, 69 Falk, J. P„ 116 Faller, Helen, 19-20, 138, 249 Fall of Kazan (1552), 2, 9, 75, 82-83, 86-87, 147, 245, 247, 253, 257 fallow, 61 famine (of early 1600s), 94-95 famine (of 1891-1892), 180 famine (of 1921-1922), 18, 21, 161, 169, 185-89, 191, 223, 227-28 famine (of 1931-32), 194-96 famine (of 1946-1947), 231 Far East, 149, 195 Fathers and Sons (Turgenev), 153 Favereau, Marie, 27 February-March plenary session of Central Committee (1937), 208 February Revolution of 1917, 18, 151, 161,227 fel’dshers, 202 Ferghana Valley, 222 Ferry, Jules, 153 feudalism, 51, 60, 230 fifth column, 217 Figes, Orlando, 33, 107 Finland, 156 Finno-Ugrian (Ugric), 40-41, 50, 203 fire, 11-12, 121,253 firearms, 74, 88, 134 Firsov, N. A., 90, 138, 157 First Five Year Plan (1928-1932), 183, 195, 202 First World War, 150, 161-62, 167, 170, 185, 202, 223, 227 Index flax, 61 fleas, 56 folklore, 18 forest, 66 fortifications, 63-64, 94-95, 100-1, 130, 246 fossil fuels, 241, 254 Foucault, Michel, 114—15 France, 42, 84, 94, 149, 153, 228 Franciscans, 38 francophones, 256 Frank, Allen J., 1, 27, 34, 136-37, 157-58 free-market economy, 240 French (language), 3, 16,41,42,199,256 French (people), 60, 94, 114 French Canadians, 41, 94, 258 French Revolution, 42, 168, 184 Frinovskii, Μ. P., 220 Frisian, 255 furs, 53, 62. See also yasak Fyodor I, tsar
of Russia, 94, 104 Gabidullin, Khadzhi Z„ 207, 213, 217 Gafarov, Mustaf Shakurovich, 221 Galeev, Kamil, 30 Galliamova, A. G., 232, 234 Garin, V. N„ 211 garrison soldiers, 162-63, 221 Gasprinskii (Gaspirali), Ismail Bey, 32, 35, 151-53, 158, 183 gemstones, 62 genealogy, 18, 22 General Secretary of the Communist Party, 169, 188 Generations of Winter (novel by Aksyonov), 8 genocide, 81, 83-84 geopolitics, 50, 74, 78 Georgi, J. G., 116 Georgia, 8 German immigrants (into Russia), 15, 82, 150, 168 German language, 3, 16, 29, 199 German peasant wars, 84 Germogen, 90, 98
Index Gestapo, 211, 219 Gimranov, 217 Ginzburg, Evgeniia Semyonovna, 8, 19-20, 199-201, 208, 212, 215, 217, 222-23, 241 Gladwell, Malcolm, 257 glass making, 51 glava, 254 Gmelin, S. G., 116 gold, 62 Golden Horde, 9, 18, 25, 38, 40, 44, 55-56, 59-60, 64-65, 72-74, 203, 230, 234 Gopal, Priyamvada, 16 Gorbachev, Mikhail, 239 Gorenburg, Dmitry, 231, 241 Goths, 100 GPU (Gosudarstvennyi Politicheskii Upvravlenie; State Political Administration), 185, 191, 193-97 grain, 61, 186-87, 191-92, 194-96 grain requisitioning, 186, 189, 191-92 Granada, 55 grand duke (Russian), 9, 73-74, 107 Grasis, Karl lanovich, 163 gravestones, 18, 64, 67, 116, 122 Great Northern War, 95 Great Patriotic War. See Second World War Great Powers, 149 Great-Russian chauvinism, 177, 182, 205, 230 Great Schism, 9 Great Terror, 8, 18, 20, 23, 32, 59, 153, 168, 181, 185, 188,200-1,205, 207-25, 229 Great Turn, 18, 23, 185, 200 Grishechkin (NKVD official), 210 Grozny, 240-41 Guadagnolo, Gary, 22, 33, 154, 184, 199-200 Gubaidullin. G. S., Tatar historian, 138 Guenther, Rita, 131, 137 GULag (Soviet Labour Camp Administration), 8, 204-5, 209-10, 213-14, 228 301 Güldenstädt, J. A., 116 gymnasium (high school), in Kazan, 138, 142 Habsburg Empire, 60, 67, 148, 167 Hadith, 51 hajj, 50 Halperin, Charles, 25-26, 39 Hanafi maddhab (Sunni Islam), 40 Harbin, 220 Hartley, Janet, 17 Harvard University, 21, 25 healthcare, 106, 180, 202, 231 Hegel, G. W. F„ 148, 157 hemp, 61 hermitage (pus tyn’), 85 hides. See leather histoire événemientielle, 29 histoire structurelle, 29 historiography, 4, 7, 15-28, 31, 45—46, 81, 106, 141, 143,
148, 157, 170, 185, 245 Holy Roman Empire, 15, 60, 85, 135-36 homeless children (besprizornye), 188 homines sovietici (plural of homo sovieticus), 251 honey, 53, 62 horse-grooms, 69 horses, 62, 66, 69, 88, 121, 187, 193, 196 hospitals, 202, 211, 254-55 hostages, 62, 106 household size, 70-71, 106 House of Islam. See Dar-al-Islam housing, 97-98, 180, 202, 231-32 Huizinga, Johan, 60 Humboldt, Alexander von, 120-21, 124 Humboldt, Wilhelm von, 120-21 hunters-and-gatherers, 62, 68, 98 hunting, 62, 68, 98 laik river (Ural), 125, 127-28, 130-31 Iaroslavl’, 31, 222 Iberian peninsula, 65 Ibn Fadlan, 51-53
302 Icon of Our Lady of Kazan, 85 Icon of the Seven Lakes, 85 Idegei, 230 Idel-Ural republic, 42, 156, 162-63, 165-66, 175-77, 204, 218-20 ideology, 2, 39, 41, 147, 175, 179, 181, 217, 219, 229-30, 253. See also Communism; Marxism-Leninism; Pan-Islamism; Pan-Turanianis; idiosyncrasy, 71, 120 Ignatev, Semyon, 231 Ilminskii, Nikolai, 152 imam, 42, 69, 200 imil’dashs, 69 Imperial Germany (1871-1918), 153, 167 Imperial Russia (1552-1917), passim Incas, 55 India, 256 Indonesia, 150 industrialization, 3, 138-39, 166, 170, 180, 182-83, 195, 200, 202-3, 231 industrious revolution, 138 Inner Asia. See Central Asia intelligentsia, 35, 151, 155-56 interpreter, 103 invention of tradition. See Tatar nationalism Iran, 50, 61, 90, 97 Ireland, 113 Irkutsk, 135, 224 iron, 62-63 Iske Kazan, 56-57, 64-65 Iskhakov, Gazia, 219, 224 Islam, 1, 3-4, 9-10, 26, 30-32, 35, 3843, 49-52, 65, 67, 69-71, 76-77, 81, 84-86, 90, 93, 97, 104-6, 114, 117, 119-20, 122, 128, 134, 136, 139, 147, 149-52, 154-56, 162, 166, 17983, 187-88, 199-200, 217, 219-21, 230, 239, 245, 247-48, 252-53. See also Hanafi maddhab; Sunni Islam Island of Crimea, The (novel by Aksyonov), 8 Ittifak al-Muslimin (Muslim Union) Index Ivan III, Russian grand duke, 73-75, 83 Ivan IV (the Terrible), Russian tsar, 2, 25, 55, 60-61,75,81-83, 86, 88, 93-94, 99, 104, 108, 113, 119, 147, 239, 247 Ivanov, Almaz, 104 Ivanovo-Voznesensk, 183 Ivnitskii, N. A., 196 Jackson, Peter, 39 Jadidism, 26, 32, 34-35, 151, 154, 156, 179, 239 Japanese, 212, 219-20, 224 Java, 151 Jerusalem, 138 jewels, 62 Jews, 8, 12, 85, 138, 168, 172, 223 jihad, 51,76,
93,245,253, 257 Jihadists. See jihad Jochids (Jochen/Juchi/Juchen), 3, 5556, 64, 76, 119 Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor, 135 Judaism, 50 Jungaria, 125 Junge, Marc, 212 Kabardinians, 93, 107-8 Kadyrov, Ramzan, 241 Kaempfer, Engelbert, 103^1, 106 kagan (Khazar ruler), 49 Kalmyks, 97-99, 125, 127, 131, 134, 136 Kama river, 25, 37, 43, 49, 61, 63, 65, 96, 137, 139 Kamaz truck-transportion company, 202, 232, 241 Kamen, Henry, 129 Kamenev, L. B., 209, 223 Kaminskii, G. N., 192-93 Kappeler, Andreas, 21, 26, 128,138, 157 karachai (vizirs), 69 Kasimov, Russian protectorate, 73, 83, 89, 99-100, 103, 107, 261 Kasymov, 217
Index Kazakov, Andrei, 99, 104 kazaks, 69 Kazak(h)s, 44, 96-97, 101, 122, 128, 136, 153, 207 Kazakstan (Kazakhstan), 40, 104, 196, 256 Kazan, passim Kazan department (of tsar’s government; Prikaz Kazanskogo dvortsa), 18, 86-87, 94, 106, 135 Kazanka river, 207 Kazan khanate, 3^1, 9, 17-18, 25, 27, 30, 40, 43, 55, 57, 59-68, 70-76, 81, 84-86, 88, 94, 96-97, 99-100, 105, 113, 117, 125, 130, 135, 148,245, 247-49, 260 Kazan posad, 86, 126-27, 137. See also Tatar Quarter (of Kazan) Kazanskii letopisets, 81 Kazan soviet, 8, 163, 165, 210, 217, 219 Kazan teacher-training college, 42, 153 Kazan university, 8, 30, 133, 139-40, 152, 157, 253 kazys, 69 Keenan, Edward, 16, 21, 25-26, 66, 87 Kemper, Michael, 26, 136 Kennedy, Craig, 76-77 Khabinov, Bashkir president, 255 khafizs, 69 Khairullin brothers, 222 Khakimov, Rafael, 243 Khakimzianov, R. G., 209 Khamatova, Chulpan, 30, 251, 258 Khanbalik (Beijing), 40 Khanlygy, 59-67 Khanty-Mansi republic, 257 Khasanov, Μ. Μ., 152 Khazars, 49-50, 71 Kheraskov, Mikhail, 100, 119, 123 Khodarkovsky, Mikhail, 26, 93, 129 Khudiakov, Mikhail Georgievich, 59, 64, 66, 69, 88, 157 Khusainov, Mukhamedzhan, mufti, 128 Kirgiz, 44 303 Kirgiz (as obsolete name for Kazak). See Kazaks Kirov, S. Μ., 208, 218 Kirov (Vyatka) province, 37 Kohn, Hans, 42 Kolarz, Walter, 142, 183 Komi, 41,45, 65, 68, 257 kommunalkas, 202 Komuch (Committee of the Constituent Assembly), 167 korenizatsiia (indigenization), 188, 230 kresheny. See novokreshennye Kriashens (Kräshens), 151, 229 kulaks, 191-95, 209-12, 215, 219, 223 Kulturträger, 119 Kumyks, 39 Kurban-Galeev, 219 Kurbanov,
Sungatulla (NKVD official), 212, 222 Kurbskii, Prince Andrei Kurdistan, 37 kurultai, 73, 77, 88 Kuzbas, 183 Kyiv, 31,52, 103 lacquer, 61 Latvia, 163, 218, 220, 229, 239 Latvian soldiers, 168 law, 76, 96, 106, 115, 135-37, 148, 154, 156, 196 Lazzerini, Edward, 19, 22 leather, 53, 62, 192 Leckey, Colum, 127, 140 LeDonne, John, 136 Legislative Commission, 97 Lenin, V. L, 30, 140, 163-66, 168, 177, 180, 182, 185 Leningrad, 8, 208, 211. See also Petrograd; Saint Petersburg Lepa, Alfred Karlovich, 210-11, 215, 218-20 Lepyokhin, I. L, 116 Lezgins, 39 lieu de mémoire, 246 literacy, 30, 120, 139, 154, 159-60, 200
304 Index Lithuania, 73-74, 95, 99, 103, 125, 222, 229 Little Cheremchan river, 63, 96 Litvin, Alter, 19, 225 Livonian Wars, 88, 94 longue durée, 29 Louis XIV, king of France, 94 Lukoil, 254, 259 Lutherans, 10 madrases (medreses), 42, 83, 120, 151, 157, 199-200 Maganov, Ravil’ Ul’fatovich, 254 Makar’ev monastery, 74 Makarii, Moscow metropolitan, 83-84, 89 Makhmud, Kazan khan, 72-73, 261 Maksiutov, S. T., 152 Malenkov, G. Μ., 211, 215 Malthusian check, 70 manorial labor, 136 Mansurov, Burkhan, 177 mapping. See maps maps, ix-x, 40, 65, 82, 115-17, 126, 129, 133-35, 176-77, 181, 246^17, 251 Maqsudi (Maksudov), Sadri, 152-53, 158 Mari (Cheremis), 41, 62, 64-65, 68, 71, 96, 99-100, 107, 126, 128-29, 152, 164-65, 169, 176, 256 Mari El, 37 Marjani, Shihabetdin (Shigabutdin Mardzhani), 18, 20, 42-43, 46, 15152, 154, 156-57 Marlowe, Christopher, 38 Martin, Janet, 84 Martin, Terry, 168, 176, 182 Marx, Karl, 66, 181 Marxism-Leninism, 26, 165, 175 Marxist stages of history, 60, 138, 157 Maskhadov, Aslan, 240, 252 materialism, 153 Matulevich, I. O., 219 means of mass communication, 168, 255 meat, 186-87, 193 Mecca, 50-52, 64, 138 Mediterranean, 17, 26 Medvedev, Dmitrii, 252 mektebs, 120, 151, 199-200 Mengli Giray, Crimean khan, 74 Menzelinsk district, 220, 222 merchants, 61, 66, 70, 74, 138, 151 Messerschmidt, Daniel, 116 Mexico, 148 middle class, 192 Middle East, 50 migrations (first millennium), 49, 95 Mikhailov, Vasilii L, 207, 209, 211-14, 219, 220, 222-23 Mikhail Romanov, tsar of Russia, 95 military service, 85, 96, 98, 104-5, 126, 136, 154, 156, 162, 227 Military Tribunal of the
Supreme Court of the Soviet Union, 219 militsiia (regular police), 209 Miller, Alexei, 26, 150 Millet Medzhlisy (National Assembly), 163 millets, 90, 120, 137, 154, 159 minarets, 97, 121 mines, 20, 183, 234, 237 Mini Ice Age, 106 Minnikhanov, Rustam, 252, 254-55 minting, 55 Mishars, 40-41, 229 Mizelle, Peter, 182, 186 mobile telephones, 255 modernization, 1, 26-27, 32, 35, 40, 4243, 51, 71, 85, 114, 117-18, 134-36, 147-48, 150-53, 155-57, 161, 168, 183, 202, 239-40, 245, 257 Moldova, 229 monasteries, 62, 67, 74, 94, 98, 126, 143, 147, 233. See also Platon Mongolia, 7, 38-39, 41, 69 Mongolian language, 38, 121 Mongolians, 7, 11, 38-41, 46, 55-57, 60, 62, 67, 69, 71, 105, 121 Mongol invasion of Europe, 7, 38, 64 Mongols. See Mongolians
Index Mongol Yoke. See Tatar Yoke Mordovians. See Mordvi Mordvi (Mordovians), 21, 41, 45, 52, 62, 65, 68, 71, 96, 99, 101, 106, 128, 152, 164, 176, 213 Mordvins. See Mordvi Morgan, David, 39 moriscos mortality, 70, 161, 185, 214, 228, 255, 259 Moscow, 1, 10-11, 15, 18-19, 26, 31, 37, 40-42, 60-61, 70, 74-75, 83-87, 89-90, 94-95, 98-99, 103, 106-7, 128, 131, 135, 137, 139^10, 161, 163-64, 166-69, 176, 180, 182-83, 186, 188, 194, 203-4, 208-9, 21112, 215, 220, 222, 228, 230, 237-41, 252-53, 255, 258 Moscow Showtrials, 208, 218 Moscow State University, 123, 207 mosques, 2, 62, 69, 83-84, 97, 101, 105, 114, 121, 134, 192, 200, 230, 245, 247-48, 256 muedzin, 69 mufti, 128, 134, 137, 253 Mughal empire, 148 Mukhametzianov, Galim Μ., 215, 219 Mukhtarov, Kashaf, 186, 188, 213 mullah, 42, 69, 77, 93, 120-21, 128, 152-53, 155, 157, 192-93, 196, 200-1, 212, 219, 223 Müller, G. F„ 34, 101, 116, 156 Muratov, Zinnat Ibiatovich, 203 murzas, 63, 69, 93, 104, 108 Muscovy, 2, 4, 9-10, 15-16, 33, 39, 56, 59, 61-62, 64-66, 70, 73-76, 81-83, 86-88, 94-95, 99, 103-5, 107, 13738. See also Moscow Musin, G. Μ., 152 Muslim commissariat, 166,180, 183 Mustafa Kemal (Atatürk), 156 mythology, 7 Naberezhnye Chelny, 37, 202, 220, 222, 232 305 Nabiullina, Elvira, 30, 251 Nabokov, Vladimir, 30 Naganawa, Norihiro, 107, 154 namaz, 50 Naqshbandi Sufi, 165 nationalism, 1, 16, 19, 32, 35, 39, 59, 135, 147, 150-51, 156, 164-66, 169, 176-78, 180-84, 188, 200-1, 205, 207, 210-13, 217-25, 228-30, 239, 241-43, 245, 247-49, 251-55, 25859. See also Tatar nationalism nationalization of land (1917), 164 nation-state, 156,
181 Native Americans (First Nations), 84, 129 Nazis, 212, 220 New Economic Policy (NEP), 187 New France, 94 New Russia, 15, 136 newspapers, 181, 207, 231. See also Pravda Nicosia, 121 nihilism, 153 Nizhnii Novgorod, 31, 52, 65, 74, 95, 101, 121, 126, 135, 185, 215, 232-33 Noack, Christian, 46, 154, 178 nobility. See aristocracy Nogai people, 15, 45, 62, 65, 73-74, 77-78, 86, 93, 97-100, 126, 131, 203, 246 nomadism, 15, 30, 50, 52, 62, 64—65, 73, 97-98, 113, 119, 125-26, 160 North America, 11, 42, 130, 256 North and East Tartaria (Witsen), 38-39,45, 116-17 Novgorod, 9, 31, 89 Novgorod prikaz, 87 novokreshennye, 85, 105, 120 Novosibirsk, 31 Nureyev, Rudolf, 30 October Manifesto (1905), 152 October 1993 crisis, 240 oglans, 69 Ögodei Khan (Mongolian ruler), 38
306 Index OGPU. See GPU Oka river, 74, 94 Old Believers (starooboriadtsy), 114 Old Bolsheviks, 207 Olearius, Adam, 99, 102 Opium of the People, 181 oral history, 45 Order No. 00447, 209, 214, 219, 222 Order of Lenin, 207, 212 Order of Things, The (book by Foucault), 114-15 Ordzhonikidze, Sergo, 182 Orenburg, 101, 103, 126, 128, 135, 137, 152, 165, 171, 211 oriental despotism, 60, 149, 157 orientalism, 29, 57, 66, 120, 139, 152 orphanages, 188 Orthodox Church. See Russian Orthodox Church Oryol (sailship), 87 Ostrowski, Donald, 25-27 Otemish Giray (Utiamesh Girei; Aleksandr Safagireevich), 83 Ottoman empire, 61, 69, 75-76, 84, 90, 94-95, 97, 114, 120, 125, 151, 159 Ottoman sultan, 39, 61,75, 94, 151 oxen, 193 paganism, 41, 50, 52, 64-65, 127 palace coups, 70 palaces, 62, 121, 245^4-7 Pallas, Peter Simon, 116, 118, 122, 126, 128, 156 Pan-Islamism, 147, 151, 154, 156, 217, 220 Pan-Turanianism. See Pan-Turkism Pan-Turkism, 147, 152, 154, 156, 169, 181 Party Control Commission (Communist Party), 169, 208 passport system, 196, 232 patron-client networks, 169, 180, 242 Paul, Russian emperor, 133 pauperization, 179, 183 Pax Mongolica, 51, 56, 259 Peace of Brest-Litovsk, 164, 167 peasants, 15, 67, 70, 84, 98,100, 103-5, 142, 150, 169, 180, 182, 186-87, 191-97, 201-2, 215 Pechenegs, 50, 52 pensions, 180, 212, 231 Penza, 136 People’s Commissariat of Internal Affairs (NKVD), 168-69, 199, 20715, 217-24 People’s Commissariat of Nationalities, 166, 180, 183 Perm, 65, 136, 141 Perov, V. S. (troika member in 1937), 212, 224 Peter I, the Great, tsar of Russia, 87, 95-97, 103, 106, 114-18,
122, 133, 135, 137, 247 Peter III, Russian emperor, 126 Peters, Dorothea, 126 Petrograd. See Saint Petersburg Philip II, King of Spain, 61 Philip the Good, duke of Burgundy, 60-61 photography, 15 Piatakov-Radek showtrial (1937), 208 pillars of Islam, 50-51 Pipes, Richard, 21, 57, 176 Plano Carpini, John (Giovanni) of, 38 plantation, 96, 113 Platon (Pyotr Ivanovich Liubarskii, archimandrite), 11-12, 82, 84, 100, 116, 118, 147-48, 157 Plokhy, Serhii, 71 poetry, 30, 82, 100, 123, 181, 247 Poland(-Lithuania; Rzeczpospolita), 71, 73, 95, 103, 125. See also Lithuania Poles, 10,71, 103, 211-12 Polier, Adolphe de, 121 Polish, 71 Polish Partitions, 125 Politbiuro (Politburo), 177, 192, 230 political commissar, 168-69 political tradition, 18, 62, 65, 69, 73, 93, 135, 148, 155, 179, 229
Index Polovtsy (Cumans), 40, 52 Poltoratskii, P. A., 155 population numbers, 56-57, 69-70, 83-84, 106, 113, 129, 132, 134, 136, 138, 150, 164, 176-77, 182, 184-85, 195-96, 201-5, 210, 214, 222, 22729, 238, 256 posad. See Tatar Quarter (of Kazan) postcolonialism, 32 Potemkin villages, 136 Pravda, 194 Preobrazhenskii, Evgenii, 205, 217-18 pretenders, 83, 126, 133 Primakov, V. Μ., 221 printing (of texts), 2, 59-60, 99, 118, 128, 139, 152, 155, 165, 187 prisoners-of-war (POWs), 21, 61, 70, 99, 167, 228 privatization, 239^10 proletariat. See working class Proust, Marcel, 3 public transport, 231 Pugachev, Emel’ian, 2, 10-11, 96-97, 101, 105, 114, 118, 125-34, 136, 140, 147, 157 pulses (crop), 61 Pushkin, Alexander, 118, 130-32, 157 Putin, Vladimir, 237-38, 241, 243, 252-55 Qasim, Kazanian chief in Russian service, 73 Qing dynasty, 125, 148 Qipchaks, 3, 30, 39^0, 234 Qol (Qui) Shärif, seid, 69, 82, 245-49 Qol Shärif Mosque, 245^19, 256 Québec, 41, 238-39, 242, 255-59 Quran (Koran), 51, 69, 120, 128, 152 racism, 142, 149, 180 Radek, Karl, 208 radio, 168 Raeff, Marc, 136 railroads, 134, 139, 167, 212 Rakhmatullin, 217 307 Ramadan, 50 rape, 52, 83, 209, 245 Rasputin, Grigorii, 30 rationalism, 82, 97, 115, 134, 229 rats, 56 Razin, Stepan Timofeevich (Stenka), 10, 105, 127, 131 Razriad, 87 Razumov, Mikhail Osipovich, 207-8, 210,213,218, 224 reading, 69, 154 reading rooms, 191 Realpolitik, 176 Reconquista, 55, 60, 85 Red Army, 4, 169, 195, 221, 227 Red Terror, 168 referendum of 22 March 1992, 238-^10 Reformation, 60 refugees, 8, 216, 225, 227 religious conversion, 32, 41, 49-51, 70, 85,
89, 104-5, 108, 113-15, 126, 152 religious fanaticism, 83, 89 Renaissance, 60 Republic of Letters, 119 Republic of Tatarstan (late/post-Soviet), 1, 19, 32, 37-38, 40^12, 66, 68, 203-4, 223, 235-60 revolution of 1905, 59, 89, 147, 150, 152, 162, 179, 246 rhubarb, 61 Riazan, 74 Rightist-Trotskyite nationalist underground, 207, 211, 218, 220 Riurikids, 99, 103-4 rivers (in general), 66 Romaniello, Matthew, 26, 83, 99, 102, 105, 131-32, 137 Romanov dynasty (1613-1917), 25, 27, 31, 95, 99, 104, 133 Rome, 138 Rorlich, Azade-Ayse, 19, 25-26, 247 Ross, Danielle, 26, 42, 45, 90, 98 Rossiada, 100, 119, 123 Rostov-na-Donu, 31
308 Index Rud’, Pyotr G. (NKVD official), 211, 215 ruins, 11, 62-64, 67, 72, 95, 105, 116, 118-19, 121-22 Rus’, 52, 103 Russian Academy of Sciences, 97, 116-18 Russian Civil War (1918-1921), 8, 11, 42, 150, 161, 165-68, 175-76, 180, 182, 185-86,215,218, 223 Russian colonialism, 142, 148, 149, 229 Russian empire. See Russian imperialism Russian Federation Russian Federation’s People’s Artist Russian imperialism, 4, 15-16, 18, 25-26, 33, 39, 59, 61, 95, 97, 106, 115, 117-18, 120-21, 125, 128-29, 131-34, 136, 139^0, 147-50, 15255, 163, 165-66, 202, 229, 254 Russian language Russian Orthodox Church, 2, 7-11, 30, 32, 50, 56, 64, 67, 73, 81-86, 89-90, 97-98, 103-5, 107, 114, 119-21, 126-29, 131, 136-37, 142-43, 14750, 152-53, 158, 164, 166-67, 192, 221-23, 242, 247^9, 251, 257 Russian-Orthodox Church chronicles, 7, 67, 74,81-82, 118, 148. See chronicles Russian-Orthodox clergy, 2, 9, 77, 83, 86, 119, 155, 192,212, 222,249 Russian rule in Tatarstan. See Russian colonialism; Russian imperialism; Russian state; russification; Tatar independence struggle; Tatar nationalism Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (RSFSR), 175-76, 227 Russian state, 10,12, 60, 65, 75, 81, 84, 88, 90, 94, 113, 135-37, 147-49, 157, 248, 257 russification, 2, 32, 42, 59, 85, 103, 127, 134, 142, 149, 151-54, 180, 182-83, 199, 221, 224, 243, 251-52, 256 Russo-centric viewpoints, 17, 157. See also historiography Russo-Turkish war of 1768-1774, 125-26 Russo-Turkish war of 1877-1878, 154 Rychkov, N. P., 33, 58, 62-64, 71-72, 95-97, 101, 105, 113-20, 125-27, 131, 134, 142, 156 Rychkov, P. I., 34, 67,
117-18, 142, 156 Ryckov, Andrei, 131 Ryskulov, Turar, 207, 213 Rywkin, Michael, 99 Sabirov, Mukhammat, 213 Sabirov, Rauf, 186-88, 213 Safa Giray, 63, 75, 246, 261 Safin, Marat, 30 Sagidullin, Μ. S„ 200, 205, 217, 220, 223, 225 Sahib Giray, khan of Kazan and Crimea, 75, 261 Said, Edward, 29, 66 Said-Galiev, Sahibgarai, 163, 169, 177, 182, 186-87 Saint Basil’s Cathedral, (Moscow’s Red Square), 84-85 Saint Petersburg, 15,31,41, 115, 11718, 128, 134, 139, 162-63. See also Leningrad Salafi, 253 salah, 50 Samara (Kuibyshev), 65, 152, 165, 167, 171, 203, 232 Samarkand, 121 Samoilovich, Aleksandr, 39 Sarai, 61, 72 Saratov, 37, 65, 171, 203 sawm, 50 Scandinavians (Vikings, Normans, Varangians, Danes), 39,49, 56, 132 Schafer, Daniel, 33, 162 schools, 30, 69, 71, 120, 152-55, 157, 165-66, 188, 192-93, 200, 230-31, 239, 253 science, 116-18, 139, 153
Index script, 2, 55, 69, 183, 200, 205 Scythians, 95 Sea of Azov, 49 Second Five Year Plan (1933-1937), 195, 202 Second Radio-Telegraph Base, 168 Second World War, 4, 20, 25, 150, 201-3,213, 227-29, 232 Secret Speech (by Khrushchev in 1956), 210-11 secularism, 32, 115-18, 147^18, 153, 157, 183, 199-200, 204 seid, 69, 82 Seinkman, la. S., 163 self-determination, 1, 19, 150, 161-62, 164, 175, 181, 220, 237, 239^11, 248, 254-55, 257 Selim, Ottoman sultan, 94 separatism, 239-40, 255-56 Serbian soldiers, 167 serfs, 61, 67, 70, 73, 98, 103-5, 108, 126 sermons, 10 sewage, 232 sex, 120, 180 shahada, 50 Shaimiev, Mintimer, 19, 238-43, 24748, 252, 259 Shakh Ali (Shahgali), Kazanian chief in Russian service, 82-83, 88 shamanism, 71 Sharaf, Galimdzhan, 164 Shaykhutdinov, Renat, 253 Shchapov, Afanasii, 139-40, 157 Sheludchenko, Mikhail L, 210-12, 219, 222 sheykhs (shaykhs), 69, 72, 151 Sh’ia, 97 Siberia, 38, 44, 76, 91, 97, 117, 130, 132, 136, 140, 195 Sibir, 61, 78, 93 siege warfare, 82-83, 88, 126, 147 silk, 51, 61 Silk Route (Road), 51, 61 silver, 62, 121 309 Simbirsk (Ulyanovsk), 37, 65, 135, 141, 165, 167, 171 Siuiumbike (Söyembikä), Kazanian princess, 82, 121, 245-46, 248 Siuiumbike Tower, 66, 86, 245-49 slaughter of farm animals, 187, 193, 196 slave-holding societies, 60 slaves, 31,53, 60-61,70, 76 Slavophiles, 138, 142 sliyane (fusion), 33, 103-7 sloboda (suburb), 137, 232 Slovakia, 257 Slovak POWs, 167 sluzhilye Tatary, 104—5 smallpox, 129 smithies, 62 Smolensk, 85, 103 Smolensk Mother of God, 85 social darwinism, 148 Socialist-Revolutionaries (SR), 153, 162, 215, 217-18
socialists, 156, 162, 165, 180, 201, 212, 215. See also Bolsheviks; Communists; Marxist stages of history; socialist-revolutionaries socialist soviet republic (SSR), 176 social justice, 31, 256 Sofiia Alekseevna, Russian regent, 104 Sokol’nikov, Grigorii, 217-18 Solovetskii Islands, 223 sources, 16-22, 25-26, 49, 55-56, 66, 75, 77, 81-82, 87, 99, 113, 117, 138, 157, 194, 246-47 South America, 42, 94, 129 soviet (council), 8, 163, 165-66, 177, 210,216-17,219 Soviet collapse, 183, 191, 237-39, 247 Soviet Russian constitution (of 1918), 180 Soviet Tatarstan. See Tatar ASSR Soviet Union, 3, 8, 15,42, 60, 150, 175-76, 179, 181, 183, 186, 191-92, 194-95, 197, 203, 208-9, 212-13, 218-20, 227-33, 237-39, 246^17
310 Spain, 60-61,85, 129, 149, 256 Spaniards, 55, 94, 148 Spanish rule in the Americas, 129, 149 Spaso-Preobrazhenskii Monastery, 147 Speranskii, Mikhail, 130 Stalin, Soviet ruler, 3, 8, 18-20, 23, 32, 40, 42, 59, 150, 166, 169, 175-76, 179-80, 182-83, 188, 194, 202-3, 208,211-15,217-18, 223-24, 228-30, 232 Stalingrad (Tsaritsyn; Volgograd), 185, 232 Standing at the Ugra, 73-74, 77, 106 Steinwedel, Charles, 29 Stepanov, Aleksei, 19, 215, 219, 221 steppe, 15, 39-40, 52, 56, 62, 64, 73, 95, 121, 125-26, 128, 137-38 stevedores, 66 strel’tsy, 72, 88, 96, 105-6, 149 Struys, Jan, 99 Study of History (book series by Toynbee), 8-9 Sübötei, 55, 83 Sufism, 51, 67, 69, 72, 77, 82, 119, 151, 165 Süleyman, the Lawgiver, Ottoman sultan, 75 Sultanbekov, B. F., 19, 209, 211 Sultan-Galiev, Mirsaid, 16, 32, 163, 166-67, 169, 177, 179-83, 186, 188, 213, 218, 220-22 Sultan-Galievism, 26, 32, 59, 179-81, 184, 188, 205, 218, 220, 223, 22930, 233 Sunni Islam, 40, 51, 71-72, 97, 199 Suzdal, 52 Sviiazhsk, 65, 74, 82, 94, 135 Sweden, 65, 135 synagogues, 85 Taiwan, 8 Tamburlaine the Great (Marlowe), 38 tanning, 53, 62 Tardzheman (“The Interpreter”), 151 tarkhans, 69, 76 Index Tartarus, 7, 30, 38 Tatar ASSR (Autonomous Socialist Soviet Republic), 8, 12, 31, 173-234 tatarça. See Tatar language Tatar council of people’s commissars, 205, 210, 219 Tatar culture, 1, 3, 5, 10, 30-32, 55, 71, 81,86, 95, 103, 107, 113, 117-21, 127, 139, 149-50, 153-56, 161, 187, 191-92, 200-1, 203, 229, 255-57 Tataria, 7, 37, 116, 207, 230. See also Tatarstan (post-1991 republic) Tatar identity, 2-3, 12, 19, 39, 41-43, 45^16,
65,71,97, 103, 107, 149, 153-56, 164, 178, 181, 183, 187, 199-200, 203-4, 228-30, 239^10, 246, 248, 251-53, 256, 260 Tatar independence struggle, 163-65, 176, 207, 237^11, 245, 251-53, 256-57 Tatarization, 199-206, 239, 241 Tatar language, 4, 7, 21, 38—41,43,45, 49,71, 156-57, 178, 256, 258 Tatar nationalism, 19, 35, 39, 42, 147, 150-51, 156, 177-78, 180-83, 188, 205, 218, 221-22, 229, 242, 248, 251. See also Tatar independence struggle Tatar Quarter (of Kazan), 19, 86, 98, 126-27, 137-38, 165 Tatar-Russian accord of 1994, 237-39, 241, 243, 252 Tatars, name of, 7-11, 37-39 Tatarskaia ratusha (Kazan), 137 Tatar soviets’ executive council, 210, 219 Tatarstan (post-1991 republic). See Republic of Tatarstan tatar tele. See Tatar language Tatar Yoke, 7, 9-11, 119, 123, 147^18, 152, 234, 257 taxes, 69-70, 76, 89, 100, 106, 113, 136, 154-55, 179 tea, 61 technology, 4, 60, 82, 135-36, 151, 168, 232, 257
Index telegraph, 134, 168 television, 8, 255 Tenth Communist Party Congress (1921), 167 Teptiars, 41, 46 Ter-Vaganian, Vagarshak, 217-18 Tevkelev, Kutlu-Mukhammed (Kotlymekhemmet Mamesh uli Tefkilev), 103-4 theaters, 181, 187 Third Republic (France), 153 Time of Troubles (Smutnoe Vremya), 95, 98-99, 104, 123 Timur (Lenk; Tamerlane), Mongolian ruler, 38-39, 56, 121 Titova, Antonina, 168 Tobolsk, 135, 141 Tokhtamysh, 56 toll, 69 Tolstoi, Lev N., 30, 140 tools, 62-63 torture, 155, 196, 208, 210-11, 219, 221-22, 224 Toynbee, Arnold, 8-9 trade, 50-51, 57, 61-62, 66, 96, 104, 106, 138. See also merchants trains, 195, 255. See also boxcars; railroads Transcaucasian region, 175. See also Armenia; Azeris; Georgia transport, 51, 66, 106, 136, 139, 202, 231 Trans-Siberian railroad, 167 trauma, 93, 161, 185, 223, 227 travel, 31, 38, 41, 51, 53, 61, 66, 72, 99, 102, 114, 116, 121 treasury, 69, 96 Treasury (Muscovite), 96 Treaty of Rapallo, 198, 219 tribute, 49, 62-63, 93, 105, 136, 149, 155 troika (special tribunal), 209, 211-12, 215 Trotsky, L. D„ 66, 224 Trotskyites, 205, 207, 211-12, 217-18, 220, 223, 225, 229 311 Trotskyite-Zinovievite Bloc, 59 Truce of Andrusovo, 103 tsars, 2, 10, 31-32, 39, 60-61, 63, 72, 75, 82-87, 89, 93-99, 103-5, 107, 114, 117, 126, 128, 130, 134-35, 137, 139-40, 147-55, 161-62, 166, 175, 181-82, 200, 203,212,215, 247, 251 tuberculosis, 232 tundra, 195 Tupolev, A. N., 205-6 Turgenev, I. S., 153 Turkey (modern republic), 156, 201, 220 Turkic, 4, 7, 38-41,43, 49-50, 52, 69, 71, 76, 147, 151-53, 156-57, 169, 178, 204, 207, 213, 218-20, 222 Turki-Tatar. See Tatar
language Turkmenistan, 44, 51 Tver’, 9 uchetnye spiski, 212 Udmurtia, 37 Udmurts (Votyaks), 41, 62, 64-65, 68, 71, 99, 106, 126, 128, 164, 176 Ufa, 141-42, 151-52, 163, 165, 171, 176, 178,203,211,215 Ukraine, 15, 40, 51, 95, 103, 128, 150, 175-76, 178, 196, 219, 222, 229, 234, 254, 256-58 ulama, 105 Ul’ianov, Il’ia, 30 Ulozhenie, 105 Ulugh Muhammed, 72-73, 261 Ulus Dzhuchi (Juchi). See Golden Horde Ulyanovsk. See Simbirsk United Kingdom, 138, 149, 192, 212, 228, 255 United States, 256 United States of Turkic-Tatar nations, 220 University of Kazan. See Kazan university Ural mountains (Urals), 21, 37, 39-40, 42, 45, 101, 103, 118, 125-26, 129,
312 Index 141, 150-52, 156, 163, 165-66, 175-76, 204, 218-20, 251 Ural river. See laik river (Ural) ushkuiniks, 56-57 Usmanov (Duma deputy), 152 Usmanova, Diliara, 203 Vaisov (Vaisi), B. Kh„ 165 Vaisov, G. B., 165 Vaisovism, 165 Vakhidov (Vakhidi), Said Gabdul’minanovich, 59 Vakhitov, Mullanur, 166-68, 176, 180 Validov, Zeki, 218 Valiulin, Sandar, 228 Vandals, 100 Vasil’sursk, 74, 94 Vasily II, Russian grand duke, 73, 75, 77 Vasily III, Russian grand duke, 75, 83 Vasily Shuiskii, Russian tsar, 99 Villiers, Marq de, 41 violent protests, 1, 98-99, 149, 192, 194, 222, 253 Vladimir (city), 9, 52 Vladivostok, 167 voevoda, 89, 105 Volga (Idel’) river, 1, 9-10, 15, 17, 21, 25, 37, 52, 56-57, 61, 63-65, 73-74, 82, 84-85, 93-96, 98, 100, 106, 114, 117-18, 121, 126-28, 131,205 Volkhov river, 228 Volodymyr (Vladimir), Eastern Slav prince and saint, 50 Voltaire (François-Marie Arouet), French thinker, 132, 134 Votyaks. See Udmurts Vries, Jan de, 138 Vyshinsky, A. L, 218 wages, 129, 180 Wahhabi, 253 waiters, 121 walls, 62-64, 72, 82, 85-86, 126-27, 232, 248 water supply, 232 Weber, Max, 153 Welsh, 255 West Asia, 51. See also Iran; Middle East; Ottoman Empire Western Christianity, 9, 50 Western Europe, 9, 21, 26, 56, 60-61, 70-71, 84,88, 90, 114, 149, 167 Western Front (First World War), 167 White, Richard, 93, 129 white man’s burden, 149 Whites (in Russian Civil War), 11, 167-68, 215, 223 White Tsar, 86 Witsen, Nicolaas, 38-39, 45, 116-17 Wolf, Eric, 15 Wolff, Larry, 9 women, 71, 83, 108, 120, 124, 193, 199, 219, 224, 227 workers (blue-collar; factory), 170, 186, 202, 227, 232 working
class, 166, 181-82, 186 world history, 9, 26 writing, 64, 69, 126, 154, 231 Yadegar Mokhammad (Simeon Kasaevich), Khan of Kazan, 82-83, 261 Yakhina, Guzel, 30, 161, 251-52, 258 yams (postal stations), 66 Yandarbiev, Zelimkhan, 240 Yangalif (Latin script), 200 Yaqup, Wäliulla, 253 yasachnye Tatary, 63, 105 yasak, 62, 93, 100 Yeltsin, B. N„ 238-40 Yemelianova, Galina, 155 Yusupov, Prince Felix, 30 Zabulach e. See Tatar Quarter (of Kazan) zakat, 50 zakliuchennye (zeks), 213 Zaporozhian Sich, 128 Zedek (NKVD official), 210 Zhdanov, Andrei, 211, 229 Zinoviev-Kamenev showtrial (1936), 208 Zuleikha (novel by Yakhina), 161, 198
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Contents Maps ix Acknowledgments xi Chronology xiii Introduction 1 1 Indelible Stigma: The Name of the Volga Tatars 7 PART I: HISTORIOGRAPHY, TERMS,CONCEPTS 2 What Is Missing and Why Is It Missing: The Historiography of Tatarstan 13 15 3 Historiographical Milestones and Evolution 25 4 Why This Matters 29 5 Tatars and Non-Tatars 37 PART Π: THE EARLY CENTURIES: ISLAM, THE JOCHIDS, AND INDEPENDENT KAZAN 47 6 Before the Mongols 49 7 The Chingissids and the Black Death (1230s-1430s) 55 8 Khanlygy: The Kazan Khanate 59 9 Kazan’s Politics, Society, Culture, and Religion V 69
Contents vi PART III: MUSCOVY’S VOLGA TATARS 79 10 Early Russian Rule over the Realm of Kazan 11 Protest, Evasion, Accommodation, and Adaptation 93 12 Sliyane (Fusion) 103 81 PART IV: THE DAWN OF MODERN IMPERIALISM, 1725-1855 111 13 Russia Rediscovers Its Tatars 113 14 The Crises of the 1770s: The Tatars in Pugachev’s Rebellion 125 15 Catherine and the Survival of Tatar Tradition 133 PART V: THE RISE OF NATIONALISM AND THE FALL OF TSARIST RUSSIA 145 16 Birth of the Tatar Nation: The Late Imperial Era (1855-1917) 147 17 Revolution and Civil War 161 PART VI: SOVIET TATARSTAN 173 18 The Creation of Soviet Tatarstan 175 19 Sultan-Galiev’s Impossible Program 179 20 Famine 185 21 Collectivization in Tatarstan 191 22 Tatarization or Russification 199 23 The Great Terror in Tatarstan 207 24 Nationalism, Islam, and Espionage in the Great Terror 217 25 The Second World War and Beyond 227 PART VII: POST-SOVIET TATARSTAN 235 26 The Impossibility of Independence 237 27 Siuiumbike’s Tower and Qol Sharif’s Mosque: Azatlyk! 245 Epilogue: Contemporary Problems and Prospects 251 Appendix: Khans of Kazan (1438-1552) 261
Contents vii Glossary 263 Bibliography 275 Index 295 About the Author 3]3
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Index Abramov, Kiiam Alimbekovich, 201, 205,219, 224 Abramova, Z. A., 201, 221, 224 accident insurance, 180, 212 affirmative action, 168, 182 Africa, 129-30, 149-50 African Americans, 256 Age of Discovery, 60 agnosticism, 42 agriculture, 30, 33, 40, 51, 61-63, 68, 70, 88, 96, 98, 104, 142, 156, 164, 179, 186, 191, 195, 202, 207, 23132. See also collectivization airplanes, 205, 255 Akhmadullina, Bella, 30 Akhmetov, Rinat, 30, 234 Aksakov, Sergei, 138, 142 Aksyonov (Aksënov), Pavel, 8, 208, 213 Aksyonov (Aksënov), Vasily P., 7-8, 12, 19, 30 akusherki, 202 al-Afghani, Jamal al-Din, 151 Alekperov, Vagit lu., 254 Aleksei Mikhailovich, tsar of Russia, 95-96 Alemasov, A. Μ., 211-12, 215 Alexander I, Russian emperor, 133, 139 Alexander Π, Russian emperor, 134-35, 150, 251 Alexander III, Russian emperor, 32, 134 Algeria, 151 All-Russian Constituent Assembly (1918), 163, 167 Al’mukhametov, 217 American Relief Agency (ARA), 187 Amirev, Ivan, 104 Amsterdam, 38, 116 Anabaptists, 84 Ancients and Moderns, 119 Anderson, Benedict, 42 Andrei I Bogoliubskii, Eastern-Slav grand prince, 52 anglicized, 256 Anna Ioannovna, Russian empress, 115, 121 anthropology, 18, 27, 29. See also ethnography anti-nationalist policies (Soviet), 11, 16, 19, 32, 59, 169, 177, 180-81, 183, 188, 199-204, 207, 210-13, 217-25, 229-30 anti-religious policies (Soviet), 11, 175, 179-81, 192-94, 199-201, 212, 218, 222-23, 230 Antwerp, 60 Arabian peninsula, 51 Arabic, 2, 17, 21, 51, 64, 120, 122, 152, 259 295
296 Index Arabie script, 2, 64, 122, 200 Arassbekov, Ivan Romanovich, 104 archeology, 11, 17-18, 45, 49, 55, 66, 68, 117, 123 aristocracy, 15, 33, 69, 76, 103^1, 121, 132 arithmetic, 69 Armenia, 37 arms, 53, 62, 74, 88, 96, 134, 219, 241, 254 army, 4, 52, 61, 69, 73-74, 82, 88, 102, 104, 106-7, 118, 126, 130, 132, 154-55, 161-63, 167-68, 172, 175, 195,212,219, 221,227-28 artisanry, 51, 56, 62, 68, 70, 106, 142, 180 Asia, 7, 21, 23, 31-33, 38^11, 49-51, 61,70, 90, 107, 116, 121, 129-30, 138, 141, 149-50, 154, 157-58, 162, 168, 195, 241. See also Central Asia; Eurasia; Inner Asia Asiatic mode of production, 66, 149, 157 Astrakhan, 38, 61, 74, 76, 78, 86, 94, 97, 106, 135, 203 atalyks, 69, 262 atheism, 42, 85, 166, 175, 200, 247 Atlantik Wall, 228 Atlasov, Gadyi Μ., 152-53 Atnagulov, 217 automobiles, 255 Azeris, 39, 153 Aztecs, 55 Badashmin, G. S., 152 Baichurin, Gumer G., 219 Bakchisarai, capital of Crimean Tatars, 74 Baltic coast, 94 Balyn-Godzha, 63-64, 72 Bantysh-Kamenskii, Nikolai, 100, 147^18, 256 Bashkiria. See Bashkortostan Bashkirs, ix, 29, 33, 39, 42, 45, 65, 72, 96-98, 101, 104, 106, 119, 126-29, 131-32, 134, 139, 14M2, 151, 154, 156, 158, 160-64, 166, 171, 175-78, 181, 203^1, 210, 215, 218, 229-30, 254-56 Bashkir-Tatar republic. See Idel-Ural Republic Bashkortostan, 33, 176-78, 254, 257 basic military training, 154 Basmachi rebellion, 168 Basque, 255 Batu Khan, Mongolian ruler, 7, 38-40, 55, 83 BBC English, 255 beks, 69 Belarus, 175, 178, 229 Benke, 55 Beria, Lavrentii, 221 Bering, Vitus, 116 Berlin, 120, 220 Bessermians, 41 Bhabha, Homi, 97 Bible, 18 Bilär, 51,
53, 55-56, 63-67, 72, 95-96, 101, 113, 115, 119 Binner, Rolf, 212 birthrate, 70 Bismarck, Otto von, 153 Black Death (bubonic plague, pest pandemic), 55-57, 70, 85, 125, 129-30 Black Lake, 208 Black Sea, 40, 49, 51, 73, 95, 125 blank spots (belye piatnye) Bolghar (Bulgar) people, 33-34, 38, 40-42, 44-46, 49-52, 55-56, 61, 63, 65, 68-69, 76, 95, 143, 151, 197, 203 Bolghar (Bulgar/Bulgarian) state, 3, 9, 17-18, 30, 37, 40, 46, 49-52, 55-57, 59, 64-65, 67, 83, 117-18, 143 Bolghar (town), 49-52, 55-57, 64, 95, 119, 121-22 Bolsheviks, 11, 161-70, 176, 180-82, 187, 192, 199, 207, 210, 212. See also Communists
Index Bonwetsch, Bernd, 212 books, 11, 16, 19, 30, 121, 157, 181, 201,208,214, 231,234 borderlands, 31, 51,61, 73, 95, 115, 125, 127-29, 135, 139, 156 borders, 9, 17, 21, 37, 39, 42, 65, 93, 101, 125, 128, 132, 141, 156, 164, 203, 239, 257 Boris Godunov, tsar of Russia, 94, 108 bourgeoisie. See middle class bourgeois nationalism, 16, 32, 169, 181, 183, 188, 200-1, 205, 212, 222, 229. See also anti-nationalist policies (Soviet) boxcars, 195 Braudel, Fernand, 17, 33 Breton, 255 brick, 62 Bruyn, Cornelis de, 247 Buddhism, 125 Bug river, 71 Bukharin, Nikolai, 208, 223 Bukharinites, 212, 218, 220 Bulat Timur, 56, 64 Bulavin uprising, 114 Bulgakov, Mikhail, 30 Bulgakov, Sergei, 30 Bulgaria (modem state), 40, 49 bulqaq (unrest), 56 bureaucracy, 18, 87, 104, 106, 117, 134-36, 149, 196, 242 burlaki, 66 Byzantine Empire, 49-50, 87 cadasters, 65 caliphate, 151 cameralism, 135-36 Canada, 41, 238-39, 242, 256 canadianized, 256 Cancun, 121 cannibalism, 187 capitalism, 32, 60, 191-92, 220 caravans, 66 Caspian Sea, 21, 30, 51, 73-74, 87, 97, 125-26 297 Catalunya, 255-56, 259 Catherina (Ekaterina) II, the Great, Russian empress (Sophia von Anhalt-Zerbst), 15, 97, 115-18, 125-30, 134-40, 150 cattle, 10, 53, 62, 96, 98, 187, 197, 203, 232 Caucasoid, 40 Caucasus, 50-51, 61, 78, 107, 129, 149-50, 175, 222. See also Armenia; Azeris; Chechnya; Georgia census, 31, 259 census of 1719, 106, 114 census of 1896-97, 43, 132, 134, 15556, 164-65, 170-71, 179 census of 1926, 178, 205 census of 1937, 228 census of 1939, 228 Central Asia, 23, 32, 38, 40-41,49-51, 61, 121, 150, 154, 158, 162, 168, 175, 241
Central-Committee decrees of 1944 and 1945, 229-30 Central Committee secretary, 169 centralization (under Putin), 19, 238, 241, 257 Central Powers, 165 ceramics, 51, 62 chabataly morzalar, 104 Chanyshev, lakub Dzhangirovich, 221 Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, 60 Chechnya, 19, 237, 240-43, 252-55, 257 Cheremis. See Mari China, 51, 119, 125,256 Chinese language, 11, 38 Chinese Turkestan. See Jungaria Chingis Khan, 39, 49, 56 Chingissids (descendants of Chingis Khan), 3, 38^11, 44-9, 55-57, 6061, 64-65, 73-75, 125, 230. See also Jochids; Qipchaks Chistopol’, 155, 192 Christianity, 7, 9-10, 18, 31, 38, 41^12, 45, 50, 52, 55, 67, 71-73, 76, 81-85,
298 Index 90, 96, 99, 103-5, 108, 113-14, 117, 121, 127-28, 136, 138, 149-54, 171, 230, 249, 257. See also Eastern Orthodoxy; Lutherans; RussianOrthodox Church chronicles; Western Christianity chronicles, 7, 67, 74, 81-82, 118, 148 chura (slaves), 70 church buildings, 62, 83-85, 96, 127, 230 Chuvash, 21, 38, 41, 45, 51-52, 61, 65, 71, 96, 98-99, 106, 128, 152, 16466, 176, 180, 196, 229, 256 Chuvashia, 37, 257 civilizing mission, 119, 148-49, 152, 199 civilizing process (Elias), 15 class conflict, 192 Clausewitz, 76 clinics, 202, 232 Cold War, 8, 32 collectivization (of agriculture), 2, 20, 23, 156, 185, 191-99, 207, 212-13, 231, 233 colonialism, 5, 12, 16, 21, 29, 86, 93, 128, 142, 148-49, 155, 166, 187, 196, 229, 241. See also Russian colonialism Committee for Aid to the Hungry (Pomgol), 187 communication, 29, 66, 106, 136, 168, 182, 201, 255-56 communism (as a political philosophy), 32, 60, 166, 169, 179-80, 182, 188, 199,217-18, 238 Communist Party (of the Soviet Union), 2, 11, 18, 22, 30, 42, 161, 163-69, 175-77, 179-89, 191-92, 196, 203, 205, 208, 210-12, 217, 223, 229, 231, 238, 252 See also Bolsheviks; Communists Communists, 8, 163-69, 175-77, 179-88, 191-92, 196, 207, 215, 228-29, 240. See also Bolsheviks; Communist Party computers, 255 confessionalization, 71 conscription, 126, 153-54, 156, 162 Constantinople, 49, 84. See also Constituent Assembly. See All-Russian Constituent Assembly Constitutional-Democrats (Kadets), 152 constitution of the Soviet Union (of 1924), 181-82 construction, 62-63, 66, 74, 82, 85, 87, 95, 192, 195,205, 232 consumer revolution, 138
Control Commission of Communist Party, 169, 208 conversion, 32, 38, 40-41, 44-45, 4951, 70, 93, 103-5, 107, 113-15, 126, 128, 149, 152-53, 155, 251,257. See also converts; Islam; religious conversion conversas, 85 converts (novokreshennye), 71, 85, 89, 93, 98-99, 107-8, 120, 142, 151 Cook, James, 116 copper, 62 corruption, 99, 253, 257-58 Cortes, Hemân, 148 Cossacks, 15, 73, 76, 97, 125-31, 147. See also Don Cossacks; Pugachev, Emel’ian; Razin, Stepan Timofeevich (Stenka) Council of People’s Commissars of RSFSR, 207 counterrevolutionaries, 209-10, 217, 219, 221, 223, 229 Covid-19 pandemic, 255, 259 crime, 141,208-10, 253 Crimea, 8, 38, 72-76, 95, 125, 222, 230 Crimean Tatars, 8, 10, 31-32, 38-39, 59-61, 72-76, 78, 86, 88, 93-95, 114, 125, 222, 229-30 Crimean War, 149, 159 crusades, 98, 114 Cumans. See Polovtsy Cyrillic script, 2, 200-1, 214 Czechia, 257
Index Czech POWs, 167 dacha, 207 dairy, 186-87, 193 danishmends, 69 Dar-al-Islam, 43, 150 Dargins, 39 Darwin, Charles, 148, 153 Dasaev, Rinat, 30 Daulet, Shafiga, 27, 65, 70-71 Davies, Brian, 75 Davlet’iarov, A. Μ., 219 Day of Mourning (October), 245 D-Day, 228 defense industries, 195, 202, 219, 241 dekulakization (“razkulachivanie'"), 191, 194 deportations, 195, 230, 240 Derrick, Matthew, 40, 248 derwishes, 69 d’iak, 104-5 dialects, 255 Dinmukhametov (troika member in 1937), 212 diseases, 70, 86, 129, 140, 187-88, 232, 254. See also Black Death disenchantment (Max Weber), 147, 153 dissident movement, 8 divan, 73 “Dizzy with Success”, (“Golovokruzhenie ot uspekhov”), 194 DNA, 40 Dnestr river, 71 Dnipro river, 73, 129 documents (as historical sources), 11, 17-18, 118, 137,219,246-47 Donbas, 1, 20,171, 180, 183, 232, 234 Don Cossacks, 127-31. See also Cossacks; Pugachev, Emel’ian; Razin, Stepan Timofeevich (Stenka) drought, 180, 186, 231 Duchy of Burgundy, 60-61, 67 Dudaev, Dzhokhar, 240, 252 Duma (of Imperial Russia), 32, 152-53, 156, 159, 179 299 Dutch, 38, 99, 116, 259 Dzerzhinskii, Feliks, 182 Eastern Europe, 7-9, 39^10, 49, 56, 60-61,71,84 Eastern Orthodoxy, 7, 84, See also Eastern Slavs (Belarusyn, Russians, Ukrainians), 7, 9, 40, 71 economic warfare, 74 economy, 26, 31-32, 40-41, 49-50, 60-62, 70, 74, 81, 85, 103, 105-6, 128, 132, 137-39, 157, 175, 180, 183, 185-87, 202-5, 237-40, 252, 256-57. See also agriculture; industrialization; trade Edney, Matthew, 115 education, 2, 15,28,31-32, 42,71, 117, 120, 124, 129, 133, 137, 139^10, 150-56, 168, 176, 179, 181, 183,
187-88, 199-201, 230-32, 239, 252, 256. See also madrases (medreses); mektebs; schools Ekaterinburg (Sverdlovsk), 31 Elias, Norbert, 15 Elizabeth (Elizaveta Petrovna), Russian empress, 32, 114-15, 128, 134 El’vov, N. N„ 208, 217 emirs, 69 enemies of the people, 8, 211-12 English Canadians, 41, 256 Enlightenment, 82, 115-16, 120, 129 Ershov, Nikolai, 163 espionage, 210, 212, 217-23 Estonia, 229 ethnic cleansing, 164. See also deportations ethnography, 29, 97, 100-1, 115-16, 120, 122, 139 Etkind, Alexander, 115, 251 Eurasia, 7, 33, 38-40, 57, 61, 70, 116, 138, 195 Europe. See Eastern Europe; Western Europe European Russia, 201
300 European Union, 255 European world economy, 26 evacuations, 188, 202 evacuees, 227-28 Ezhov, Nikolai, 30, 168-69, 208-9, 211-12, 214, 217-18, 220-21, 223 factions, 161, 164, 167, 169, 186 fairs, 61 Fäiz, Ildus, 253 Faizkhanov (Faydkhanov), Huscyn, 46, 151 falconers, 69 Falk, J. P„ 116 Faller, Helen, 19-20, 138, 249 Fall of Kazan (1552), 2, 9, 75, 82-83, 86-87, 147, 245, 247, 253, 257 fallow, 61 famine (of early 1600s), 94-95 famine (of 1891-1892), 180 famine (of 1921-1922), 18, 21, 161, 169, 185-89, 191, 223, 227-28 famine (of 1931-32), 194-96 famine (of 1946-1947), 231 Far East, 149, 195 Fathers and Sons (Turgenev), 153 Favereau, Marie, 27 February-March plenary session of Central Committee (1937), 208 February Revolution of 1917, 18, 151, 161,227 fel’dshers, 202 Ferghana Valley, 222 Ferry, Jules, 153 feudalism, 51, 60, 230 fifth column, 217 Figes, Orlando, 33, 107 Finland, 156 Finno-Ugrian (Ugric), 40-41, 50, 203 fire, 11-12, 121,253 firearms, 74, 88, 134 Firsov, N. A., 90, 138, 157 First Five Year Plan (1928-1932), 183, 195, 202 First World War, 150, 161-62, 167, 170, 185, 202, 223, 227 Index flax, 61 fleas, 56 folklore, 18 forest, 66 fortifications, 63-64, 94-95, 100-1, 130, 246 fossil fuels, 241, 254 Foucault, Michel, 114—15 France, 42, 84, 94, 149, 153, 228 Franciscans, 38 francophones, 256 Frank, Allen J., 1, 27, 34, 136-37, 157-58 free-market economy, 240 French (language), 3, 16,41,42,199,256 French (people), 60, 94, 114 French Canadians, 41, 94, 258 French Revolution, 42, 168, 184 Frinovskii, Μ. P., 220 Frisian, 255 furs, 53, 62. See also yasak Fyodor I, tsar
of Russia, 94, 104 Gabidullin, Khadzhi Z„ 207, 213, 217 Gafarov, Mustaf Shakurovich, 221 Galeev, Kamil, 30 Galliamova, A. G., 232, 234 Garin, V. N„ 211 garrison soldiers, 162-63, 221 Gasprinskii (Gaspirali), Ismail Bey, 32, 35, 151-53, 158, 183 gemstones, 62 genealogy, 18, 22 General Secretary of the Communist Party, 169, 188 Generations of Winter (novel by Aksyonov), 8 genocide, 81, 83-84 geopolitics, 50, 74, 78 Georgi, J. G., 116 Georgia, 8 German immigrants (into Russia), 15, 82, 150, 168 German language, 3, 16, 29, 199 German peasant wars, 84 Germogen, 90, 98
Index Gestapo, 211, 219 Gimranov, 217 Ginzburg, Evgeniia Semyonovna, 8, 19-20, 199-201, 208, 212, 215, 217, 222-23, 241 Gladwell, Malcolm, 257 glass making, 51 glava, 254 Gmelin, S. G., 116 gold, 62 Golden Horde, 9, 18, 25, 38, 40, 44, 55-56, 59-60, 64-65, 72-74, 203, 230, 234 Gopal, Priyamvada, 16 Gorbachev, Mikhail, 239 Gorenburg, Dmitry, 231, 241 Goths, 100 GPU (Gosudarstvennyi Politicheskii Upvravlenie; State Political Administration), 185, 191, 193-97 grain, 61, 186-87, 191-92, 194-96 grain requisitioning, 186, 189, 191-92 Granada, 55 grand duke (Russian), 9, 73-74, 107 Grasis, Karl lanovich, 163 gravestones, 18, 64, 67, 116, 122 Great Northern War, 95 Great Patriotic War. See Second World War Great Powers, 149 Great-Russian chauvinism, 177, 182, 205, 230 Great Schism, 9 Great Terror, 8, 18, 20, 23, 32, 59, 153, 168, 181, 185, 188,200-1,205, 207-25, 229 Great Turn, 18, 23, 185, 200 Grishechkin (NKVD official), 210 Grozny, 240-41 Guadagnolo, Gary, 22, 33, 154, 184, 199-200 Gubaidullin. G. S., Tatar historian, 138 Guenther, Rita, 131, 137 GULag (Soviet Labour Camp Administration), 8, 204-5, 209-10, 213-14, 228 301 Güldenstädt, J. A., 116 gymnasium (high school), in Kazan, 138, 142 Habsburg Empire, 60, 67, 148, 167 Hadith, 51 hajj, 50 Halperin, Charles, 25-26, 39 Hanafi maddhab (Sunni Islam), 40 Harbin, 220 Hartley, Janet, 17 Harvard University, 21, 25 healthcare, 106, 180, 202, 231 Hegel, G. W. F„ 148, 157 hemp, 61 hermitage (pus tyn’), 85 hides. See leather histoire événemientielle, 29 histoire structurelle, 29 historiography, 4, 7, 15-28, 31, 45—46, 81, 106, 141, 143,
148, 157, 170, 185, 245 Holy Roman Empire, 15, 60, 85, 135-36 homeless children (besprizornye), 188 homines sovietici (plural of homo sovieticus), 251 honey, 53, 62 horse-grooms, 69 horses, 62, 66, 69, 88, 121, 187, 193, 196 hospitals, 202, 211, 254-55 hostages, 62, 106 household size, 70-71, 106 House of Islam. See Dar-al-Islam housing, 97-98, 180, 202, 231-32 Huizinga, Johan, 60 Humboldt, Alexander von, 120-21, 124 Humboldt, Wilhelm von, 120-21 hunters-and-gatherers, 62, 68, 98 hunting, 62, 68, 98 laik river (Ural), 125, 127-28, 130-31 Iaroslavl’, 31, 222 Iberian peninsula, 65 Ibn Fadlan, 51-53
302 Icon of Our Lady of Kazan, 85 Icon of the Seven Lakes, 85 Idegei, 230 Idel-Ural republic, 42, 156, 162-63, 165-66, 175-77, 204, 218-20 ideology, 2, 39, 41, 147, 175, 179, 181, 217, 219, 229-30, 253. See also Communism; Marxism-Leninism; Pan-Islamism; Pan-Turanianis; idiosyncrasy, 71, 120 Ignatev, Semyon, 231 Ilminskii, Nikolai, 152 imam, 42, 69, 200 imil’dashs, 69 Imperial Germany (1871-1918), 153, 167 Imperial Russia (1552-1917), passim Incas, 55 India, 256 Indonesia, 150 industrialization, 3, 138-39, 166, 170, 180, 182-83, 195, 200, 202-3, 231 industrious revolution, 138 Inner Asia. See Central Asia intelligentsia, 35, 151, 155-56 interpreter, 103 invention of tradition. See Tatar nationalism Iran, 50, 61, 90, 97 Ireland, 113 Irkutsk, 135, 224 iron, 62-63 Iske Kazan, 56-57, 64-65 Iskhakov, Gazia, 219, 224 Islam, 1, 3-4, 9-10, 26, 30-32, 35, 3843, 49-52, 65, 67, 69-71, 76-77, 81, 84-86, 90, 93, 97, 104-6, 114, 117, 119-20, 122, 128, 134, 136, 139, 147, 149-52, 154-56, 162, 166, 17983, 187-88, 199-200, 217, 219-21, 230, 239, 245, 247-48, 252-53. See also Hanafi maddhab; Sunni Islam Island of Crimea, The (novel by Aksyonov), 8 Ittifak al-Muslimin (Muslim Union) Index Ivan III, Russian grand duke, 73-75, 83 Ivan IV (the Terrible), Russian tsar, 2, 25, 55, 60-61,75,81-83, 86, 88, 93-94, 99, 104, 108, 113, 119, 147, 239, 247 Ivanov, Almaz, 104 Ivanovo-Voznesensk, 183 Ivnitskii, N. A., 196 Jackson, Peter, 39 Jadidism, 26, 32, 34-35, 151, 154, 156, 179, 239 Japanese, 212, 219-20, 224 Java, 151 Jerusalem, 138 jewels, 62 Jews, 8, 12, 85, 138, 168, 172, 223 jihad, 51,76,
93,245,253, 257 Jihadists. See jihad Jochids (Jochen/Juchi/Juchen), 3, 5556, 64, 76, 119 Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor, 135 Judaism, 50 Jungaria, 125 Junge, Marc, 212 Kabardinians, 93, 107-8 Kadyrov, Ramzan, 241 Kaempfer, Engelbert, 103^1, 106 kagan (Khazar ruler), 49 Kalmyks, 97-99, 125, 127, 131, 134, 136 Kama river, 25, 37, 43, 49, 61, 63, 65, 96, 137, 139 Kamaz truck-transportion company, 202, 232, 241 Kamen, Henry, 129 Kamenev, L. B., 209, 223 Kaminskii, G. N., 192-93 Kappeler, Andreas, 21, 26, 128,138, 157 karachai (vizirs), 69 Kasimov, Russian protectorate, 73, 83, 89, 99-100, 103, 107, 261 Kasymov, 217
Index Kazakov, Andrei, 99, 104 kazaks, 69 Kazak(h)s, 44, 96-97, 101, 122, 128, 136, 153, 207 Kazakstan (Kazakhstan), 40, 104, 196, 256 Kazan, passim Kazan department (of tsar’s government; Prikaz Kazanskogo dvortsa), 18, 86-87, 94, 106, 135 Kazanka river, 207 Kazan khanate, 3^1, 9, 17-18, 25, 27, 30, 40, 43, 55, 57, 59-68, 70-76, 81, 84-86, 88, 94, 96-97, 99-100, 105, 113, 117, 125, 130, 135, 148,245, 247-49, 260 Kazan posad, 86, 126-27, 137. See also Tatar Quarter (of Kazan) Kazanskii letopisets, 81 Kazan soviet, 8, 163, 165, 210, 217, 219 Kazan teacher-training college, 42, 153 Kazan university, 8, 30, 133, 139-40, 152, 157, 253 kazys, 69 Keenan, Edward, 16, 21, 25-26, 66, 87 Kemper, Michael, 26, 136 Kennedy, Craig, 76-77 Khabinov, Bashkir president, 255 khafizs, 69 Khairullin brothers, 222 Khakimov, Rafael, 243 Khakimzianov, R. G., 209 Khamatova, Chulpan, 30, 251, 258 Khanbalik (Beijing), 40 Khanlygy, 59-67 Khanty-Mansi republic, 257 Khasanov, Μ. Μ., 152 Khazars, 49-50, 71 Kheraskov, Mikhail, 100, 119, 123 Khodarkovsky, Mikhail, 26, 93, 129 Khudiakov, Mikhail Georgievich, 59, 64, 66, 69, 88, 157 Khusainov, Mukhamedzhan, mufti, 128 Kirgiz, 44 303 Kirgiz (as obsolete name for Kazak). See Kazaks Kirov, S. Μ., 208, 218 Kirov (Vyatka) province, 37 Kohn, Hans, 42 Kolarz, Walter, 142, 183 Komi, 41,45, 65, 68, 257 kommunalkas, 202 Komuch (Committee of the Constituent Assembly), 167 korenizatsiia (indigenization), 188, 230 kresheny. See novokreshennye Kriashens (Kräshens), 151, 229 kulaks, 191-95, 209-12, 215, 219, 223 Kulturträger, 119 Kumyks, 39 Kurban-Galeev, 219 Kurbanov,
Sungatulla (NKVD official), 212, 222 Kurbskii, Prince Andrei Kurdistan, 37 kurultai, 73, 77, 88 Kuzbas, 183 Kyiv, 31,52, 103 lacquer, 61 Latvia, 163, 218, 220, 229, 239 Latvian soldiers, 168 law, 76, 96, 106, 115, 135-37, 148, 154, 156, 196 Lazzerini, Edward, 19, 22 leather, 53, 62, 192 Leckey, Colum, 127, 140 LeDonne, John, 136 Legislative Commission, 97 Lenin, V. L, 30, 140, 163-66, 168, 177, 180, 182, 185 Leningrad, 8, 208, 211. See also Petrograd; Saint Petersburg Lepa, Alfred Karlovich, 210-11, 215, 218-20 Lepyokhin, I. L, 116 Lezgins, 39 lieu de mémoire, 246 literacy, 30, 120, 139, 154, 159-60, 200
304 Index Lithuania, 73-74, 95, 99, 103, 125, 222, 229 Little Cheremchan river, 63, 96 Litvin, Alter, 19, 225 Livonian Wars, 88, 94 longue durée, 29 Louis XIV, king of France, 94 Lukoil, 254, 259 Lutherans, 10 madrases (medreses), 42, 83, 120, 151, 157, 199-200 Maganov, Ravil’ Ul’fatovich, 254 Makar’ev monastery, 74 Makarii, Moscow metropolitan, 83-84, 89 Makhmud, Kazan khan, 72-73, 261 Maksiutov, S. T., 152 Malenkov, G. Μ., 211, 215 Malthusian check, 70 manorial labor, 136 Mansurov, Burkhan, 177 mapping. See maps maps, ix-x, 40, 65, 82, 115-17, 126, 129, 133-35, 176-77, 181, 246^17, 251 Maqsudi (Maksudov), Sadri, 152-53, 158 Mari (Cheremis), 41, 62, 64-65, 68, 71, 96, 99-100, 107, 126, 128-29, 152, 164-65, 169, 176, 256 Mari El, 37 Marjani, Shihabetdin (Shigabutdin Mardzhani), 18, 20, 42-43, 46, 15152, 154, 156-57 Marlowe, Christopher, 38 Martin, Janet, 84 Martin, Terry, 168, 176, 182 Marx, Karl, 66, 181 Marxism-Leninism, 26, 165, 175 Marxist stages of history, 60, 138, 157 Maskhadov, Aslan, 240, 252 materialism, 153 Matulevich, I. O., 219 means of mass communication, 168, 255 meat, 186-87, 193 Mecca, 50-52, 64, 138 Mediterranean, 17, 26 Medvedev, Dmitrii, 252 mektebs, 120, 151, 199-200 Mengli Giray, Crimean khan, 74 Menzelinsk district, 220, 222 merchants, 61, 66, 70, 74, 138, 151 Messerschmidt, Daniel, 116 Mexico, 148 middle class, 192 Middle East, 50 migrations (first millennium), 49, 95 Mikhailov, Vasilii L, 207, 209, 211-14, 219, 220, 222-23 Mikhail Romanov, tsar of Russia, 95 military service, 85, 96, 98, 104-5, 126, 136, 154, 156, 162, 227 Military Tribunal of the
Supreme Court of the Soviet Union, 219 militsiia (regular police), 209 Miller, Alexei, 26, 150 Millet Medzhlisy (National Assembly), 163 millets, 90, 120, 137, 154, 159 minarets, 97, 121 mines, 20, 183, 234, 237 Mini Ice Age, 106 Minnikhanov, Rustam, 252, 254-55 minting, 55 Mishars, 40-41, 229 Mizelle, Peter, 182, 186 mobile telephones, 255 modernization, 1, 26-27, 32, 35, 40, 4243, 51, 71, 85, 114, 117-18, 134-36, 147-48, 150-53, 155-57, 161, 168, 183, 202, 239-40, 245, 257 Moldova, 229 monasteries, 62, 67, 74, 94, 98, 126, 143, 147, 233. See also Platon Mongolia, 7, 38-39, 41, 69 Mongolian language, 38, 121 Mongolians, 7, 11, 38-41, 46, 55-57, 60, 62, 67, 69, 71, 105, 121 Mongol invasion of Europe, 7, 38, 64 Mongols. See Mongolians
Index Mongol Yoke. See Tatar Yoke Mordovians. See Mordvi Mordvi (Mordovians), 21, 41, 45, 52, 62, 65, 68, 71, 96, 99, 101, 106, 128, 152, 164, 176, 213 Mordvins. See Mordvi Morgan, David, 39 moriscos mortality, 70, 161, 185, 214, 228, 255, 259 Moscow, 1, 10-11, 15, 18-19, 26, 31, 37, 40-42, 60-61, 70, 74-75, 83-87, 89-90, 94-95, 98-99, 103, 106-7, 128, 131, 135, 137, 139^10, 161, 163-64, 166-69, 176, 180, 182-83, 186, 188, 194, 203-4, 208-9, 21112, 215, 220, 222, 228, 230, 237-41, 252-53, 255, 258 Moscow Showtrials, 208, 218 Moscow State University, 123, 207 mosques, 2, 62, 69, 83-84, 97, 101, 105, 114, 121, 134, 192, 200, 230, 245, 247-48, 256 muedzin, 69 mufti, 128, 134, 137, 253 Mughal empire, 148 Mukhametzianov, Galim Μ., 215, 219 Mukhtarov, Kashaf, 186, 188, 213 mullah, 42, 69, 77, 93, 120-21, 128, 152-53, 155, 157, 192-93, 196, 200-1, 212, 219, 223 Müller, G. F„ 34, 101, 116, 156 Muratov, Zinnat Ibiatovich, 203 murzas, 63, 69, 93, 104, 108 Muscovy, 2, 4, 9-10, 15-16, 33, 39, 56, 59, 61-62, 64-66, 70, 73-76, 81-83, 86-88, 94-95, 99, 103-5, 107, 13738. See also Moscow Musin, G. Μ., 152 Muslim commissariat, 166,180, 183 Mustafa Kemal (Atatürk), 156 mythology, 7 Naberezhnye Chelny, 37, 202, 220, 222, 232 305 Nabiullina, Elvira, 30, 251 Nabokov, Vladimir, 30 Naganawa, Norihiro, 107, 154 namaz, 50 Naqshbandi Sufi, 165 nationalism, 1, 16, 19, 32, 35, 39, 59, 135, 147, 150-51, 156, 164-66, 169, 176-78, 180-84, 188, 200-1, 205, 207, 210-13, 217-25, 228-30, 239, 241-43, 245, 247-49, 251-55, 25859. See also Tatar nationalism nationalization of land (1917), 164 nation-state, 156,
181 Native Americans (First Nations), 84, 129 Nazis, 212, 220 New Economic Policy (NEP), 187 New France, 94 New Russia, 15, 136 newspapers, 181, 207, 231. See also Pravda Nicosia, 121 nihilism, 153 Nizhnii Novgorod, 31, 52, 65, 74, 95, 101, 121, 126, 135, 185, 215, 232-33 Noack, Christian, 46, 154, 178 nobility. See aristocracy Nogai people, 15, 45, 62, 65, 73-74, 77-78, 86, 93, 97-100, 126, 131, 203, 246 nomadism, 15, 30, 50, 52, 62, 64—65, 73, 97-98, 113, 119, 125-26, 160 North America, 11, 42, 130, 256 North and East Tartaria (Witsen), 38-39,45, 116-17 Novgorod, 9, 31, 89 Novgorod prikaz, 87 novokreshennye, 85, 105, 120 Novosibirsk, 31 Nureyev, Rudolf, 30 October Manifesto (1905), 152 October 1993 crisis, 240 oglans, 69 Ögodei Khan (Mongolian ruler), 38
306 Index OGPU. See GPU Oka river, 74, 94 Old Believers (starooboriadtsy), 114 Old Bolsheviks, 207 Olearius, Adam, 99, 102 Opium of the People, 181 oral history, 45 Order No. 00447, 209, 214, 219, 222 Order of Lenin, 207, 212 Order of Things, The (book by Foucault), 114-15 Ordzhonikidze, Sergo, 182 Orenburg, 101, 103, 126, 128, 135, 137, 152, 165, 171, 211 oriental despotism, 60, 149, 157 orientalism, 29, 57, 66, 120, 139, 152 orphanages, 188 Orthodox Church. See Russian Orthodox Church Oryol (sailship), 87 Ostrowski, Donald, 25-27 Otemish Giray (Utiamesh Girei; Aleksandr Safagireevich), 83 Ottoman empire, 61, 69, 75-76, 84, 90, 94-95, 97, 114, 120, 125, 151, 159 Ottoman sultan, 39, 61,75, 94, 151 oxen, 193 paganism, 41, 50, 52, 64-65, 127 palace coups, 70 palaces, 62, 121, 245^4-7 Pallas, Peter Simon, 116, 118, 122, 126, 128, 156 Pan-Islamism, 147, 151, 154, 156, 217, 220 Pan-Turanianism. See Pan-Turkism Pan-Turkism, 147, 152, 154, 156, 169, 181 Party Control Commission (Communist Party), 169, 208 passport system, 196, 232 patron-client networks, 169, 180, 242 Paul, Russian emperor, 133 pauperization, 179, 183 Pax Mongolica, 51, 56, 259 Peace of Brest-Litovsk, 164, 167 peasants, 15, 67, 70, 84, 98,100, 103-5, 142, 150, 169, 180, 182, 186-87, 191-97, 201-2, 215 Pechenegs, 50, 52 pensions, 180, 212, 231 Penza, 136 People’s Commissariat of Internal Affairs (NKVD), 168-69, 199, 20715, 217-24 People’s Commissariat of Nationalities, 166, 180, 183 Perm, 65, 136, 141 Perov, V. S. (troika member in 1937), 212, 224 Peter I, the Great, tsar of Russia, 87, 95-97, 103, 106, 114-18,
122, 133, 135, 137, 247 Peter III, Russian emperor, 126 Peters, Dorothea, 126 Petrograd. See Saint Petersburg Philip II, King of Spain, 61 Philip the Good, duke of Burgundy, 60-61 photography, 15 Piatakov-Radek showtrial (1937), 208 pillars of Islam, 50-51 Pipes, Richard, 21, 57, 176 Plano Carpini, John (Giovanni) of, 38 plantation, 96, 113 Platon (Pyotr Ivanovich Liubarskii, archimandrite), 11-12, 82, 84, 100, 116, 118, 147-48, 157 Plokhy, Serhii, 71 poetry, 30, 82, 100, 123, 181, 247 Poland(-Lithuania; Rzeczpospolita), 71, 73, 95, 103, 125. See also Lithuania Poles, 10,71, 103, 211-12 Polier, Adolphe de, 121 Polish, 71 Polish Partitions, 125 Politbiuro (Politburo), 177, 192, 230 political commissar, 168-69 political tradition, 18, 62, 65, 69, 73, 93, 135, 148, 155, 179, 229
Index Polovtsy (Cumans), 40, 52 Poltoratskii, P. A., 155 population numbers, 56-57, 69-70, 83-84, 106, 113, 129, 132, 134, 136, 138, 150, 164, 176-77, 182, 184-85, 195-96, 201-5, 210, 214, 222, 22729, 238, 256 posad. See Tatar Quarter (of Kazan) postcolonialism, 32 Potemkin villages, 136 Pravda, 194 Preobrazhenskii, Evgenii, 205, 217-18 pretenders, 83, 126, 133 Primakov, V. Μ., 221 printing (of texts), 2, 59-60, 99, 118, 128, 139, 152, 155, 165, 187 prisoners-of-war (POWs), 21, 61, 70, 99, 167, 228 privatization, 239^10 proletariat. See working class Proust, Marcel, 3 public transport, 231 Pugachev, Emel’ian, 2, 10-11, 96-97, 101, 105, 114, 118, 125-34, 136, 140, 147, 157 pulses (crop), 61 Pushkin, Alexander, 118, 130-32, 157 Putin, Vladimir, 237-38, 241, 243, 252-55 Qasim, Kazanian chief in Russian service, 73 Qing dynasty, 125, 148 Qipchaks, 3, 30, 39^0, 234 Qol (Qui) Shärif, seid, 69, 82, 245-49 Qol Shärif Mosque, 245^19, 256 Québec, 41, 238-39, 242, 255-59 Quran (Koran), 51, 69, 120, 128, 152 racism, 142, 149, 180 Radek, Karl, 208 radio, 168 Raeff, Marc, 136 railroads, 134, 139, 167, 212 Rakhmatullin, 217 307 Ramadan, 50 rape, 52, 83, 209, 245 Rasputin, Grigorii, 30 rationalism, 82, 97, 115, 134, 229 rats, 56 Razin, Stepan Timofeevich (Stenka), 10, 105, 127, 131 Razriad, 87 Razumov, Mikhail Osipovich, 207-8, 210,213,218, 224 reading, 69, 154 reading rooms, 191 Realpolitik, 176 Reconquista, 55, 60, 85 Red Army, 4, 169, 195, 221, 227 Red Terror, 168 referendum of 22 March 1992, 238-^10 Reformation, 60 refugees, 8, 216, 225, 227 religious conversion, 32, 41, 49-51, 70, 85,
89, 104-5, 108, 113-15, 126, 152 religious fanaticism, 83, 89 Renaissance, 60 Republic of Letters, 119 Republic of Tatarstan (late/post-Soviet), 1, 19, 32, 37-38, 40^12, 66, 68, 203-4, 223, 235-60 revolution of 1905, 59, 89, 147, 150, 152, 162, 179, 246 rhubarb, 61 Riazan, 74 Rightist-Trotskyite nationalist underground, 207, 211, 218, 220 Riurikids, 99, 103-4 rivers (in general), 66 Romaniello, Matthew, 26, 83, 99, 102, 105, 131-32, 137 Romanov dynasty (1613-1917), 25, 27, 31, 95, 99, 104, 133 Rome, 138 Rorlich, Azade-Ayse, 19, 25-26, 247 Ross, Danielle, 26, 42, 45, 90, 98 Rossiada, 100, 119, 123 Rostov-na-Donu, 31
308 Index Rud’, Pyotr G. (NKVD official), 211, 215 ruins, 11, 62-64, 67, 72, 95, 105, 116, 118-19, 121-22 Rus’, 52, 103 Russian Academy of Sciences, 97, 116-18 Russian Civil War (1918-1921), 8, 11, 42, 150, 161, 165-68, 175-76, 180, 182, 185-86,215,218, 223 Russian colonialism, 142, 148, 149, 229 Russian empire. See Russian imperialism Russian Federation Russian Federation’s People’s Artist Russian imperialism, 4, 15-16, 18, 25-26, 33, 39, 59, 61, 95, 97, 106, 115, 117-18, 120-21, 125, 128-29, 131-34, 136, 139^0, 147-50, 15255, 163, 165-66, 202, 229, 254 Russian language Russian Orthodox Church, 2, 7-11, 30, 32, 50, 56, 64, 67, 73, 81-86, 89-90, 97-98, 103-5, 107, 114, 119-21, 126-29, 131, 136-37, 142-43, 14750, 152-53, 158, 164, 166-67, 192, 221-23, 242, 247^9, 251, 257 Russian-Orthodox Church chronicles, 7, 67, 74,81-82, 118, 148. See chronicles Russian-Orthodox clergy, 2, 9, 77, 83, 86, 119, 155, 192,212, 222,249 Russian rule in Tatarstan. See Russian colonialism; Russian imperialism; Russian state; russification; Tatar independence struggle; Tatar nationalism Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (RSFSR), 175-76, 227 Russian state, 10,12, 60, 65, 75, 81, 84, 88, 90, 94, 113, 135-37, 147-49, 157, 248, 257 russification, 2, 32, 42, 59, 85, 103, 127, 134, 142, 149, 151-54, 180, 182-83, 199, 221, 224, 243, 251-52, 256 Russo-centric viewpoints, 17, 157. See also historiography Russo-Turkish war of 1768-1774, 125-26 Russo-Turkish war of 1877-1878, 154 Rychkov, N. P., 33, 58, 62-64, 71-72, 95-97, 101, 105, 113-20, 125-27, 131, 134, 142, 156 Rychkov, P. I., 34, 67,
117-18, 142, 156 Ryckov, Andrei, 131 Ryskulov, Turar, 207, 213 Rywkin, Michael, 99 Sabirov, Mukhammat, 213 Sabirov, Rauf, 186-88, 213 Safa Giray, 63, 75, 246, 261 Safin, Marat, 30 Sagidullin, Μ. S„ 200, 205, 217, 220, 223, 225 Sahib Giray, khan of Kazan and Crimea, 75, 261 Said, Edward, 29, 66 Said-Galiev, Sahibgarai, 163, 169, 177, 182, 186-87 Saint Basil’s Cathedral, (Moscow’s Red Square), 84-85 Saint Petersburg, 15,31,41, 115, 11718, 128, 134, 139, 162-63. See also Leningrad Salafi, 253 salah, 50 Samara (Kuibyshev), 65, 152, 165, 167, 171, 203, 232 Samarkand, 121 Samoilovich, Aleksandr, 39 Sarai, 61, 72 Saratov, 37, 65, 171, 203 sawm, 50 Scandinavians (Vikings, Normans, Varangians, Danes), 39,49, 56, 132 Schafer, Daniel, 33, 162 schools, 30, 69, 71, 120, 152-55, 157, 165-66, 188, 192-93, 200, 230-31, 239, 253 science, 116-18, 139, 153
Index script, 2, 55, 69, 183, 200, 205 Scythians, 95 Sea of Azov, 49 Second Five Year Plan (1933-1937), 195, 202 Second Radio-Telegraph Base, 168 Second World War, 4, 20, 25, 150, 201-3,213, 227-29, 232 Secret Speech (by Khrushchev in 1956), 210-11 secularism, 32, 115-18, 147^18, 153, 157, 183, 199-200, 204 seid, 69, 82 Seinkman, la. S., 163 self-determination, 1, 19, 150, 161-62, 164, 175, 181, 220, 237, 239^11, 248, 254-55, 257 Selim, Ottoman sultan, 94 separatism, 239-40, 255-56 Serbian soldiers, 167 serfs, 61, 67, 70, 73, 98, 103-5, 108, 126 sermons, 10 sewage, 232 sex, 120, 180 shahada, 50 Shaimiev, Mintimer, 19, 238-43, 24748, 252, 259 Shakh Ali (Shahgali), Kazanian chief in Russian service, 82-83, 88 shamanism, 71 Sharaf, Galimdzhan, 164 Shaykhutdinov, Renat, 253 Shchapov, Afanasii, 139-40, 157 Sheludchenko, Mikhail L, 210-12, 219, 222 sheykhs (shaykhs), 69, 72, 151 Sh’ia, 97 Siberia, 38, 44, 76, 91, 97, 117, 130, 132, 136, 140, 195 Sibir, 61, 78, 93 siege warfare, 82-83, 88, 126, 147 silk, 51, 61 Silk Route (Road), 51, 61 silver, 62, 121 309 Simbirsk (Ulyanovsk), 37, 65, 135, 141, 165, 167, 171 Siuiumbike (Söyembikä), Kazanian princess, 82, 121, 245-46, 248 Siuiumbike Tower, 66, 86, 245-49 slaughter of farm animals, 187, 193, 196 slave-holding societies, 60 slaves, 31,53, 60-61,70, 76 Slavophiles, 138, 142 sliyane (fusion), 33, 103-7 sloboda (suburb), 137, 232 Slovakia, 257 Slovak POWs, 167 sluzhilye Tatary, 104—5 smallpox, 129 smithies, 62 Smolensk, 85, 103 Smolensk Mother of God, 85 social darwinism, 148 Socialist-Revolutionaries (SR), 153, 162, 215, 217-18
socialists, 156, 162, 165, 180, 201, 212, 215. See also Bolsheviks; Communists; Marxist stages of history; socialist-revolutionaries socialist soviet republic (SSR), 176 social justice, 31, 256 Sofiia Alekseevna, Russian regent, 104 Sokol’nikov, Grigorii, 217-18 Solovetskii Islands, 223 sources, 16-22, 25-26, 49, 55-56, 66, 75, 77, 81-82, 87, 99, 113, 117, 138, 157, 194, 246-47 South America, 42, 94, 129 soviet (council), 8, 163, 165-66, 177, 210,216-17,219 Soviet collapse, 183, 191, 237-39, 247 Soviet Russian constitution (of 1918), 180 Soviet Tatarstan. See Tatar ASSR Soviet Union, 3, 8, 15,42, 60, 150, 175-76, 179, 181, 183, 186, 191-92, 194-95, 197, 203, 208-9, 212-13, 218-20, 227-33, 237-39, 246^17
310 Spain, 60-61,85, 129, 149, 256 Spaniards, 55, 94, 148 Spanish rule in the Americas, 129, 149 Spaso-Preobrazhenskii Monastery, 147 Speranskii, Mikhail, 130 Stalin, Soviet ruler, 3, 8, 18-20, 23, 32, 40, 42, 59, 150, 166, 169, 175-76, 179-80, 182-83, 188, 194, 202-3, 208,211-15,217-18, 223-24, 228-30, 232 Stalingrad (Tsaritsyn; Volgograd), 185, 232 Standing at the Ugra, 73-74, 77, 106 Steinwedel, Charles, 29 Stepanov, Aleksei, 19, 215, 219, 221 steppe, 15, 39-40, 52, 56, 62, 64, 73, 95, 121, 125-26, 128, 137-38 stevedores, 66 strel’tsy, 72, 88, 96, 105-6, 149 Struys, Jan, 99 Study of History (book series by Toynbee), 8-9 Sübötei, 55, 83 Sufism, 51, 67, 69, 72, 77, 82, 119, 151, 165 Süleyman, the Lawgiver, Ottoman sultan, 75 Sultanbekov, B. F., 19, 209, 211 Sultan-Galiev, Mirsaid, 16, 32, 163, 166-67, 169, 177, 179-83, 186, 188, 213, 218, 220-22 Sultan-Galievism, 26, 32, 59, 179-81, 184, 188, 205, 218, 220, 223, 22930, 233 Sunni Islam, 40, 51, 71-72, 97, 199 Suzdal, 52 Sviiazhsk, 65, 74, 82, 94, 135 Sweden, 65, 135 synagogues, 85 Taiwan, 8 Tamburlaine the Great (Marlowe), 38 tanning, 53, 62 Tardzheman (“The Interpreter”), 151 tarkhans, 69, 76 Index Tartarus, 7, 30, 38 Tatar ASSR (Autonomous Socialist Soviet Republic), 8, 12, 31, 173-234 tatarça. See Tatar language Tatar council of people’s commissars, 205, 210, 219 Tatar culture, 1, 3, 5, 10, 30-32, 55, 71, 81,86, 95, 103, 107, 113, 117-21, 127, 139, 149-50, 153-56, 161, 187, 191-92, 200-1, 203, 229, 255-57 Tataria, 7, 37, 116, 207, 230. See also Tatarstan (post-1991 republic) Tatar identity, 2-3, 12, 19, 39, 41-43, 45^16,
65,71,97, 103, 107, 149, 153-56, 164, 178, 181, 183, 187, 199-200, 203-4, 228-30, 239^10, 246, 248, 251-53, 256, 260 Tatar independence struggle, 163-65, 176, 207, 237^11, 245, 251-53, 256-57 Tatarization, 199-206, 239, 241 Tatar language, 4, 7, 21, 38—41,43,45, 49,71, 156-57, 178, 256, 258 Tatar nationalism, 19, 35, 39, 42, 147, 150-51, 156, 177-78, 180-83, 188, 205, 218, 221-22, 229, 242, 248, 251. See also Tatar independence struggle Tatar Quarter (of Kazan), 19, 86, 98, 126-27, 137-38, 165 Tatar-Russian accord of 1994, 237-39, 241, 243, 252 Tatars, name of, 7-11, 37-39 Tatarskaia ratusha (Kazan), 137 Tatar soviets’ executive council, 210, 219 Tatarstan (post-1991 republic). See Republic of Tatarstan tatar tele. See Tatar language Tatar Yoke, 7, 9-11, 119, 123, 147^18, 152, 234, 257 taxes, 69-70, 76, 89, 100, 106, 113, 136, 154-55, 179 tea, 61 technology, 4, 60, 82, 135-36, 151, 168, 232, 257
Index telegraph, 134, 168 television, 8, 255 Tenth Communist Party Congress (1921), 167 Teptiars, 41, 46 Ter-Vaganian, Vagarshak, 217-18 Tevkelev, Kutlu-Mukhammed (Kotlymekhemmet Mamesh uli Tefkilev), 103-4 theaters, 181, 187 Third Republic (France), 153 Time of Troubles (Smutnoe Vremya), 95, 98-99, 104, 123 Timur (Lenk; Tamerlane), Mongolian ruler, 38-39, 56, 121 Titova, Antonina, 168 Tobolsk, 135, 141 Tokhtamysh, 56 toll, 69 Tolstoi, Lev N., 30, 140 tools, 62-63 torture, 155, 196, 208, 210-11, 219, 221-22, 224 Toynbee, Arnold, 8-9 trade, 50-51, 57, 61-62, 66, 96, 104, 106, 138. See also merchants trains, 195, 255. See also boxcars; railroads Transcaucasian region, 175. See also Armenia; Azeris; Georgia transport, 51, 66, 106, 136, 139, 202, 231 Trans-Siberian railroad, 167 trauma, 93, 161, 185, 223, 227 travel, 31, 38, 41, 51, 53, 61, 66, 72, 99, 102, 114, 116, 121 treasury, 69, 96 Treasury (Muscovite), 96 Treaty of Rapallo, 198, 219 tribute, 49, 62-63, 93, 105, 136, 149, 155 troika (special tribunal), 209, 211-12, 215 Trotsky, L. D„ 66, 224 Trotskyites, 205, 207, 211-12, 217-18, 220, 223, 225, 229 311 Trotskyite-Zinovievite Bloc, 59 Truce of Andrusovo, 103 tsars, 2, 10, 31-32, 39, 60-61, 63, 72, 75, 82-87, 89, 93-99, 103-5, 107, 114, 117, 126, 128, 130, 134-35, 137, 139-40, 147-55, 161-62, 166, 175, 181-82, 200, 203,212,215, 247, 251 tuberculosis, 232 tundra, 195 Tupolev, A. N., 205-6 Turgenev, I. S., 153 Turkey (modern republic), 156, 201, 220 Turkic, 4, 7, 38-41,43, 49-50, 52, 69, 71, 76, 147, 151-53, 156-57, 169, 178, 204, 207, 213, 218-20, 222 Turki-Tatar. See Tatar
language Turkmenistan, 44, 51 Tver’, 9 uchetnye spiski, 212 Udmurtia, 37 Udmurts (Votyaks), 41, 62, 64-65, 68, 71, 99, 106, 126, 128, 164, 176 Ufa, 141-42, 151-52, 163, 165, 171, 176, 178,203,211,215 Ukraine, 15, 40, 51, 95, 103, 128, 150, 175-76, 178, 196, 219, 222, 229, 234, 254, 256-58 ulama, 105 Ul’ianov, Il’ia, 30 Ulozhenie, 105 Ulugh Muhammed, 72-73, 261 Ulus Dzhuchi (Juchi). See Golden Horde Ulyanovsk. See Simbirsk United Kingdom, 138, 149, 192, 212, 228, 255 United States, 256 United States of Turkic-Tatar nations, 220 University of Kazan. See Kazan university Ural mountains (Urals), 21, 37, 39-40, 42, 45, 101, 103, 118, 125-26, 129,
312 Index 141, 150-52, 156, 163, 165-66, 175-76, 204, 218-20, 251 Ural river. See laik river (Ural) ushkuiniks, 56-57 Usmanov (Duma deputy), 152 Usmanova, Diliara, 203 Vaisov (Vaisi), B. Kh„ 165 Vaisov, G. B., 165 Vaisovism, 165 Vakhidov (Vakhidi), Said Gabdul’minanovich, 59 Vakhitov, Mullanur, 166-68, 176, 180 Validov, Zeki, 218 Valiulin, Sandar, 228 Vandals, 100 Vasil’sursk, 74, 94 Vasily II, Russian grand duke, 73, 75, 77 Vasily III, Russian grand duke, 75, 83 Vasily Shuiskii, Russian tsar, 99 Villiers, Marq de, 41 violent protests, 1, 98-99, 149, 192, 194, 222, 253 Vladimir (city), 9, 52 Vladivostok, 167 voevoda, 89, 105 Volga (Idel’) river, 1, 9-10, 15, 17, 21, 25, 37, 52, 56-57, 61, 63-65, 73-74, 82, 84-85, 93-96, 98, 100, 106, 114, 117-18, 121, 126-28, 131,205 Volkhov river, 228 Volodymyr (Vladimir), Eastern Slav prince and saint, 50 Voltaire (François-Marie Arouet), French thinker, 132, 134 Votyaks. See Udmurts Vries, Jan de, 138 Vyshinsky, A. L, 218 wages, 129, 180 Wahhabi, 253 waiters, 121 walls, 62-64, 72, 82, 85-86, 126-27, 232, 248 water supply, 232 Weber, Max, 153 Welsh, 255 West Asia, 51. See also Iran; Middle East; Ottoman Empire Western Christianity, 9, 50 Western Europe, 9, 21, 26, 56, 60-61, 70-71, 84,88, 90, 114, 149, 167 Western Front (First World War), 167 White, Richard, 93, 129 white man’s burden, 149 Whites (in Russian Civil War), 11, 167-68, 215, 223 White Tsar, 86 Witsen, Nicolaas, 38-39, 45, 116-17 Wolf, Eric, 15 Wolff, Larry, 9 women, 71, 83, 108, 120, 124, 193, 199, 219, 224, 227 workers (blue-collar; factory), 170, 186, 202, 227, 232 working
class, 166, 181-82, 186 world history, 9, 26 writing, 64, 69, 126, 154, 231 Yadegar Mokhammad (Simeon Kasaevich), Khan of Kazan, 82-83, 261 Yakhina, Guzel, 30, 161, 251-52, 258 yams (postal stations), 66 Yandarbiev, Zelimkhan, 240 Yangalif (Latin script), 200 Yaqup, Wäliulla, 253 yasachnye Tatary, 63, 105 yasak, 62, 93, 100 Yeltsin, B. N„ 238-40 Yemelianova, Galina, 155 Yusupov, Prince Felix, 30 Zabulach'e. See Tatar Quarter (of Kazan) zakat, 50 zakliuchennye (zeks), 213 Zaporozhian Sich, 128 Zedek (NKVD official), 210 Zhdanov, Andrei, 211, 229 Zinoviev-Kamenev showtrial (1936), 208 Zuleikha (novel by Yakhina), 161, 198 |
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| author | Boterbloem, Kees 1962- |
| author_GND | (DE-588)134203879 |
| author_facet | Boterbloem, Kees 1962- |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Boterbloem, Kees 1962- |
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| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV049376471 |
| classification_rvk | NK 4700 |
| contents | Historiography, terms, concepts -- The early centuries: Islam, the Jochids, and independent Kazan -- Muscovy's Volga Tatars -- The dawn of modern imperialism (1725-1855) -- The rise of nationalism and the fall of Tsarist Russia -- Soviet Tatarstan -- Post Soviet Tatarstan -- Epilogue: Contemporary problems and prospects -- Appendix: Khans of Kazan (1438-1552) -- Glossary |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)1398610674 (DE-599)BVBBV049376471 |
| discipline | Geschichte |
| discipline_str_mv | Geschichte |
| era | Geschichte gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte |
| format | Book |
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| geographic | Tatarstan (Russia) / History Khanat Kasan (DE-588)4110029-3 gnd Tatarstan (DE-588)4314332-5 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Tatarstan (Russia) / History Khanat Kasan Tatarstan |
| id | DE-604.BV049376471 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-03T22:58:06Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T10:05:21Z |
| institution | BVB |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-034704189 |
| oclc_num | 1398610674 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-19 DE-BY-UBM DE-12 DE-Re13 DE-BY-UBR DE-11 |
| owner_facet | DE-19 DE-BY-UBM DE-12 DE-Re13 DE-BY-UBR DE-11 |
| physical | XVIII, 313 Seiten Karten 23,5 x 15,9 cm |
| psigel | BSB_NED_20240119 |
| publishDate | 2023 |
| publishDateSearch | 2023 |
| publishDateSort | 2023 |
| publisher | Lexington Books |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Boterbloem, Kees 1962- Verfasser (DE-588)134203879 aut A history of Tatarstan the Russian yoke and the vanishing Tatars Kees Boterbloem Lanham ; Boulder ; New York ; London Lexington Books [2023] © 2023 XVIII, 313 Seiten Karten 23,5 x 15,9 cm txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Historiography, terms, concepts -- The early centuries: Islam, the Jochids, and independent Kazan -- Muscovy's Volga Tatars -- The dawn of modern imperialism (1725-1855) -- The rise of nationalism and the fall of Tsarist Russia -- Soviet Tatarstan -- Post Soviet Tatarstan -- Epilogue: Contemporary problems and prospects -- Appendix: Khans of Kazan (1438-1552) -- Glossary "A History of Tatarstan: The Russian Yoke and the Vanishing Tatars surveys the history of the Tatar people living along the Volga river and argues that the Volga Tatars were Russia's first colonized people"-- Geschichte gnd rswk-swf Tatars / History Kasantataren (DE-588)4456973-7 gnd rswk-swf Tatarstan (Russia) / History Khanat Kasan (DE-588)4110029-3 gnd rswk-swf Tatarstan (DE-588)4314332-5 gnd rswk-swf Khanat Kasan (DE-588)4110029-3 g Tatarstan (DE-588)4314332-5 g Kasantataren (DE-588)4456973-7 s Geschichte z DE-604 Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034704189&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034704189&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Literaturverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034704189&sequence=000005&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Register // Gemischte Register |
| spellingShingle | Boterbloem, Kees 1962- A history of Tatarstan the Russian yoke and the vanishing Tatars Historiography, terms, concepts -- The early centuries: Islam, the Jochids, and independent Kazan -- Muscovy's Volga Tatars -- The dawn of modern imperialism (1725-1855) -- The rise of nationalism and the fall of Tsarist Russia -- Soviet Tatarstan -- Post Soviet Tatarstan -- Epilogue: Contemporary problems and prospects -- Appendix: Khans of Kazan (1438-1552) -- Glossary Tatars / History Kasantataren (DE-588)4456973-7 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4456973-7 (DE-588)4110029-3 (DE-588)4314332-5 |
| title | A history of Tatarstan the Russian yoke and the vanishing Tatars |
| title_auth | A history of Tatarstan the Russian yoke and the vanishing Tatars |
| title_exact_search | A history of Tatarstan the Russian yoke and the vanishing Tatars |
| title_exact_search_txtP | A history of Tatarstan the Russian yoke and the vanishing Tatars |
| title_full | A history of Tatarstan the Russian yoke and the vanishing Tatars Kees Boterbloem |
| title_fullStr | A history of Tatarstan the Russian yoke and the vanishing Tatars Kees Boterbloem |
| title_full_unstemmed | A history of Tatarstan the Russian yoke and the vanishing Tatars Kees Boterbloem |
| title_short | A history of Tatarstan |
| title_sort | a history of tatarstan the russian yoke and the vanishing tatars |
| title_sub | the Russian yoke and the vanishing Tatars |
| topic | Tatars / History Kasantataren (DE-588)4456973-7 gnd |
| topic_facet | Tatars / History Kasantataren Tatarstan (Russia) / History Khanat Kasan Tatarstan |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034704189&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034704189&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034704189&sequence=000005&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT boterbloemkees ahistoryoftatarstantherussianyokeandthevanishingtatars |