Framing the Holocaust: photographs of a mass shooting in Latvia, 1941
"In December 1941, German police and their local collaborators shot 2,749 Jews at the beach in Šķēde, near Liepāja, Latvia. Twelve photographs were taken at the scene. These now-infamous images show people in extreme distress, sometimes without clothing. Some capture the very moments when women...
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Madison, Wisconsin
University of Wisconsin Press
[2023]
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| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Literaturverzeichnis |
| Zusammenfassung: | "In December 1941, German police and their local collaborators shot 2,749 Jews at the beach in Šķēde, near Liepāja, Latvia. Twelve photographs were taken at the scene. These now-infamous images show people in extreme distress, sometimes without clothing. Some capture the very moments when women and children confronted their imminent deaths, while others show their dead bodies. They are nearly unbearable to look at--so why should we? Framing the Holocaust offers a multidimensional response to this question. While photographs are central to our memory of modern historical events, they often inhabit an ambivalent intellectual space. What separates the sincere desire to understand from voyeuristic curiosity? Comprehending atrocity photographs requires viewers to place themselves in the very positions of the perpetrators who took the images. When we engage with these photographs, do we risk replicating the original violence? In this tightly organized book, scholars of history, photography, language, gender, photojournalism, and pedagogy examine the images of the Šķēde atrocity along with other difficult images, giving historical, political, and ethical depth to the acts of looking and interpreting. With a foreword by Edward Anders, who narrowly escaped the December 1941 shooting, Framing the Holocaust represents an original approach to an iconic series of Holocaust photographs. This book will contribute to compelling debates in the emerging field of visual history, including the challenges and responsibilities of using photographs to teach about atrocity." (From the back cover) |
| Beschreibung: | Published in association with the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum |
| Beschreibung: | xix, 275 Seiten Illustrationen 24 cm |
| ISBN: | 9780299344108 |
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| 520 | 3 | |a "In December 1941, German police and their local collaborators shot 2,749 Jews at the beach in Šķēde, near Liepāja, Latvia. Twelve photographs were taken at the scene. These now-infamous images show people in extreme distress, sometimes without clothing. Some capture the very moments when women and children confronted their imminent deaths, while others show their dead bodies. They are nearly unbearable to look at--so why should we? Framing the Holocaust offers a multidimensional response to this question. While photographs are central to our memory of modern historical events, they often inhabit an ambivalent intellectual space. What separates the sincere desire to understand from voyeuristic curiosity? Comprehending atrocity photographs requires viewers to place themselves in the very positions of the perpetrators who took the images. When we engage with these photographs, do we risk replicating the original violence? In this tightly organized book, scholars of history, photography, language, gender, photojournalism, and pedagogy examine the images of the Šķēde atrocity along with other difficult images, giving historical, political, and ethical depth to the acts of looking and interpreting. With a foreword by Edward Anders, who narrowly escaped the December 1941 shooting, Framing the Holocaust represents an original approach to an iconic series of Holocaust photographs. This book will contribute to compelling debates in the emerging field of visual history, including the challenges and responsibilities of using photographs to teach about atrocity." (From the back cover) | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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Contents Foreword by Edward Anders ix Acknowledgments xvii List ofAbbreviations xix Introduction: Twelve Photographs 3 Valerie Hébert i “Not to Tiptoe Away in the Face of Suffering”: Why We Look at Holocaust Photographs Valerie Hébert 2 The Mystery of an Iconic Photograph: Investigating Both Sides of the Camera on the Beach at Skëde 38 64 Daniel Newman 3 Reading against the Gaze: Perpetrator Motives and Subject Responses in Photographs of a Mass Shooting Tanja Kinzel 91 4 Ordinary Acts, Extraordinary Crimes: Photographic Practice and Atrocity Danny Hoffman 117 5 Describing Atrocity: Soviet Words on German Perpetrator Images Marilyn Campeau 142 vii
Contents viii 6 A Day at the Beach: The Skêde Massacre and Littoral Photography 171 Daniel H. Magilow 7 (Re)framing Gender: Representations of Female Bodies in Holocaust Photographs 191 Dorota Glowacka 8 A Pedagogy of Witnessing: Reading and Interpreting the Skêde 223 Beach Execution Photographs in the University Classroom Hilary Earl Contributors 251 Index 255
Index Page numbers in italics indicate illustrations. Abel, Elizabeth, 132 Aberdeen Road Amputee Camp, 132-35 “about to die” (Zelizer), 128,172,183, 185 Abu Ghraib, 248134 Acorn TV, 247129 Adams, Eddie, 119 Agfa, 94,172 Aizsargi: as auxiliary police, 3,11, 17-18,21, 25,27, 93,148,151,163143, 165П63 (see also collaborators); Richard Wiener testimony and, 93; Skëde atrocities and, 3,11,17-18,21, 25,27; Soviets and, 148,151,163П43, 165П63 Aktion, 224,235,24415 album(s), 56,186,191,194; Extermina tion ofPolish Jewry and, 211,217; Höcker and, 176,231-32; Jacob and, 43,176; Swiebocka and, 195,197, Alperowitsch, Edward. See Anders, Edward Alperovics, Edward. See Anders, Edward American Civil War, 172 Amidst Latvians during the Holocaust (Anders), 181,189П33 Anders, Adolf, xiii-xiv Anders, Edward, ix-xv, 86134; Amidst Latvians during the Holocaust, 181, 189П33; background of, 251; Ezergailis and, 88151; as halfJew, 116П27; Liepaja and, 251; Linkimer and, 7-8, 80,138,182; littoral photography and, 181-82; on Minox camera, 115П16 Anders, Erika, xi, xiii-xiv Anders, Georg, xi, xiii Antelope’s Strategy, The (Hatzfeld), 54-55 antisemitism, 253; death of Christ and, 222142; Final Solution and, 53,226, 231,236,242,243m; Hitler and, x; Liepaja and, 65-69,180; perpetrator motivations and, 6262; Soviets and, 156 204-6 Alexander 1,65 Alexander III, 65 Allies, ix, 16122 255
256 Index Arâjs Commando, xii, 85т Aräjs, Viktors, xii, 70 Arendt, Hannah, 42,164149 Arone, Shidane, 248п31, 248134 Aryanism, 53 atrocity photography, 251; aftereffects of, 213-17; captions and, 42,142-43, 149-53; collaborators and, 11-15,19, 22,25,29-33; descriptions for, 14257,16237, 163пп44—45, 166п72; ethics and, 6,38,40,42,52,57-58, 119,127,237-43; as evidence, 94-96; filming and, 92-100; gender and, 206-9, 219117,220127,222139; interpreter’s dilemma and, 126-27; littoral photography and, 172-74, 182,186; Makarewicz and, 193-216; as mental pollution, 40-46; peda gogy and, 223-43,245ml, 246114 perpetrator motives and, 92-96, 114П3; photographic practice and, 77,117-38; pornography and, 4,44, 105-8,111-13,219123,22130; posing and, 39,51,105,152, 184-85,191-93, 205,217,241; prohibition of, ix, 4, 38,93,114П3; Slçêde and, 5 (see also S^ëde); Soviets and, 142-57,162137, 163ПП44-45,16617; suffering and, 38-39,42-53; technology and, 22730; as trophies, 94,109,203,212, 220П24,233-34,242,248ПП34-35; unwilling subjects and, 237-43 Auschwitz: burning barracks of, 195, 2i8n8; captions and, 198,201,204, 211,214,2i8n8; children and, 193, 196,206,221132, 222139; gas chambers and, 220128, 234,245ml; gender and, 191,193-217,218ПП9-10, 220128,22130; liberation photog raphy and, 54,191-216,218П9-10, 219123; Makarewicz and, 193-216, 218П9,219123; mug shots from, 42; Olère artwork and, 221130; peda gogy and, 229-34,24517, 245ml, 247125; photographic practice and, 117,191,193-211,215-17,218ПП9-10, 220128,221130; Sonderkommando photographs and, 52,125,188122, 207,220128, 228-31,235,240,
245Ш1,2471125; Soviets and, 145; women and, 191-217 Auschwitz: A History ofPhotographs (Swiebocka), 195 Azoulay, Ariella, 126-30 Babi Yar, 70,225-26 Baka Lighthouse, 7-10,147 Balkan war, 119 Baltic: littoral photography and, 171, 174,177-83; massacres and, 3,31; pedagogical context and, 224-25, 238; Soviets and, 146,150,160П17 Balwans, Anton (aka Bulvâns), 71, 96-97,101. See also eyewitnesses Barcelona, 42 Barrett, Terry, 127 Barthes, Roland: Camera Lucida and, 139ml, 172; certificate of presence and, 47; denotive layer of meaning and, 125; on photographic practice, 172-73; photography as counter memory, 42; punctum and, 131,173, 183; on shock photos, 41; Studium and, 173 Batchen, Geoffrey, 175-76 Baumgartner, Hans, 4,78 Beach Boys, 175 Beach in Anglophone Literatures and Cultures, The (Kluwick and Richter), 175
Index beatings: by police 119-20; suffering and, 17,27,91,104,120,16237; of women, 17,27, 71,91,101,104 Belarus, 65 Belorussia, 145-46,160П17 Benjamin, Walter, 41,44-45 Bergen, Doris, 167177 Bergen-Belsen, 42,206-7 Berger, John, 41 Bergs, Arveds, 67 Berkhoff, Karel C., 156,165П60, 16989 Berry, Ian, 137-38 Birkenau: gas chambers and, 234, 245П11; gender and, 191,193-205, 209,216,218П9; Hungarian deporta tion to, 43; liberation of, 193-205; Makarewicz and, 195-216,218П9, 219123; pedagogical context and, 229,230,234,245П11,2471125; photo graphic practice and, 193-205,209, 216,218П9; Soviets and, 145; suffer ing and, 43,53 Black Book, The (project), 170198 Blaushild, Immanuel, 181 Bloom, Hyman, 207-8 Bolshevik(s): myth ofJudeo-Bolshevik conspiracy, 68-69; propaganda and, 143-46; Soviets and, 68-69, 143-46,149,151,154,157,165165 speaking and, 142-70 Bolshoi Street, 73 Bomba, Abraham, 58-59 Bonnell, Victoria, 165165, 166167 Bool, Kurt Erik, 27,109 Bourke-White, Margaret, 119,172 Brecht, Bertolt, 41 Brink, Cornelia, 46,176-77 Brodski, 181 Brower, Matthew, 233 257 Browning, Christopher R., 248131, 248138 Brückner, Korvettenkapitän, 69 Buchenwald, 42,207,220128 Bulväns, Antons (aka Balwans), 71, 96-97,101. See also eyewitnesses Bund Deutscher Mädel, 183 Bundesarchiv Koblenz (BK): photo graph captions of, xix, 8,11-35; Skéde victims’ identities and, 80 Burdenko, Nikolai, 159ml Burgin, Victor, 173 Butler, Judith, 212-13 Cambodia, 42 CameraLucida (Barthes), 139ml, 172 Campeau, Marilyn, 142-57,251 Canada, 2 4 8П31,248134 Capa, Robert, 117 captions: Anders and, 8,138,182; atrocity
photography and, 42,14243,149-53; Auschwitz and, 198,201, 204,211,214,2i8n8; Bundesarchiv Koblenz (BK) and, xix, 8,11-35; gender and, 198,201,204,211,214, 2i8n8; Jöst and, 56; lack of explana tion and, 42; Linkimer and, 7-8,35, 36П7,80,138m, 141П31,148-51,154, 156, i68n8o; littoral photography and, 176,178,182,184; Makarewicz and, 197,204,214; “peaceful citi zens,” 15 4,15 6, i6 8n8o, 168182; perpetrator motives and, 106,111; photographic practice and, 126,128, 138m, 14131; Skêde and, 7-8,11-35, Збшо, 142-43,148-57; Soviet Extraordinary State Commission (ChGK) and, 7-8,11-36,142-43, 148-54,157; State Archive of the Russian Federation (GARF) and, 8,
258 Index captions (continued) 11, збп7; United States Holocaust Memorial Museum (USHMM) and, 8,11-3$, збтю, 36П7,2i8n8; Yad Vashem (YV) and, 11-35,89154 Cartier-Bresson, Henri, 173,196 castration, xi Catherine II, 65 Catholicism, 214,219120 Celinscak, Mark, 206 Central Jewish Committee, 211-12 Chan, Paula, 145-46 Chevrie, Marc, 93-94 ChGK. See Soviet Extraordinary State Commission (ChGK) children: American internment camps and, 222139; Auschwitz and, 193, 196,206,221132,222139; execution of, 3-4,11-21,25-35; horror of, 38; littoral photography and, 171,182; pedagogical context and, 223-24, 227,229,233,235,238,245ml,• per petrator motives and, 91,95,99, 103-4; photographic practice and, 66,71-72,76,80,83; Soviets and, 154,168182; suffering of, 3-4,11-21, 2.5-35,38,4 S, 49-50,57,59,221132, 222139; terror and, 4 “Choosing Not to Look” (Crane), 239 Christian iconography, 45 Churbn Lettland (Kaufmann), 181 Cine Kodak camera, 92 Cold War, 172 Cole, Tim, 177 collaborators, i6oni8; atrocity pho tography and, 11-15,19,22,25, 29-33; Krasnodar military tribunal and, 169П89; Latvian, 11,13,15,19, 22,25,29-33,38,70,100,112-13, 147~51, 163П43; Magilow and, 126; photographic practice and, 126,135; police and, 11,22,70,126,151, 163143; Soviet Extraordinary State Commission (ChGK) and, 147, 150-51, 157,163П43,169П89. See also Aizsargi; Schutzmannschaften; Sicherheitsdienst Colville, Alex, 206-7,209 communism: Poland and, 209; Soviets and, 68,147,151,163П43 compassion fatigue theory, 43-44 Congo, 49-50,133-35 Congo Reform Association (CRA), 49 Corbin, Alain, 177-78,180 Courland, 64,177
Crane, Susan, 43,125,234-35,239-42 Crematori(um/a), 201,229-30 Crimea, 3,65, i6oni6,225 “crimes against humanity,” 49-50 Daguerre, Louis-Jacques-Mandé, 180 Damascus, 42 Daniel, Zachary, 64-65 Daugavpils, 67,70 D-Day, 175 Dead Still (TV show), 247129 Dean, Carol J., 219П23 Dehlert, A., xiii dehumanization, 43,52,113,132,153, 202,217 Delbo, Charlotte, 54,227 de Menthon, François, 49-50 Denby, David, 47-48 deportees, photographs of, 43,56,59 deportation: ghettos and, 19,43,56, 59; Hungarian, 43; Liepâja and, 66,68-69; The Memorial to the Deportees, 193; pedagogical context and, 229; Soviets and, 16129
Index Der Gelbe Stern (The Yellow Star) (Schoenberner), 77 Des Pres, Terrence, 227 Deutsche Mädel, Das: Die Zeitschrift des Bundes Deutscher Mädel in der HJ (magazine), 183 diaries, 48; Gliwice Diary, 214; Linkimer, 7-8,74,8 0,88146,10 0, 13 8m, 141П31,164156, 18 7П2,24412; pedagogical context and, 230,242; Rozewicz, 214 Diderot, Denis, 175 Didi-Huberman, Georges, 3,53,125, 137 Dietrich, Emil (aka Fritz), збп, 70, 74,102,224,243m disease, 55,72 documentation, 43,47,79,113,123,206 ^9 trials and, 94; Kügler and, 70; perpetrator motives and, 94-97; role in Skëde shooting and, 3-4 Eisenstadt, Alfred, 173 “empty gesture” (Zizek), 132 Encyclopedia ofCamps and Ghettos, 86134 Encyclopedia of Holocaust Literature, 193 Epstein, Chaim (Haim), 19,83 Epstein, Emma, 19,21,80-83,106-8 Epstein, Max, 19,83,105,129-32, 14128 Epstein, Mia (aka Lily, Maya, Mia Malka, Malka): littoral photography and, 184; photographer’s motive Dreyfuss, 181 Duma, 65-66 and, 105; photographic practice, and, 80-83,129-32,138,141128; photograph of, 18,19-22,59m Epstein, Roza (aka Rosa), 21-22,79, Earl, Hilary, 223-43,251-52 81,184 Epstein, Sorella (aka Sarah, Surala, Ebbrecht-Hartmann, Tobias, 94 Sureleh): identifying of, 79-83, Ebert, Roger, 47 Eichman, Adolf, 27,94 Einsatzgruppe(n) (EG, Task Force(s)), xi, xix; Final Solution 128; photograph of, 20-22,40,53, 106,184,193; Sorella, a Child in the Holocaust (film), 80 and, $3,226,231,236,242,243m; Hannover trials and, 77; Operation Barbarossa and, 225; pedagogical context and, 225-26,238-40; perpe trator s gaze and, 95-96,100,114П3; prelude to, 69-70; Skêde and,
25 Epstein, Yaacov, 22 Estonia, 66,145-46,240 ethics: atrocity photography and, 6, 38,40,42,52,173,237-43; citizen ship and, 126; of displaying images, 6,38; gender and, 216; Jöst and, (see also Skëde); Stahlecker and, 57-58) 127; Levinas and, 216, 222150; pedagogical context and, 69; statistics on, ix-x; Yad Vashem 226,237-43; perpetrator motives archive captions and, 11,13,19,22, and, 127; photographic practice and, 57-58,119) 125-27; Sontag on, 173; unwilling subjects and, 237-43; 25,29,3b 33 Einsatzkommando (s) (EK, Task Commando (s)), x-xi, xix; Baumgartner and, 78; Hannover viewing suffering and, 57-58,119, 127,237-43
2Ö0 Index Exakta Varex camera, 19$ eyewitnesses, 72,168П85; Baumgart ner, 4,78; Bulvâns (aka Balwans), 71,96, 97,101,113); Kronberg, 73; Libauer, 73; Linarts, 88150, 95,97; Linkimer, 79 (see also Linkimer, Kalman); Pukhert, 74-75; rumors and, 73; Shoah and, 47; Vinters, 73 Ezergailis, Andrew, 3615; littoral photography and, 181; pedagogical context and, 244П2; photographer’s identity and, 78,8$П22,86пзо, 88ПП50-51, 89пбо; Soviets and, 16125,162ПП31-35,165П6 Feferman, Kiril, 160П14,168184 Female Cadaver (Bloom), 208 Fetters, Ashley, 247121 fifth columnists, 66 Final Solution, 53,226,231,236,242, 243m Firehouse Square, xi, xiii firing squads, x, 29,33,72, no, 128,182 Five-Year Plan, 149-50 Flaherty, Robert, 13911 Forbert, Adolf, 196 Foucault, Michel, 192 Franklin, Stuart, 139112 Freinkel, Aron, x Freinkel, Isa, x-xi Galleano, Eduardo, 49 Gardner, Alexander, 172 Garrard, John, 145,168П85 gas chambers: Auschwitz and, 220128, 234; Hirsch and, 96; industrial kill ing process of, 225-26; Lanzmann and, 47; no known photographs of, 225,245ml Gelbard, Stefania, 213-15 gender: atrocity photography and, 206-9, 219117, 220127, 222139; Auschwitz and, 191,193-217, 218ПП9-10,220128,22130; Birke nau and, 191,193-205,209,216, 218П9; captions and, 198,201,204, 211,214,2i8n8; ethics and, 216, 222150; female beauty and, 191,201, 206-7,209,213-16,220128, 221ПП30-32; ghettos and, 191, 222139; humiliation and, 192,211-12, 215,217; Makarewicz and, 193-216, 218П12; mass graves and, 201-2; Nazis and, 192-95,201,203,206, 212,215,222129; police and, 210-11; Pollock on, 191; pornography and, 219123,
22130; rape and, 27,41, 202-3,208,234,239; reframing, 191-217; Rözewicz and, 193-95,19899,212-15; Skêde and, 191-93,206, 210-12,215,217; Sontag and, 203, 206-7; SS and, 192; Struk on, 191, 192; trophy photographs and, 203, 212,220124; voyeurism and, 5,41, 44, 5b 91,93) iOS, 108,152,173, 219123; Zelizer on, 191 “Gender and Atrocity” (Zelizer), 206, 220128 Genewein, Walter, 112,176,188П22 Ghetto (s), ix-x; deportation to, 19,43, $6,5 9; gender and, 191,22239 Liepaja, 70; Lodz, 52,59,111-12, 176,253; photography and, 42-43, 45, 52,55-59,63П80,70,72-73,76, 111-12,126-27,132,166172; Riga, 70; Soviets and, 147,163145; tourist pilgrimages to, 181-82; Warsaw, 42,45,55,57, 63П80,126-27,132,176 Gliwice Diary (Rozewicz), 214-15 Glowacka, Dorota, 191-217,252
261 Index Goldman, Pauline, 80,81 Goldman, Wendy Z., 164155 Hine, Lewis, 45 Hirsch, Marianne, 96,176,186,213, Goma, 42 Gourevitch, Philip, 44 Great Patriotic War, 143,150,152,156, 222139 Hitiyaremye, Alphonse, 55 170П103,170196 Great War, 66 Grief: The Biography of a Holocaust Photograph (Shneer), 226 Grinfeld, Cilla, 31,182,225 Grinfeld, Ester-Liebe, 31,182,225 Grinfeld, Ita-Beile, 31,118,182,225 Grinfeld, Ruben-Aron (aka Aron), 31, 117-18,138,182,225,244ns Grizodubova, Valentina, 159ml Grossberg, 73 Grossman, Mendel, 52,59 Guevara, Ernesto “Che,” 45 guilt, 46,57, 77 Gurvich, 108 Hahn, Walter, xi Hakoach, 67 Handke, Erich, xii; atrocity photog Hitler, Adolph, x, xiii, 126 Hitler Youth, 185 Höcker, Karl, 176,188,231,232 Hoffman, Danny, 117—38, 253 “Holocaust by bullets,” ix, 225,24517, 253 Holocaust deniers, 234-35 Holocaust Landscapes (Cole), 177 Hotel St. Petersburg, x human rights, 252; Hunt on, 49; instilling sensibility of, 5; Sliwinski on, 49; suffering and, 49-50,52; United Nations Declaration on Human Rights, 50 Human Rights in Camera (Sliwinski), 49-50 humiliation: beatings and, 17,27,91, 101,104,120,162137; dehumaniza tion and, 43,52,113,132,153,202, 217; gender and, 192,211-12,215,217; raphy and, 3,72,78-79,172, nsnii, mutilation and, 49,51,133,206-7; 1871; trial of, 71,77,84П2,86129, nudity and, 4,19,21,25, 27,3^~39 88П49,88ПП50-51, 95-96,162П35, 172 Hannover trials, 71,77,88П49,88nsi, 43-44, 48, Si, 57, 75,105-9,112,118, 123,171,180,192-94,198, 203, 20612,227-29,238-42,250153; perpe trator motives and, 91,96,108,111; 95-97,102 Hartwig, Edward, 195 Haskalah,
180 Hatzfeld, Jean, 54-55 Hayes, Peter, 248131 Hébert, Valerie, 3-63,252-53 Heydecker, Joseph, 57 Heydrich, Reinhard, 68 High Holidays, xii Hilberg, Raul, 248131 Himmler, Heinrich, 68,114П3,239, 25051 photographic practice and, 71,12223,129,136; pornography and, 4,44, 105-8,111-13,219123,22130; Soviets and, 149; subhuman category, xi, 43, 53; suffering and, 6,40,43-46,52, 55-58; torture and, 17,49,51,129,131, 162137, 163145, 213,248138; vocabu lary and, 153; whips and, 3,71,97; yellow stars and, 69,77,181,186 hunger, 49,55-56,59,16237, 202
Z61 Index Hunt, Lynn, 49 Hutu, 54-55 lakobson, 73 launzemis, 155 Ideal City, The (Makarewicz), 196 Ignatieff, Michael, 50 Images in Spite ofAll: Four Photographs from Auschwitz (Didi-Huberman), 53 Industrial Revolution, 177 In the Ghetto of Warsaw (Schwarberg), 56,126-27 Inventing Human Rights (Hunt), 49 Iraq, 248П31 lunas, 73 Ivangorod photograph, 235-37 Jacob, Lili, 43,176 Jankelowich, Nomi, (aka NomyNaima Jankelowitz, Naomi Yankelowitz), 22,59,79,80,89,184 Japan, xiv Japanese Americans, 222139 Jeckeln, Friedrich, 70 Jewish Community of Riga, 7-8 Jewish Enlightenment, 180 Joselit, Jenna Weissman, 174-75 Jöst, Heinrich: background of, 55-56; ethics and, 57-58,127; Linfield and, 57,132; photographic practice and, 55-58,63П80,63П84,126-27,42; photographing suffering and, 55-58, 63П80,6384; Schwarberg and, 56, 63П80 Jünger, Ernst, 173 Kagoyire, Marie-Louise, 55 Kamenets-Podolsk, 70 Kanada barracks, 195,2i8n8 Kärklins, Herta, xiii-xiv Kaufmann, Max, 181 Kawalmacher, Hans, xii Keitel, 114П3 kickers, 35,72,101,111,136-37 Kinzel, Tanja, 91-113,253 Klooga, 145-46 Kluwick, Ursula, 175, i88ni8 Knaack, Heinrich, 24416 Koch, Gertrud, 43 Kodak, 92 Kohl, Johann Georg, 180 Kolobrzeg, 195 Koppermann, Ulrike, 166172 Kotkin, Stephen, 143,149-50,158ns Kracauer, Siegfried, 41 Krapp, Filip, 96-97 Krasnodar military tribunal, 169П89 Krohl, Johann Georg, 171 Kroll, Friedrich, xv Kronberg, 73 Kügler, Wolfgang, xi, xv, 171-72, 24412; EK and, 70 perpetrator motives and, 102,112; photographic practice and, 70-71,77-79; SD and, 70; Skëde and, 3; trial of, 77 Kurdi, Alan, 227 Kursa factory,
80,142,150,164156 Kurzemes Yards (newspaper), 69-71 Kustiba, 68 Land and Sea (Schmitt), 183 Landgericht Hannover, 71,16235. See also trial(s) landscapes, 25; bucolic, 40-41; of the Holocaust, 177; of horror, 201-2; littoral photography and, 174, 177-82; photographic practice and, 40-41,103,106-7,122,124 Landtag (landowner parliament), 65
Index Lanzmann, Claude: Bomba and, $8-59; Chevrie and, 93-94; le Roux and, 93-94; refusal of his torical photographs, 47,125; Shoah and, 47-48,58-59,93-94,125; specificity and, 48; visual archives and, 47 “Latvians and Jews” (government publication), 67 Latvian-Soviet Riga Peace Treaty, 66 League of German Girls, 18$ Lenga, Ruth-Anne, 246117 le Roux, Hervé, 93-94 letters, 59,235 Levi, Primo, 53-54 Levinas, Emmanuel, 216,222150 Libau (see also Liepâja), xii, xviii, n-35,80,97-98,109,171,177-85, 224,24519 liberation, Levi and, 53-54 liberation photography: Auschwitz and, 54,191,193-216,218П9, 29123; Brink and, 46; Lurie and, 2230; Makarewicz and, 195-216,218П9, 219123; Soviets and, 74,76; Zelizer and, 42,48,220128 Liberia, 130 Liepaja: Anders and, 251; antisemitism and, 65-69,180; archive captions and, 11-19,21-35; Baka Lighthouse, 7-10,147; Brückner and, 69; cul tural identity of, 177; database of, 89П60; deportation and, 66,68-69; Earl and, 252; fall to Nazis, 68-69; ghetto of, 70; history ofJews in, 64-69,177-85; Jacob, Duke of Courland and, 64-65; Jewish restrictions in, 69-70; Landgericht Hannover data on, 162135; littoral photography and, 171-73,176-84, 263 186m; machine guns and, п4пб; maritime character of, 177-80; Newman and, 254; police and, x, 69-71,83,98,101-2,147,162; PolishLithuanian Commonwealth and, 177; prelude to massacre and, 69-70; raids in, x; Rainis Park, 7-10; Skède and, 3 (see also Skéde); Soviet Extraordinary State Com mission (ChGK) and, 7,13,73-74, 80,143,146-49,153-57,16235, 162137, 163П44,168ПП83-84, 169П86,169188; Westermann research on, збпз;
Wiener film and, 92-94,111,113,186m, 250151; Zivcon and, 7 Lilienthal, Max, 180 Linarts, Jäzeps, 88П50,95,97 Lincoln, Abraham, 172 Linfield, Susie: Aberdeen Road Amputee Camp and, 132-33; atrocity photography and, 42, 48-53,55,57-58,117; Jöst and, 57,132; pedagogical exercise and, 239-43; perpetrator motives and, 125; photo graphic practice and, 125-26,132-33 Linkimer, Kalman: Anders and, 7-8, 80,138,182; background of, 73-74; captions and, 7-8,35,36П7,80, 138m, 141П31,148-51,154,156, i6 8n8o; diary of, 7-8,74,8 0,88146, 10 0,13 8m, 141П31,164156, 18712, 24412; Skêde testimony of, 73-75, 85,100,114П6,148,151,240; Soviet Extraordinary State Commission (ChGK) and, 7,11-18,21,25-29,33, 35, збп 37П12, 74,148-51,154, 163П40,165163; Strott and, 74; survival of, 7 Lippmann, Walter, 47
2Ö4 Index liquidation, 3-4,76,163П45 Lithuania, 64,66,94,145,177 littoral photography: atrocity photog raphy and, 182,186; Baltics and, 171, 174, 177-83; Barthes and, 172-73; Burgin and, 173; captions and, 176, 178,182,184; Cartier-Bresson and, 173; children and, 171,182; continu ities of seeing and, 185-86; Eisen stadt and, 173; ethics and, 173,175; Ezergailis and, 181; German Secu rity Service (SD) and, 172; ghettos and, 174,176-77,181; Handke and, 171-72,187П2; Jünger and, 173; Kluwick and, 175; Kügler and, 17172; landscapes and, 174,177-82; Liepaja and, 171-73,176-84,186m; Nazis and, 183,186; perpetrator per spectives and, 183-84; Poland and, 177,196; Richter and, 175; Riga and, 172,180,182; secular icons and, 17677; Skëde massacre and, 171-86; Sobeck and, 172,187П2; Sontag and, 173,185; SS and, 171-72; Strott and, 171-72,18712; technology and, 172, 174,178-80; terror and, 183; trophy photographs and, 184; Ukraine and, 181; vocabulary for, 176; voyeurism and, 173; women and, 171,183-85; Yad Vashem (YV) and, 171,187П2 Lodz Ghetto, 52,59,111-12,176,253 Lower, Wendy, 226-27 Lukash, 73 Lure of the Sea, The (Corbin), 177 lynching photographs, 51-52,173, 187П11 Lysenko, Trofim, 159ml Maccabi Youth, 66-67 machine guns, 33,93-94,96,114П6 Magilow, Daniel H., 126-27,171-86, 2-53-54 Magnitogorsk, 143 Magnum Photos, 117 Magun, Vladimir S., 164149 Maidanek, 196 Mailänder, Elissa: “Making Sense of a Rape Photograph,” 202-3,239, 246116, 248138; on women, 184, 202-3,208,234,239,241,246116 Majdanek death camp, 145 Makarewicz, Henryk: AuschwitzBirkenau liberation photos of,
193-216,218П9,219123; awards of, 196-97; background of, 195-97; Cartier-Bresson and, 196; Exakta Varex camera of, 195; gender and, 209,214-15,2i8ni2; Hartwig and, 195; The Ideal City and, 196; Kolobrzeg liberation and, 195; Polish Berling Army and, 195; redis covery of, 2i8ni2; testimonial agency and, 215-16; Wroclaw liberation and, 195 Makarewicz, Stanislaw, 216 “Making Sense of a Rape Photograph” (Mailänder), 202-3,239,246116, 248П38 Makiya, Kanan, 48 Mandela, Nelson, 119 Mansarah, Memuna, 133 Margolis, Rebecca, 7 Markwick, Roger, 143 martyrs, 45,194,215 mass graves, 47; Bergen-Belsen, 42; bulldozers and, 242; gender and, 201-2; Goma, 42; human remains and, 201-3; Jöst and, 577 kickers and, 35, 72,101,111,136-37; Skëde and, 29-35,38,48,71,102-13; Soviet
265 Index Extraordinary State Commission (ChGK) and, 147; women and, 201-2 Matka odchodzi (Mother Departs) (Rozewicz), 213-14,22241 McCullin, Don, 119 Meiselas, Susan, 119 Melbergs, 73 Melnick, Michael, 87145 migrants, 64-65,186,251 Miller, Lee, 172,209 Minimata, 45 Minox camera, 88150, 95,115П16,172, 187П3 Mississippi, 42 Mizrahi, 66 Molotov, Vyacheslav, 144 Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact, 181 Monowitz, 201 Morel, Edmund, 49 Munkâcsi, Martin, 117 Murray, Jacqueline, 250158 Murray Town Amputee Camp, 131-35 mutilation, 49,51,133,206-7 Nachtwey, James, 119 Namibia, 42 Napalm girl, 42,227 National Club of Latvians, 67 nationalism, 66-69,147,16129, 163П43,233 Nazis: crimes of, 7,48-49,144,15917, 159П9,161П22,195,206; efficiency of, 43,234-35; Final Solution and, 53, 226,231,236, 242,24311; gender and, 192-95,201,203,206,212,215, 222129; littoral photography and, 183,186; Nuremberg Trials and, 49-50,147,172,252-53; pedagogical context and, 224,226,238,242, 24517; perpetrator motives and, 112-13,230-34; photographic prac tice and, 68-70,73-77,83,85П10, 117-32; Soviets and, 7,68,144,147, 153,157,161П22,163П43,165162, 167177, 168185, 170П97,24517; suffering caused by, 19,42-43, 48-49,52-59, 62П62; vocabulary of, 143,153,167177; Wehrmacht and, 69,72,101,146,166172, i86ni Nelson, Maggie, 44 Newbury, Darren, 137 Newman, Daniel, 64-84,254 Nicholas 1,65 Nikola of Kiev and Galicia, 159П11 Nipissing University, 237 NKVD (Soviet secret police), 21-22, 83,162132 Normandy, 175 Nozyk profesora (The Professor’s Knife) (Rozewicz), 193,213,215, 217П5 Nuremberg Trials, 49-50,147,172, 252-53 Olère,
David, 22130 Olsson, Eva, 237-39,249144, 249148 Omarska, 42 One Hour Photo (film), 247130 On Photography (Sontag), 40,51,173, 185 Operation Barbarossa, 225 Operation Reinhard, 245ml Order Police, xii, xv, 98,102 overcrowding, 55 Palestine, 67 Parvie family. See Purve Payne, Lewis, 172-73
166 Index “peaceful citizens,” 17,31,154-55, 168п8о, 168П84,169189 Pearl Harbor, xiv pedagogy: atrocity photography and, 226-27,234-35,239-43,2451111, 246П14; Auschwitz and, 229-34, 24517, 245Ш1,2471125; Baltics and, Vashem (YV) and, 246115; Zivcon and, 240,24412 Peoples Party, 66 perpetrator motives: Aizsargi and, 93; atrocity photography and, 92-96, 114П3; captions and, 106,111; chil 224-25,238; Birkenau and, 229,230, 234,245П11,2471253 children and, dren and, 91,95,99,103-4; empty gesture and, 127-32; ethics and, 127; eyewitnesses and, 105; fantasy of 223-24,227,229,233,235,238, 245П11; deportation and, 229; superiority and, 96,111; German Security Service (SD) and, 95-96, diaries and, 230,242; ethics and, 226,237-43; evidence and, 234-37; gas chambers and, 225,234; Ger man Security Service (SD) and, 101,106,109,111-13; ghettos and, 111-12,166П72; Handke and, 95-96, 115ml; humiliation and, 91,96,108, 224; Holocaust deniers and, 23435; intention and, 230-34; Ivan gorod photo and, 235-37; Kügler report and, 24412; Liepäja and, 224-25; Linfield and, 239-43; miss ing content and, 224; Nazis and, 111; intention and, 230-34; inter preter s dilemma and, 126-27; Jöst and, 55-58; Kügler and, 102,112; Liepaja and, 91-98,101-2,111; Linfield on, 125; literature on, 62П62; littoral photography and, 183-84; lying and, 54-59; Magilow 224,226,230-34,238,242,24517; perpetrator motives and, 42-43; Poland and, 225,234,245ml, on, 126-27; mass graves and, 101, 250151; police and, 224,234,240- 98-106,111-13; pornography and, 4, 44,105-8,111-13; posing and, 39,51, 41,248138; posing and,
241; prov enance and, 230-34; Skëde and, 223-43; Sobeck and, 24412; Sonderkommando and, 228-31,235, 240,245ml, 247125; SS and, 22425,231,241,24416; Strott and, 224, 241,24412; Struk on, 42-43; tech nology and, 226-30,233,240, 2471122; trophy photographs and, 43-34) 242,248ПП34-35; Ukraine and, 227,235-38,250151; United States Holocaust Memorial Museum (USHMM) and, 231,232; 111; Nazis and, 112-13; pedagogical context and, 42-43; police and, ю03—13, 152,184-85,192-93,205,217, 237-43; reading photographs of, 102-13; Skëde massacre and, 50,91, 95-107,112; Sobeck and, 96,- SS and, 92-96,114П3; Strott and, 95-99, loo, 109,115П12; terror and, 102,104; tro phyphotographs and, 4-5,94,109, 113,184,203,212,220П24,233-34, 242,248ПП34-35; vocabulary and, 143,153,167177; voyeurism and, 5, 41,44,51,91,93,105,108; women and, 91,99-112; Yad Vashem (YV) vocabulary and, 233; women and, and, 97,99,100; Zivcon and, 96, 223-24, 228-31,238-42,245Ш1; Yad 99-101
Index perpetrator gaze, 43,91-116,152-53, 166172,184-85,192 Peter the Great, 15917 Phan Thi Kim Phuc, 42,227 photographic practice: archive cap tions and, 11-35; atrocity photogra phy and, 77,117-38; Auschwitz and, 117,191,193-211,215-17,218ПП9-10, 220128,22130; Barthes on, 172-73; Birkenau and, 193-205,209,216, 218П9; captions and, 80,89154, 121, 126,128,138m, 141П31; children and, 66,71-72,76,80,83; choices and, 135-38; collaboration and, 126,135; continuities of seeing and, 185-86; as documentation, 43,47,79,113, 123,206; empty gesture and, 127-32; ethics and, 57-58,119,125-27; as evidence, 234-37; forced posing and, 3-4; ghettos and, 70,72-73, 76,126-27,132; group portrait of execution crew and, 4; Handke and, 71-72,77-79,86П29, 88ПП5051; humiliation and, 71,122-23,129, 136; interpreter ’s dilemma and, 12627; Jöst and, 55-58,63П80,63П84, 126-27,132; Kügler and, 70-71, 77-79; landscapes and, 40-41,103, 106-7,122,124; Liepaja and, 70-80, 83; Linfield on, 125-26,132-33; Magilow on, 126-27; Makarewicz and, 195-216,218П9,219123; mass graves and, 71; meaning-making decisions and, 119-21; Minox camera, 88150, 95,115П16,172, 187П3; Nazis and, 68-70,73-77,83, 85т, 117-32; Poland and, 65; police and, 119-24,128,130,136; posing and, 39,51,105,152,184-85, 205,217; prohibition on executions, 267 ix, 4,38,93,114113; rape and, 41,203; Skêde and, ix, 6,75-79,117-18,12124,128,130,135-38; Sonderkom mando and, 125,188122; Sontag on, 40-46,51-52,58,125,133, 166П72; souvenir photos and, ix, 51,176; Soviet Extraordinary State Com mission (ChGK) and, 73-76,80, 124; SS and, 78; Strott and,
71-74, 77-79, 86П29,88ПП48-53,122; tech nology and, 227-30; torture and, 129,131; United States Holocaust Memorial Museum (USHMM) and, 78,80, 87135, 88152—53; unwilling subjects and, 237-43; visual culture and, 39-40,152,178, 183,191,251; women and, 71,74-75, 79-81, 88ПП52-53,121-23,128-31, 135-36,139118 Plavnieks, Richards, 163143 Poe, Edgar Allen, 209-10 pogroms, 3; Final Solution and, 53, 226,231,236,242,243m; paramilitary groups and, 69; Zionism and, 65 Poland, 177; Auschwitz and, 215 (see also Auschwitz); communism and, 209; Heydecker and, 57; Jew hunts in, 220124; littoral photography and, 177; Makarewicz and, 196,209, 214-15,218П12; mass graves in, 201; Operation Reinhard and, 245ml; pedagogical context and, 225,234, 245ml, 250П51; photographic prac tice and, 65; Rozewicz and, 215 police: Aizsargi, 3,11,17-18, 21,25,27, 93,148,151,163П43,165163; atroci ties by, 3-4,11-22,25-29,33-35, 36П2,69-75,8i, 83; beatings by, 11920; collaborators and, 11,22,70,126, 151,163143; executions by, 3-4,
268 Index police (continued) Patriotic War and, 143,150,152,156, 11-22,25-29,33-35,36П2,69-75,81, 83; gender and, 210-11; German 170П103,170П96; Holocaust deniers and, 234-35; myths and, 45,69,118, Order Police in Riga, 102; Kügler and, 70; Liepaja and, x, 69-71,83, 151,156,168185, 170П103,170196, 98,101-2,147,162; military, 70; NKVD, 21-22,83,16232; perpe trator motives and, 93,111-13, 248138; photographic practice and, 98-106,119-24,128,130,136; Schutzmannschaften, 3,39,70-71, 102; S^ëde and, 3,11,17-18,21,25,27, 69-75, 81,83; Soviets and, 21-22,83, 147-48,151,162132, 163П43,16563; Stahlecker and, 69; suffering caused 234,237; Soviet, xii, 142-46,150-57, 159ml, 161П22,165165,170П103; Stalinist, 142-43,151,156-57, 159ml, 170П103; vocabulary and, 17,31,15355, i68n8o, 168184 169П89 Prussia, 64,180 Pukhert, Adolph Liudvigovich, 74-75 punctum, 131,173,183 Purve, Frame (aka Fruma Parve, Fruma Purvie, Fruma-Jette Purwe, Frame-Jette Purwe), 21-22,37112, by, 3-4,11-22,25-29,33-35,36П2 Polish Berling Army, 195 Polish Home Army, 235 79-83,184 Purve, Miriam (aka Miriam Parvie, Miriam Purvie), 22,79,184 Pollock, Griselda, 191,209-10 Purve, Rosa, 80,142,150 Purve, Zelda (aka Zelde Purwe), 21, Pomeranc, 155 pornography: gender and, 219123, 221030; humiliation of, 4,44,105-8, 111-13,219123, 221П30; mental pollu tion of, 40-46; perpetrator motives and, 4,44,105-8,111-13; Skède and, 4,44; voyeurism and, 44,105,108, 219123 posing: hunting and, 233; pedagogical context and, 241; perpetrator pho tographs and, 39,51,105,152,184-85, 192-93,205,217,241; unwilling subjects and, 237-43 Pravda
(newspaper), 145,156 prisoners of war (POWs), 87135,145, 162137 prohibitions: on Jews, 65,68-69; pho tographic practice and, ix, 4,38,93, И4ПЗ propaganda: Bolsheviks and, 143-46; fifth columnists and, 66; Great 80-81 racism, 51-52,121 Rainis Park, 7-10,147 rape: before shooting, 27; Mailänder on, 184,202-3,20 8,234,239,241, 246116; photographic practice and, 41,203; Sontag on, 203 Rappaport, Rosa, 101 Rathaus, Blume, 80 Ravine, the (Lower), 226-27 Reawakening, The (Levi), 53-54 Red Army, x, 68,73,146,195-96, 219118, 251 Reform Judaism, 180 “Regarding Atrocity: Photography, Memory, and Representation” (workshop), 5 Regarding the Pain of Others (Sontag), 45, Si
Index Reichskommissariat Ostland, 70 Reinhardt, Mark, 130 religion, 45,49,176,214,219120 repair pit, 38,76,87145 Richter, Virginia, 175, i88ni8 Riga, 71,22130; evidence of police complicity in, 147; German Order Police in, 102; ghetto of, 70; Jewish Community of, 7-8; Latvian-Soviet Riga Peace Treaty, 66; littoral photography and, 172,180,182; Minox camera and, 95,115П16,172; nationalist gangs in, 67; Pukhert and, 74; Rumbula forest, 70,182; Soviet Peace Treaty and, 66 Rodger, George, 119,209 Romania, 186 Rosie the Riveter, 152,16617 Rostov-on-Don, 146,156-57,169ПП88- 89 Rowe-McCulloch, Maris, 146,156-57, 160П17,169П89 Rozewicz, Tadeusz: gender and, 19395,198-99,212-15: Gliwice Diary and, 214-15; Glowacka interview of, 193-95,213-14, 222142; Jewish roots of, 195,21715; Matka odchodzi (Mother Departs) and, 213-14, 222141; Nozykprofesora and, 193, 213,215,217ns Rumbula forest, 70,182 Russian Civil War, 152,15917, 164153 Russian Soviet Federated Socialist Republic, 145 Russo-Japanese War, 65 Rwanda, 42,54-55,119 sadism, ix, 17,44,59,105,108 Sandberger, Martin, 240-41 Sanders, Marian R., 145,170П103 269 Sarajevo, 42 Sargent, Robert E, 175 Schmitt, Carl, 183,189139 Schoenberner, Gerhard, 76-77,88147 School Pictures in Liquid Times (Hirsch and Spitzer), 213,222П39 Schore, 83 Schutzmannschaften (auxiliary police), 3,39,70-71,102 Schutzstaffel (SS), xiv, xix; atrocities of, xi; Baumgartner and, 4,78; Dietrich and, 36П2; Earl on, 252; gender and, 192; Handke and, xii; littoral photography and, 171-72; pedagogical context and, 224-25, 231,241,24416; perpetrator motives and, 91-96,
и4п3; photo graphic practice and, 78; SD and, 3-4,19,21,29 (see also Sicherheits dienst [German Security Service] (SD)); Skêde and, 3-4,36П2, 69-71,74-75,78; suffering caused by, 3-4, Збп2,54; Zivcon and, 38 Schwab, Dr., xii Schwarberg, Gunther, 56,63П80 screams, 72,102 "secular icon(s)" (Brink), 46,176-77 Security Police, xi, xiv, 11,70,162135, 163П43 Security Service. See Sicherheitsdienst Séduis, Anna, 74 Séduis, Robert, 74,76 “Seeing Things Differently” (Lenga), 246117 Sekula, Allan, 41-42 Seide, 83 Semigallia, 177 Sendyka, Roma, 220124 Senkevich, 73 Seward, William Henry, 173
270 Index shame, 43,51,57,127,236 Sharpeville massacre, 137-38 Sharsu, Candace, 133 Shneer, David, 152-53,167175, 226 Shoah (film), 47-48,58-59,93-94, 125 Shoah Foundation, 102 shooting range, x, 25,27 Shore, Stephen, 128 Shvernik, Nikolai, 159ml Sicherheitsdienst [German Security Service] (SD), xix; executions by, 3-4,19,21,29,33; Kügler and, 70; perpetrator motives and, 95-96,101, 106,109,111-13; Latvian, 19,21,29, 33; Skëde and, 3-4,19,21,29,33, 70-78,86129, 88П50; shooting perpetrated by, 3-4,38; Soviets and, 148,16235 Sierra Leone, 130,132 60th Army of the First Ukrainian Front, 195 Skarbek, Jan, 219П20 Skede: Aizsargi and, 3,11,17-18,21, 25,27; Baumgartner and, 4,78; Bundesarchiv Koblenz (BK) and, xix, 8,11-22,25-35; captions of, 7-8, збто, 142-43,148-57; continuities of seeing and, 185-86; Dietrich and, 70; empty gesture and, 127-32; evidence of, 72-75; executions at, 3-4,36П6,38-40,43-45,48,50,53, 64-84; forced posing and, 3-4; gender and, 191-93,206,210-12,215, 217; German Security Service (SD) and, 3-4,19,21,29,33,70-78,86129 88150; group portrait of execution crew and, 4; Handke and, 3,71-72, 77-79; identifying shooting victims at, 79-84; killing process at, 71-72; Kügler and, 3; lessons from, 53; Linkimer and, 73-75,85,100, п4пб, 148,151,240; littoral photography and, 171-86; machine guns and, 114П6; massacre events at, 3-4, Збпб, 70-72, то-юг; mass graves and, x, xv, 3,29-35,35,38,48,101-13; mystery of iconic photographs of, 64-84; perpetrator motives and, 50,91,95-107,112; photographer’s intention and, 231-34; photo graphic practice and, ix, 6,75-79,
117-18,121-30,135-38; police and, 69-75 81,83; pornography and, 4, 44; screams of victims, 72,102; searchable websites for, збпшо-ii; Sobeck photographs of, xv, 4,38,75, 79,85045,96,99-101,138m, 148,172, 24412; Soviets and, 142-43,147-53, 157,162138, 163145,168П83; SS and, 3-4,36П2,69-71,74-75,78; Strott and, 3-4, п-21,25,29-35,71-74» 77-79; suffering and, 3-4,36П6, 38-40,43-45» 48,50,53; tourist pilgrimages to, 181; Wiener film and, 92-94,111,113, i86ni, 250151; Zivcon discovers film of, 4,38, 74-79,87145 88ns3,96,99-101, 138m, 148,172,244m Skutelsky, Hilde, 76 Skutelsky, Michael, 76 slave labor, 233 Sliwinski, Sharon, 49-50 Smith, Shawn Michelle, 52 Smolen, Kazimierz, 218П9 Snyder, Timothy, 174 Sobeck, 3; film of, xv, 4,38,75,79, 85145, 96,99-101,138m, 148,172, 24412; littoral photography and, 172,187П2; pedagogical context and, 24412; perpetrator motives and,
Index 96; SD Oberscharführer and, ix; Zivcon and, ix, 4,75,78-79,88П51, 88п$з, 96,172, 24412 Sobibor, 48 Sola River, 231-32 Solway, Max, 102 Somalia, 248131, 248134 Sonderkommando: Auschwitz and, 52,125,188122, 207,220,220128, 228-31,235,240,245ml, 2471125; pedagogical context and, 228-31, 235,240,245ml, 2471125; photo graphic practice and, 125,188П22; suffering and, 53 Sontag, Susan: gender and, 203,2067; littoral photography and, 173,185; On Photography, 40,51,173,185; photographic practice and, 40-46, 51-52,58,125,133,16617; Regarding the Pain of Others, 45,51; suffering and, 40-46,51-52,58 Sorella, a Child in the Holocaust (film), 80 Sorokina, Marina, 145,155,16122, 170П103 South Africa, 119,137-38 souvenir photos, ix, 51,176 Soviet Chronicle, 196 Soviet Extraordinary State Com mission (ChGK), xix; atrocity descriptions of, 142-57,15919, iS9nii, 160П14,160П17,161П23, 16232, 16237,163П40,163144, 165163,168ПП84-85,169188—89, 170Ш03,170198; Bolsheviks and, 143-46; captions of, 7-8,11,36,14243,148-54,157; establishment of, 144; generalizations by, 153-57; Latvia-USSR-41 report and, 147; Liepaja and, 7,13, 73-74,80,143, 271 146-49,153-57,162137, 168184, 169188; Linkimer and, 7,11-18,21, 15-29,33,35,36П7,371112, 74,148-51, 154,163П40,165163; literature on, 144-46; massacre evidence and, 72-73; mass graves and, 147; Nazi crimes and, 7,73,44,47,153,157, 159П9,160П14, 1613, 162132, 168П84,169ПП88-89,170198; omis sions by, 153-57; photographic prac tice and, 73-76, 80,124; power of, 144; professionals working in, 159ml; propaganda and, 143-46; search for collaborators,
147,150-51, 157,163п43,169П89; Skëde massacre evidence and, 72-75; Zivcon and, 7, 38,76,148,154,163ПП44-45 Soviets, xiv; Aizsargi and, 148,151, 163143, 16563; antisemitism and, 156; atrocity photography and, 14257,16237,163ПП44-45,166П72; Auschwitz and, 145; Baltics and, 146,150,160П17; Birkenau and, 145; Bolsheviks and, 68-69,143—46, 49, 151,154,157,165165; children and, 154,168П82; Civil War and, 152; Cold War and, 172; communism and, 68, 147,151,163143; deportation and, 16129; Five-Year Plan of, 149-50; German Security Service (SD) and, 148,162135,163П45; ghettos and, 147,163145; Great Patriotic War and, 143,150,152,156,170196, 170П103; humiliation and, 149; inva sion of, 66,146-47; Latvian-Soviet Riga Peace Treaty, 66; liberation by, 74,76; Liepaja and, 143,146-49, 153-57,162135, 16237,163144, 168ПП83-84,169П86; Molotov and, 144,181; Nazis and, 7,68,144,147,
VJ1 Index Soviets (continued) Stein, Pessach Meier, (aka Meyer), 46, 153, 157,16122, 163П43,165062, 167077,168085,170197, 245117; NKVD police, 21-22,83,162032; Operatioo Barbarossa aod, 225; police aod, 21-22,83,147-48,151, 162032,163043,165063; propagaoda aod, 142-46,150-57,159011,161022, 165065,1700103; propagaoda 00, xii; Red Army aod, x, 68,73,146, 195-96,219018,251; Skéde aod, 14243,147-53,157,162038,163045, 168083; Stalioism aod, 142-43,151, 156-57,159011,1700103; Strott aod, 148,162035,163041; terror of, 164059,170097; Ukraine aod, 14546,151-52,1600016-18,161022, 161025,165060; Uoited States Holocaust Memorial Museum (USHMM) aod, 15801,163040; voyeurism and, 152; women and, 142,154,166П71,168082; World War I and, 152; Zivcon and, 38,148, 154,163П044-45 Soviet State Archive of the October Revolution (TsGAOR), чв-у] Soweta, 119 spectatorship, 49 Spektor family, xii-xiii Spitzer, Leo, 186,213,222139 Spro^is, Janis, xiii Stachlecker, Walter, 69 Stalinism, 141-43; 151, 156-57, i59nu, 1700103 starvation, 55-56,59,162037,202 State Archive of the Russian Federa tion (GARF), xix, 158m; captions and, 8,11,36П7; Liepaja and, 87035; Liokimer and, 163П40; Skëde suf 76 Stern (German magazine), 56,63П80 Stone, Dan, 219015 Strole, 155 Stroop Report, 176 Strott, Carl-Emil (aka Carl, Karl, Karl-Emil): background of, 77,95; Linkimer on, 74; littoral photogra phy and, 171-72,18702; pedagogical context and, 224,241,24412; per petrator motives and, 95-99,100, 109,115П12; photographic practice and, 71-74,77-79,86129, 88004853,122; Skède and, 3-4,11-21,25, 19-35,71-74, 77-79j Soviets
and, 148,162135,163П41; trial of, 71,77, 8412, 86129,88149, 88050-51,95, 96,16235,172; Zivcoo and, 88П53 Struk, Janina, 42-43,129,191 Studium, 173 suffering: Aizsargi and, 3,11,17-18,21, 25,27; antisemitism and, 62062; atrocity photography aod, 38-39, 42-53; Auschwitz and, 42,53-54, 58,191,193-111,115-17,218ПП9-10, 220128, 221П30; beatings and, 17,27, 91,101,104,120,162037; Birkenau and, 43,53; Bundesarchiv Koblenz (BK) and, xix, 8,11-21,25-35; children and, 3-4,11-21,25-35,38, 46,49-50,57,59,221132, 2221139 “crimes against humanity” and, 49-50; deportation and, 43,56,59; empty gesture and, 127-32; ethics and, 6,38,40,42,52,57-58,119,127, 137-43; German Security Service (SD) and, 3-4,19,11,19,33,38; ghettos and, 41-43,45, Si, 55-59, 63080; graphic depiction of, 5,135, fering and, 8,11; TsGAOR as, 88047
Index 152; guilt and, 46,57; human rights and, 49-50,52; human wickedness and, 51,58; humiliation and, 6,40, 43-46,52,55-58; hunger, 49,55-56, 59,162137, 202; Jöst and, 55-58, 63по, 63184; Linfield on, 42, 48-53,55,57-58,117; mental pollu tion and, 40-46; motivations for looking at, 38-59; Nazis and, 19, 42-43,48-49,52-59,6262 police and, 3-4,11-22,25-29,33-35,36П2; Skëde and, 3-4, збпб, 38-40,43-45, 48,50,53; Sonderkommando and, 53; Sontag and, 40-46,51-52,58; SS and, 3-4,36П2,54; starvation and, 55-56,59,162П37,202; terror and, 4,40-46; thirst and, 227; tor ture, 17,49,51,129,131, 6237, 163145, 213,248134; United States Holocaust Memorial Museum (USHMM) and, 44; unwilling sub jects and, 237-43; women and, 3-4, 11-22,25-35,38-40,44,46,50,54, 58,59Ш, 191-217; Zivcon’s risk and, 38,53 Summerlee, Alastair, 250158 Supplément au voyage du Bougainville (Diderot), 175 Survivor, The (Des Pres), 227 Sweden, 64 Swiebocka, Teresa, 195,204-6 Syria, 227 Talbot, William Henry Fox, 180 Tarie, Evgenii, 1591 technology: access to, 196; digital, 226; Exakta Varex camera, 195; Kodak and, 92; littoral photography and, 172,174,178-80; Minox camera, 88150, 95,115116,172,187П3; 273 pedagogical context and, 226-30, 233,240,247122; of substitution, 155; transformation of photography by, 227-30 terror: atmosphere of, 102; children and, 4; littoral photography and, 183; Melnick on, 87П45; perpetrator motives and, 102,104; Soviets and, 164159,170П97; suffering and, 4, 40-46 Terror Has No Diary (Melnick), 87П45 thirst, 227 332nd Rifle Division, 195 Title IX, 240 Tolkachev, Zinovi, 209 Tolstoi,
Aleksei, 159ml Torso and Limbs (Bloom), 207 torture: beatings, 17, 27,91,101,104, 120,162137; bloody back seats and, 163145; photographic practice and, 129,131; prisoners of war and, 162137; starvation, 55-56,59, 162137, 202; suffering and, 17,49, 51,129,131,162137, 163145 213, 248134, 248138; trophy photo graphs and, 248134; women and, 17,213 Trainin, Ilya, 159ml trial(s), 206; Baumgartner and, 78; Berry photographs and, 137; Eichman and, 27,94; Handke and, 71,77,8412, 86129, 88П49,88ПП5051,95-96,162135, 172; Hannover, 71, 77,88П49,88051, 95-97,102; Kügler and, 77; Nuremberg, 49-50,147, 172,252-53; Strott and, of, 71,77, 84112, 86129, 88П49,88П50-51,95, 96,162135,172; trophy photography as evidence in, 113
174 Index trophy photography: gender and, 203, 212,220124; littoral photography and, 184; pedagogical context and, 133-34) 141» 248ПП34-35; perpetra tor motives and, 4-5, 94,109,113, 184,203,212,220124,133-34,142, 2480134—35 Trump, Donald, 233 Tsar, 65-66,68,15917 Tuol Sleng, 42 Turkey, 227 Tutsi, 54-55 21st Latvian Police Battalion, 224 Twomey, Christina, 133-34 Ubertowska, Aleksandra, 217115 Ukraine: Ivangorod photo and, 235-37; Jeckeln and, 70; littoral photography and, 181; pedagogical context and, 227,235-38,250151; pogroms in, 65; 60th Army of the First Ukrainian Front, 195; Soviets and, 145-46,15152,160ПП16-18,161П22,16125, 165П60. See also Babi Yar Ulmanis, Karlis, 67-68 Umbach, Maiken, 186 Umbrico, Penelope, 247П21 United Nations Declaration on Human Rights, 50 United States Holocaust Memorial Museum (USHMM), xix, 252, 254; archives of, 8,10,11-21,24, 15-35,3 5ni, 36П7, збпю, 197-200, 204,2i8n8; captions and, 8,36Ш0, 36П7,2i8n8; Gourevitch and, 44; pedagogy and, 231; photographic practice and, 78,80,84П, 87135, 88ПП52-53,121; "Regarding Atroc ity” workshop and, 5; Soviets and, 158m, 163П40; Strott and, 78 Vanity Fair (magazine), 133 Vedeneev, Boris, 159ml Veitz, 73 Vestermanis, Margers, 16562 Veveris, 73 Vietnam, 119, 227 Vinters, 73 visual culture, 152,178,183,191,251 vocabulary: for littoral photography, 176; Nazi, 143,153,167177 “peaceful citizens,” 17,31,154-55, i68n8o, 168П84,169189; pedagogical con text and, 233,• perpetrator motives and, 153; propaganda and, 17,31, 153-55, i68n8o, 168184, 169П89 Voeten, Teun, 133 voyeurism: gender and, 219123; littoral
photography and, 173; “mental pol lution” and, 40-46; perpetrator motives and, 5,41,44,51,91,93,105, 108; pornography and, 44,105,108, 219123; Soviets and, 152 “Warsaw, Lodz, Auschwitz: In the Waiting Room of Death” (Linfield), 117 Warsaw Ghetto: littoral photography and, 176; photographic practice and, 126-27,131; Schwarberg and, 56; suffering in, 42,45,55-57,63П80 Wehrmacht, 69,72,101,146,166172, 186m Westermann, Edward, збпз, 85П18, 85122, 243m, 248138 whips, 3,71,97 White, Hayden, 234 White-Bourke, Margaret, 209 wickedness, 51,58 Wiener, Reinhard, 92-94,111,113, 186m, 250151
Index Williams, Robin, 247130 “Witness to Murder, A” (Linfield), 239 Wohler, 114П3 Wolf, Erika, 165165 women: Auschwitz and, 191-217; beating of, 17,27,71,91,101,104; execution of, 3-4,11-22,25-35; female beauty and, 191,201,206-7, 209,213-16,220128, 221ПП30-32; gender and, 191-217 (see also gen der); littoral photography and, 171, 183-85; mass graves and, 201-2; pedagogical context and, 223-24, 228-31,238-42,245ml; perpetrator motives and, 91,99-112; photo graphic practice and, 71,74-75, 79-81,88152—53,121-23,128-31, 135-36,13918; prison and, x, 54,71, 101,220128; Soviets and, 142,154, 16617, 168182; suffering and, 3-4, 11-22,25-35,38-40,44,46,50,54, 58,59m, 191-217; torture of, 17,213; voyeurism and, 5,41,44,51,91,93, 105,108,152,173,219123 Worker’s Guards, 68 World Holocaust Remembrance Center, 78 Yad Vashem (YV) : archive website of, 36ml; captions and, 11,19,29,31,33, 89154; copies identified by, 56; lit toralphotography and, 171,18712; The Memorial to the Deportees at, 193; pedagogical context and, 246115; perpetrator motives and, 97,99, loo; photo captions and, 275 11-19,25-35; Schwarberg and, 63П80; Strott and, 78; victim identi fication and, 79; website of, 88153; Zivcon and, 88153 Yankelowitz, Naomi. See Jankelowich Yankelson, Rita, xi yellow stars, 69,77,181,186 Yiddish, 7,66 Zaglada zydowstwapolskiego (Extermi nation of the Polish Jewry) (Central Jewish Committee in Lodz), 211-12 Zawodna, Marta, 202,218П13 Zelenskii, 73 Zelizer, Barbie, 219П19; “about to die” trope and, 172; camp liberation photos and, 42; empty gesture and, 128; “Gender and Atrocity,” 206,
220128; Nazi crimes and, 48; visual culture and, 191 Zhdanov, Andrei, 15911 Zionism, 65-67 Zivcon, David: finds film, 4,38,74-79, 87145, 88153, 96,138m, 148,172, 240,24412; Linkimer and, 7; liqui dation notice and, 76; risks life for photos, 53; Seduls and, 76; Sobeck and, ix, 4,75,78-79,88П51,88П53, 96,172,24412; Soviet Extraordi nary State Commission (ChGK) and, 7,38,76,148,154,163ПП44-45; spelling of surname, 87П44,18715; SS and, 38; Strott and, 88153; survival of, 7; Yad Vashem (YV) and, 88153 Zivcon, Henny, 76 Zizek, Slavoj, 132 Bayerische Staatsbibliothek München |
| adam_txt |
Contents Foreword by Edward Anders ix Acknowledgments xvii List ofAbbreviations xix Introduction: Twelve Photographs 3 Valerie Hébert i “Not to Tiptoe Away in the Face of Suffering”: Why We Look at Holocaust Photographs Valerie Hébert 2 The Mystery of an Iconic Photograph: Investigating Both Sides of the Camera on the Beach at Skëde 38 64 Daniel Newman 3 Reading against the Gaze: Perpetrator Motives and Subject Responses in Photographs of a Mass Shooting Tanja Kinzel 91 4 Ordinary Acts, Extraordinary Crimes: Photographic Practice and Atrocity Danny Hoffman 117 5 Describing Atrocity: Soviet Words on German Perpetrator Images Marilyn Campeau 142 vii
Contents viii 6 A Day at the Beach: The Skêde Massacre and Littoral Photography 171 Daniel H. Magilow 7 (Re)framing Gender: Representations of Female Bodies in Holocaust Photographs 191 Dorota Glowacka 8 A Pedagogy of Witnessing: Reading and Interpreting the Skêde 223 Beach Execution Photographs in the University Classroom Hilary Earl Contributors 251 Index 255
Index Page numbers in italics indicate illustrations. Abel, Elizabeth, 132 Aberdeen Road Amputee Camp, 132-35 “about to die” (Zelizer), 128,172,183, 185 Abu Ghraib, 248134 Acorn TV, 247129 Adams, Eddie, 119 Agfa, 94,172 Aizsargi: as auxiliary police, 3,11, 17-18,21, 25,27, 93,148,151,163143, 165П63 (see also collaborators); Richard Wiener testimony and, 93; Skëde atrocities and, 3,11,17-18,21, 25,27; Soviets and, 148,151,163П43, 165П63 Aktion, 224,235,24415 album(s), 56,186,191,194; Extermina tion ofPolish Jewry and, 211,217; Höcker and, 176,231-32; Jacob and, 43,176; Swiebocka and, 195,197, Alperowitsch, Edward. See Anders, Edward Alperovics, Edward. See Anders, Edward American Civil War, 172 Amidst Latvians during the Holocaust (Anders), 181,189П33 Anders, Adolf, xiii-xiv Anders, Edward, ix-xv, 86134; Amidst Latvians during the Holocaust, 181, 189П33; background of, 251; Ezergailis and, 88151; as halfJew, 116П27; Liepaja and, 251; Linkimer and, 7-8, 80,138,182; littoral photography and, 181-82; on Minox camera, 115П16 Anders, Erika, xi, xiii-xiv Anders, Georg, xi, xiii Antelope’s Strategy, The (Hatzfeld), 54-55 antisemitism, 253; death of Christ and, 222142; Final Solution and, 53,226, 231,236,242,243m; Hitler and, x; Liepaja and, 65-69,180; perpetrator motivations and, 6262; Soviets and, 156 204-6 Alexander 1,65 Alexander III, 65 Allies, ix, 16122 255
256 Index Arâjs Commando, xii, 85т Aräjs, Viktors, xii, 70 Arendt, Hannah, 42,164149 Arone, Shidane, 248п31, 248134 Aryanism, 53 atrocity photography, 251; aftereffects of, 213-17; captions and, 42,142-43, 149-53; collaborators and, 11-15,19, 22,25,29-33; descriptions for, 14257,16237, 163пп44—45, 166п72; ethics and, 6,38,40,42,52,57-58, 119,127,237-43; as evidence, 94-96; filming and, 92-100; gender and, 206-9, 219117,220127,222139; interpreter’s dilemma and, 126-27; littoral photography and, 172-74, 182,186; Makarewicz and, 193-216; as mental pollution, 40-46; peda gogy and, 223-43,245ml, 246114 perpetrator motives and, 92-96, 114П3; photographic practice and, 77,117-38; pornography and, 4,44, 105-8,111-13,219123,22130; posing and, 39,51,105,152, 184-85,191-93, 205,217,241; prohibition of, ix, 4, 38,93,114П3; Slçêde and, 5 (see also S^ëde); Soviets and, 142-57,162137, 163ПП44-45,16617; suffering and, 38-39,42-53; technology and, 22730; as trophies, 94,109,203,212, 220П24,233-34,242,248ПП34-35; unwilling subjects and, 237-43 Auschwitz: burning barracks of, 195, 2i8n8; captions and, 198,201,204, 211,214,2i8n8; children and, 193, 196,206,221132, 222139; gas chambers and, 220128, 234,245ml; gender and, 191,193-217,218ПП9-10, 220128,22130; liberation photog raphy and, 54,191-216,218П9-10, 219123; Makarewicz and, 193-216, 218П9,219123; mug shots from, 42; Olère artwork and, 221130; peda gogy and, 229-34,24517, 245ml, 247125; photographic practice and, 117,191,193-211,215-17,218ПП9-10, 220128,221130; Sonderkommando photographs and, 52,125,188122, 207,220128, 228-31,235,240,
245Ш1,2471125; Soviets and, 145; women and, 191-217 Auschwitz: A History ofPhotographs (Swiebocka), 195 Azoulay, Ariella, 126-30 Babi Yar, 70,225-26 Baka Lighthouse, 7-10,147 Balkan war, 119 Baltic: littoral photography and, 171, 174,177-83; massacres and, 3,31; pedagogical context and, 224-25, 238; Soviets and, 146,150,160П17 Balwans, Anton (aka Bulvâns), 71, 96-97,101. See also eyewitnesses Barcelona, 42 Barrett, Terry, 127 Barthes, Roland: Camera Lucida and, 139ml, 172; certificate of presence and, 47; denotive layer of meaning and, 125; on photographic practice, 172-73; photography as counter memory, 42; punctum and, 131,173, 183; on shock photos, 41; Studium and, 173 Batchen, Geoffrey, 175-76 Baumgartner, Hans, 4,78 Beach Boys, 175 Beach in Anglophone Literatures and Cultures, The (Kluwick and Richter), 175
Index beatings: by police 119-20; suffering and, 17,27,91,104,120,16237; of women, 17,27, 71,91,101,104 Belarus, 65 Belorussia, 145-46,160П17 Benjamin, Walter, 41,44-45 Bergen, Doris, 167177 Bergen-Belsen, 42,206-7 Berger, John, 41 Bergs, Arveds, 67 Berkhoff, Karel C., 156,165П60, 16989 Berry, Ian, 137-38 Birkenau: gas chambers and, 234, 245П11; gender and, 191,193-205, 209,216,218П9; Hungarian deporta tion to, 43; liberation of, 193-205; Makarewicz and, 195-216,218П9, 219123; pedagogical context and, 229,230,234,245П11,2471125; photo graphic practice and, 193-205,209, 216,218П9; Soviets and, 145; suffer ing and, 43,53 Black Book, The (project), 170198 Blaushild, Immanuel, 181 Bloom, Hyman, 207-8 Bolshevik(s): myth ofJudeo-Bolshevik conspiracy, 68-69; propaganda and, 143-46; Soviets and, 68-69, 143-46,149,151,154,157,165165 speaking and, 142-70 Bolshoi Street, 73 Bomba, Abraham, 58-59 Bonnell, Victoria, 165165, 166167 Bool, Kurt Erik, 27,109 Bourke-White, Margaret, 119,172 Brecht, Bertolt, 41 Brink, Cornelia, 46,176-77 Brodski, 181 Brower, Matthew, 233 257 Browning, Christopher R., 248131, 248138 Brückner, Korvettenkapitän, 69 Buchenwald, 42,207,220128 Bulväns, Antons (aka Balwans), 71, 96-97,101. See also eyewitnesses Bund Deutscher Mädel, 183 Bundesarchiv Koblenz (BK): photo graph captions of, xix, 8,11-35; Skéde victims’ identities and, 80 Burdenko, Nikolai, 159ml Burgin, Victor, 173 Butler, Judith, 212-13 Cambodia, 42 CameraLucida (Barthes), 139ml, 172 Campeau, Marilyn, 142-57,251 Canada, 2 4 8П31,248134 Capa, Robert, 117 captions: Anders and, 8,138,182; atrocity
photography and, 42,14243,149-53; Auschwitz and, 198,201, 204,211,214,2i8n8; Bundesarchiv Koblenz (BK) and, xix, 8,11-35; gender and, 198,201,204,211,214, 2i8n8; Jöst and, 56; lack of explana tion and, 42; Linkimer and, 7-8,35, 36П7,80,138m, 141П31,148-51,154, 156, i68n8o; littoral photography and, 176,178,182,184; Makarewicz and, 197,204,214; “peaceful citi zens,” 15 4,15 6, i6 8n8o, 168182; perpetrator motives and, 106,111; photographic practice and, 126,128, 138m, 14131; Skêde and, 7-8,11-35, Збшо, 142-43,148-57; Soviet Extraordinary State Commission (ChGK) and, 7-8,11-36,142-43, 148-54,157; State Archive of the Russian Federation (GARF) and, 8,
258 Index captions (continued) 11, збп7; United States Holocaust Memorial Museum (USHMM) and, 8,11-3$, збтю, 36П7,2i8n8; Yad Vashem (YV) and, 11-35,89154 Cartier-Bresson, Henri, 173,196 castration, xi Catherine II, 65 Catholicism, 214,219120 Celinscak, Mark, 206 Central Jewish Committee, 211-12 Chan, Paula, 145-46 Chevrie, Marc, 93-94 ChGK. See Soviet Extraordinary State Commission (ChGK) children: American internment camps and, 222139; Auschwitz and, 193, 196,206,221132,222139; execution of, 3-4,11-21,25-35; horror of, 38; littoral photography and, 171,182; pedagogical context and, 223-24, 227,229,233,235,238,245ml,• per petrator motives and, 91,95,99, 103-4; photographic practice and, 66,71-72,76,80,83; Soviets and, 154,168182; suffering of, 3-4,11-21, 2.5-35,38,4 S, 49-50,57,59,221132, 222139; terror and, 4 “Choosing Not to Look” (Crane), 239 Christian iconography, 45 Churbn Lettland (Kaufmann), 181 Cine Kodak camera, 92 Cold War, 172 Cole, Tim, 177 collaborators, i6oni8; atrocity pho tography and, 11-15,19,22,25, 29-33; Krasnodar military tribunal and, 169П89; Latvian, 11,13,15,19, 22,25,29-33,38,70,100,112-13, 147~51, 163П43; Magilow and, 126; photographic practice and, 126,135; police and, 11,22,70,126,151, 163143; Soviet Extraordinary State Commission (ChGK) and, 147, 150-51, 157,163П43,169П89. See also Aizsargi; Schutzmannschaften; Sicherheitsdienst Colville, Alex, 206-7,209 communism: Poland and, 209; Soviets and, 68,147,151,163П43 compassion fatigue theory, 43-44 Congo, 49-50,133-35 Congo Reform Association (CRA), 49 Corbin, Alain, 177-78,180 Courland, 64,177
Crane, Susan, 43,125,234-35,239-42 Crematori(um/a), 201,229-30 Crimea, 3,65, i6oni6,225 “crimes against humanity,” 49-50 Daguerre, Louis-Jacques-Mandé, 180 Damascus, 42 Daniel, Zachary, 64-65 Daugavpils, 67,70 D-Day, 175 Dead Still (TV show), 247129 Dean, Carol J., 219П23 Dehlert, A., xiii dehumanization, 43,52,113,132,153, 202,217 Delbo, Charlotte, 54,227 de Menthon, François, 49-50 Denby, David, 47-48 deportees, photographs of, 43,56,59 deportation: ghettos and, 19,43,56, 59; Hungarian, 43; Liepâja and, 66,68-69; The Memorial to the Deportees, 193; pedagogical context and, 229; Soviets and, 16129
Index Der Gelbe Stern (The Yellow Star) (Schoenberner), 77 Des Pres, Terrence, 227 Deutsche Mädel, Das: Die Zeitschrift des Bundes Deutscher Mädel in der HJ (magazine), 183 diaries, 48; Gliwice Diary, 214; Linkimer, 7-8,74,8 0,88146,10 0, 13 8m, 141П31,164156, 18 7П2,24412; pedagogical context and, 230,242; Rozewicz, 214 Diderot, Denis, 175 Didi-Huberman, Georges, 3,53,125, 137 Dietrich, Emil (aka Fritz), збп, 70, 74,102,224,243m disease, 55,72 documentation, 43,47,79,113,123,206 ^9 trials and, 94; Kügler and, 70; perpetrator motives and, 94-97; role in Skëde shooting and, 3-4 Eisenstadt, Alfred, 173 “empty gesture” (Zizek), 132 Encyclopedia ofCamps and Ghettos, 86134 Encyclopedia of Holocaust Literature, 193 Epstein, Chaim (Haim), 19,83 Epstein, Emma, 19,21,80-83,106-8 Epstein, Max, 19,83,105,129-32, 14128 Epstein, Mia (aka Lily, Maya, Mia Malka, Malka): littoral photography and, 184; photographer’s motive Dreyfuss, 181 Duma, 65-66 and, 105; photographic practice, and, 80-83,129-32,138,141128; photograph of, 18,19-22,59m Epstein, Roza (aka Rosa), 21-22,79, Earl, Hilary, 223-43,251-52 81,184 Epstein, Sorella (aka Sarah, Surala, Ebbrecht-Hartmann, Tobias, 94 Sureleh): identifying of, 79-83, Ebert, Roger, 47 Eichman, Adolf, 27,94 Einsatzgruppe(n) (EG, Task Force(s)), xi, xix; Final Solution 128; photograph of, 20-22,40,53, 106,184,193; Sorella, a Child in the Holocaust (film), 80 and, $3,226,231,236,242,243m; Hannover trials and, 77; Operation Barbarossa and, 225; pedagogical context and, 225-26,238-40; perpe trator s gaze and, 95-96,100,114П3; prelude to, 69-70; Skêde and,
25 Epstein, Yaacov, 22 Estonia, 66,145-46,240 ethics: atrocity photography and, 6, 38,40,42,52,173,237-43; citizen ship and, 126; of displaying images, 6,38; gender and, 216; Jöst and, (see also Skëde); Stahlecker and, 57-58) 127; Levinas and, 216, 222150; pedagogical context and, 69; statistics on, ix-x; Yad Vashem 226,237-43; perpetrator motives archive captions and, 11,13,19,22, and, 127; photographic practice and, 57-58,119) 125-27; Sontag on, 173; unwilling subjects and, 237-43; 25,29,3b 33 Einsatzkommando (s) (EK, Task Commando (s)), x-xi, xix; Baumgartner and, 78; Hannover viewing suffering and, 57-58,119, 127,237-43
2Ö0 Index Exakta Varex camera, 19$ eyewitnesses, 72,168П85; Baumgart ner, 4,78; Bulvâns (aka Balwans), 71,96, 97,101,113); Kronberg, 73; Libauer, 73; Linarts, 88150, 95,97; Linkimer, 79 (see also Linkimer, Kalman); Pukhert, 74-75; rumors and, 73; Shoah and, 47; Vinters, 73 Ezergailis, Andrew, 3615; littoral photography and, 181; pedagogical context and, 244П2; photographer’s identity and, 78,8$П22,86пзо, 88ПП50-51, 89пбо; Soviets and, 16125,162ПП31-35,165П6 Feferman, Kiril, 160П14,168184 Female Cadaver (Bloom), 208 Fetters, Ashley, 247121 fifth columnists, 66 Final Solution, 53,226,231,236,242, 243m Firehouse Square, xi, xiii firing squads, x, 29,33,72, no, 128,182 Five-Year Plan, 149-50 Flaherty, Robert, 13911 Forbert, Adolf, 196 Foucault, Michel, 192 Franklin, Stuart, 139112 Freinkel, Aron, x Freinkel, Isa, x-xi Galleano, Eduardo, 49 Gardner, Alexander, 172 Garrard, John, 145,168П85 gas chambers: Auschwitz and, 220128, 234; Hirsch and, 96; industrial kill ing process of, 225-26; Lanzmann and, 47; no known photographs of, 225,245ml Gelbard, Stefania, 213-15 gender: atrocity photography and, 206-9, 219117, 220127, 222139; Auschwitz and, 191,193-217, 218ПП9-10,220128,22130; Birke nau and, 191,193-205,209,216, 218П9; captions and, 198,201,204, 211,214,2i8n8; ethics and, 216, 222150; female beauty and, 191,201, 206-7,209,213-16,220128, 221ПП30-32; ghettos and, 191, 222139; humiliation and, 192,211-12, 215,217; Makarewicz and, 193-216, 218П12; mass graves and, 201-2; Nazis and, 192-95,201,203,206, 212,215,222129; police and, 210-11; Pollock on, 191; pornography and, 219123,
22130; rape and, 27,41, 202-3,208,234,239; reframing, 191-217; Rözewicz and, 193-95,19899,212-15; Skêde and, 191-93,206, 210-12,215,217; Sontag and, 203, 206-7; SS and, 192; Struk on, 191, 192; trophy photographs and, 203, 212,220124; voyeurism and, 5,41, 44, 5b 91,93) iOS, 108,152,173, 219123; Zelizer on, 191 “Gender and Atrocity” (Zelizer), 206, 220128 Genewein, Walter, 112,176,188П22 Ghetto (s), ix-x; deportation to, 19,43, $6,5 9; gender and, 191,22239 Liepaja, 70; Lodz, 52,59,111-12, 176,253; photography and, 42-43, 45, 52,55-59,63П80,70,72-73,76, 111-12,126-27,132,166172; Riga, 70; Soviets and, 147,163145; tourist pilgrimages to, 181-82; Warsaw, 42,45,55,57, 63П80,126-27,132,176 Gliwice Diary (Rozewicz), 214-15 Glowacka, Dorota, 191-217,252
261 Index Goldman, Pauline, 80,81 Goldman, Wendy Z., 164155 Hine, Lewis, 45 Hirsch, Marianne, 96,176,186,213, Goma, 42 Gourevitch, Philip, 44 Great Patriotic War, 143,150,152,156, 222139 Hitiyaremye, Alphonse, 55 170П103,170196 Great War, 66 Grief: The Biography of a Holocaust Photograph (Shneer), 226 Grinfeld, Cilla, 31,182,225 Grinfeld, Ester-Liebe, 31,182,225 Grinfeld, Ita-Beile, 31,118,182,225 Grinfeld, Ruben-Aron (aka Aron), 31, 117-18,138,182,225,244ns Grizodubova, Valentina, 159ml Grossberg, 73 Grossman, Mendel, 52,59 Guevara, Ernesto “Che,” 45 guilt, 46,57, 77 Gurvich, 108 Hahn, Walter, xi Hakoach, 67 Handke, Erich, xii; atrocity photog Hitler, Adolph, x, xiii, 126 Hitler Youth, 185 Höcker, Karl, 176,188,231,232 Hoffman, Danny, 117—38, 253 “Holocaust by bullets,” ix, 225,24517, 253 Holocaust deniers, 234-35 Holocaust Landscapes (Cole), 177 Hotel St. Petersburg, x human rights, 252; Hunt on, 49; instilling sensibility of, 5; Sliwinski on, 49; suffering and, 49-50,52; United Nations Declaration on Human Rights, 50 Human Rights in Camera (Sliwinski), 49-50 humiliation: beatings and, 17,27,91, 101,104,120,162137; dehumaniza tion and, 43,52,113,132,153,202, 217; gender and, 192,211-12,215,217; raphy and, 3,72,78-79,172, nsnii, mutilation and, 49,51,133,206-7; 1871; trial of, 71,77,84П2,86129, nudity and, 4,19,21,25, 27,3^~39 88П49,88ПП50-51, 95-96,162П35, 172 Hannover trials, 71,77,88П49,88nsi, 43-44, 48, Si, 57, 75,105-9,112,118, 123,171,180,192-94,198, 203, 20612,227-29,238-42,250153; perpe trator motives and, 91,96,108,111; 95-97,102 Hartwig, Edward, 195 Haskalah,
180 Hatzfeld, Jean, 54-55 Hayes, Peter, 248131 Hébert, Valerie, 3-63,252-53 Heydecker, Joseph, 57 Heydrich, Reinhard, 68 High Holidays, xii Hilberg, Raul, 248131 Himmler, Heinrich, 68,114П3,239, 25051 photographic practice and, 71,12223,129,136; pornography and, 4,44, 105-8,111-13,219123,22130; Soviets and, 149; subhuman category, xi, 43, 53; suffering and, 6,40,43-46,52, 55-58; torture and, 17,49,51,129,131, 162137, 163145, 213,248138; vocabu lary and, 153; whips and, 3,71,97; yellow stars and, 69,77,181,186 hunger, 49,55-56,59,16237, 202
Z61 Index Hunt, Lynn, 49 Hutu, 54-55 lakobson, 73 launzemis, 155 Ideal City, The (Makarewicz), 196 Ignatieff, Michael, 50 Images in Spite ofAll: Four Photographs from Auschwitz (Didi-Huberman), 53 Industrial Revolution, 177 In the Ghetto of Warsaw (Schwarberg), 56,126-27 Inventing Human Rights (Hunt), 49 Iraq, 248П31 lunas, 73 Ivangorod photograph, 235-37 Jacob, Lili, 43,176 Jankelowich, Nomi, (aka NomyNaima Jankelowitz, Naomi Yankelowitz), 22,59,79,80,89,184 Japan, xiv Japanese Americans, 222139 Jeckeln, Friedrich, 70 Jewish Community of Riga, 7-8 Jewish Enlightenment, 180 Joselit, Jenna Weissman, 174-75 Jöst, Heinrich: background of, 55-56; ethics and, 57-58,127; Linfield and, 57,132; photographic practice and, 55-58,63П80,63П84,126-27,42; photographing suffering and, 55-58, 63П80,6384; Schwarberg and, 56, 63П80 Jünger, Ernst, 173 Kagoyire, Marie-Louise, 55 Kamenets-Podolsk, 70 Kanada barracks, 195,2i8n8 Kärklins, Herta, xiii-xiv Kaufmann, Max, 181 Kawalmacher, Hans, xii Keitel, 114П3 kickers, 35,72,101,111,136-37 Kinzel, Tanja, 91-113,253 Klooga, 145-46 Kluwick, Ursula, 175, i88ni8 Knaack, Heinrich, 24416 Koch, Gertrud, 43 Kodak, 92 Kohl, Johann Georg, 180 Kolobrzeg, 195 Koppermann, Ulrike, 166172 Kotkin, Stephen, 143,149-50,158ns Kracauer, Siegfried, 41 Krapp, Filip, 96-97 Krasnodar military tribunal, 169П89 Krohl, Johann Georg, 171 Kroll, Friedrich, xv Kronberg, 73 Kügler, Wolfgang, xi, xv, 171-72, 24412; EK and, 70 perpetrator motives and, 102,112; photographic practice and, 70-71,77-79; SD and, 70; Skëde and, 3; trial of, 77 Kurdi, Alan, 227 Kursa factory,
80,142,150,164156 Kurzemes Yards (newspaper), 69-71 Kustiba, 68 Land and Sea (Schmitt), 183 Landgericht Hannover, 71,16235. See also trial(s) landscapes, 25; bucolic, 40-41; of the Holocaust, 177; of horror, 201-2; littoral photography and, 174, 177-82; photographic practice and, 40-41,103,106-7,122,124 Landtag (landowner parliament), 65
Index Lanzmann, Claude: Bomba and, $8-59; Chevrie and, 93-94; le Roux and, 93-94; refusal of his torical photographs, 47,125; Shoah and, 47-48,58-59,93-94,125; specificity and, 48; visual archives and, 47 “Latvians and Jews” (government publication), 67 Latvian-Soviet Riga Peace Treaty, 66 League of German Girls, 18$ Lenga, Ruth-Anne, 246117 le Roux, Hervé, 93-94 letters, 59,235 Levi, Primo, 53-54 Levinas, Emmanuel, 216,222150 Libau (see also Liepâja), xii, xviii, n-35,80,97-98,109,171,177-85, 224,24519 liberation, Levi and, 53-54 liberation photography: Auschwitz and, 54,191,193-216,218П9, 29123; Brink and, 46; Lurie and, 2230; Makarewicz and, 195-216,218П9, 219123; Soviets and, 74,76; Zelizer and, 42,48,220128 Liberia, 130 Liepaja: Anders and, 251; antisemitism and, 65-69,180; archive captions and, 11-19,21-35; Baka Lighthouse, 7-10,147; Brückner and, 69; cul tural identity of, 177; database of, 89П60; deportation and, 66,68-69; Earl and, 252; fall to Nazis, 68-69; ghetto of, 70; history ofJews in, 64-69,177-85; Jacob, Duke of Courland and, 64-65; Jewish restrictions in, 69-70; Landgericht Hannover data on, 162135; littoral photography and, 171-73,176-84, 263 186m; machine guns and, п4пб; maritime character of, 177-80; Newman and, 254; police and, x, 69-71,83,98,101-2,147,162; PolishLithuanian Commonwealth and, 177; prelude to massacre and, 69-70; raids in, x; Rainis Park, 7-10; Skède and, 3 (see also Skéde); Soviet Extraordinary State Com mission (ChGK) and, 7,13,73-74, 80,143,146-49,153-57,16235, 162137, 163П44,168ПП83-84, 169П86,169188; Westermann research on, збпз;
Wiener film and, 92-94,111,113,186m, 250151; Zivcon and, 7 Lilienthal, Max, 180 Linarts, Jäzeps, 88П50,95,97 Lincoln, Abraham, 172 Linfield, Susie: Aberdeen Road Amputee Camp and, 132-33; atrocity photography and, 42, 48-53,55,57-58,117; Jöst and, 57,132; pedagogical exercise and, 239-43; perpetrator motives and, 125; photo graphic practice and, 125-26,132-33 Linkimer, Kalman: Anders and, 7-8, 80,138,182; background of, 73-74; captions and, 7-8,35,36П7,80, 138m, 141П31,148-51,154,156, i6 8n8o; diary of, 7-8,74,8 0,88146, 10 0,13 8m, 141П31,164156, 18712, 24412; Skêde testimony of, 73-75, 85,100,114П6,148,151,240; Soviet Extraordinary State Commission (ChGK) and, 7,11-18,21,25-29,33, 35, збп 37П12, 74,148-51,154, 163П40,165163; Strott and, 74; survival of, 7 Lippmann, Walter, 47
2Ö4 Index liquidation, 3-4,76,163П45 Lithuania, 64,66,94,145,177 littoral photography: atrocity photog raphy and, 182,186; Baltics and, 171, 174, 177-83; Barthes and, 172-73; Burgin and, 173; captions and, 176, 178,182,184; Cartier-Bresson and, 173; children and, 171,182; continu ities of seeing and, 185-86; Eisen stadt and, 173; ethics and, 173,175; Ezergailis and, 181; German Secu rity Service (SD) and, 172; ghettos and, 174,176-77,181; Handke and, 171-72,187П2; Jünger and, 173; Kluwick and, 175; Kügler and, 17172; landscapes and, 174,177-82; Liepaja and, 171-73,176-84,186m; Nazis and, 183,186; perpetrator per spectives and, 183-84; Poland and, 177,196; Richter and, 175; Riga and, 172,180,182; secular icons and, 17677; Skëde massacre and, 171-86; Sobeck and, 172,187П2; Sontag and, 173,185; SS and, 171-72; Strott and, 171-72,18712; technology and, 172, 174,178-80; terror and, 183; trophy photographs and, 184; Ukraine and, 181; vocabulary for, 176; voyeurism and, 173; women and, 171,183-85; Yad Vashem (YV) and, 171,187П2 Lodz Ghetto, 52,59,111-12,176,253 Lower, Wendy, 226-27 Lukash, 73 Lure of the Sea, The (Corbin), 177 lynching photographs, 51-52,173, 187П11 Lysenko, Trofim, 159ml Maccabi Youth, 66-67 machine guns, 33,93-94,96,114П6 Magilow, Daniel H., 126-27,171-86, 2-53-54 Magnitogorsk, 143 Magnum Photos, 117 Magun, Vladimir S., 164149 Maidanek, 196 Mailänder, Elissa: “Making Sense of a Rape Photograph,” 202-3,239, 246116, 248138; on women, 184, 202-3,208,234,239,241,246116 Majdanek death camp, 145 Makarewicz, Henryk: AuschwitzBirkenau liberation photos of,
193-216,218П9,219123; awards of, 196-97; background of, 195-97; Cartier-Bresson and, 196; Exakta Varex camera of, 195; gender and, 209,214-15,2i8ni2; Hartwig and, 195; The Ideal City and, 196; Kolobrzeg liberation and, 195; Polish Berling Army and, 195; redis covery of, 2i8ni2; testimonial agency and, 215-16; Wroclaw liberation and, 195 Makarewicz, Stanislaw, 216 “Making Sense of a Rape Photograph” (Mailänder), 202-3,239,246116, 248П38 Makiya, Kanan, 48 Mandela, Nelson, 119 Mansarah, Memuna, 133 Margolis, Rebecca, 7 Markwick, Roger, 143 martyrs, 45,194,215 mass graves, 47; Bergen-Belsen, 42; bulldozers and, 242; gender and, 201-2; Goma, 42; human remains and, 201-3; Jöst and, 577 kickers and, 35, 72,101,111,136-37; Skëde and, 29-35,38,48,71,102-13; Soviet
265 Index Extraordinary State Commission (ChGK) and, 147; women and, 201-2 Matka odchodzi (Mother Departs) (Rozewicz), 213-14,22241 McCullin, Don, 119 Meiselas, Susan, 119 Melbergs, 73 Melnick, Michael, 87145 migrants, 64-65,186,251 Miller, Lee, 172,209 Minimata, 45 Minox camera, 88150, 95,115П16,172, 187П3 Mississippi, 42 Mizrahi, 66 Molotov, Vyacheslav, 144 Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact, 181 Monowitz, 201 Morel, Edmund, 49 Munkâcsi, Martin, 117 Murray, Jacqueline, 250158 Murray Town Amputee Camp, 131-35 mutilation, 49,51,133,206-7 Nachtwey, James, 119 Namibia, 42 Napalm girl, 42,227 National Club of Latvians, 67 nationalism, 66-69,147,16129, 163П43,233 Nazis: crimes of, 7,48-49,144,15917, 159П9,161П22,195,206; efficiency of, 43,234-35; Final Solution and, 53, 226,231,236, 242,24311; gender and, 192-95,201,203,206,212,215, 222129; littoral photography and, 183,186; Nuremberg Trials and, 49-50,147,172,252-53; pedagogical context and, 224,226,238,242, 24517; perpetrator motives and, 112-13,230-34; photographic prac tice and, 68-70,73-77,83,85П10, 117-32; Soviets and, 7,68,144,147, 153,157,161П22,163П43,165162, 167177, 168185, 170П97,24517; suffering caused by, 19,42-43, 48-49,52-59, 62П62; vocabulary of, 143,153,167177; Wehrmacht and, 69,72,101,146,166172, i86ni Nelson, Maggie, 44 Newbury, Darren, 137 Newman, Daniel, 64-84,254 Nicholas 1,65 Nikola of Kiev and Galicia, 159П11 Nipissing University, 237 NKVD (Soviet secret police), 21-22, 83,162132 Normandy, 175 Nozyk profesora (The Professor’s Knife) (Rozewicz), 193,213,215, 217П5 Nuremberg Trials, 49-50,147,172, 252-53 Olère,
David, 22130 Olsson, Eva, 237-39,249144, 249148 Omarska, 42 One Hour Photo (film), 247130 On Photography (Sontag), 40,51,173, 185 Operation Barbarossa, 225 Operation Reinhard, 245ml Order Police, xii, xv, 98,102 overcrowding, 55 Palestine, 67 Parvie family. See Purve Payne, Lewis, 172-73
166 Index “peaceful citizens,” 17,31,154-55, 168п8о, 168П84,169189 Pearl Harbor, xiv pedagogy: atrocity photography and, 226-27,234-35,239-43,2451111, 246П14; Auschwitz and, 229-34, 24517, 245Ш1,2471125; Baltics and, Vashem (YV) and, 246115; Zivcon and, 240,24412 Peoples Party, 66 perpetrator motives: Aizsargi and, 93; atrocity photography and, 92-96, 114П3; captions and, 106,111; chil 224-25,238; Birkenau and, 229,230, 234,245П11,2471253 children and, dren and, 91,95,99,103-4; empty gesture and, 127-32; ethics and, 127; eyewitnesses and, 105; fantasy of 223-24,227,229,233,235,238, 245П11; deportation and, 229; superiority and, 96,111; German Security Service (SD) and, 95-96, diaries and, 230,242; ethics and, 226,237-43; evidence and, 234-37; gas chambers and, 225,234; Ger man Security Service (SD) and, 101,106,109,111-13; ghettos and, 111-12,166П72; Handke and, 95-96, 115ml; humiliation and, 91,96,108, 224; Holocaust deniers and, 23435; intention and, 230-34; Ivan gorod photo and, 235-37; Kügler report and, 24412; Liepäja and, 224-25; Linfield and, 239-43; miss ing content and, 224; Nazis and, 111; intention and, 230-34; inter preter s dilemma and, 126-27; Jöst and, 55-58; Kügler and, 102,112; Liepaja and, 91-98,101-2,111; Linfield on, 125; literature on, 62П62; littoral photography and, 183-84; lying and, 54-59; Magilow 224,226,230-34,238,242,24517; perpetrator motives and, 42-43; Poland and, 225,234,245ml, on, 126-27; mass graves and, 101, 250151; police and, 224,234,240- 98-106,111-13; pornography and, 4, 44,105-8,111-13; posing and, 39,51, 41,248138; posing and,
241; prov enance and, 230-34; Skëde and, 223-43; Sobeck and, 24412; Sonderkommando and, 228-31,235, 240,245ml, 247125; SS and, 22425,231,241,24416; Strott and, 224, 241,24412; Struk on, 42-43; tech nology and, 226-30,233,240, 2471122; trophy photographs and, 43-34) 242,248ПП34-35; Ukraine and, 227,235-38,250151; United States Holocaust Memorial Museum (USHMM) and, 231,232; 111; Nazis and, 112-13; pedagogical context and, 42-43; police and, ю03—13, 152,184-85,192-93,205,217, 237-43; reading photographs of, 102-13; Skëde massacre and, 50,91, 95-107,112; Sobeck and, 96,- SS and, 92-96,114П3; Strott and, 95-99, loo, 109,115П12; terror and, 102,104; tro phyphotographs and, 4-5,94,109, 113,184,203,212,220П24,233-34, 242,248ПП34-35; vocabulary and, 143,153,167177; voyeurism and, 5, 41,44,51,91,93,105,108; women and, 91,99-112; Yad Vashem (YV) vocabulary and, 233; women and, and, 97,99,100; Zivcon and, 96, 223-24, 228-31,238-42,245Ш1; Yad 99-101
Index perpetrator gaze, 43,91-116,152-53, 166172,184-85,192 Peter the Great, 15917 Phan Thi Kim Phuc, 42,227 photographic practice: archive cap tions and, 11-35; atrocity photogra phy and, 77,117-38; Auschwitz and, 117,191,193-211,215-17,218ПП9-10, 220128,22130; Barthes on, 172-73; Birkenau and, 193-205,209,216, 218П9; captions and, 80,89154, 121, 126,128,138m, 141П31; children and, 66,71-72,76,80,83; choices and, 135-38; collaboration and, 126,135; continuities of seeing and, 185-86; as documentation, 43,47,79,113, 123,206; empty gesture and, 127-32; ethics and, 57-58,119,125-27; as evidence, 234-37; forced posing and, 3-4; ghettos and, 70,72-73, 76,126-27,132; group portrait of execution crew and, 4; Handke and, 71-72,77-79,86П29, 88ПП5051; humiliation and, 71,122-23,129, 136; interpreter ’s dilemma and, 12627; Jöst and, 55-58,63П80,63П84, 126-27,132; Kügler and, 70-71, 77-79; landscapes and, 40-41,103, 106-7,122,124; Liepaja and, 70-80, 83; Linfield on, 125-26,132-33; Magilow on, 126-27; Makarewicz and, 195-216,218П9,219123; mass graves and, 71; meaning-making decisions and, 119-21; Minox camera, 88150, 95,115П16,172, 187П3; Nazis and, 68-70,73-77,83, 85т, 117-32; Poland and, 65; police and, 119-24,128,130,136; posing and, 39,51,105,152,184-85, 205,217; prohibition on executions, 267 ix, 4,38,93,114113; rape and, 41,203; Skêde and, ix, 6,75-79,117-18,12124,128,130,135-38; Sonderkom mando and, 125,188122; Sontag on, 40-46,51-52,58,125,133, 166П72; souvenir photos and, ix, 51,176; Soviet Extraordinary State Com mission (ChGK) and, 73-76,80, 124; SS and, 78; Strott and,
71-74, 77-79, 86П29,88ПП48-53,122; tech nology and, 227-30; torture and, 129,131; United States Holocaust Memorial Museum (USHMM) and, 78,80, 87135, 88152—53; unwilling subjects and, 237-43; visual culture and, 39-40,152,178, 183,191,251; women and, 71,74-75, 79-81, 88ПП52-53,121-23,128-31, 135-36,139118 Plavnieks, Richards, 163143 Poe, Edgar Allen, 209-10 pogroms, 3; Final Solution and, 53, 226,231,236,242,243m; paramilitary groups and, 69; Zionism and, 65 Poland, 177; Auschwitz and, 215 (see also Auschwitz); communism and, 209; Heydecker and, 57; Jew hunts in, 220124; littoral photography and, 177; Makarewicz and, 196,209, 214-15,218П12; mass graves in, 201; Operation Reinhard and, 245ml; pedagogical context and, 225,234, 245ml, 250П51; photographic prac tice and, 65; Rozewicz and, 215 police: Aizsargi, 3,11,17-18, 21,25,27, 93,148,151,163П43,165163; atroci ties by, 3-4,11-22,25-29,33-35, 36П2,69-75,8i, 83; beatings by, 11920; collaborators and, 11,22,70,126, 151,163143; executions by, 3-4,
268 Index police (continued) Patriotic War and, 143,150,152,156, 11-22,25-29,33-35,36П2,69-75,81, 83; gender and, 210-11; German 170П103,170П96; Holocaust deniers and, 234-35; myths and, 45,69,118, Order Police in Riga, 102; Kügler and, 70; Liepaja and, x, 69-71,83, 151,156,168185, 170П103,170196, 98,101-2,147,162; military, 70; NKVD, 21-22,83,16232; perpe trator motives and, 93,111-13, 248138; photographic practice and, 98-106,119-24,128,130,136; Schutzmannschaften, 3,39,70-71, 102; S^ëde and, 3,11,17-18,21,25,27, 69-75, 81,83; Soviets and, 21-22,83, 147-48,151,162132, 163П43,16563; Stahlecker and, 69; suffering caused 234,237; Soviet, xii, 142-46,150-57, 159ml, 161П22,165165,170П103; Stalinist, 142-43,151,156-57, 159ml, 170П103; vocabulary and, 17,31,15355, i68n8o, 168184 169П89 Prussia, 64,180 Pukhert, Adolph Liudvigovich, 74-75 punctum, 131,173,183 Purve, Frame (aka Fruma Parve, Fruma Purvie, Fruma-Jette Purwe, Frame-Jette Purwe), 21-22,37112, by, 3-4,11-22,25-29,33-35,36П2 Polish Berling Army, 195 Polish Home Army, 235 79-83,184 Purve, Miriam (aka Miriam Parvie, Miriam Purvie), 22,79,184 Pollock, Griselda, 191,209-10 Purve, Rosa, 80,142,150 Purve, Zelda (aka Zelde Purwe), 21, Pomeranc, 155 pornography: gender and, 219123, 221030; humiliation of, 4,44,105-8, 111-13,219123, 221П30; mental pollu tion of, 40-46; perpetrator motives and, 4,44,105-8,111-13; Skède and, 4,44; voyeurism and, 44,105,108, 219123 posing: hunting and, 233; pedagogical context and, 241; perpetrator pho tographs and, 39,51,105,152,184-85, 192-93,205,217,241; unwilling subjects and, 237-43 Pravda
(newspaper), 145,156 prisoners of war (POWs), 87135,145, 162137 prohibitions: on Jews, 65,68-69; pho tographic practice and, ix, 4,38,93, И4ПЗ propaganda: Bolsheviks and, 143-46; fifth columnists and, 66; Great 80-81 racism, 51-52,121 Rainis Park, 7-10,147 rape: before shooting, 27; Mailänder on, 184,202-3,20 8,234,239,241, 246116; photographic practice and, 41,203; Sontag on, 203 Rappaport, Rosa, 101 Rathaus, Blume, 80 Ravine, the (Lower), 226-27 Reawakening, The (Levi), 53-54 Red Army, x, 68,73,146,195-96, 219118, 251 Reform Judaism, 180 “Regarding Atrocity: Photography, Memory, and Representation” (workshop), 5 Regarding the Pain of Others (Sontag), 45, Si
Index Reichskommissariat Ostland, 70 Reinhardt, Mark, 130 religion, 45,49,176,214,219120 repair pit, 38,76,87145 Richter, Virginia, 175, i88ni8 Riga, 71,22130; evidence of police complicity in, 147; German Order Police in, 102; ghetto of, 70; Jewish Community of, 7-8; Latvian-Soviet Riga Peace Treaty, 66; littoral photography and, 172,180,182; Minox camera and, 95,115П16,172; nationalist gangs in, 67; Pukhert and, 74; Rumbula forest, 70,182; Soviet Peace Treaty and, 66 Rodger, George, 119,209 Romania, 186 Rosie the Riveter, 152,16617 Rostov-on-Don, 146,156-57,169ПП88- 89 Rowe-McCulloch, Maris, 146,156-57, 160П17,169П89 Rozewicz, Tadeusz: gender and, 19395,198-99,212-15: Gliwice Diary and, 214-15; Glowacka interview of, 193-95,213-14, 222142; Jewish roots of, 195,21715; Matka odchodzi (Mother Departs) and, 213-14, 222141; Nozykprofesora and, 193, 213,215,217ns Rumbula forest, 70,182 Russian Civil War, 152,15917, 164153 Russian Soviet Federated Socialist Republic, 145 Russo-Japanese War, 65 Rwanda, 42,54-55,119 sadism, ix, 17,44,59,105,108 Sandberger, Martin, 240-41 Sanders, Marian R., 145,170П103 269 Sarajevo, 42 Sargent, Robert E, 175 Schmitt, Carl, 183,189139 Schoenberner, Gerhard, 76-77,88147 School Pictures in Liquid Times (Hirsch and Spitzer), 213,222П39 Schore, 83 Schutzmannschaften (auxiliary police), 3,39,70-71,102 Schutzstaffel (SS), xiv, xix; atrocities of, xi; Baumgartner and, 4,78; Dietrich and, 36П2; Earl on, 252; gender and, 192; Handke and, xii; littoral photography and, 171-72; pedagogical context and, 224-25, 231,241,24416; perpetrator motives and, 91-96,
и4п3; photo graphic practice and, 78; SD and, 3-4,19,21,29 (see also Sicherheits dienst [German Security Service] (SD)); Skêde and, 3-4,36П2, 69-71,74-75,78; suffering caused by, 3-4, Збп2,54; Zivcon and, 38 Schwab, Dr., xii Schwarberg, Gunther, 56,63П80 screams, 72,102 "secular icon(s)" (Brink), 46,176-77 Security Police, xi, xiv, 11,70,162135, 163П43 Security Service. See Sicherheitsdienst Séduis, Anna, 74 Séduis, Robert, 74,76 “Seeing Things Differently” (Lenga), 246117 Sekula, Allan, 41-42 Seide, 83 Semigallia, 177 Sendyka, Roma, 220124 Senkevich, 73 Seward, William Henry, 173
270 Index shame, 43,51,57,127,236 Sharpeville massacre, 137-38 Sharsu, Candace, 133 Shneer, David, 152-53,167175, 226 Shoah (film), 47-48,58-59,93-94, 125 Shoah Foundation, 102 shooting range, x, 25,27 Shore, Stephen, 128 Shvernik, Nikolai, 159ml Sicherheitsdienst [German Security Service] (SD), xix; executions by, 3-4,19,21,29,33; Kügler and, 70; perpetrator motives and, 95-96,101, 106,109,111-13; Latvian, 19,21,29, 33; Skëde and, 3-4,19,21,29,33, 70-78,86129, 88П50; shooting perpetrated by, 3-4,38; Soviets and, 148,16235 Sierra Leone, 130,132 60th Army of the First Ukrainian Front, 195 Skarbek, Jan, 219П20 Skede: Aizsargi and, 3,11,17-18,21, 25,27; Baumgartner and, 4,78; Bundesarchiv Koblenz (BK) and, xix, 8,11-22,25-35; captions of, 7-8, збто, 142-43,148-57; continuities of seeing and, 185-86; Dietrich and, 70; empty gesture and, 127-32; evidence of, 72-75; executions at, 3-4,36П6,38-40,43-45,48,50,53, 64-84; forced posing and, 3-4; gender and, 191-93,206,210-12,215, 217; German Security Service (SD) and, 3-4,19,21,29,33,70-78,86129 88150; group portrait of execution crew and, 4; Handke and, 3,71-72, 77-79; identifying shooting victims at, 79-84; killing process at, 71-72; Kügler and, 3; lessons from, 53; Linkimer and, 73-75,85,100, п4пб, 148,151,240; littoral photography and, 171-86; machine guns and, 114П6; massacre events at, 3-4, Збпб, 70-72, то-юг; mass graves and, x, xv, 3,29-35,35,38,48,101-13; mystery of iconic photographs of, 64-84; perpetrator motives and, 50,91,95-107,112; photographer’s intention and, 231-34; photo graphic practice and, ix, 6,75-79,
117-18,121-30,135-38; police and, 69-75 81,83; pornography and, 4, 44; screams of victims, 72,102; searchable websites for, збпшо-ii; Sobeck photographs of, xv, 4,38,75, 79,85045,96,99-101,138m, 148,172, 24412; Soviets and, 142-43,147-53, 157,162138, 163145,168П83; SS and, 3-4,36П2,69-71,74-75,78; Strott and, 3-4, п-21,25,29-35,71-74» 77-79; suffering and, 3-4,36П6, 38-40,43-45» 48,50,53; tourist pilgrimages to, 181; Wiener film and, 92-94,111,113, i86ni, 250151; Zivcon discovers film of, 4,38, 74-79,87145 88ns3,96,99-101, 138m, 148,172,244m Skutelsky, Hilde, 76 Skutelsky, Michael, 76 slave labor, 233 Sliwinski, Sharon, 49-50 Smith, Shawn Michelle, 52 Smolen, Kazimierz, 218П9 Snyder, Timothy, 174 Sobeck, 3; film of, xv, 4,38,75,79, 85145, 96,99-101,138m, 148,172, 24412; littoral photography and, 172,187П2; pedagogical context and, 24412; perpetrator motives and,
Index 96; SD Oberscharführer and, ix; Zivcon and, ix, 4,75,78-79,88П51, 88п$з, 96,172, 24412 Sobibor, 48 Sola River, 231-32 Solway, Max, 102 Somalia, 248131, 248134 Sonderkommando: Auschwitz and, 52,125,188122, 207,220,220128, 228-31,235,240,245ml, 2471125; pedagogical context and, 228-31, 235,240,245ml, 2471125; photo graphic practice and, 125,188П22; suffering and, 53 Sontag, Susan: gender and, 203,2067; littoral photography and, 173,185; On Photography, 40,51,173,185; photographic practice and, 40-46, 51-52,58,125,133,16617; Regarding the Pain of Others, 45,51; suffering and, 40-46,51-52,58 Sorella, a Child in the Holocaust (film), 80 Sorokina, Marina, 145,155,16122, 170П103 South Africa, 119,137-38 souvenir photos, ix, 51,176 Soviet Chronicle, 196 Soviet Extraordinary State Com mission (ChGK), xix; atrocity descriptions of, 142-57,15919, iS9nii, 160П14,160П17,161П23, 16232, 16237,163П40,163144, 165163,168ПП84-85,169188—89, 170Ш03,170198; Bolsheviks and, 143-46; captions of, 7-8,11,36,14243,148-54,157; establishment of, 144; generalizations by, 153-57; Latvia-USSR-41 report and, 147; Liepaja and, 7,13, 73-74,80,143, 271 146-49,153-57,162137, 168184, 169188; Linkimer and, 7,11-18,21, 15-29,33,35,36П7,371112, 74,148-51, 154,163П40,165163; literature on, 144-46; massacre evidence and, 72-73; mass graves and, 147; Nazi crimes and, 7,73,44,47,153,157, 159П9,160П14, 1613, 162132, 168П84,169ПП88-89,170198; omis sions by, 153-57; photographic prac tice and, 73-76, 80,124; power of, 144; professionals working in, 159ml; propaganda and, 143-46; search for collaborators,
147,150-51, 157,163п43,169П89; Skëde massacre evidence and, 72-75; Zivcon and, 7, 38,76,148,154,163ПП44-45 Soviets, xiv; Aizsargi and, 148,151, 163143, 16563; antisemitism and, 156; atrocity photography and, 14257,16237,163ПП44-45,166П72; Auschwitz and, 145; Baltics and, 146,150,160П17; Birkenau and, 145; Bolsheviks and, 68-69,143—46, 49, 151,154,157,165165; children and, 154,168П82; Civil War and, 152; Cold War and, 172; communism and, 68, 147,151,163143; deportation and, 16129; Five-Year Plan of, 149-50; German Security Service (SD) and, 148,162135,163П45; ghettos and, 147,163145; Great Patriotic War and, 143,150,152,156,170196, 170П103; humiliation and, 149; inva sion of, 66,146-47; Latvian-Soviet Riga Peace Treaty, 66; liberation by, 74,76; Liepaja and, 143,146-49, 153-57,162135, 16237,163144, 168ПП83-84,169П86; Molotov and, 144,181; Nazis and, 7,68,144,147,
VJ1 Index Soviets (continued) Stein, Pessach Meier, (aka Meyer), 46, 153, 157,16122, 163П43,165062, 167077,168085,170197, 245117; NKVD police, 21-22,83,162032; Operatioo Barbarossa aod, 225; police aod, 21-22,83,147-48,151, 162032,163043,165063; propagaoda aod, 142-46,150-57,159011,161022, 165065,1700103; propagaoda 00, xii; Red Army aod, x, 68,73,146, 195-96,219018,251; Skéde aod, 14243,147-53,157,162038,163045, 168083; Stalioism aod, 142-43,151, 156-57,159011,1700103; Strott aod, 148,162035,163041; terror of, 164059,170097; Ukraine aod, 14546,151-52,1600016-18,161022, 161025,165060; Uoited States Holocaust Memorial Museum (USHMM) aod, 15801,163040; voyeurism and, 152; women and, 142,154,166П71,168082; World War I and, 152; Zivcon and, 38,148, 154,163П044-45 Soviet State Archive of the October Revolution (TsGAOR), чв-у] Soweta, 119 spectatorship, 49 Spektor family, xii-xiii Spitzer, Leo, 186,213,222139 Spro^is, Janis, xiii Stachlecker, Walter, 69 Stalinism, 141-43; 151, 156-57, i59nu, 1700103 starvation, 55-56,59,162037,202 State Archive of the Russian Federa tion (GARF), xix, 158m; captions and, 8,11,36П7; Liepaja and, 87035; Liokimer and, 163П40; Skëde suf 76 Stern (German magazine), 56,63П80 Stone, Dan, 219015 Strole, 155 Stroop Report, 176 Strott, Carl-Emil (aka Carl, Karl, Karl-Emil): background of, 77,95; Linkimer on, 74; littoral photogra phy and, 171-72,18702; pedagogical context and, 224,241,24412; per petrator motives and, 95-99,100, 109,115П12; photographic practice and, 71-74,77-79,86129, 88004853,122; Skède and, 3-4,11-21,25, 19-35,71-74, 77-79j Soviets
and, 148,162135,163П41; trial of, 71,77, 8412, 86129,88149, 88050-51,95, 96,16235,172; Zivcoo and, 88П53 Struk, Janina, 42-43,129,191 Studium, 173 suffering: Aizsargi and, 3,11,17-18,21, 25,27; antisemitism and, 62062; atrocity photography aod, 38-39, 42-53; Auschwitz and, 42,53-54, 58,191,193-111,115-17,218ПП9-10, 220128, 221П30; beatings and, 17,27, 91,101,104,120,162037; Birkenau and, 43,53; Bundesarchiv Koblenz (BK) and, xix, 8,11-21,25-35; children and, 3-4,11-21,25-35,38, 46,49-50,57,59,221132, 2221139 “crimes against humanity” and, 49-50; deportation and, 43,56,59; empty gesture and, 127-32; ethics and, 6,38,40,42,52,57-58,119,127, 137-43; German Security Service (SD) and, 3-4,19,11,19,33,38; ghettos and, 41-43,45, Si, 55-59, 63080; graphic depiction of, 5,135, fering and, 8,11; TsGAOR as, 88047
Index 152; guilt and, 46,57; human rights and, 49-50,52; human wickedness and, 51,58; humiliation and, 6,40, 43-46,52,55-58; hunger, 49,55-56, 59,162137, 202; Jöst and, 55-58, 63по, 63184; Linfield on, 42, 48-53,55,57-58,117; mental pollu tion and, 40-46; motivations for looking at, 38-59; Nazis and, 19, 42-43,48-49,52-59,6262 police and, 3-4,11-22,25-29,33-35,36П2; Skëde and, 3-4, збпб, 38-40,43-45, 48,50,53; Sonderkommando and, 53; Sontag and, 40-46,51-52,58; SS and, 3-4,36П2,54; starvation and, 55-56,59,162П37,202; terror and, 4,40-46; thirst and, 227; tor ture, 17,49,51,129,131, 6237, 163145, 213,248134; United States Holocaust Memorial Museum (USHMM) and, 44; unwilling sub jects and, 237-43; women and, 3-4, 11-22,25-35,38-40,44,46,50,54, 58,59Ш, 191-217; Zivcon’s risk and, 38,53 Summerlee, Alastair, 250158 Supplément au voyage du Bougainville (Diderot), 175 Survivor, The (Des Pres), 227 Sweden, 64 Swiebocka, Teresa, 195,204-6 Syria, 227 Talbot, William Henry Fox, 180 Tarie, Evgenii, 1591 technology: access to, 196; digital, 226; Exakta Varex camera, 195; Kodak and, 92; littoral photography and, 172,174,178-80; Minox camera, 88150, 95,115116,172,187П3; 273 pedagogical context and, 226-30, 233,240,247122; of substitution, 155; transformation of photography by, 227-30 terror: atmosphere of, 102; children and, 4; littoral photography and, 183; Melnick on, 87П45; perpetrator motives and, 102,104; Soviets and, 164159,170П97; suffering and, 4, 40-46 Terror Has No Diary (Melnick), 87П45 thirst, 227 332nd Rifle Division, 195 Title IX, 240 Tolkachev, Zinovi, 209 Tolstoi,
Aleksei, 159ml Torso and Limbs (Bloom), 207 torture: beatings, 17, 27,91,101,104, 120,162137; bloody back seats and, 163145; photographic practice and, 129,131; prisoners of war and, 162137; starvation, 55-56,59, 162137, 202; suffering and, 17,49, 51,129,131,162137, 163145 213, 248134, 248138; trophy photo graphs and, 248134; women and, 17,213 Trainin, Ilya, 159ml trial(s), 206; Baumgartner and, 78; Berry photographs and, 137; Eichman and, 27,94; Handke and, 71,77,8412, 86129, 88П49,88ПП5051,95-96,162135, 172; Hannover, 71, 77,88П49,88051, 95-97,102; Kügler and, 77; Nuremberg, 49-50,147, 172,252-53; Strott and, of, 71,77, 84112, 86129, 88П49,88П50-51,95, 96,162135,172; trophy photography as evidence in, 113
174 Index trophy photography: gender and, 203, 212,220124; littoral photography and, 184; pedagogical context and, 133-34) 141» 248ПП34-35; perpetra tor motives and, 4-5, 94,109,113, 184,203,212,220124,133-34,142, 2480134—35 Trump, Donald, 233 Tsar, 65-66,68,15917 Tuol Sleng, 42 Turkey, 227 Tutsi, 54-55 21st Latvian Police Battalion, 224 Twomey, Christina, 133-34 Ubertowska, Aleksandra, 217115 Ukraine: Ivangorod photo and, 235-37; Jeckeln and, 70; littoral photography and, 181; pedagogical context and, 227,235-38,250151; pogroms in, 65; 60th Army of the First Ukrainian Front, 195; Soviets and, 145-46,15152,160ПП16-18,161П22,16125, 165П60. See also Babi Yar Ulmanis, Karlis, 67-68 Umbach, Maiken, 186 Umbrico, Penelope, 247П21 United Nations Declaration on Human Rights, 50 United States Holocaust Memorial Museum (USHMM), xix, 252, 254; archives of, 8,10,11-21,24, 15-35,3 5ni, 36П7, збпю, 197-200, 204,2i8n8; captions and, 8,36Ш0, 36П7,2i8n8; Gourevitch and, 44; pedagogy and, 231; photographic practice and, 78,80,84П, 87135, 88ПП52-53,121; "Regarding Atroc ity” workshop and, 5; Soviets and, 158m, 163П40; Strott and, 78 Vanity Fair (magazine), 133 Vedeneev, Boris, 159ml Veitz, 73 Vestermanis, Margers, 16562 Veveris, 73 Vietnam, 119, 227 Vinters, 73 visual culture, 152,178,183,191,251 vocabulary: for littoral photography, 176; Nazi, 143,153,167177 “peaceful citizens,” 17,31,154-55, i68n8o, 168П84,169189; pedagogical con text and, 233,• perpetrator motives and, 153; propaganda and, 17,31, 153-55, i68n8o, 168184, 169П89 Voeten, Teun, 133 voyeurism: gender and, 219123; littoral
photography and, 173; “mental pol lution” and, 40-46; perpetrator motives and, 5,41,44,51,91,93,105, 108; pornography and, 44,105,108, 219123; Soviets and, 152 “Warsaw, Lodz, Auschwitz: In the Waiting Room of Death” (Linfield), 117 Warsaw Ghetto: littoral photography and, 176; photographic practice and, 126-27,131; Schwarberg and, 56; suffering in, 42,45,55-57,63П80 Wehrmacht, 69,72,101,146,166172, 186m Westermann, Edward, збпз, 85П18, 85122, 243m, 248138 whips, 3,71,97 White, Hayden, 234 White-Bourke, Margaret, 209 wickedness, 51,58 Wiener, Reinhard, 92-94,111,113, 186m, 250151
Index Williams, Robin, 247130 “Witness to Murder, A” (Linfield), 239 Wohler, 114П3 Wolf, Erika, 165165 women: Auschwitz and, 191-217; beating of, 17,27,71,91,101,104; execution of, 3-4,11-22,25-35; female beauty and, 191,201,206-7, 209,213-16,220128, 221ПП30-32; gender and, 191-217 (see also gen der); littoral photography and, 171, 183-85; mass graves and, 201-2; pedagogical context and, 223-24, 228-31,238-42,245ml; perpetrator motives and, 91,99-112; photo graphic practice and, 71,74-75, 79-81,88152—53,121-23,128-31, 135-36,13918; prison and, x, 54,71, 101,220128; Soviets and, 142,154, 16617, 168182; suffering and, 3-4, 11-22,25-35,38-40,44,46,50,54, 58,59m, 191-217; torture of, 17,213; voyeurism and, 5,41,44,51,91,93, 105,108,152,173,219123 Worker’s Guards, 68 World Holocaust Remembrance Center, 78 Yad Vashem (YV) : archive website of, 36ml; captions and, 11,19,29,31,33, 89154; copies identified by, 56; lit toralphotography and, 171,18712; The Memorial to the Deportees at, 193; pedagogical context and, 246115; perpetrator motives and, 97,99, loo; photo captions and, 275 11-19,25-35; Schwarberg and, 63П80; Strott and, 78; victim identi fication and, 79; website of, 88153; Zivcon and, 88153 Yankelowitz, Naomi. See Jankelowich Yankelson, Rita, xi yellow stars, 69,77,181,186 Yiddish, 7,66 Zaglada zydowstwapolskiego (Extermi nation of the Polish Jewry) (Central Jewish Committee in Lodz), 211-12 Zawodna, Marta, 202,218П13 Zelenskii, 73 Zelizer, Barbie, 219П19; “about to die” trope and, 172; camp liberation photos and, 42; empty gesture and, 128; “Gender and Atrocity,” 206,
220128; Nazi crimes and, 48; visual culture and, 191 Zhdanov, Andrei, 15911 Zionism, 65-67 Zivcon, David: finds film, 4,38,74-79, 87145, 88153, 96,138m, 148,172, 240,24412; Linkimer and, 7; liqui dation notice and, 76; risks life for photos, 53; Seduls and, 76; Sobeck and, ix, 4,75,78-79,88П51,88П53, 96,172,24412; Soviet Extraordi nary State Commission (ChGK) and, 7,38,76,148,154,163ПП44-45; spelling of surname, 87П44,18715; SS and, 38; Strott and, 88153; survival of, 7; Yad Vashem (YV) and, 88153 Zivcon, Henny, 76 Zizek, Slavoj, 132 Bayerische Staatsbibliothek München |
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| author2 | Hébert, Valerie 1974- |
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| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV049374352 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)1376127886 (DE-599)BVBBV049374352 |
| era | Geschichte 1941 gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 1941 |
| format | Book |
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Twelve photographs were taken at the scene. These now-infamous images show people in extreme distress, sometimes without clothing. Some capture the very moments when women and children confronted their imminent deaths, while others show their dead bodies. They are nearly unbearable to look at--so why should we? Framing the Holocaust offers a multidimensional response to this question. While photographs are central to our memory of modern historical events, they often inhabit an ambivalent intellectual space. What separates the sincere desire to understand from voyeuristic curiosity? Comprehending atrocity photographs requires viewers to place themselves in the very positions of the perpetrators who took the images. When we engage with these photographs, do we risk replicating the original violence? In this tightly organized book, scholars of history, photography, language, gender, photojournalism, and pedagogy examine the images of the Šķēde atrocity along with other difficult images, giving historical, political, and ethical depth to the acts of looking and interpreting. With a foreword by Edward Anders, who narrowly escaped the December 1941 shooting, Framing the Holocaust represents an original approach to an iconic series of Holocaust photographs. This book will contribute to compelling debates in the emerging field of visual history, including the challenges and responsibilities of using photographs to teach about atrocity." 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| geographic_facet | Liepāja |
| id | DE-604.BV049374352 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-03T22:55:26Z |
| indexdate | 2025-01-29T13:16:48Z |
| institution | BVB |
| institution_GND | (DE-588)5075370-8 |
| isbn | 9780299344108 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-034634246 |
| oclc_num | 1376127886 |
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| owner_facet | DE-12 DE-M352 DE-Y3 DE-83 |
| physical | xix, 275 Seiten Illustrationen 24 cm |
| psigel | BSB_NED_20231208 DHB_BSB_FID DHB_IFZ |
| publishDate | 2023 |
| publishDateSearch | 2023 |
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| publisher | University of Wisconsin Press |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Framing the Holocaust photographs of a mass shooting in Latvia, 1941 edited by Valerie Hébert Madison, Wisconsin University of Wisconsin Press [2023] xix, 275 Seiten Illustrationen 24 cm txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Published in association with the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum "In December 1941, German police and their local collaborators shot 2,749 Jews at the beach in Šķēde, near Liepāja, Latvia. Twelve photographs were taken at the scene. These now-infamous images show people in extreme distress, sometimes without clothing. Some capture the very moments when women and children confronted their imminent deaths, while others show their dead bodies. They are nearly unbearable to look at--so why should we? Framing the Holocaust offers a multidimensional response to this question. While photographs are central to our memory of modern historical events, they often inhabit an ambivalent intellectual space. What separates the sincere desire to understand from voyeuristic curiosity? Comprehending atrocity photographs requires viewers to place themselves in the very positions of the perpetrators who took the images. When we engage with these photographs, do we risk replicating the original violence? In this tightly organized book, scholars of history, photography, language, gender, photojournalism, and pedagogy examine the images of the Šķēde atrocity along with other difficult images, giving historical, political, and ethical depth to the acts of looking and interpreting. With a foreword by Edward Anders, who narrowly escaped the December 1941 shooting, Framing the Holocaust represents an original approach to an iconic series of Holocaust photographs. This book will contribute to compelling debates in the emerging field of visual history, including the challenges and responsibilities of using photographs to teach about atrocity." (From the back cover) Geschichte 1941 gnd rswk-swf Fotografie (DE-588)4045895-7 gnd rswk-swf Judenvernichtung (DE-588)4073091-8 gnd rswk-swf Massaker Motiv (DE-588)7583579-4 gnd rswk-swf Liepāja (DE-588)5248529-8 gnd rswk-swf Holocaust, Jewish (1939-1945) / Latvia / Liepāja / Pictorial works Jews / Latvia / Liepāja / Pictorial works Massacres / Latvia / Liepāja / Pictorial works Photography / Moral and ethical aspects Jews Massacres Latvia / Liepāja 1939-1945 (DE-588)4143413-4 Aufsatzsammlung gnd-content Liepāja (DE-588)5248529-8 g Judenvernichtung (DE-588)4073091-8 s Fotografie (DE-588)4045895-7 s Massaker Motiv (DE-588)7583579-4 s Geschichte 1941 z DE-604 Hébert, Valerie 1974- (DE-588)142551171 edt United States Holocaust Memorial Museum (DE-588)5075370-8 isb Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe 978-0-299-34413-9 Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034634246&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034634246&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Literaturverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Framing the Holocaust photographs of a mass shooting in Latvia, 1941 Fotografie (DE-588)4045895-7 gnd Judenvernichtung (DE-588)4073091-8 gnd Massaker Motiv (DE-588)7583579-4 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4045895-7 (DE-588)4073091-8 (DE-588)7583579-4 (DE-588)5248529-8 (DE-588)4143413-4 |
| title | Framing the Holocaust photographs of a mass shooting in Latvia, 1941 |
| title_auth | Framing the Holocaust photographs of a mass shooting in Latvia, 1941 |
| title_exact_search | Framing the Holocaust photographs of a mass shooting in Latvia, 1941 |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Framing the Holocaust photographs of a mass shooting in Latvia, 1941 |
| title_full | Framing the Holocaust photographs of a mass shooting in Latvia, 1941 edited by Valerie Hébert |
| title_fullStr | Framing the Holocaust photographs of a mass shooting in Latvia, 1941 edited by Valerie Hébert |
| title_full_unstemmed | Framing the Holocaust photographs of a mass shooting in Latvia, 1941 edited by Valerie Hébert |
| title_short | Framing the Holocaust |
| title_sort | framing the holocaust photographs of a mass shooting in latvia 1941 |
| title_sub | photographs of a mass shooting in Latvia, 1941 |
| topic | Fotografie (DE-588)4045895-7 gnd Judenvernichtung (DE-588)4073091-8 gnd Massaker Motiv (DE-588)7583579-4 gnd |
| topic_facet | Fotografie Judenvernichtung Massaker Motiv Liepāja Aufsatzsammlung |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034634246&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034634246&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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